The modern level of weightlifting sports requires the organization in our country of a systemic years of preparation young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the revealed general patterns, objectively proceeding from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and the age-related characteristics of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70s and 80s, conducted in the field of youth sports, have convincingly proved the advantage of systems approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting with their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods of training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50s and 60s. So, B.E. In the late 50s - early 60s, Podskotsky published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from a pedagogical point of view the step-by-step process of long-term training of young weightlifters, starting from the age of 14-15. Later, from about the mid-60s, using integrated methods research and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters continued research on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term purposeful training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they speak of a gradual increase in the level of special physical fitness young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Sports training, notes a number of authors, in the initial period should be carried out with the prospect of long-term growth, continuing after the transition to the group of adults.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is on general physical fitness. So, on the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is assigned during this period on average 50-80% of the time. The need for the predominant all-round physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedeva, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters on the basis of the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the stage-by-stage training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, the stage of sports improvement and the stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 in sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the NA. Fomin, V.P. Filina, M. Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of management of training young athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in study guide"Weightlifting for young men" by MT Lukyanov and A.I. Falameev, there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky "Features of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13-14 years old", published in 1970 in the yearbook "Weightlifting", it was noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to be trained recently, we still do not have approved recommendations that would help us see a certain weightlifter in a teenager weight category and high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, ie. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high athletic performance... Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

A significant work on the selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a standing position and running for short distances as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern adolescents and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization from childhood and adolescence has been introduced in many sports. The analysis of the growth of the qualifications of young weightlifters over many years of training (from the youth category to the master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age in general is closely related to the duration of sports (Table 5.1).

During the period initial training(up to two years), a pronounced increase in sports qualifications was not observed in most of the studied young weightlifters. This is due to the fact that the training method we used did not set the task of forced execution sports categories... So, after the first year of such exercises, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the category level in weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - III category... Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). In the future, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, in the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of those who go in for the master of sports fulfilled the norm.

With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and adolescence, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process must go naturally, without forcing, since the main task this period - an increase in the level of physical fitness, in particular strength capabilities. For some gifted athletes, one step per year should be considered the optimal rate of growth of sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS. This condition was met by 35.2% of those who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number from year to year decreased and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of an international master of sports.

The bulk of the athletes improved their qualifications at a slower pace and fulfilled the master of sports norm in an average of 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports than members of the national team of the country.

As the reasons for the slow improvement of the qualifications of most of the studied weightlifters, one should consider poor versatile training in initial stage specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before competition, violation of a sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and athleticism plays an important role.

Features of the selection of adolescents 10-12 years old for weightlifting

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor I.I. Zulaev... MGAFK

Keywords: weightlifting, primary selection, secondary selection, selection, adolescents, preparation, physical development, functional indicators, control standards, training groups.

The selection of candidates for weightlifting is one of the most pressing contemporary problems. Since they began to train weightlifters from the age of 10 relatively recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations that would help us see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class.

Previously, it was recommended to engage in weightlifting only after the process of body formation was over. The age of the main contingent of newcomers was 14-16 years old. Only a few started training at an earlier age. Selected in the section are mainly those who possessed physical strength, had a small stature and a hypersthenic configuration. This, in fact, created the opinion that weightlifting slows down a person's growth.

Conclusion.

Problems of selecting adolescents for classes weightlifting v recent times become relevant not only by sports reasons, but also in socio-economic terms. The problems of attracting adolescents to classes come to the fore, and not watching them for one or another individual characteristics in accordance with the specifics of the sport. Therefore, the trainer's task is to find such selection means that will motivate adolescents and create a structure of motives not only on the basis of program and regulatory requirements, but also on the basis of other additional factors influencing this process.

Literature

1. Dvorkin L.S. Weightlifting (text): textbook for universities / L.S. Dvorkin; ; 1st and 2nd chapters - L.S. Dvorkin, A.P. Slobodyan. - Soviet sport, 2005.-600s.

2. Semenov L.A. Determination of sports fitness of children and adolescents: biological and psychological – pedagogical aspects (text): textbook. - method. allowance. - M .: Soviet sport, 2005 .-- 142s.

3. Sergienko L.P. Sports and medical anthropology news. Moscow 1990, issue 2, pp. 108-109.

4. Timoshenko T.S. Organizational and program-methodological aspects of the system for the selection of promising athletes. M., 1990. p. 6-20.

5. Weightlifting: Sample program sports training for children and youth sports schools Olympic reserve, schools of higher sportsmanship and colleges of the Olympic reserve - M .: Soviet sport, 2005. - 108 p.

It is customary to understand training as a specialized process aimed at achieving high sports results in the chosen sport. The purpose of training is to provide physical, technical, moral-volitional and other types of fitness.

Physical training is aimed at increasing the functional capabilities of a person, developing his physical qualities: speed, strength, endurance, agility, etc .; technical training - on the formation of certain motor skills and their improvement, representing a single training process.

Experts point to the need for a more differentiated GPP when training not only adult athletes, but also young ones (V.M. Zatsiorsky, A.N. Vorobiev, etc.). In the early stages of training, almost all types physical exercise contribute to the improvement of the motor functions of athletes. As the level of fitness increases, the range of exercises providing SPP narrows (A.V. Korobkov). Training in any kind of sport increases the general functional capabilities of the body, and against this background, the development of specific qualities necessary to achieve high results in the type of exercise that is the subject of training (A.N. Krestovnikov).

General physical training is necessary as the basis for the development of special fitness. This training provides already at a young age the growth of results not only in this type of exercise, but also in other sports (V.I.Shaposhnikova, N.N. Yakovlev).

Training work with young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Such forced preparation leads, as a rule, to a halt in the growth of results. Sports training in the initial period of training should be carried out with a long-term perspective athletic growth continuing after the transition to the group of adults (V.P. Filin).

SPP at a young age should be based on good general physical training, which in each sport has its own specific characteristics. The ratio of GPP and TFP has its own characteristic features in various sports. In the initial period of training young athletes on general physical training, an average of 50 to 80% of the training time is allocated (V.P. Filin).

Versatile physical training should take into account the peculiarities of the chosen sport. For example, as noted by A.V. Korobkov, not all versatile training is rational. A real increase in technical results is brought only by such a versatile training, which is built taking into account the positive interaction of the means used with the basic motor skills.

The higher the level of training of an athlete, the greater the proportion of TFP acquires. In the presence of high sportsmanship, even general physical training should have a special focus. The development of physical qualities at this stage of training is provided mainly by practicing the chosen kind of sport or exercises that are close to it in structure and in physiological effect. So, A.N. Vorobiev points out that OFP cannot replace special work in a specific sport. The specificity of the type of muscle activity is reflected in both the functional and morphological characteristics of the athlete's body. Each specific sport forms a special morpho-functional harmony. For a weightlifter, this harmony is expressed in the development of muscle strength.

Studies of young weightlifters conducted by B.E. Podskotsky, M.G. Lukyanov, A.I. Falameev and other specialists, showed the effectiveness of all-round physical development during the period of initial training and with further specialization. Therefore, when planning training time in the training process of young weightlifters, along with TFP great attention paid to OFP. If we trace how the attitude of the authors of weightlifting programs to the distribution of teaching hours for general physical training and physical training changed, then, for example, B.E. Podskotsky in 1968 at physical training in the group of initial training allotted 104 hours, and in the TFP - 182 hours per year, in 1974 N.S. Ippolitov and A.I. Falameev - 130 and 306 hours, respectively, blood pressure. Ermakov in 1977 -170 and 414 hours a year, V.F. Skotnikov, V.E. Smirnov, Ya.E. Yakubenko in 2005 - 180 and 175 hours.

