The stage of sports improvement begins at the age of 16-17 and ends at the age of 19-20, has the goal of maximizing sports results in the chosen sport. The main tasks of this stage:

- improvement in the chosen sport;

- improving sports skills;

- further development of physical qualities, technical

preparation;

- purposeful competitive training in selected disciplines;

- improving the options for individual technology and tactics;

- increasing the athlete's mental stability to stress and competition;

- study and improvement of methods of sports training and health-improving forms of physical culture.

The best students who graduated from the sports school continue to study in the sports improvement groups of the SDYUSHOR, in the schools of the Olympic reserve (UOR), schools of higher sportsmanship (SHVSM).

This period is characterized by the stabilization of the growth rates of physical qualities, the end of the sensitive development of the body of adolescents, noticeable differences in the physical fitness of boys and girls. The period of puberty is coming to an end.

The increase in muscle mass continues, strength abilities are differentiated and are actively manifested both in complex adaptations and in isolation, in specialized areas and modes.

During the transition from the stage of in-depth training to the stage of sports improvement, it is necessary to take into account the level of sports results and the rate of their growth, the level of health and physical fitness. At this stage, it is necessary to achieve high sports results at the level of a candidate and a master of sports.

Young athletes participate in the competitions of the senior youth group (16-17 years old), juniors (18-19 years old) and adults.

The age of 16-17 is a kind of transition to the period of complete formation of the body. Therefore, it can be assumed that athletes who have completed 4-6 years of training at the CYSS can perform quite large volumes of training and competitive loads. In this regard, the attitude towards the means, methods of directed special sports training of young athletes is changing.

Based on the theory of sensitive periods of physical qualities development, it is possible to single out age stages, formulate specific tasks and determine the means and methods for improving the motor qualities of young athletes. Evaluation of the quantitative relationship of sports results in the types of athletics, reflecting special physical fitness, showed that the main importance in achieving high sports results are indicators that characterize speed and speed-strength abilities, special and speed endurance, strength manifestations.

The stage of the highest sportsmanship in athletics provides for the training of athletes over 20 years old and brings together a youth group and a group of adult athletes. The main task of the stage is the maximum realization of the individual capabilities of the athlete and the achievement of the maximum result in the chosen form. The volume and intensity of training and competitive loads at this stage reaches its maximum values, while the intensification and specialization of training are priority directions in the training of highly qualified athletes. Individualization of training acquires special significance at the stage of higher sportsmanship, and the selection of special training means, their volume and intensity is determined strictly taking into account the individual capabilities of the athlete, the level and structure of the athlete's technical and physical fitness, all previous training experience.

Training features at the stages of sports improvement and higher sportsmanship in athletics, they are manifested in the following positions:

2) the number of training sessions increases to 2-3 per day;

3) the volume and intensity of the loads increases significantly;

4) strict individualization of the training load;

5) physical fitness differs (from the previous stages) by a significant increase in training loads with an increase in the specific weight of special work;

6) conducting systematic trainings in the conditions of training camps;

7) the distribution of classes in load microcycles is modeled in accordance with the competition regulations;

8) the introduction of scientific and methodological support into the training process is mandatory in the organization and conduct of the training of athletes;

9) an integral part of the training process are activities aimed at accelerating the recovery of working capacity (sauna, massage, hydrotherapy, etc.);

10) the most important condition for the successful implementation of sports training is correct planning and comprehensive control;

11) a prerequisite for a full-fledged training is the acquisition of theoretical knowledge (about the construction of training, means, methods, regimen, medical supervision, hygienic requirements, etc.).

In the groups of sports improvement, 60% of the time is devoted to special physical activity, 30% - to general physical training and 10% - to exercises that increase the emotionality of classes.

We must not forget that young men and women are beginning to take an active interest in the prospect of their own development. Therefore, an athlete must know the tasks facing him, understand the means and methods of training physical qualities, in the forms of training sessions and their planning, periodization of year-round training, keep records of the work done in a sports diary. It is the athlete's responsibility to study the training literature and should be assisted in this matter.

