D.1. DISTANCE
The technical requirements for the international rowing distance are given in the FISA Racing Rules and the Internal Racing Rules.
D.1.1. PLANNING AND DESIGN
Prior to the detailed design of the course, statistical data and the results of the study of the area should be obtained, and analyzes and studies should be carried out regarding:
Ownership of land intended for the construction of a rowing base;
Geological conditions;
hydrological conditions;
The influence of surrounding buildings and trees on the strength and direction of the wind. FISA strongly recommends wind tunnel testing.
Significant factors to consider when choosing a rowing distance include:
The possibility of ensuring fair and equal conditions on all lanes and protection from the wind;
Technical quality racing distance taking into account the mutual influence of permanent and temporary structures, allowing for major sporting events.
The following criteria should be considered in the final course planning for rowing and kayaking and canoeing:
Rationale for investment.
A careful assessment of the proposed investment is necessary, taking into account the future use of the sports facility:
Conducting classes and competitions in rowing, rowing and canoeing, wheelchair rowing, roller skating, volleyball, beach volleyball, basketball, triathlon, fishing;
Carrying out other sports and recreational activities;
Holding other events such as meetings, seminars, etc.
The possibility of placing guests in the immediate vicinity of the sports facility during major events or gatherings.
The entire sports complex should be designed as a modern, multifunctional sports Complex and recreation area.
Coexistence with other sports
Experience has shown that compared to sailing and racing motor boats rowing and, to a lesser extent, kayaking and canoeing are usually relegated to a secondary role when using multi-purpose water bodies. The future management of the complex should prioritize rowing and rowing and canoeing - both training and regattas.
Environmental principles
The course for rowing and rowing and canoeing must comply with the environmental principles and rules for the use of the terrain, set out in the relevant documents prepared by experts.
Any impact on the hydrological conditions of the area should be kept to a minimum.
At the stage of preparation of project plans for the proposed distance for rowing and kayaking and canoeing, it is necessary to conduct preliminary comprehensive studies. When approving the final project, the following issues should be resolved:
Establishment of a natural water source and the required amount of water;
Methods for filling and emptying a canal or lake;
Water level management methods;
Filtration of water and the need to use a waterproof coating on the bottom of the channel;
Water quality and possible ways to treat it;
Conditions for the reproduction of microorganisms and the growth of plants (reeds, algae, etc.).
Requirements
The layout of the rowing course is based on 5 key principles:
Fairness of competition conditions;
Simplicity of design, no need for high maintenance costs;
- "naturalness" of the distance, satisfaction of the requirements of both types water sports;
Ensuring suitable conditions for holding major sports events and long-term daily use of the base for training;
Solving the problems of kayaking and canoeing and rowing.
permanent structures
The share of permanent infrastructure is determined by the long-term use of the rowing base and the possibility of building the necessary temporary structures on its territory for the period of major sporting events.
The main design requirements are durability, low maintenance costs, use of local materials for the construction of permanent structures.
General principles project selection
Course designers must take into account conditions that vary with topography, the direction of prevailing winds, and the presence of a motorway or railroad leading to the rowing base.
The rowing distance should be designed in such a way that the construction is carried out in stages, with the possibility of commissioning additional facilities in the future.
The possibility of having a site where "inert" building materials (sand, gravel) have been mined should be used. In a number of cases, it is possible to coordinate the activities of the two organizations in such a way as to use this site for the construction of a rowing racing course.
For major sporting events, "accredited" and "non-accredited" areas should be clearly defined and differentiated. Each sector of the "accredited" areas reserved for team attendants, the media (media), the organizing committee of the regatta, etc., must be clearly separated from other sectors and have separate secured entrances in accordance with applicable accreditation rules.
The facilities intended for athletes and team members should be a separate "block", allowing maximum isolation of the rowers during the preparation for the competition. This area includes boathouses for storing boats, a place for preparation of boats, dressing rooms, rest rooms for teams, team service rooms such as massage and medical rooms, a weighing room, etc.
A "shared area" may be located between the above area and the stand and be used for media interviews and competition directors.