5.2. Problems of long-term training of young weightlifters

The modern level of weightlifting sports requires the organization in our country of systematic long-term training of young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the identified general patterns, objectively proceeding from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and age characteristics of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70-80s, carried out in the field of youth sports, have convincingly proved the advantage of a systematic approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting from their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods of training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50s and 60s. So, B.E. In the late 50s - early 60s, Podskotsky published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from a pedagogical point of view the phased process of long-term training of young weightlifters, starting from 14-15 years old. Later, from about the mid-60s, using complex research methods and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters, research was continued on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term purposeful training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they speak of a gradual increase in the level of special physical training of young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Sports training, notes a number of authors, in the initial period should be carried out with the prospect of long-term growth, continuing after the transition to the group of adults.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is on general physical fitness. So, on the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is assigned during this period on average 50-80% of the time. The need for the predominant all-round physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedeva, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters on the basis of the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the stage-by-stage training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, the stage of sports improvement and the stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 in sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the NA. Fomin, V.P. Filina, M. Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of Management of Training of Young Athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in the textbook "Weightlifting for young men" MT Lukyanov and A.I. Falameev, there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky "Features of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13-14 years old", published in 1970 in the yearbook "Weightlifting", noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to be trained recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations, which would help us to see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, ie. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high sports results in the future. Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

Significant work on selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a standing position and running for short distances as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern adolescents and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization from childhood and adolescence has been introduced in many sports. The analysis of the growth of the qualifications of young weightlifters during many years of training (from the youth category to the master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age in general is closely related to the duration of sports (Table 5.1).

During the period of initial training (up to two years), a pronounced increase in sports qualifications was not observed in most of the studied young weightlifters. This is explained by the fact that the training method we used did not set the task of forced fulfillment of sports categories. So, after the first year of such exercises, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the category level in weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - the III category. Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). In the future, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, in the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of those who go in for the master of sports fulfilled the norm.

Table 5.1 Growth in sports qualificationsyoung weightlifters (%)

With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and adolescence, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process should go in a natural way, without forcing, since the main task of this period is to increase the level of physical fitness, in particular strength capabilities. For some gifted athletes, one step per year should be considered the optimal rate of growth of sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS. This condition was met by 35.2% of those who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number from year to year decreased and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of an international master of sports.

The bulk of the athletes improved their qualifications at a slower pace and fulfilled the master of sports norm in an average of 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports than members of the national team of the country.

The reasons for the slow improvement of the qualifications of most of the studied weightlifters should be considered poor versatile training at the initial stage of specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before competition, violation of a sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and athleticism plays an important role.

5.3. Critical remarks on the issue of age periodization in the process of many years of training young weightlifters

Long-term training of weightlifters is associated with solving a number of problems. Among them, one of the most important is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of stage-by-stage training, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, pedagogical tasks and sports requirements... If in a number of sports this problem - age-specific stage-by-stage training - has already been practically solved for those who begin to play sports from childhood or adolescence ( figure skating, swimming, gymnastics, Athletics and others), then in weightlifting, even on the issue of stage-by-stage training from early adolescence, there is still no final opinion. This is due to the fact that in our country, quite recently, the training of adolescents and even young men in weightlifting was not given special importance. It was believed that practicing this sport is only for adults and therefore the main scientific research has been associated with adult weightlifters.

As noted above, attitudes towards weightlifting have changed dramatically since adolescence. This can be seen from the fact that more and more often in this sport, record results are achieved at the age of 16-18, and they strive to build long-term training of weightlifters as a training system from a beginner to a high-class athlete. The analysis of a number of literary sources on the issue of age periodization of long-term training of athletes showed that in a particular sport these age stages are not the same.

So, D. Hare believes that the division of the long-term training process into stages to a certain extent does not depend on age. The author proposes to take the age of highest achievement as a basis. Consequently, if we are guided by these rules in weightlifting, then the starting point for the step-by-step planning of the training of young athletes will be the achievements currently shown by Soviet athletes on average aged 18 to 33 years. According to V.P. Filin, N.A. Fomin, a zone of optimal opportunities sporting success in weightlifting it ranges from 21 to 24 years old. B.V. Rolik believes that the process of long-term training of young weightlifters must be built taking into account both the age of the highest achievements and the age characteristics of the organism. From this, the author notes, the age of initial training depends.

The main feature of the modern long-term training of athletes is its stages. Therefore, it is necessary to plan the long-term training of young weightlifters using a phased system. What is the reason for this? It is known that even 10-15 years ago, people with good physical development came to the weightlifting section to train, and in some cases, those who underwent sports training in other sections. People under 15 were rarely admitted there. Now it’s quite the opposite. More often, schoolchildren 12-13 years old and even younger come to the weightlifting section. And, consequently, during the period of initial training, the coach has to deal more often not only with a very young contingent, but also physically unprepared for specialization in this sport.

From the memoirs of the Honored Master of Sports A.N. Vorobyov (1960), it can be seen that he came to regular weightlifting already being physically well-developed, mature, tempered his character and will during the war and in labor. In fact, it took him no more than one year to prove himself a capable athlete. After 4 years of training, he has already won the title of European champion. As noted by the Academy of Sciences himself. Vorobiev, possessed great physical strength Olympic champion Trofim Lomakin and many other Soviet athletes. Obviously, for many decades of the development of weightlifting, coaches did not see a particular need for the systematic training of high-class weightlifters from among adolescents and young men, not to mention childhood, although some scientific research in this area has been conducted since the early 50s of the last century.

After 1971, when The International Federation weightlifting from triathlon the classic bench press was excluded and only snatch and clean and jerk remained, research in the field of youth weightlifting was sharply intensified. First of all, it was necessary to solve the problem of the age limits of such training. In various literature, the division of groups by age was interpreted in different ways. So, in the program for the sports school in weightlifting (compiled by B.E. Podskotsky), the following division into age groups is given: teenagers - up to 14 years old, junior youthful - 15-16 years old, senior youthful - 17-18 years old, sports improvement - 19-20 years old. In the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1972, the following age gradation was established: junior boys age group- 14-15 years old, boys of the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old; in the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1977: boys of the younger age group - 14-15 years old, boys of the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old, adults - over 23 years old.

In multi-year planning physical education the following distribution into age groups was also used: preschool - 1-4 years old, preschool - 4-7 years old, primary school - 7-12 years old, middle school - 13-16 years old.

In 1968, the Institute for Developmental Physiology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR recommended the following distribution scheme for age periods: neonatal period - 1-10 days, infancy - 10 days - 1 year, early childhood- 1-3 years old, first childhood - 4-7 years old, second childhood - 8-12 years old, adolescence (boys - 13-16 years old, girls 12-15 years old), adolescence - 17-21 years old, mature age: I period - 22-35 years, II period - 36-60 years, etc.

So, what is the age gradation to adhere to when training young athletes? There is still no consensus on this issue. And, as they say, there is no one to put things in order in this matter. For almost 30 years, the author has been adhering to the anatomical and physiological concept of the distribution of educational-training groups (UTG) for CYSS. This is due to the fact that when planning a multi-year stage-by-stage training of young athletes, the coach must be absolutely clear in determining the age groups. The main criterion in this matter is taking into account the individual age characteristics of human development. What individual physiological and morphological characteristics should be taken into account when training with young weightlifters? This is, firstly, functional state of cardio-vascular system taking into account a particular age. For example, the heart volume of 13-14 year olds can be almost twice the heart volume of 8-9 year old children. At the same time, arterial blood pressure in adolescents is often higher than in children. And here one should look for the reason not in the functional disorders of the adolescent organism, but in the age and individual characteristics of physical development during puberty. So, it is known that the body length of young athletes from 13 to 14 years old can increase from 6 to 10 cm per year due to a more pronounced lengthening of the tubular bones. Fast growth tubular bones in adolescence leads, in turn, to stretching of blood vessels and to narrowing of their lumens. Until the anatomical maturity of the vessels in adolescents comes in line with the length of the body, they may have an increase in arterial blood pressure. As a rule, by the age of 15-16, arterial blood pressure has stabilized. When engaging in weightlifting, you should pay attention to the so-called accelerants, that is, those who have a slight acceleration in the rate of puberty during puberty.