Technical training at the stages takes sufficient time and is aimed at maximizing the individual style in the chosen form of athletics, eliminating shortcomings in the process of performing the elements of technique.

For an in-depth understanding of the track and field exercise technique, the formation of a rational individual version of the technique, it is necessary:

1) to establish its characteristic features, its difference from other exercises;

2) to highlight in the exercise the individual parts, phases, to understand the structure of movements in connection with the solution of particular problems;

3) to establish in the structure of movements the main (working) phases that determine the sports result, and the auxiliary and secondary phases, as well as the phases of relative rest;

4) to clarify the main aspects and characteristics of the athlete's movements during each phase of the exercise, direction, amplitude, speed, strength, consistency, pace, number of repetitions.

Clarification of the main characteristics of movements allows to determine the working muscle groups, the sequence of their inclusion in work and the nature of the motor action itself when performing a sports exercise. Knowing all this, it is possible to plan training means to improve the technical skill of an athlete using various special exercises.

Control technique. By now, a large number of tests have been accumulated that are recommended for use in the process of control and sports training. But not all of them are informative and available for the control of athletes. Therefore, one of the main tasks of control is the correct selection of a set of tests, which must meet the differential factors that determine the sports result in the chosen type of athletics. For each type of athletics, it is necessary to choose those factors, the impact of which is optimal. For example, for sprint running it is: 1) quick reaction at the start; 2) the ability to accelerate; 3) maximum running speed; 4) speed endurance; 5) technical skill.

All of the above factors, which have the strongest influence on the result in sprint running, have different significance, and yet the main ones are maximum running speed and speed endurance. The rest of the factors are significantly less specific. Therefore, the improvement of these qualities and the choice of tests for control should be given more attention than other factors.

This kind of approach is a constructive basis that contributes to the further improvement of criteria in the process of special control of athletes.

Participation in competitions. You cannot achieve high sports results by rarely participating in competitions. Therefore, an increase in the number of competitions in each year is considered a distinctive feature of modern training methods. The participation of athletes in competitions has a multifaceted effect on the physical and psychological qualities of an athlete. Frequent performances in competitions provide the athlete with knowledge and experience. The number of starts during the year is determined based on the type of sport and the individual characteristics of the athlete. The purpose, scale and degree of mental tension in the competition can be different. Therefore, the athlete is given tasks, taking into account the focus of the competition on a record, on a victory, control of the level of preparedness, testing of tactical plans, accustoming to the conditions of the "battlefield".

Athletes who have high sports results (at the level of CMS and MS) perform quite often in various kinds of competitions. In connection with the relocations, there are difficulties of their own regarding the time of moving to the competition and acclimatization, changing the daily regime. Therefore, it is advisable for an athlete to take into account the direct preparation for the competition. Training work changes in the last days before the start, etc.

In direct preparation for the main competition, it is necessary to correctly alternate training work and rest by planning classes with various loads, active and normal rest. After a training session or a series of classes in a weekly microcycle, by the appointed day, ensure the complete recovery of the athlete's body, before the competition, rest for no more than one day. At least a week before the important competition, reduce the total amount of training work, and warm up 24 hours before the competition, not allowing maximum effort.

Participate regularly in competitions, alternating one particularly important competition with three or four smaller ones. Not to participate in competitions if unwillingness to compete appears after the warm-up. In this case, it is advisable to switch to other physical exercises.

When determining the number of competitions in a year, it is necessary to provide for the main and secondary competitions.

An individual approach to sports training. At the stages of sports perfection and higher sports mastery in the training process, it becomes necessary to approach an athlete in a differentiated manner, in other words, to move from an individual-group training method to an individual one.