During the preparation and implementation Olympic Games Separate boathouses for kayaking and canoeing and rowing should be provided.
finish area
This zone should include:
Finish tower and related auxiliary facilities;
Sectors for the work of competition leaders;
Sectors for the leaders of the rowing base (in the absence of sufficient space, this sector may be located in the slipway zone);
Sector for the accommodation of spectators and auxiliary services, places for VIP, media and team members;
Press center and mixed sector;
Sectors for VIP and guests;
Scoreboard demonstrating technical results and video board;
radio room;
First aid and rescue team;
Rafts for the award ceremony, interviews with the media, mooring of judges and rescue boats;
Sectors for the exit of spectators and nearby parking areas for buses.
The finish area can be planned:
On one side of the distance;
On both sides of the track.
Boathouse zone
During major events, the boathouse area or areas must be clearly marked as "accredited".
In this zone are located:
Places for storing boats (permanent - indoors and temporary - outdoors);
Racks for oars;
Mooring rafts (separately for rowing and kayaking and canoeing);
Control Commission;
Boat weighing room;
Room for weighing athletes;
Boat repair facility;
Boat washing facilities;
Doping control and medical services;
Team facilities and services such as dressing rooms, showers, etc. - permanent and temporary;
massage room;
General equipment for training;
Conference rooms;
Leisure and service premises;
Canteens;
Information Center;
Administration and leadership offices;
Exits for team members and parking areas for buses;
Parking areas for trailers and tractors.
General ground level
Ground level total sports complex must be at least one meter above the high water mark.
On both sides of the racing tracks there must be open strips of land, free from buildings and plantings (with the exception of the finish tower).
Distance direction
The rowing distance should be built parallel to the direction of the prevailing winds.
Direction of the wind
An important role is played by the results of observations of the strength and direction of the wind for at least 10 years.
It is essential to investigate the presence of wind-sheltered areas that can create uneven conditions on different lanes.
Ideal is to test the model of the future rowing distance in a wind tunnel.
Artificial distances (channels)
Overview for viewers
To provide viewers better view when using artificial channels, the banks throughout the entire channel should have a slight slope (ledge) towards the water's edge.
Trees
Planting trees on both sides and along the entire distance (with at least 60 m wide areas free from plantations from the paths) should significantly improve the wind conditions on the water. In order to avoid wind-sheltered zones on the surface of the water, leading to uneven conditions on different lanes, it is necessary to carry out a particularly thorough study of the influence of trees, their type, the distance between trees, as well as between trees and the water's edge (ideally in a wind tunnel ).
Second channel
When preparing for major sporting events (world championships and Olympic Games), it is recommended to build a second channel parallel to the main course, at least 40 m wide, and ideally 100 m, in the direction from the finish to the start. During such events, it is used for warm-ups and cool-downs for academics, as well as for training kayakers and canoeists during the regatta. At the end of the event, the training channel will be extremely useful for students sports schools and beginners.
Rowing base location
The venue of the regatta must be well connected by road, rail and air. Regular public transport service is also important.
All paths leading to different areas must be designed for rush hour passenger traffic, and entry-exit points must ensure the free movement of boat trailers, loading and unloading boats.
In order to avoid delays of competitors due to traffic jams at the entrance to the competition venue, it is strongly recommended to provide access roads separately for athletes and officials and separately for spectators.
The experience of large regattas shows that it is much more efficient to organize the transportation of spectators by shuttle buses than to allow parking next to sports facilities. It is recommended that large spectator parking lots be located away from the rowing complex.
Separate entrances should be provided for different groups of people - teams, media, VIPs, spectators.
Lighting, signage and landscaping of the territory should emphasize the solemnity and importance of the events.
parking
It is important to provide large parking areas for shuttle buses, team buses, media, VIPs and sponsors, boat trailers, with easy access to car parks and main roads.
Roads
Ideally, there should be an access road leading to the start area.
In the case of an artificial distance (channel), the access road must be built around the entire distance and have a minimum width of 6.5 m.
For the purpose of television broadcasting, the road on the camera coverage side should be laid low, as close as possible to the water surface, with turns every 500 m.
Roads must be level and straight for their entire length along the racing tracks and pass behind the boat leveler and timing houses and the finish tower.
Roads are intended for the following transport:
Tourist buses with bicycles for transporting and following competing teams during regattas;
Vehicle to transport equipment and officials between the start and finish areas;
Cars for control over the regatta carried out by FISA representatives during FISA events;
Vehicles for transporting television equipment and reporting on the regatta;
Minibuses for transporting coaches during races;
if the road surface is good, they can be used for other sports purposes, such as roller skating, etc.