It is important not only for teachers, but also for doctors to participate with the trainer in the planning process training load especially during puberty in young athletes. It is the facts of uncoordinated actions of the coach and the doctor that often lead to undesirable consequences when training with young athletes.

Great attention should be paid to proper nutrition young athletes of children and adolescents. The ever-increasing volumes of training loads in weightlifting sports require the provision of young athletes with adequate nutrition. In childhood and adolescence, a deficiency of vitamins, minerals, plant and animal proteins should not be allowed.

5.4. The normative part of the weightlifting curriculum for CYSS, SDYUSHOR, SHVSM and UOR

This section is fully consistent with the content the new Program on weightlifting, published in 2005 by the Federal Agency Russian Federation on physical culture and sports. The author cites this section without changes, since he understands that his book may be for some CYSS or sports sections the only official source by which it is possible to officially regulate (plan) the educational and training work of a teacher-trainer. In the following sections, the author's version of the multi-year planning system for the training of young weightlifters will be considered, which has some differences from the official program.

So, educational material of the official program consists of theoretical and practical sections and is divided into training groups: initial, educational, training, sports improvement and higher sportsmanship (Table 1-14), which allows us to offer coaches of all sports schools a single direction developed by an integrated scientific approach to assessment training process v perennial system training weightlifters from beginners to highly qualified athletes.

Long-term training of weightlifters is a complex process of the formation of sportsmanship, each level of which is characterized by its own goals, objectives, means and organization of training.

1.1. Organization of educational and training and educational process

The recruitment of sports groups, the organization of educational and training sessions, the conduct of educational work with the trainees is carried out by the directorate and the coaching council of sports schools. This is one of the most crucial stages in the organizational and methodological activities of the entire team.

Training groups are completed from among the most capable of weightlifting children, adolescents, boys and girls, as well as athletes who have switched from other sports, who have shown the ability to weightlifting and meet the requirements for the level of sports and physical fitness for admission to sports schools.

In some cases, students who do not meet the relevant requirements may be enrolled in a study group as an exception by the decision of the coaching council, provided that these students have a certain grade and physical data that allow them to achieve the required level of athletic performance during school year.

If an athlete has a higher grade than members of his training group and successfully copes with training loads, he can be transferred to next year training with the consent of the coaching council and with the permission of the doctor.

If an athlete is a member of the main team of the region (region) and above and regularly shows high results, then regardless of age, he can be enrolled in the group of higher sportsmanship.

When fulfilling the standards for sports training, it is necessary to evaluate the technique of performing classic exercises(snatch, clean and jerk), first of all paying attention to speed-power and coordination abilities.

Along with the standards for sports training when recruiting study groups takes into account the fulfillment by students of standards for general physical fitness.

Recruitment and admission to sports schools is carried out by the admissions offices of these schools. Enrollment of students is formalized by order based on the protocol of the commission.

Work in sports schools is carried out year-round on the basis of this program.

Those enrolled in sports schools are divided into study groups, taking into account age, level of sports and general physical fitness.

The main forms of educational and training work in sports schools are:

- group theoretical lessons in the form of conversations of coaches, doctors, lectures of specialists on the topics outlined in the program (for each topic, the trainer offers the students a list of references and a list of questions for the test);

- practical classes and trainings in accordance with the requirements of the program for each group according to the schedule approved by the school management;

– individual sessions in accordance with the plans and tasks established for the athletes;

- participation of weightlifters in sports competitions and recovery activities;

- educational training sessions held at camp and training camps;

- viewing and methodological analysis of educational videos, large sporting events;

- coaching and refereeing practice.

In the process of theoretical and practical lessons, students should acquire the knowledge and skills of a public coach and a sports judge.

Note. Sports school students are required to do daily morning exercises, as well as the homework of the coach-teacher for the development of individual elements of sports equipment.

When conducting training sessions and participating in competitions, the requirements established in Russia for medical control, prevention of injuries, ensuring the proper technical and sanitary-hygienic condition of training and competition sites must be strictly observed, sports equipment and inventory.

Of great importance for the realization of the goals of sports training of weightlifters is the use of advanced teaching methods, training and organization of the educational-training and educational process in the work of sports schools with the help of a single methodological system, brought to the level of lesson-less programs.

The program serves as a guiding document for the organization and management of the educational and training process for weightlifters of all age groups, categories and various sex characteristics. The creative application of the program system will contribute to the improvement of the training methodology for domestic weightlifters. The long-term programs take into account all the best and most advanced that is available today in the theory and methodology of sports training.

Table 1 Modes of training work and requirementson sports training
1.2. The main tasks of study groups

In accordance with general requirements for sports schools, the main tasks for each study group are also determined.

For groups of initial training:

Strengthening health and hardening the body, all-round physical development, teaching the technique of weightlifting exercises, the formation of interest in weightlifting sports, the education of moral and volitional qualities, the acquisition of the first experience of participation in competitions and the initial skills of working as an assistant to judges and a coach, fulfillment of the general physical training standards and III youth category.

For educational and training groups:

Further strengthening of health, increasing the level of comprehensive and special physical readiness, development of motor and education of moral and volitional qualities, study and improvement of the technique of weightlifting exercises, acquisition of the necessary experience of participation in competitions, acquisition of knowledge and skills of a trainer and judge, fulfillment of standards of the I sports category.

For sports improvement groups:

Further increase in all-round physical development, improvement of the qualities necessary for weightlifters, improvement of the technique of weightlifting exercises, increase in the level of volitional qualities and psychological readiness, the acquisition of competitive experience, obtaining the titles of a public coach and a judge in weightlifting, confirmation of the standards of the I sports category and the fulfillment of the CMS standards and MS.

For groups of the highest sportsmanship:

Further improvement of the level of general and special physical fitness, improvement technical excellence weightlifters, taking into account their individual anatomical and morphological characteristics and specific qualities necessary when performing a snatch and jerk of the bar, increasing competitive experience, further development volitional qualities and psychological readiness to participate in responsible competitions, improving the knowledge and skills of a trainer and a judge, obtaining the rank of a judge of the 1st category, confirming the standards of the MS, fulfilling the standards of the MSMK.

Note. To transfer from one study group to another, students take control standards at the end of the school year.

1.3. Planning and accounting of the educational and training process

1. The educational and training process in sports schools is planned on the basis of the educational materials outlined in this program.

2. Planning training sessions and the distribution of educational material in groups is carried out on the basis of the curriculum and the annual schedule of distribution of teaching hours, which provide for the organization of training sessions all year round.

3. The curriculum provides for theoretical and practical lessons, passing control standards, passing coaching and judging practice, rehabilitation activities and participation in competitions.

4. In theoretical classes, students get acquainted with the development of physical culture movement, the history of weightlifting, gain knowledge of anatomy, physiology, medical control, hygiene, theoretical information about the technique of performing exercises, teaching and training methods, rules and refereeing of competitions.

5. In practical lessons, students master the technique of weightlifting exercises, develop their physical qualities, acquire instructor and referee skills, and fulfill control standards. Participation in the competition is organized in accordance with the annual calendar plan.

6. The annual cycle of training sessions in groups is subdivided into preparatory, competitive and transitional-recovery stages.