Experimental development of specific approaches in the individualization of sports training began to be developed mainly in the last twenty years. Increasingly, individualization is widely used in practical work in sports. Several ways have been outlined in the individual construction of the training process. Within the framework of the micro- and mesocycle, an individual training structure is carried out taking into account:

- biological fluctuations of the functional state in different phases of the endogenous rhythm;

- the current state of fitness of the athlete;

- measures of the individual value of the maximum load;

- data on factors and model characteristics in the preparedness of an athlete, identification of strengths and weaknesses in preparedness.

In the modern concept, individuality is the unique originality of any phenomenon, a separate human being. Currently, in biology (anatomy, physiology, genetics, etc.), individuality characterizes the specific traits of a given individual, organism and the uniqueness of the combination of hereditary and acquired properties, which is the result of ontogenesis and is expressed in the characteristics of the genotype and phenotype.

An individual approach presupposes knowledge of individuality, that is, that special, unique that distinguishes one person from all others and includes natural and social, physical and mental, innate and acquired properties. An individual approach, considered in pedagogy as one of the most important principles of teaching and upbringing, is defined as the activity of the teacher, which involves a temporary change in the immediate goals regarding the content, methods and organizational forms of educational work, taking into account the individual characteristics of the student's personality in order to implement the most successful development of its social typicality and individual originality.

In the theory and methodology of physical education, it is generally accepted that the position that training itself plays a decisive role in the training of young athletes. However, training as an external cause acts through internal conditions, without taking into account which its effect will not be effective enough. The internal conditions influencing the training effect include the individual characteristics of the athlete. This presupposes the need to organize the educational and training process on the basis of a deep consideration of individual differences in physical, technical, tactical, psychological readiness, morphological characteristics of an athlete.

For an objective judgment on the advantages or disadvantages of an individual approach to sports training (building training as a whole, its individual parts, components, etc.), it is necessary to have criteria that meet the requirements of individualization: health status, level of biological maturity and physical development, level of technical and tactical readiness , mental and theoretical preparedness, biomedical, morphological, physiological characteristics, social environment.

That is why, in understanding individuality, one should proceed from characteristics as a functional optimum, which serves as the basis for achieving the planned results. In this regard, it is important that the target task for a certain training cycle corresponds to the individual characteristics of a particular athlete. The average group criterion for planning a training task does not fully meet this requirement.

Firstly, each person is individual and has an infinite number of properties and characteristics. It is obvious that such infinity cannot be the object of special study. In this case, the research should be integral in nature, that is, it is enough to study the connections between a limited set of individual properties belonging to different hierarchical levels.

Secondly, in accordance with the principle of consistency, it is necessary to consider the specific areas of the individual characteristics of an athlete, not only by themselves, but also depending on the integral individuality.

In most cases, the training of an athlete is carried out by a group method. Therefore, the question always arises of how to individualize training within the framework of a general plan for the group. In addition, significant difficulties for individual training arise when searching for effective ways to establish individually optimal means, methods, forms of sports training. Overcoming these difficulties lies in the path of individual differences in the training of young and adult athletes.

Methodology for determining individual norms. An individual approach to an athlete requires knowledge of individual characteristics that distinguish one person from all others and include natural and social, physical and mental, innate and acquired properties.

According to the individual characteristics of physical fitness in speed-strength types of athletics and types of endurance, all athletes are divided into four groups: with the advantage of speed, strength, speed-strength qualities, endurance. Individual characteristics consist of many factors, which are grouped around three main ones: genetic background, level of preparedness, social environment.

Features of physical fitness and functional state in accordance with the level of physical performance are divided into high, medium and low. Features of psychological readiness of qualified athletes are classified according to age criteria, which are based on individual psychological characteristics of a personality and higher mental functions.

In this regard, one of the main requirements of the integration problem will be to limit the range of incoming indicators. This position remains valid in research on sports training, including in children and youth sports. Currently, a wide range of different tests are used to assess the level of physical fitness. They have varying degrees of correlation with athletic performance. At the same time, from the point of view of the criterion of rationality, only those control exercises can be recognized as reliable, which reflect the dynamics of athletes' physical fitness as their skill grows and have a strong relationship with sports results. This is due to the fact that the stages of initial sports specialization and in-depth training are characterized by high growth rates, and the stages of sports perfection and higher sports mastery are characterized by the stabilization of the athletes' readiness indices. Control over the studied parameters in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics allows to reveal the dynamics of individual characteristics of young athletes and serves as the basis for the correction of the training process.