During major events, you should carefully plan and strictly control the entry of vehicles into the territory of the rowing base and traffic on the roads along the course.
Lighting
D.1.2. DISTANCE DIMENSIONS
The technical requirements for the international standard rowing distance are given in the FISA Racing Rules and the Internal Racing Rules, Articles 28-30 (Appendix…). The above requirements stipulate the minimum length and width of the course for an international regatta.
The start and finish lines must be strictly parallel, their vertical planes must be strictly projected onto the vertical cables of the boat equalizer house and the finish tower.
When determining the size of the future rowing distance, the following factors must be taken into account:
Whether the distance is an artificial channel or a natural lake;
The risk of having wind-sheltered paths;
The need to comply with traffic rules.
If the distance is artificial, it is necessary to control the depth of the channel and maintain the required water level.
The requirement for the FISA World Championships and the Olympic Games is a canal width of at least 130 m. Ideally, there should be 8 fully buoyed lanes (13.5 m wide and the required depth) with free water space of at least 11 m wide on each side.
Each course must be checked and certified for sizing and layout by an independent authorized observer. The certificate must be presented to the FISA representative for verification upon request.
Distance dimensions
Shore - should be stepped (sloping) to minimize the effect of washout and the impact of waves:
The maximum slope is 1:3;
The preferred slope is 1:4 - 1:6.
There should be no vertical walls around the course. Large stones or other wave-damping items must be placed along the water line at least 1 m below the normal water level around the course.
Controlled growth of low growing algae or other similar aquatic plants along the edge of the coast can serve as an effective means of damping waves.
Tracks - must be straight and have the same width throughout.
Numbering
The track numbering depends on the location of the television equipment. It is recommended that track #1 (0) be the farthest from the TV cameras and track #6 (7) the closest.
Thus, track #1 on the TV screen will be at the top, and track #6 at the bottom.
D.1.3. BUOY MARKING SYSTEM "ALBANO"
Existing international system distance marking with buoys was first used on Lake Albano during the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome.
To mark the tracks in this system, straight lines of buoys are used from start to finish.
Ropes
Longitudinal cables - buoys are attached to longitudinal cables; recommended stainless steel cables with a diameter of 4 mm, with a tension of 400 kg, fixed at a height of 1.5 m below the surface of the water and anchored to the shore at the beginning and end of the course.
An additional cable - 6-8 mm in diameter, fixed outside the racing tracks (at a minimum distance of 5 m from them) - is required to accommodate billboards.
The ropes must be taut on land with a force of 400 kg. Before being placed in the water, they are marked with an interval of 10 (12.5) m for attaching buoys.
Transverse cables - 8 mm in diameter, fixed at the start, every 500 m and at the finish line using anchors in one of the following ways:
to the bottom of the lake on both sides of the distance (where the distance between the shores of the lake is large);
to the shore on both sides of the course (where the course is relatively narrow).
buoys
Spherical, with a diameter of 15 cm, with a soft surface; during the first 100 m, starting from the starting bridge, they are located at an interval of 5 m, then until the end of the distance - every 10 (12.5) m.
There should be no buoys at the start and finish lines.
Buoy colors:
At the main distance - usually bright yellow;
The first 100m from the start and the last 250m to the finish are a different color (red);
Another (red) color for marking intermediate distances (250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 m).
Colors may vary from red and yellow depending on local conditions and buoy visibility.
D.1.4. BUILDINGS ALONG THE DISTANCE
Timekeeping houses
Location - placed exactly on the marking lines of intermediate distances 500, 1000, 1500 m, at a distance of at least 5 m from the nearest track.
The distance must be clearly visible.
Possible types:
a) floating:
standing on stilts at the bottom of a lake or canal;
anchored to the bottom of a lake or canal;
attached to individual cables strung across a lake or canal (but not to the "Albano" cable system);
b) ground - located on the platform; at artificial distances - between the road and the distance.
A covered platform with an area of 4-6 sq.m, with a floor level of at least 1.5 m above the water level;
If necessary, a platform for a TV camera should be provided on the roof of the house. The roof must have an appropriate design.
Dimensions - approximately 2x2 (3) m.