7. Sports schools for weightlifting should have the following planning and accounting documents for work.

By planning:

Annual work plan (sections: organizational, medical and pedagogical control, educational work, training of public personnel, etc.);

Group recruitment plan;

Student's long-term plan;

Training program;

Syllabus;

The plan of educational and training sessions for the year;

Work plan for a month or preparation period;

Lesson plan;

Registration card of indicators of growth of physical, special, technical readiness of students;

Timetable of classes;

Calendar plan sports events... By accounting:

Group lessons log;

Personal cards and statements of students;

Athletes training diaries;

Competition protocols.

table 2 weightlifters of the 1st year of study in groups of initial training
Table 3 An approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hours forweightlifters of the 1st year of study in training groups
Table 4 for weightlifters of the 2nd year of studyin training groups
The end of the table. 4
Table 5 Approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hoursfor weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in training groups
Table 6 An approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hours forweightlifters of the 4th year of study in training groups
Table 7 Approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hours
Table 8 Approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hourssports improvement
Table 9 Approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hoursfor weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in groupssports improvement
Table 10 Approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hoursfor weightlifters of the 1st year of study in groups
Table 11 Approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hoursfor weightlifters of the 2nd year of study in groupshigher sportsmanship
Table 12 Approximate schedule for the distribution of teaching hoursfor weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in groups of highersportsmanship
Table 13 Approximate values ​​of training loads by years forweightlifters of sports schools

1 In KPSh by groups of initial training, the weight of the barbell is taken into account at least

50% (in approach, snatch and jerk exercises, as well as in classical

exercises), in other groups - at least 60%

The end of the table. 13
Table 14 The ratio of the amount of funds of general and special physicaltraining by years of study (hours,%).

5.5. Modern system of long-term training of weightlifters

At the present stage of development of weightlifting sports in our country and abroad, a huge experience has been accumulated and significant scientific and methodological material has been collected related to the training of weightlifters of various sports qualifications and ages. The world achievements of weightlifters and their constant growth have long led to the understanding by specialists that the purposeful training of high-class athletes in this sport can be quite effectively carried out only if children and adolescents from 11-12 years old are involved in such activities, and in some cases - even from an earlier age.

Over the past decades, very positive results have been obtained from studies of the process of long-term training of young weightlifters, which in general have shown that with the correct, methodologically competent approach and effective control, such exercises with weights in this age period do not lead to any adverse consequences in the health of young athletes. and most importantly, they do not retard growth.

Let us dwell on the methodological features of such training.

Long-term training of young weightlifters is associated with solving a number of problems. One of them is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of stage-by-stage training of athletes in this sport, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, sports and pedagogical tasks and the socio-economic conditions of society.

It is known that the division of the process of long-term training of athletes in many sports from age limits does not significantly depend. There is no such strict dependence in weightlifting sports. Therefore, the starting point for the start of the phased planning of the training of young weightlifters can be record achievements, which are shown by modern domestic athletes aged on average from 18 to 25 years. At the same time, the zone of optimal achievements of weightlifters for both men and women lies in wider age limits - from 15 to 28-30 years.

Taking into account this provision, the long-term training of young athletes should be built in such a way that the preparation for this zone sporting achievements in its duration was quite solid. As a rule, it cannot be less than 4-5 years (A.S. Medvedev). Our research, as well as the research of foreign scientists, allowed us to prove that training sessions with weights from 11-12 years old and even from a younger age, if they take into account the age characteristics of a growing organism, lead to the development of more perfect adaptive mechanisms of the neuromuscular and functional systems. organism of young weightlifters. Long-term training of young weightlifters should be strictly focused on their age capabilities (first of all), and also be built in accordance with the level of physical, technical and functional readiness of the body.

It is known that in many cases the passport age of children and adolescents does not always correspond to the biological age. So, our research (L.S. Dvorkin) showed that out of 60 young weightlifters 12 years old (and in this case, schoolchildren in Yekaterinburg and Pervouralsk were studied), the first degree of puberty reached 35% and the second - 5%, in 13 years - 38 and 31%, respectively. Consequently, out of 60 children 12 years old, 40% entered puberty, i.e. the period of puberty, which characterizes adolescence (for boys - 13-16 and girls - 12-15 years). Consequently, this part of the young athletes studied by us, in terms of their biological maturity, should be attributed to adolescence, and not to childhood. It can be assumed with a high degree of truth that an even greater difference in passport and biological ages is observed in children of the southern republics (although such studies have been last years was not carried out).

Based on many years of research, we settled on the following variant of age periodization when planning the phased training of young weightlifters:

UTG - 1 (8-9 years old) - the first primary school age;

UTG - 2 (10-12 years old) - the second primary school age;

UTG - 3 (13-14 years old) - the first adolescence;

UTG - 4 (15-16 years old) - second adolescence;

UTG - 5 (17-18 years old) - boys;

UTG - 6 (19-20 years old) - juniors.

Based on this age division of training groups, it is proposed to divide the long-term training of young weightlifters into the following 6 stages (Table 5.2-5.7):

First step- preliminary physical and functional training (8-9 years);

Second phase- basic physical and functional training (10-12 years);

Stage Three- basic sports and psychological and functional training (13-14 years old);

Fourth stage- in-depth basic sports and psychological-functional training (15-16 years old);

Fifth stage- final basic sports psychological and functional training (17-18 years old);

Sixth stage- basic master training (19-20 years old).

The training of high-class athletes, starting from childhood, is built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that are characteristic of a particular age group. In terms of structure, such training of young weightlifters consists of six stages, which differ from one another as the ratio of GPP and SPP, performance bit standards and the use of certain means in the training process.

Based on this, one should pay Special attention the issue of recruiting training groups in sports school from among those wishing to engage in weightlifting children who do not have deviations in health.

At the first stage, the task is to recruit children's groups from junior schoolchildren 8-9 years for preliminary physical and functional training for at least two years. At the second stage of training young weightlifters 10-12 years old, the foundation is laid for their basic physical and functional training for 3 years. At the third stage, the process of creating a solid basic sports and psychological-functional readiness of young athletes of 13-14 years old is intensified, which continues for 2 years. The need for a good basic sports and psychological-functional training lies in the fact that at this age young weightlifters begin to take an active part in various competitions. After passing the sixth stage, young athletes 19-20 years old reach the level of members of the national team of the country.

Table 5.2 The first stage is preliminary physical and functionaltraining (8-9 years) Table 5.3 The second stage is basic physical and functionalpreparation (10-12 years) Table 5.4 The third stage is basic sportsand psychological and functional training (13-14 years old) Table 5.5 The fourth stage is an in-depth basic sports andpsychological and functional training (15-16 years old) Table 5.6 The fifth stage - the final basic sports and psychological and functional training (17-18 years old) Table 5.7 Sixth stage - basic master training (19–20 years old)

So, the division of the long-term training of young weightlifters into six stages is very conditional. However, it allows more correct and rational planning of the training of high-class athletes, taking into account the age characteristics of the organism.

At the first stage, many years of preparation are not provided. mandatory performance sports categories, we propose to focus only on the indicators of medical and pedagogical control and control tests. And in the future, this control will be the main one, since at the first stage it is necessary to orient children and adolescents not so much to the performance of sports categories, but to the creation of a solid basic physical and functional training, taking into account age characteristics. This thesis should be clarified by the following example. As a rule, a capable child, already during the first two years of training, quickly increases his results and by the end of the first stage of training can complete the II grade or even the I grade standard for adults, which allows him to immediately go to the group of athletes training according to the third stage program. However, the fulfillment of the requirements of this program for most children would be premature, since the body of young athletes has not yet reached the required basic level of functional and physical fitness. A disdainful attitude to these requirements, an unjustifiably early transition of a young athlete to a narrow sports specialization, as a rule, leads to the acceleration of the training process, the rapid depletion of the body's natural capabilities and, ultimately, to the cessation of the increase in sports results at an older age.