To assess the individual characteristics of athletes, complex criteria reflecting the power, efficiency and stability of the functioning of the musculoskeletal system, cardiorespiratory system and energy supply of the athlete's body are most adequate. These criteria make it possible to reveal the individual structure of the functional readiness of the body of a young athlete to the competitive load. The procedure for determining an individual rate can be as follows:

- determination of the start time of training and its duration;

- systematic testing of those engaged in a complex of the most informative tests during a certain stage;

- determination of mean values ​​and standard deviations;

- acceptance of the value X ± 0,5 a for the average rate, and the rest of the gradations as low - high, very low - very high;

- the value of the result in the test over X ± 2 a be considered a very high norm.

The methodology for determining the individual norm of the functional state of the body of a young athlete is based on the study of the range of functioning of the systems that determine the success of the main exercise.

On the basis of the data obtained, individual norms of physical fitness were calculated, corresponding to the best sports result at this stage.

Indicators of technical prowess

Technical readiness (or, in other words, technical skill) of athletes is characterized by what an athlete knows how to do and how he owns the mastered actions.

The first group of indicators includes: a) volume; b) versatility; c) the rationality of technical actions that the athlete is able to perform. Secondly: a) efficiency, b) mastery of performance.

The amount of technical preparedness is determined by the number of technical actions that the athlete knows how to perform or performs. In this case, the technique is usually assessed according to the fact of performance (completed - not performed, knows how - cannot).

Distinguish between general and competitive volume technical readiness.

Overall volume characterized by the total number of technical actions that the given athlete has mastered;

Competitive volume- the number of different technical actions performed in competition conditions. So, for example, gymnasts - masters of sports of international class are able to perform 120-200 elements on each of the apparatus (except for the vault). Thus, on all six apparatus high-class gymnasts can perform approximately 750-1000 different elements. In other sports, for example, wrestling, a similar picture. perfection with only a small number of attacking actions (often only one or two). This, of course, does not mean that qualified wrestlers can perform only these actions; in fights with low-skill athletes they can demonstrate a large amount of technical actions, but in decisive fights they give preference only to their favorite techniques.

Versatility of technical readiness

Versatility is characterized by the degree of variety of motional actions that an athlete owns or which he "uses in competitions. Accordingly, general and competitive versatility is also distinguished here. The more versatile in technical terms athletes have more harmonious physical fitness, in particular the topography of strength.

The volume and versatility of technical readiness are important indicators of the skill of athletes, especially in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions (games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, etc.).

Rationality of technical actions determined by the ability to achieve higher sports results on their basis. The rationality of the technique is not a characteristic of an athlete, but of the very method of performing the movement, the type of technique used. In the history of almost every sport, there have been periods of replacement of some methods of performing movements by others, more rational ones.

Considered three indicators of an athlete's technical readiness(volume, versatility and rationality of technical actions) speak only of what the athlete can do. But they do not reflect the quality of the performance - how the athlete performed the movements, how well he masters them. After all, it can happen that out of two athletes with equal physical capabilities, the one who has mastered the irrational technique well will win. Therefore, when assessing technical readiness, it is necessary to take into account the qualitative side of the movement mastery - the effectiveness and mastery of its implementation.

Efficiency of sports technique possession(or the effectiveness of the technique) of a particular athlete is the degree of its proximity to the most rational option. The effectiveness of technology (as opposed to rationality) is not a characteristic of one or another version of technology, but the quality of the technique.

Depending on how the rational technique (sample, standard) is defined, three groups of performance indicators are distinguished.