If the course is intended for kayak and canoe regattas, the timing houses at the 1000 and 1500 m marks can also serve as starting towers. Therefore, their dimensions should be larger - 3x3 m.
Equipment
Vertical opening cable;
Radio and telephone (or other wired) communication with those conducting timing at the finish tower;
Timing system equipment;
Tables, chairs.
Timing
Usually intermediate measurements are carried out by two: one presses the stopwatch button and calls the numbers of teams crossing the intermediate mark at a distance, the other writes down the order of the teams.
The order of teams is then transferred to the finish tower.
Timekeepers in timekeeping houses must be very experienced and professional. It is strongly recommended that their composition should not change from championship to championship.
Option: Video cameras can be installed at intermediate marks to transmit the image to the monitor on the finish tower. The cameras are mounted on absolutely rigid structures at a height that provides a minimum angle of 5 degrees. between the horizon line and the line drawn from the cameras to the central axis of the distance.
Marks on the course
Position
On the start line - a leading mark - is attached opposite the boat equalizer house strictly on the start line; if the shore is too far - on a structure very rigidly fixed with an anchor or on the water.
Represents a vertical black line with a recommended width of 50 mm on a white or yellow background.
Intermediate marks (every 250 m) can be:
a) floating - in the form of a cube with a side of 1 m, attached to the outer cables of the Albano system every 250 m, at a distance of at least 5 m from the nearest tracks on both sides of the distance;
b) ground - in the form of signs attached to the shore every 250 m on both sides of the distance.
At the finish line - a leading mark - is attached opposite the shore, where the finish tower is located, strictly on the finish line; if the shore is too far - on a structure very rigidly fixed with an anchor or on the water.
Represents a vertical black line with a recommended width of 50 mm on a white or yellow background.
Requirements
The numbers (not less than 70 cm high) are applied in black paint on a white or yellow background and must be clearly visible to the competitors.
The race distance is marked as follows:
0 - start line;
2000 - finish line.
The end of the 100m starting area must be marked with two white flags, floating or ground.
The finish line must be marked with two red flags - floating or ground, located strictly on the finish line, at a distance of at least 5 m from the outer lanes.
hanging marks
They are transverse cables stretched over a distance (at least 3.5 m above the water level) every 500 (250) m, on which panels with numbers are attached above the center line of each track.
FISA has removed the requirement for hanging marks at international rowing events. If, nevertheless, a decision is made to install them, it is most advisable to place them immediately (at a distance of 5 m) behind the finish line.
Option: If distance from the finish line and shore conditions permit, large lane number signs may be affixed to the shore behind the finish line.
bubble line
The finish line can be marked on the water by creating a line of air bubbles across the width of the course. It is a great visual medium for viewers and television.
By pumping air from the compressor into a straight rigid pipe laid across the distance and lying on top of the cables of the Albano system, a "bubble line" is created. Numerous holes in the pipe allow bubbles to escape to the surface of the water. This system was first used during the 1991 World Championships in Vienna.
The "Vienna system" consisted of a high pressure hose 50 mm in diameter crossing the finish line at a depth of 90 cm. Holes 3 mm in diameter were made in the hose at intervals of 20-25 cm. The hose was attached to a rope 8 mm in diameter with a cable every 20 cm The whole system was fastened to both banks of the canal and, in addition, to 600-kg anchors located at intervals of approximately 27 m.
The hose at the finish line in Vienna was filled with air using a compressor with a capacity of 7-9 m3/min. The pressure was 4-6 bar.
Particular attention should be paid to the position of the compressed air generator - noise and odor problems can occur if the compressor is not equipped with an electric motor.
D.1.5. RULES OF MOVEMENT
Clear rules and information about the movement of rowing boats on the water should be published in advance. During the event, the rules of the road are widely distributed and must be posted in a conspicuous place in the boathouse area.
The FISA Technical Representative is responsible for developing traffic rules and holding meetings with the FISA Referee Commission and Organizing Committee.
The organizing committee is responsible for providing the necessary specialists and monitoring compliance with traffic rules.
Traffic rules should provide:
Rules of movement during training.
There must be at least one free lane as a no-man's-land separating teams traveling in opposite directions.
The rules of movement during training apply:
On training days - during the entire time when the distance is officially open for training;
On race days:
From the official opening of the course in the morning and no later than 30 minutes before the start of the first race;
From the finish of the last morning race and no later than 30 minutes before the start of the first afternoon race;
From the finish of the last day's race to the official closing of the course in the evening.