5.6. Normative foundations of weightlifting training of young athletes

In childhood and adolescence muscle strength and speed-power qualities they increase markedly under the condition of their active development. Therefore, the effectiveness of the use of these exercises both in physical education lessons at school and in self-study it is especially great in this particular age period of a person's life. Such activities, as has been shown in our research and studies of many domestic and foreign scientists, do not lead to negative changes in the development of the body's functional capabilities, do not retard growth, contribute to normal physical development... However, in order to fulfill strength exercises with weights, it is necessary to adhere to certain load norms, taking into account a particular age. For this, model characteristics of these standards were developed (Tables 5.8-5.11). Each student can, focusing on these standards, it is easy enough to choose for himself the load that corresponds to his age group.

Modern means and methods of weightlifting sports open up great prospects for the system of physical education of the younger generation, providing an opportunity not only to reach the desired heights of sports perfection at a young age, but also to use weights for mass strength training. This is especially important to consider at the present time, when the interest in athleticism has increased among young people.

Weightlifting programs for youth sports schools have been published since 1968, but only after almost 10 years on the basis of the accumulated experience of working with young weightlifters and positive results scientific research came to the conclusion about the possibility of using higher training loads not only in adolescence, but also in childhood.

Table 5.8 An approximate version of general strength training of schoolchildren

1 SSP - general strength training, SSP - special strength training.

2 50-60 H 6, where 50-60 is the weight of the bar as a percentage of the maximum result,

6 - the number of lifts in one approach.

Table 5.9 schoolchildren (dynamic exercises)

1 50 - barbell weight as a percentage of body weight.

Table 5.10 Control indicators of the state of strength trainingschoolchildren (static stress)
Table 5.11 Control standards in weightlifting trainingschoolchildren,% of body weight

When organizing mass weightlifting training, a long-term process should be built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that will be characteristic for a given age group. The training of young weightlifters is divided into six such stages, which differ from one another in goals and objectives, the volume of the training load, the means and the ratio of general and special physical training.

Thus, in this chapter, a number of sports and pedagogical aspects of long-term training of weightlifters were revealed, which, in combination with already notable achievements theories and methods of building this process taking into account the objective laws of the development of mass sports and modern requirements, proceeding from the need for widespread involvement of young people in exercising with weights.

Training of a young weightlifter Dvorkin Leonid Samoilovich

5.2. Problems of long-term training of young weightlifters

The modern level of weightlifting sports requires the organization in our country of systematic long-term training of young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the identified general patterns, objectively proceeding from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and age characteristics of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70-80s, carried out in the field of youth sports, have convincingly proved the advantage of a systematic approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting from their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods of training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50s and 60s. So, B.E. In the late 50s - early 60s, Podskotsky published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from a pedagogical point of view the phased process of long-term training of young weightlifters, starting from 14-15 years old. Later, from about the mid-60s, using complex research methods and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters, research was continued on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term purposeful training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they speak of a gradual increase in the level of special physical training of young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Sports training, notes a number of authors, in the initial period should be carried out with the prospect of long-term growth, continuing after the transition to the group of adults.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is on general physical fitness. So, on the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is assigned during this period on average 50-80% of the time. The need for the predominant all-round physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedeva, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters on the basis of the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the stage-by-stage training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, the stage of sports improvement and the stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 in sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the NA. Fomin, V.P. Filina, M. Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of Management of Training of Young Athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in the textbook "Weightlifting for young men" MT Lukyanov and A.I. Falameev, there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky "Features of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13-14 years old", published in 1970 in the yearbook "Weightlifting", noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to be trained recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations, which would help us to see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, ie. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high sports results in the future. Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

Significant work on selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a standing position and running for short distances as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern adolescents and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization from childhood and adolescence has been introduced in many sports. The analysis of the growth of the qualifications of young weightlifters during many years of training (from the youth category to the master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age in general is closely related to the duration of sports (Table 5.1).

During the period of initial training (up to two years), a pronounced increase in sports qualifications was not observed in most of the studied young weightlifters. This is explained by the fact that the training method we used did not set the task of forced fulfillment of sports categories. So, after the first year of such exercises, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the category level in weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - the III category. Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). In the future, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, in the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of those who go in for the master of sports fulfilled the norm.

Table 5.1

Growth in sports qualificationsyoung weightlifters (%)

With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and adolescence, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process should go in a natural way, without forcing, since the main task of this period is to increase the level of physical fitness, in particular strength capabilities. For some gifted athletes, one step per year should be considered the optimal rate of growth of sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS. This condition was met by 35.2% of those who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number from year to year decreased and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of an international master of sports.

The bulk of the athletes improved their qualifications at a slower pace and fulfilled the master of sports norm in an average of 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports than members of the national team of the country.

The reasons for the slow improvement of the qualifications of most of the studied weightlifters should be considered poor versatile training at the initial stage of specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before competition, violation of a sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and athleticism plays an important role.

From the book Preparation of a young weightlifter the author Dvorkin Leonid Samoilovich

1.4.2. Features of speed-strength training of weightlifters Although the leading quality of weightlifters is muscle strength, nevertheless, the ability to develop maximum strength and the ability to exercise it for a short period of time are not interconnected. Can

From the author's book

Chapter 4 The influence of sports on the functionality of young weightlifters 4.1. The influence of weightlifting on the functional state of the neuromuscular system of young weightlifters

From the author's book

4.1. The influence of weightlifting on the functional state of the neuromuscular system of young weightliftersThe development of muscle strength and endurance is closely related to the occurrence of morphological, biochemical and physiological changes in

From the author's book

4.2. The influence of exercises with weights on the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of young weightlifters

From the author's book

4.4. Characteristics of the state of health of young weightlifters in the process of many years of training When admitted to the sports section, it is important to investigate the physical and functional state of the organism of schoolchildren and their health. As shown by studies of weightlifters 12-14-year-old

From the author's book

Chapter 5 Sports and pedagogical aspects of training young weightlifters 5.1. Sports training and its features Training is usually understood as a specialized process aimed at achieving high sports results in the chosen sport. Target

From the author's book

5.3. Critical remarks on the issue of age periodization in the process of long-term training of young weightlifters Long-term training of weightlifters is associated with the solution of a number of problems. Among them, one of the most important is the justification of the optimal age

From the author's book

5.5. Modern system long-term training of weightlifters At the present stage of development of weightlifting sports in our country and abroad, vast experience has been accumulated and significant scientific and methodological material has been collected related to the training of weightlifters of various

From the author's book

Chapter 6 Educational work and psychological preparation young

From the author's book

6.3. Physical and moral education of the personality of young weightlifters Morality is a combination of spiritual and mental qualities that ensure that a person fulfills the rules of behavior in society. Moral qualities include discipline,

From the author's book

6.4. Psycho-regulatory training and personal aspects of education of young weightlifters Psycho-regulatory training in the system of sports training of young weightlifters is considered as one of the important aspects of the moral orientation of training.

From the author's book

6.5. The methodology of the formation of value orientations of young weightlifters on physical and moral education The methodology of the system approach allows us to consider the system of formation of value orientations of young weightlifters on the physical and moral

From the author's book

7.1. Actual tasks technical training of young weightlifters Sports training of young weightlifters should be directed from the very beginning to a thorough mastering of the technique of movements when performing various weightlifting exercises, and in particular

From the author's book

Chapter 8 Basic strength training of young weightlifters 8.1. Organization of the training experiment Research of the Academy of Sciences. Vorobyova, Yu.V. Verkhoshansky et al. Showed that exercises with weights provide the possibility of a more pronounced manifestation speed strength muscles.

From the author's book

From the author's book

11.5. Pedagogical control for the state of physical fitness of young weightlifters 11.5.1. Basic indicators of strength and speed-strength qualities

5.1. Sports training and its features

It is customary to understand training as a specialized process aimed at achieving high sports results in the chosen sport. The purpose of training is to provide physical, technical, moral-volitional and other types of fitness.

Physical training is aimed at increasing the functional capabilities of a person, developing his physical qualities: speed, strength, endurance, dexterity, etc.; technical training - on the formation of certain motor skills and their improvement, representing a single training process.