Absolute efficiency

The absolute efficiency indicators characterize the closeness to the sample, which is chosen as the most rational version of the technique, determined on the basis of biomechanical, physiological, psychological, and aesthetic considerations.

In the simplest case, a measure of efficiency technique may be the result shown by the athlete. In this way, the effectiveness of techniques in martial arts and sports games is often evaluated. For example, in basketball, the effectiveness of techniques; free throws are naturally assessed by the percentage of hits.

In most cases, another way is justified.- comparison of the characteristics of the performed movement with some ideal. A rational technique can be based on different criteria:

a) biomechanical;

b) physiological: with irrational technique, those who specialize in race walking often experience sharp painful sensations in the tibialis anterior muscle due to deterioration of blood circulation due to the fact that the time of its relaxation in one step is insufficient;

c) psychological; technique in sports games and martial arts is to a decisive extent determined by the desire to perform a movement so that it is as uncomfortable as possible for the opponent (although it may be inconvenient for the athlete himself or lead to a decrease in the strength and speed of movement). For example, it is desirable that technical actions were unexpected for the enemy, therefore it is advisable to carry them out suddenly (without preparation) or after deceitful movements ("feints"). From the point of view of the mechanics of movements, such actions are irrational (strength, speed, and sometimes the accuracy of movement are reduced at the same time), however, it is they that allow you to outplay the enemy. Therefore, such methods of performing technical actions are the most rational in games and martial arts;

d) aesthetic: the criteria of this group are decisive in those sports where the beauty of movements is the basis of skill (gymnastics, figure skating, etc.).

Comparative effectiveness

In this case, the technique of highly qualified athletes is taken as a sample. Those signs of technique that naturally differ among athletes of different qualifications (i.e., change with the growth of sportsmanship) are called discriminative 1 signs... Such signs of the effectiveness of the technique are used as the main indicators only when the technique of movements is very complex and on the basis of biomechanical analysis it is not possible to determine its most rational version. In other cases, discriminative features complement the indicators of absolute efficiency, very often coinciding with them.

When assessing the effectiveness of technique using discriminative signs, it should be remembered that the technique of even outstanding athletes may not be entirely rational. For example, in the early 50s, some cross-country skiing champions had significant errors in technique (too low a seating position, incomplete push and pull, etc.). These mistakes were copied by young skiers.

To determine discriminative features:

a) compare the technical indicators of athletes of high and low qualifications.

b) calculate the correlation coefficients and the regression equations between the sports result, on the one hand, and the technique indicator, on the other.

Implementation efficiency (implementation efficiency)

The idea of ​​these indicators is to compare the result shown by the athlete either with the achievement that he can potentially show in terms of the level of development of his motor qualities (option "A"), or with the expenditure of energy and forces when performing the estimated sports movement (option "B").

Option "A". In this case, the effectiveness of the technique is assessed by how well the athlete used his motor abilities in movement. With this approach, they rely on the existence of links between three indicators: sports result, the level of development of motor qualities, and the effectiveness of technology.

In practice, this is done by comparing the results of the athlete:

a) in a technically difficult action (as a rule, this is the movement in which the athlete specializes);

b) in technically simpler tasks requiring the development of the same motor qualities as the main ones.

Option "B". In this case, the efficiency of the technique is assessed by determining the energy consumption or the force shown in movement when performing the same task, in other words, by determining the functional economization. The efficiency of an athlete (i.e., the ability to perform work with the lowest possible energy consumption) depends both on his technical skill and on such functional indicators as VO2 max and anaerobic metabolism threshold (TANM). It is known from the biochemistry of sports that the efficiency is anaerobic energy conversion reactions are much lower than that of aerobic processes. Therefore, if an athlete has low levels of IPC and TANM (and these two values ​​are interrelated), he begins to use energetically unfavorable anaerobic energy sources even at a relatively low power of the exercise. This increases the energy consumption of the body.

All the described indicators of the efficiency of the technique(absolute, comparative, realization), complementing each other, characterize it from different sides. They usually match each other.