Large buoys located in the no-man's-land at the beginning and end of the course mark the neutral lane during practice.
Rules of the road during races.
The rules of the road during the races apply in the warm-up and cool-down areas and regulate the maneuvers of the boats participating in the awards ceremony.
The traffic rules during the races are:
30 minutes before the start of the first race of each series and before the finish of the last race of each series.
Important: Special attention teams and competition organizers should pay attention to changing the rules of the road during training and racing.
Large buoys located on the neutral lane at the beginning and end of the course must be removed 30 minutes before the start of each series of races and immediately returned to their place at the end of the last race of each series.
Traffic rules apply as follows:
Sent to the National Federations along with the list of competitors;
Published in the official program;
Printed in the Team Managers' Guide;
They are posted on two stands - one for training and one for racing (recommended dimensions 0.7x1.5 m) - behind the mooring rafts.
Pointers without text, like road signs, fixed on each raft, should indicate the exit from the water to the rafts and the exit from the rafts to the water.
"Floating" ropes and large buoys should separate the exit area from the water entry area.
big buoys
Large buoys should be placed 25-30 m behind the finish line to mark where the boats will turn after crossing the finish line. In addition, they mark the end of the cool-down and warm-up zones.
Inspectors - control the movement on the water during:
Workout
On the neutral lane, at least one boat with an inspector must patrol during the entire training period. Controls that boats do not cross the course anywhere, turn around large buoys behind the finish line and in the start area and clear the course no later than 30 minutes before the start of the next series of races. In some types of training, it is possible to combine the functions of an inspector and a rescuer.
In the launch zone - monitors the boats turning in the launch zone from the launch facilities.
On mooring rafts - checks that the teams are using the appropriate rafts. If necessary, controls that the teams go to the warm-up not earlier than 45 minutes before the start of their race.
Race
On mooring rafts - makes sure that the teams do not go out on the water for training during the races. There should be no training during races.
In the boat or from the shore in the 100m zone - prohibits boats from entering the 100m zone before the start of the race.
At the end of the warm-up zone - warns you of starting too early or too late.
In the case when the warm-up is carried out at the racing distance - at the marks of 750, 1500 m and near the finish line, checks that the boats carry out the warm-up on the tracks indicated in the traffic rules.
final days of the competition
In the finish area - two inspectors on motor boats help in holding the awards ceremony.
All inspectors must be provided with a common list of speakers, powerful megaphones and a color chart of the oars of the participating countries. The inspector in the 100m zone must have radio contact with the starter.
D.2. START ZONE
D.2.1. starting tower
Location - 40-50 m behind the start line, in the center of the distance
a) floating:
standing on stilts at the bottom of a lake or canal;
anchored to the bottom of a lake or canal;
attached to individual cables strung across a lake or canal (but not to the Albano cable system).
b) ground
Construction - temporary or permanent, representing:
Covered platform approximately 9 sqm, with a floor level of at least 3m above water level;
It should be good view to the launch rafts and the boat leveler's house;
Protected from wind and rain;
The front part of the roof or canopy (above the starter) must be at least 3 m above the platform (if the starter uses a flag);
With camera platform above or below the house platform;
The floating launch tower must rest on a floating platform with minimum dimensions of 6x6 m, preferably connected to the launch bridge by a floating bridge.
Equipment
Large clock, visible from a distance of at least 70 m, showing the official time of the regatta, synchronized with the clock on the finish tower and in the boathouse area;
Large clock behind the start tower if the warm-up area is behind the start tower;
Small clock for the starter, located in front of him and associated with a large clock (one or both);
Microphone with one earpiece (preferred) and speakerphone or
Fixed on a flexible support, connected:
With loudspeakers (located either on the launch bridge for each launch raft or on the launch tower) for instructions from the starter to the rowers on the launch rafts;
With a loudspeaker in the warm-up area (if necessary).