Experts point to the need for a more differentiated GPP when training not only adult athletes, but also young ones (V.M. Zatsiorsky, A.N. Vorobiev, etc.). In the early stages of training, almost all types of physical exercises contribute to the improvement of the motor functions of athletes. As the level of fitness increases, the range of exercises providing SPP narrows (A.V. Korobkov). Training in any kind of sport increases the general functional capabilities of the body, and against this background, the development of specific qualities necessary to achieve high results in the type of exercise that is the subject of training (A.N. Krestovnikov).

General physical training is necessary as the basis for the development of special fitness. This training provides already at a young age the growth of results not only in this type of exercise, but also in other sports (V.I.Shaposhnikova, N.N. Yakovlev).

Training work with young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Such forced preparation leads, as a rule, to a halt in the growth of results. Sports training in the initial period of training should be carried out with the prospect of long-term sports growth, continuing after the transition to the group of adults (V.P. Filin).

SPP at a young age should be based on good general physical training, which in each sport has its own specific characteristics. The ratio of GPP and TFP has its own characteristic features in various sports. In the initial period of training young athletes on general physical training, an average of 50 to 80% of the training time is allocated (V.P. Filin).

Versatile physical training should take into account the peculiarities of the chosen sport. For example, as noted by A.V. Korobkov, not all versatile training is rational. A real increase in technical results is brought only by such a versatile training, which is built taking into account the positive interaction of the means used with the basic motor skills.

The higher the level of training of an athlete, the greater the proportion of TFP acquires. In the presence of high sportsmanship, even general physical training should have a special focus. The development of physical qualities at this stage of training is provided mainly by practicing the chosen kind of sport or exercises that are close to it in structure and in physiological effect. So, A.N. Vorobiev points out that general physical training cannot replace special work in a particular sport. The specificity of the type of muscle activity is reflected in both the functional and morphological characteristics of the athlete's body. Each specific sport forms a special morpho-functional harmony. For a weightlifter, this harmony is expressed in the development of muscle strength.

Studies of young weightlifters conducted by B.E. Podskotsky, M.G. Lukyanov, A.I. Falameev and other specialists, showed the effectiveness of all-round physical development during the period of initial training and with further specialization. Therefore, when planning training time in the training process of young weightlifters, along with SPP, great attention is paid to GPP. If we trace how the attitude of the authors of weightlifting programs to the distribution of teaching hours for general physical training and physical training changed, then, for example, B.E. Podskotsky in 1968 devoted 104 hours to general physical training in the initial training group, and 182 hours a year to SPP, in 1974 N.S. Ippolitov and A.I. Falameev - 130 and 306 hours, respectively, blood pressure. Ermakov in 1977 -170 and 414 hours a year, V.F. Skotnikov, V.E. Smirnov, Ya.E. Yakubenko in 2005 - 180 and 175 hours.

5.2. Problems of long-term training of young weightlifters

The modern level of weightlifting sports requires the organization in our country of systematic long-term training of young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the identified general patterns, objectively proceeding from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and age characteristics of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70-80s, carried out in the field of youth sports, have convincingly proved the advantage of a systematic approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting from their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods of training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50s and 60s. So, B.E. In the late 50s - early 60s, Podskotsky published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from a pedagogical point of view the phased process of long-term training of young weightlifters, starting from 14-15 years old. Later, from about the mid-60s, using complex research methods and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters, research was continued on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term purposeful training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they speak of a gradual increase in the level of special physical training of young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Sports training, notes a number of authors, in the initial period should be carried out with the prospect of long-term growth, continuing after the transition to the group of adults.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is on general physical fitness. So, on the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is assigned during this period on average 50-80% of the time. The need for the predominant all-round physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedeva, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters on the basis of the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the stage-by-stage training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, the stage of sports improvement and the stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 in sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the NA. Fomin, V.P. Filina, M. Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of Management of Training of Young Athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in the textbook "Weightlifting for young men" MT Lukyanov and A.I. Falameev, there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky "Features of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13-14 years old", published in 1970 in the yearbook "Weightlifting", noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to be trained recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations, which would help us to see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, ie. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high sports results in the future. Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

Significant work on selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a standing position and running for short distances as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern adolescents and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization from childhood and adolescence has been introduced in many sports. The analysis of the growth of the qualifications of young weightlifters during many years of training (from the youth category to the master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age in general is closely related to the duration of sports (Table 5.1).

During the period of initial training (up to two years), a pronounced increase in sports qualifications was not observed in most of the studied young weightlifters. This is explained by the fact that the training method we used did not set the task of forced fulfillment of sports categories. So, after the first year of such exercises, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the category level in weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - the III category. Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). In the future, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, in the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of those who go in for the master of sports fulfilled the norm.

Table 5.1

Growth of sports qualification of young weightlifters (%)
With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and adolescence, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process should go in a natural way, without forcing, since the main task of this period is to increase the level of physical fitness, in particular strength capabilities. For some gifted athletes, one step per year should be considered the optimal rate of growth of sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS. This condition was met by 35.2% of those who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number from year to year decreased and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of an international master of sports.

The bulk of the athletes improved their qualifications at a slower pace and fulfilled the master of sports norm in an average of 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports than members of the national team of the country.

The reasons for the slow improvement of the qualifications of most of the studied weightlifters should be considered poor versatile training at the initial stage of specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before competition, violation of a sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and athleticism plays an important role.

5.3. Critical remarks on the issue of age periodization in the process of many years of training young weightlifters

Long-term training of weightlifters is associated with solving a number of problems. Among them, one of the most important is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of stage-by-stage training, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, pedagogical tasks and sports requirements. If in a number of sports this problem - age-related stage-by-stage training - has already been practically solved for those who start playing sports from childhood or adolescence (figure skating, swimming, gymnastics, athletics, etc.), then in weightlifting, even in the issue of stage-by-stage preparation from early adolescence is not yet a final opinion. This is due to the fact that in our country, quite recently, the training of adolescents and even young men in weightlifting was not given special importance. It was believed that practicing this sport is only for adults and therefore the main scientific research has been associated with adult weightlifters.

As noted above, attitudes towards weightlifting have changed dramatically since adolescence. This can be seen from the fact that more and more often in this sport, record results are achieved at the age of 16-18, and they strive to build long-term training of weightlifters as a training system from a beginner to a high-class athlete. The analysis of a number of literary sources on the issue of age periodization of long-term training of athletes showed that in a particular sport these age stages are not the same.

So, D. Hare believes that the division of the long-term training process into stages to a certain extent does not depend on age. The author proposes to take the age of highest achievement as a basis. Consequently, if we are guided by these rules in weightlifting, then the starting point for the step-by-step planning of the training of young athletes will be the achievements currently shown by Soviet athletes on average aged 18 to 33 years. According to V.P. Filin, N.A. Fomin, the zone of optimal opportunities for sports success in weightlifting ranges from 21 to 24 years old. B.V. Rolik believes that the process of long-term training of young weightlifters must be built taking into account both the age of the highest achievements and the age characteristics of the organism. From this, the author notes, the age of initial training depends.

The main feature of the modern long-term training of athletes is its stages. Therefore, it is necessary to plan the long-term training of young weightlifters using a phased system. What is the reason for this? It is known that even 10-15 years ago, people with good physical development came to the weightlifting section to train, and in some cases, those who underwent sports training in other sections. People under 15 were rarely admitted there. Now it’s quite the opposite. More often, schoolchildren 12-13 years old and even younger come to the weightlifting section. And, consequently, during the period of initial training, the coach has to deal more often not only with a very young contingent, but also physically unprepared for specialization in this sport.