Mastery of technology

A technical action can be mastered (memorized, consolidated) by athletes to varying degrees. Mastery of movement is a relatively independent characteristic of technical skill, independent of the effectiveness of the technique. An athlete can master this or that action well, but with significant errors in technique (his technique will be ineffective) and, conversely, literally from the first attempts to perform the movement correctly, although not having mastered it well enough. He can quickly forget the correct execution and already in the next lesson may not be able to repeat his first correct attempts.

It is in connection with the varying degrees of movement mastery that the concepts of motor skills and motor skills have long been introduced.

Motor skill is the acquired ability to perform movement.

Under motor skill understand a fairly well mastered skill.

For well-mastered movements, the following are typical:

1) the stability of the sports result and a number of movement characteristics when performing it under standard conditions;

2) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing a movement in changing, in particular complicated, conditions;

3) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;

4) automation of execution.

Stability of technology

An athlete who has mastered any movement well, performs it under standard, unchanged conditions with a relatively small variance (spread, range of deviations) of essential characteristics. Of course, if he has to perform the movement several times, then from attempt to attempt neither the result, nor even more so other characteristics of the movement remain completely constant. However, at the same time, among qualified athletes, the dispersion of sports results and essential characteristics of movement during its responsible phases is less than among unqualified athletes; deviations do not go beyond the permissible limits at which the movement is unfulfilled or the sports result is significantly reduced.

Stability of technology

The stability of the technique is characterized by the degree of change in its efficiency. The smaller the decrease in efficiency, the higher the stability of the technique. The main factors, under the influence of which the efficiency of the technique changes, are: a change in the state of an athlete, the actions of the opponent, a change in external conditions.

1.Changing the Athlete's Condition, in particular, fatigue and emotional excitement associated with responsible competitions, the presence of spectators, overcoming fear. In conditions of responsible competition, the effectiveness of the technique may decrease. This is especially true for technical actions that require high precision. At the same time, emotional excitement contributes to the manifestation of great values ​​of strength, speed, endurance, flexibility.

2. Actions of the enemy... There is an old adage: "The player plays as well as the opponent allows him." This is also true for martial arts. However, high-class athletes, when faced with any opponent, retain a sufficiently high efficiency of actions.

Maintaining high efficiency of actions is achieved due to superiority in speed and power qualities, tactical skill, moral and strong-willed training. Technical prowess is also essential. High-class athletes can perform the same technique with a wide variety of initial conditions and preparatory actions.

3. External conditions... Sometimes even a slight change in external conditions significantly complicates the performance of the movement.

Preservation of motor skills during breaks in training

The better the movement is mastered, the stronger the motor skill is. The degree of its preservation is assessed by:

a) by the level (quality) of performance movement after a break (for example, if before the break in training the athlete always performed the movement correctly, and after the break only in half of all cases, then the degree of retention of motor skills is 50%).

b) by the speed (time, number of attempts) required to recover skills to the initial level (for example, if a diver into the water for the initial mastery of the jump "three and a half turns forward" from the tower took 200 attempts, and after a long break he again reached the same marks for this jump after 50 attempts, then the degree of conservation will be: 100% x 150/200 = 75%)

For long-term preservation of motion it is necessary to "over-learn" it, i.e. long-term fixation, multiple repetitions after the necessary efficiency of the technique has been achieved, it has been experimentally shown that the longer the time during which the movement was performed; the more firmly the sports technique is preserved.

Automation

Automation is characterized by the ability to perform movements without paying special attention to the execution process. The degree of automation of movements is judged using the so-called method of additional tasks, which allows you to establish how much the athlete's attention is concentrated on performing the movement. To do this, determine a person's ability to process information in calm conditions (for example, they say three-digit numbers to him from a tape recorder, and he must quickly decide whether the next number is divisible by three; the total number of errors is calculated), and then the same task is offered to him during execution any movement. In this case, it is calculated how much the number of errors increases, and then the degree of automation of the movement is determined.