Switching between loudspeakers must be done using a switch box - two separate microphones can cause interference;
switch box for Flip Disk system. The start can be given by pressing only one button, which controls:
Green visible signal:
Turning on the timing system;
Fixing a video image for the judge at the start;
Launching the alignment control mechanism (i.e. starting the AGSO);
Swivel chair for starter;
Completely independent communication between the starter and the judge at the start - radio, telephone line or headphones;
A large board for posting changes to the racing program, deployed to the teams, visible from a distance of at least 100 m;
Table with an inclined top (made of transparent plexiglass);
Shelf under the table for a megaphone;
Tube (75 mm) attached to the right as a flag holder (if needed);
Bell;
Flag - red with a diagonal cross (75x50 cm);
Table, chairs;
Telephone;
walkie-talkie;
Megaphone.
Option: If the start tower and the boat leveler house are far apart and there is poor visibility between them, a visual signal (white and red flashes) in combination with an audible signal may be used to communicate between the start judge and the starter.
The light unit should be placed on a sloping table in front of the starter, ideally next to the small clock.
The judge at the start in the equalizer's house gives red and white signals by pressing the buttons of the control device located in front of him.
Functions
The starting tower must be strictly guarded and have limited access.
All technical personnel must be in their positions at least 1 hour before the start of the first race and carry out a complete check of all equipment.
The rest of the starting tower personnel must take their places at least 30 minutes before the start of the first race and check the equipment.
During the races, the senior FISA representative oversees everything that happens in the start area. He is in direct contact with the chairman of the jury.
Starter - during FISA events is a member of the FISA jury
Carries out the start procedure in accordance with FISA rules. Maintains direct communication with the judge at the start, located in the boat leveler's house, with the judge at the finish, located on the finish tower, with the control commission, located in the boathouse area. The FISA starter is in radio contact with the other FISA representatives present using the FISA radio channel.
Assistant starter - appointed by the organizing committee
Assists the FISA Starter in the performance of his duties, establishes the link between the FISA Starter and the Organizing Committee representatives.
Flip Disk System Specialist (AGSO) - usually a representative of the company that provides this starter system.
Checks the operation of the Flip Disk hardware and the startup system. He is in direct contact with the personnel conducting the timing at the finish tower.
Television camera operator - if television filming is provided on the starting tower.
D.2.2. Starting settings
Starting stations should ensure accurate alignment of the bows of the boats on the start line, providing for the use of boats of various lengths.
Location - approximately 22 m behind the start line
a) floating - on lakes and canals - when the shore is too far away
behind the starting line
The design of the floating bridge connecting the starting fingers can:
stand on stilts at the bottom of a lake or canal;
anchored to the bottom of a lake or canal;
be attached to cables stretched across a lake or canal;
b) land-based - for lakes and artificial distances - when launch facilities are located on the shore behind the start line.
The starting fingers must slide in tunnels (ideally hidden) made in the bank behind the start area.
Structure - temporary or permanent, strong and rigid
The starting fingers should be connected by a bridge about 1.5-2 m wide (which provides much Better conditions for the installation of equipment and its operation during the races. This is very important for the quality of the TV broadcast and for photographing the teams on the strat.)
Design options:
a) "direct" installation of the launch bridge - without a bay;
b) installation of a launch bridge with a small bay, approximately 10 m wide and 5-6 m deep, for judges' boats waiting to start. The bay must be in line with the center of the course.
Rules of conduct on the slope were developed by the FIS (Federation Internationale de Ski - International Ski Federation) to prevent accidents when skiing. They may be considered ideal model behavior for the responsible and prudent skier and snowboarder. Every skier and snowboarder must know these rules well, respect and abide by them.
1. Respect for others
The skier or snowboarder must behave in such a way as not to endanger or harm others.
Commentary: A skier or snowboarder is responsible not only for his behavior, but also for the failure of his equipment. This also applies to the use of novelties - newly developed equipment.
2. Speed control and trajectories
Skier or snowboarder must control its movement on the track. It is necessary to choose the speed and style of skiing according to your abilities, terrain features, weather conditions and traffic density on the mountain..
Commentary: Collisions are often caused by skiers or snowboarders going too fast without being aware of others. A skier or snowboarder must be able to stop, turn and move within the boundaries of their field of vision. In a crowded area of the slope or in a place where visibility is limited, the skier should drive slowly, especially at the edge of a steep slope, at the bottom of the slope and in the area near the ski lifts.
3. Choice of direction
Skier or snowboarder riding on top, must choose the trajectory of his movement in such a way as not to endanger the skier or snowboarder in front.