From the memoirs of the Honored Master of Sports A.N. Vorobyov (1960), it can be seen that he came to regular weightlifting already being physically well-developed, mature, tempered his character and will during the war and in labor. In fact, it took him no more than one year to prove himself a capable athlete. After 4 years of training, he has already won the title of European champion. As noted by the Academy of Sciences himself. Vorobyov, Olympic champion Trofim Lomakin and many other Soviet athletes possessed great physical strength. Obviously, for many decades of the development of weightlifting, coaches did not see a particular need for the systematic training of high-class weightlifters from among adolescents and young men, not to mention childhood, although some scientific research in this area has been conducted since the early 50s of the last century.

After 1971, when the International Weightlifting Federation excluded the classic bench press from triathlon and only the snatch and clean and jerk remained, research in the field of youth weightlifting began to intensify. First of all, it was necessary to solve the problem of the age limits of such training. In various literature, the division of groups by age was interpreted in different ways. So, in the program for the sports school in weightlifting (compiled by B.E. Podskotsky), the following division into age groups is given: teenagers - up to 14 years old, junior youthful - 15-16 years old, senior youthful - 17-18 years old, sports improvement - 19-20 years old. In the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1972, the following age gradation was established: young men in the younger age group - 14-15 years old, young men in the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old; in the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1977: boys of the younger age group - 14-15 years old, boys of the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old, adults - over 23 years old.

In the long-term planning of physical education, such a distribution into age groups was also used: preschool - 1-4 years, preschool - 4-7 years, primary school - 7-12 years, middle school - 13-16 years.

In 1968, the Institute for Developmental Physiology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR recommended the following distribution scheme for age periods: neonatal period - 1-10 days, infancy - 10 days - 1 year, early childhood - 1-3 years, first childhood - 4- 7 years old, second childhood - 8-12 years old, adolescence (boys - 13-16 years old, girls 12-15 years old), adolescence - 17-21 years old, mature age: I period - 22-35 years old, II period - 36-60 years old, etc.

So, what is the age gradation to adhere to when training young athletes? There is still no consensus on this issue. And, as they say, there is no one to put things in order in this matter. For almost 30 years, the author has been adhering to the anatomical and physiological concept of the distribution of educational-training groups (UTG) for CYSS. This is due to the fact that when planning a multi-year stage-by-stage training of young athletes, the coach must be absolutely clear in determining the age groups. The main criterion in this matter is taking into account the individual age characteristics of human development. What individual physiological and morphological characteristics should be taken into account when training with young weightlifters? This is, firstly, the functional state of the cardiovascular system, taking into account a particular age. For example, the heart volume of 13-14 year olds can be almost twice the heart volume of 8-9 year old children. At the same time, arterial blood pressure in adolescents is often higher than in children. And here one should look for the reason not in the functional disorders of the adolescent organism, but in the age and individual characteristics of physical development during puberty. So, it is known that the body length of young athletes from 13 to 14 years old can increase from 6 to 10 cm per year due to a more pronounced lengthening of the tubular bones. The rapid growth of tubular bones in adolescence leads, in turn, to stretching of blood vessels and to narrowing of their lumens. Until the anatomical maturity of the vessels in adolescents comes in line with the length of the body, they may have an increase in arterial blood pressure. As a rule, by the age of 15-16, arterial blood pressure has stabilized. When engaging in weightlifting, you should pay attention to the so-called accelerants, that is, those who have a slight acceleration in the rate of puberty during puberty.

It is important not only for teachers, but also for doctors to participate with the trainer in the planning of the training load, especially during puberty for young athletes. It is the facts of uncoordinated actions of the coach and the doctor that often lead to undesirable consequences when training with young athletes.

It is necessary to pay great attention to the proper nutrition of young athletes of childhood and adolescence. The ever-increasing volumes of training loads in weightlifting sports require the provision of young athletes with adequate nutrition. In childhood and adolescence, a deficiency of vitamins, minerals, plant and animal proteins should not be allowed.

5.4. Normative part curriculum in weightlifting for CYSS, SDYUSHOR, SHVSM and UOR

This section is fully consistent with the content of the new Weightlifting Program published in 2005 by the Federal Agency of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports. The author cites this section without changes, since he understands that his book may turn out to be for some youth sports schools or sports sections the only official source by which it is possible to officially regulate (plan) the educational and training work of a teacher-trainer. In the following sections, the author's version of the multi-year planning system for the training of young weightlifters will be considered, which has some differences from the official program.

So, the educational material of the official program consists of theoretical and practical sections and is divided into training groups: initial, educational, training, sports improvement and higher sportsmanship (Table 1-14), which allows us to offer the coaches of all sports schools a single direction, developed by a comprehensive scientific approach to the assessment of the training process in the long-term system of training weightlifters from beginners to highly qualified athletes.

Long-term training of weightlifters is a complex process of the formation of sportsmanship, each level of which is characterized by its own goals, objectives, means and organization of training.

1.1. Organization of educational and training and educational process

The recruitment of sports groups, the organization of educational and training sessions, the conduct of educational work with the trainees is carried out by the directorate and the coaching council of sports schools. This is one of the most crucial stages in the organizational and methodological activities of the entire team.

Training groups are completed from among the most capable of weightlifting children, adolescents, boys and girls, as well as athletes who have switched from other sports, who have shown the ability to weightlifting and meet the requirements for the level of sports and physical fitness for admission to sports schools.

In some cases, students who do not meet the relevant requirements may be enrolled in a study group on an exceptional basis by the decision of the coaching council, provided that these students have a certain grade and physical data that allow them to achieve the required level of athletic performance during the school year.

Syllabus;

The plan of educational and training sessions for the year;

Work plan for a month or preparation period;

Lesson plan;

Registration card of indicators of growth of physical, special, technical readiness of students;

Timetable of classes;

Schedule of mass sports events. By accounting:

Group lessons log;

Personal cards and statements of students;

Athletes training diaries;

Competition protocols.

table 2

An approximate schedule of the distribution of teaching hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of study in groups of initial training
Table 3

An approximate schedule of the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of training in training groups
Table 4

An approximate schedule of the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 2nd year of study in training groups
The end of the table. 4
Table 5

An approximate schedule of the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 3rd year of training in training groups
Table 6

An approximate schedule of the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 4th year of study in training groups
Table 7

An approximate schedule of the distribution of teaching hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of study in groups of sports improvement
Table 8

An approximate schedule of the distribution of teaching hours for weightlifters of the 2nd year of study in groups of sports improvement
Table 9

An approximate schedule of the distribution of teaching hours for weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in groups of sports improvement
Table 10

An approximate schedule of the distribution of teaching hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of study in the groups of higher sportsmanship
Table 11

An approximate schedule of the distribution of teaching hours for weightlifters of the 2nd year of study in the groups of higher sportsmanship
Table 12

An approximate schedule of the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in groups of higher sportsmanship
Table 13

Approximate values ​​of training loads by years for weightlifters of sports schools
1 In KPSh by groups of initial training, the weight of the barbell is taken into account at least

50% (in approach, snatch and jerk exercises, as well as in classical

exercises), in other groups - at least 60%

The end of the table. 13
Table 14

The ratio of the volume of means of general and special physical training by years of study (hours,%).
5.5. Modern system of long-term training of weightlifters

At the present stage of development of weightlifting sports in our country and abroad, a huge experience has been accumulated and significant scientific and methodological material has been collected related to the training of weightlifters of various sports qualifications and ages. The world achievements of weightlifters and their constant growth have long led to the understanding by specialists that the purposeful training of high-class athletes in this sport can be quite effectively carried out only if children and adolescents from 11-12 years old are involved in such activities, and in some cases - even from an earlier age.

Over the past decades, very positive results have been obtained from studies of the process of long-term training of young weightlifters, which in general have shown that with the correct, methodologically competent approach and effective control, such exercises with weights in this age period do not lead to any adverse consequences in the health of young athletes. and most importantly, they do not retard growth.