Some movements, such as walking, can be so well mastered that mental work while performing them becomes even more effective than at rest.

Thus, the technical skill of athletes cannot be assessed by any one indicator. Its full characterization requires a multifaceted approach. In addition to the volume, versatility and rationality of technical actions that the athlete owns, it is necessary to take into account their effectiveness (using absolute, comparative or implementation criteria) and mastery of the technique.

The results of studying the dynamics of physical working capacity among athletes of different levels of sportsmanship in accordance with the main phase characteristics of their individual physical biorhythm are very interesting. Regular, periodically repeating, changes in the nature and intensity of biological processes and phenomena are observed at all levels of the organization of living matter - from intracellular processes to population processes, they are called biological rhythms (biorhythms). They are based on changes in metabolic processes under the influence of external and internal cyclic factors: geophysical environmental factors (change of day and night, changes in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, strength of electric and magnetic fields, intensity of cosmic radiation, seasonal and solar-lunar influences) and neurohumoral, proceeding at a certain, hereditarily fixed tempo and rhythm.

It is believed that every person from the day of birth lives according to their own biorhythms (biological clock), which with strict periodicity affect the physiological state, the manifestation of intellectual abilities, emotionality. Many scientists distinguish biorhythms with a period length of 23.69 days (physical cycle), 28.43 days (emotional cycle) and 33.16 days (intellectual cycle), which allow predicting the state of health and the dynamics of a person's working capacity with sufficient accuracy.

It is believed that during the first half of the period (for the physical - 11.5 days, emotional - 14, intellectual - 16.5) there is a positive phase, in the second - a negative one.

Biorhythmological studies H. Tatai (1976) revealed that in relation to the functional state of the human body, the 2-11th days of the physical biorhythm are "peak", the 1st and 12th are critical, the 13-23rd are "weak ". In the emotional biorhythm, the 2nd - 14th are harmonious, the 1st and 15th are critical, the 16th and 28th are stressful. In the intellectual cycle: 1-17th - critical days, 18-33rd - mediocre days, 2-16th - creative days.

The dispute about the "three biorhythms" began immediately after their discovery. Many chronobiologists began to categorically deny the possibility of their existence, emphasizing that such rhythms do not exist in the human environment. However, it has now been established that there is a cyclicity of solar activity with periods of 22.75 and 32.46 days (A.I. Khlystov, 1998).

Currently, the existence of multi-day biorhythms is no longer in doubt. They were found in the study of many physiological processes, including in the implementation of sports activities, and have an endogenous nature.

According to the theory of biorhythms, on days corresponding to the positive phase of the physical biorhythm, a person experiences an increase in working capacity, feels a surge of strength and vigor, and shows resistance to negative influences. Any activity associated with the expenditure of physical strength is being successfully implemented. In the negative phase, there is a decrease in the body's endurance, rapid fatigability occurs during volumetric or high-speed physical work, and coordination of movements is impaired.

The determination of the phase parameters of the individual physical biorhythm in the tested athletes is carried out by the calculation method. In this case, the dates corresponding to the positive and negative phases of the sinusoid of the individual physical biorhythm are taken into account. It was on these days that the level of general physical performance was determined by the method of stepergometry and special physical performance using a test. The testing time was chosen in accordance with the individual chronotype of the performance of each subject.

As shown by the summary statistical analysis (M ± m) of the values ​​of absolute (PWC 170, kgm / min; PWC 170 (V), m / s) and relative (PWC 170, kgm / min / kg) indicators of general and special physical performance, obtained As a result of the experimental study, athletes of different levels of sportsmanship in the positive phase of the physical biorhythm (respectively 1264.3 ± 39.1 kgm / min; 18.2 ± 0.4 kgm / min / kg; 4.52 ± 0.13 m / s), do not significantly differ (P> 0.05) from those (respectively 1193.7 ± 36.5 kgm / min; 17.8 ± 0.3 kgm / min / kg; 4.38 ± 0.11 m / s) in the negative phase of the biorhythm. The unreliability of the results obtained is explained, firstly, by the insufficient perfection of the used method of functional testing (step ergometry), which allows conducting experimental research in natural conditions of the training process, but does not exclude a number of subjective factors that affect the accuracy of measurements). Secondly, the insufficiently wide sample of the obtained experimental data for this kind of research, requiring an individual assessment of the measured parameters of the organism (for each of the three parameters, 20 measurements were made for each subject within two years due to certain objective and subjective reasons).