A comment: Skiing and snowboarding is a free sport, where everyone can ride where and how he likes, provided that he respects these rules and measures his riding with his abilities and conditions on the slope. The skier or snowboarder in front has priority. A skier or snowboarder riding behind another in the same direction must maintain sufficient distance between him and the other skier or snowboarder so that the skier in front can perform all his movements freely.
4. Overtaking
A skier or snowboarder may overtake another skier or snowboarder from above, below, to the right or to the left, provided he leaves enough room for the skier or snowboarder being overtaken to allow any intentional or unintentional movement.
Commentary: It is the sole responsibility of a skier or snowboarder overtaking another skier that the maneuver he performs will not create any difficulty for the skier he overtakes. This responsibility remains with him until the overtaking is completed. This rule also applies to the case of overtaking (bypassing) a stationary skier.
5. Exit to the slope, start moving, moving up
A skier or snowboarder entering a marked trail, starting from a stop, or moving up a slope must look up and down the slope to ensure that he can start without endangering himself or others.
Commentary: Experience shows that entering the track and starting from a stop is often the cause of accidents. It is extremely important that the skier or snowboarder enters the slopes carefully and carefully, without disturbing or endangering himself or others. When a skier has started a move, even a slow one, he has priority under Rule 3 over more fast skiers approaching from above or behind.
The development of carving skis and snowboards allows their users to turn and ride uphill. Thus, they travel in the opposite direction of the main stream moving down the slope. Therefore, they must make sure in time that they can do this without endangering themselves or others.
6. Stop on a slope
Except in an emergency, the skier or snowboarder should avoid stopping on slopes in narrow spaces or where visibility is limited. After a fall in such places, the skier or snowboarder must clear the slope as soon as possible.
Commentary: With the exception of very wide pistes, stops should be made at the edge of the pistes. A skier or snowboarder should not stop in narrow places and where it would be difficult for others to see him from above.
7. Ascent and descent without skis
A skier or snowboarder going up, with or without skis, or going down without skis, must keep to the edge of the trail.
/ Slope RulesThis is a short list of the Slope Rules that have been developed FIS(Federation Internationale de Ski - International Ski Federation) to prevent accidents while skiing. They can be considered the ideal behavior for a responsible and prudent skier and snowboarder.Every skier and snowboarder must know these rules well, respect and abide by them.
Rule 1. Respect others
The skier or snowboarder must behave in such a way as not to endanger or harm others.
FIS Commentary: A skier or snowboarder is responsible not only for his behavior, but also for the failure of his equipment. This also applies to the use of novelties - newly developed equipment.
Rule 2. Control of speed and direction of movement
The skier or snowboarder must move in a controlled manner. His speed and method of descent must be adapted to his personal ability, the prevailing conditions: the slope, the snow, the weather and the number of people on the slope.
FIS Commentary: Collisions are often caused by skiers or snowboarders going too fast without being aware of others. A skier or snowboarder must be able to stop, turn and move within the boundaries of their field of vision. In a crowded area of the slope or in a place where visibility is limited, the skier should drive slowly, especially at the edge of a steep slope, at the bottom of the slope and in the area near the ski lifts.
Rule 3. Choice of direction
A skier or snowboarder approaching from behind must choose the direction of travel in such a way as not to endanger the skier or snowboarder in front.
FIS Commentary: Alpine skiing and snowboarding is a free sport where everyone can ride where and how they like, provided they respect these rules and measure their skiing to their own abilities and conditions on the slope. The skier or snowboarder in front has priority. A skier or snowboarder riding behind another in the same direction must maintain sufficient distance between him and the other skier or snowboarder so that the skier in front can perform all his movements freely, including falling.
Rule 4 Overtaking
A skier or snowboarder may overtake another skier from above, below, to the right or to the left, provided he leaves enough room for the overtaken skier to allow any intentional or unintentional movement.
FIS Commentary: A skier or snowboarder overtaking another skier is solely responsible for ensuring that the maneuver he performs does not create any difficulty for the skier (including the stationary one) he overtakes. This responsibility remains with him until the overtaking is completed.
Rule 5
A skier or snowboarder entering a marked piste or starting from a stop or moving up a slope should look up and down the slope to ensure that he can start without endangering himself or others.