Let us dwell on the methodological features of such training.

Long-term training of young weightlifters is associated with solving a number of problems. One of them is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of stage-by-stage training of athletes in this sport, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, sports and pedagogical tasks and the socio-economic conditions of society.

It is known that the division of the process of long-term training of athletes in many sports from age limits does not significantly depend. There is no such strict dependence in weightlifting sports. Therefore, the starting point for the start of the phased planning of the training of young weightlifters can be record achievements, which are shown by modern domestic athletes aged on average from 18 to 25 years. At the same time, the zone of optimal achievements of weightlifters for both men and women lies in wider age limits - from 15 to 28-30 years.

Taking into account this provision, the long-term training of young athletes should be structured in such a way that the preparation for this zone of sporting achievements in its duration was sufficiently thorough. As a rule, it cannot be less than 4-5 years (A.S. Medvedev). Our research, as well as the research of foreign scientists, allowed us to prove that training sessions with weights from 11-12 years old and even from a younger age, if they take into account the age characteristics of a growing organism, lead to the development of more perfect adaptive mechanisms of the neuromuscular and functional systems. organism of young weightlifters. Long-term training of young weightlifters should be strictly focused on their age capabilities (first of all), and also be built in accordance with the level of physical, technical and functional readiness of the body.

It is known that in many cases the passport age of children and adolescents does not always correspond to the biological age. So, our research (L.S. Dvorkin) showed that out of 60 young weightlifters 12 years old (and in this case, schoolchildren in Yekaterinburg and Pervouralsk were studied), the first degree of puberty reached 35% and the second - 5%, in 13 years - 38 and 31%, respectively. Consequently, out of 60 children 12 years old, 40% entered puberty, i.e. the period of puberty, which characterizes adolescence (for boys - 13-16 and girls - 12-15 years). Consequently, this part of the young athletes studied by us, in terms of their biological maturity, should be attributed to adolescence, and not to childhood. It can be assumed with a high degree of truth that an even greater difference in passport and biological age is observed in children of the southern republics (although such studies have not been carried out in recent years).

Based on many years of research, we settled on the following variant of age periodization when planning the phased training of young weightlifters:

UTG - 1 (8-9 years old) - the first primary school age;

UTG - 2 (10-12 years old) - the second primary school age;

UTG - 3 (13-14 years old) - the first adolescence;

UTG - 4 (15-16 years old) - second adolescence;

UTG - 5 (17-18 years old) - boys;

UTG - 6 (19-20 years old) - juniors.

Based on this age division of training groups, it is proposed to divide the long-term training of young weightlifters into the following 6 stages (Table 5.2-5.7):

The first stage is preliminary physical and functional training (8-9 years);

The second stage is basic physical and functional training (10-12 years);

The third stage is basic sports and psychological and functional training (13-14 years old);

The fourth stage - in-depth basic sports and psychological-functional training (15-16 years old);

The fifth stage is the final basic sports psychological and functional training (17-18 years old);

Sixth stage - basic master training (19-20 years old).

The training of high-class athletes, starting from childhood, is built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that are characteristic of a particular age group. According to the structure, such training of young weightlifters consists of six stages, which differ from one another both in the ratio of GPP and SPP, fulfillment of discharge standards, and the use of certain means in the training process.

Based on this, special attention should be paid to the issue of recruiting training groups in a sports school from among those wishing to engage in weightlifting children who do not have deviations in health.

At the first stage, the task is to recruit children's groups from junior schoolchildren of 8-9 years old for preliminary physical and functional training for at least two years. At the second stage of training young weightlifters 10-12 years old, the foundation is laid for their basic physical and functional training for 3 years. At the third stage, the process of creating a solid basic sports and psychological-functional readiness of young athletes of 13-14 years old is intensified, which continues for 2 years. The need for a good basic sports and psychological-functional training lies in the fact that at this age young weightlifters begin to take an active part in various competitions. After passing the sixth stage, young athletes 19-20 years old reach the level of members of the national team of the country.

Table 5.2

The first stage is preliminary physical and functional training (8-9 years)
Table 5.3

Second stage - basic physical and functional training (10-12 years)
Table 5.4

The third stage - basic sports and psychological and functional training (13-14 years old)
Table 5.5

The fourth stage - in-depth basic sports and psychological and functional training (15-16 years old)
Table 5.6

The fifth stage - the final basic sports and psychological and functional training (17-18 years old)
Table 5.7

Sixth stage - basic master training (19–20 years old)
So, the division of the long-term training of young weightlifters into six stages is very conditional. However, it allows more correct and rational planning of the training of high-class athletes, taking into account the age characteristics of the organism.

At the first stage of long-term training, the mandatory performance of sports categories is not provided, we propose to focus only on the indicators of medical and pedagogical control and control tests. And in the future, this control will be the main one, since at the first stage it is necessary to orient children and adolescents not so much to the performance of sports categories, but to the creation of a solid basic physical and functional training, taking into account age characteristics. This thesis should be clarified by the following example. As a rule, a capable child, already during the first two years of training, quickly increases his results and by the end of the first stage of training can complete the II grade or even the I grade standard for adults, which allows him to immediately go to the group of athletes training according to the third stage program. However, the fulfillment of the requirements of this program for most children would be premature, since the body of young athletes has not yet reached the required basic level of functional and physical fitness. A disdainful attitude to these requirements, an unjustifiably early transition of a young athlete to a narrow sports specialization, as a rule, leads to the acceleration of the training process, the rapid depletion of the body's natural capabilities and, ultimately, to the cessation of the increase in sports results at an older age.

5.6. Normative foundations of weightlifting training of young athletes

In childhood and adolescence, muscle strength and speed-strength qualities are clearly increasing, subject to their active development. Therefore, the effectiveness of the use of these exercises both in physical education lessons at school and in independent studies is especially great in this particular age period of a person's life. Such exercises, as has been shown in our research and studies of many domestic and foreign scientists, do not lead to negative changes in the development of the body's functional capabilities, do not retard growth, and contribute to normal physical development. However, in order to perform strength exercises with weights, you must adhere to certain load norms, taking into account a particular age. For this, model characteristics of these standards were developed (Tables 5.8-5.11). Each student can, focusing on these standards, it is easy enough to choose for himself the load that corresponds to his age group.

Modern means and methods of weightlifting sports open up great prospects for the system of physical education of the younger generation, providing an opportunity not only to reach the desired heights of sports perfection at a young age, but also to use weights for mass strength training. This is especially important to consider at the present time, when the interest in athleticism has increased among young people.

Weightlifting programs for youth sports schools have been released since 1968, but only after almost 10 years, on the basis of the accumulated experience of working with young weightlifters and the positive results of scientific research, they came to the conclusion that it is possible to use higher training loads not only in adolescence, but also in childhood. ...

Table 5.8

An approximate version of general strength training of schoolchildren
1 SSP - general strength training, SSP - special strength training.

2 50-60 H 6, where 50-60 is the weight of the bar as a percentage of the maximum result,

6 - the number of lifts in one approach.

Table 5.9

Control indicators of the state of strength training of schoolchildren (dynamic exercises)
1 50 - barbell weight as a percentage of body weight.

Table 5.10

Control indicators of the state of strength training of schoolchildren (static stress)
Table 5.11

Control standards in weightlifting training of schoolchildren,% of body weight
When organizing mass weightlifting training, a long-term process should be built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that will be characteristic for a given age group. The training of young weightlifters is divided into six such stages, which differ from one another in goals and objectives, the volume of the training load, the means and the ratio of general and special physical training.

Thus, in this chapter, a number of sports and pedagogical aspects of the long-term training of weightlifters were revealed, which, together with the already known achievements of theory and methodology, allow to build this process taking into account the objective laws of the development of mass sports and modern requirements based on the need for widespread involvement of young people in classes with weights.