FIS commentary: Experience has shown that entering the track and starting from a stop is often the cause of accidents. It is extremely important that the skier or snowboarder enters the slopes carefully and carefully, without disturbing or endangering himself or others. When a skier has started to move, even if it is slow, he has the advantage, according to Rule 3, over faster skiers approaching from above or from behind.
The development of carving skis and snowboards allows their users to turn and ride uphill. Thus, they travel in the opposite direction of the main stream moving down the slope. Therefore, they must make sure in time that they can do this without endangering themselves or others.
Rule 6 Stopping on a slope
Except in an emergency, a skier or snowboarder should avoid stopping on slopes in narrow spaces or where visibility is limited. After a fall in such places, the skier or snowboarder must clear the slope as soon as possible.
FIS Commentary: Except on very wide pistes, stops must be made at the edge of the pistes. A skier or snowboarder should not stop in narrow places and where it would be difficult for others to see him from above.
Rule 7. Ascent and descent without skis
A skier or snowboarder going up, with or without skis, or going down without skis, must keep to the edge of the trail.
FIS Commentary: Going against the main direction can create unexpected obstacles for skiers and snowboarders. Footprints damage the slope and can be a hazard to skiers and snowboarders.
Rule 8. Obey the signs and markings
The skier or snowboarder must follow the signs and markings on the slope.
FIS (Federation Internationale de Ski) -
International Ski Federation)
Skiing and snowboarding, like any other sport, involves risk. The FIS rules apply to all skiers and snowboarders and are intended to prevent accidents on the slope. Every skier or snowboarder must know and follow these rules well.
Please note that violation of these rules in the event of an accident may be considered a violation of civil and criminal laws.
10 FIS Rules: "White Code"
1. Respect others!
A snowboarder must not, by his behavior on the slope, infringe on the rights of other skiers or endanger them.
FIS Commentary: A snowboarder is responsible not only for his behavior, but also for the serviceability and performance of his equipment.
2. Control your speed!
The snowboarder must control his movement on the track. It is necessary to choose the speed and style of riding according to your abilities, terrain features, weather conditions and traffic density on the mountain.
FIS Commentary: Collisions occur mainly because: the snowboarder was driving too fast, lost control or did not see the object of the collision, therefore the snowboarder must be able to avoid any object in his field of vision by turning or coming to a complete stop. In crowded places, as well as on sections of trails with reduced visibility, the snowboarder must move at a reduced speed, especially at the edges of steep slopes, at the end of the trail (braking zone) and next to the lifts.
3. Choose a route!
A snowboarder riding on top must choose the trajectory of his movement in such a way as not to endanger people in front.
FIS Commentary: Snowboarding is a free sport physical activity, where everyone can move where and how they want, subject to these Rules. The snowboarder or skier who is down the slope always has priority. A snowboarder moving up the slope must keep a distance sufficient for the citizen in front to perform any maneuvers. Always be prepared for the fall of any person present on the slope!
4. Overtaking
A snowboarder may overtake riders from either side, provided that he leaves enough space for the overtaken to allow the latter to make any voluntary or involuntary maneuvers.
FIS Commentary: The overtaking snowboarder is solely responsible for not causing problems to the overtaken in the process of overtaking. In this case, responsibility extends to the entire maneuver, up to its completion. This rule applies incl. to overtake a motionless (sitting :)) citizen.
5. Departure to the track, the beginning of the movement and the movement up the slope
It is the responsibility of a snowboarder entering the piste or intending to start after a stop or climb to look up and down the slope to make sure that he does not become an obstacle to other skiers.
FIS Comment: Experience has shown that imprudent starts are often the cause of accidents. It is imperative that the snowboarder in such a situation does not endanger himself and others.
Once the snowboarder has started moving - even at low speed - he has the advantage of Rule 3 in relation to people riding behind at a faster speed. Carving boards allow the snowboarder to turn uphill against traffic. Therefore, the carver must be especially careful when making such maneuvers.
6. Stop on the track
Unless absolutely necessary, a snowboarder should avoid stopping on narrow or poorly visible sections of the trail. After a fall in such a place, the snowboarder must leave it (along with his equipment) as quickly as possible.
FIS Comment: A snowboarder should stop close to the edge of the pistes, except for wide pistes.
7. Ascent/descent on foot
A snowboarder ascending or descending the track on foot must only move along the edge of the track.