The highest values ​​of PWC 170 (V), as a rule, from 4.0 to 5.0 m / s, are found in athletes who pay great attention to running training, specially trained for endurance. In athletes for whom endurance is not the dominant physical quality, the PWC 170 (V) values ​​are relatively low, usually in the range of 2.5-3.5 m / s.

The value of PWC 170 (V) is significantly influenced by sports qualifications and level of fitness. Highly qualified athletes have high absolute values ​​of PWC 170 (V). The PWC 170 (V) values ​​also depend on the period of examination of athletes in the training cycle.

The results of the experiments to determine the PWC 170 (V) indicator confirmed the high level of endurance among the subjects, which is primarily due to the specificity of the kind of sport they are engaged in.

Thus, taking into account that the parameters of physical performance indicators indirectly reflect the functional state of the athlete's body, the leading functional systems involved in the implementation of such a quality as endurance, the tendency (frequency) in the dynamics of physical performance parameters among athletes of different levels of sports that we noted during an individual assessment. mastery in accordance with the phase characteristics of their individual physical biorhythm is confirmed by the fact that different levels of biological activity correspond to different phases of the physical cycle.

The results of the study of the dynamics of sports performance among athletes of different levels of sports qualifications in accordance with the main phase characteristics of their individual physical biorhythm. Macrobiorythms are gradually attracting more and more research attention, since their vital importance is very great. This also applies to biorhythmic manifestations observed in the dynamics of long-term sports activity and its results.

Sports results are increasingly used as an object of not only pedagogical, but also biological research, since they serve as natural tests of the achievement capabilities of athletes, the development of their sports form.

In general, the patterns of biological mechanisms and the conditions for the manifestation of the cyclic dynamics of sports performance have not yet been fully and deeply revealed. Although in this regard, a number of ideas have already been put forward, mainly of a hypothetical nature, outlining endogenous (intraorganismic) and exogenous (external) factors and dependencies, which probably determine the macrobiorhythmic manifestations of athletes' achievement capabilities. In order to move from hypothetical views on this account to a more or less rigorous theory and its applied use, it is, of course, important to expand the factual basis for solving the problem at various levels of complex research. One of the rather integrative-informative objects in this case can undoubtedly be the data of individualized long-term dynamics of sports results. Indeed, it manifests itself in the synthesis of the "trajectory" of the development of the achievement capabilities of the individual, and every year at the maximum available level of their implementation in objectified and unified conditions (like testing measurements). In an effort to replenish such factual material, attempts were made to analyze, in this aspect, individual samples of data on sports results shown by athletes of different levels of sportsmanship, specializing in running, at competitions of different ranks in accordance with the main phase characteristics of their individual physical biorhythm.

In the analyzed sample of data, we included factual information about the long-term individual dynamics of sports results, officially registered in quantitatively objective indicators (time to overcome a certain distance), adopted in this form (middle distance running) of athletics.

In individual and summary analysis of the sample from a number of results that were demonstrated by athletes during several years of competitive activity, the best and worst results were identified and compared with the phase characteristics of the physical cycle (Table 1, see Appendix 4).

An attempt has been made to analyze the phase nature of the dynamics of sports performance among athletes of different levels of sportsmanship over several years, taking into account the peculiarities of their individual physical biorhythm, which indirectly reflects the functional state of the athletes' organism.

According to L.P. Matveev, the development of a sports form proceeds in the order of a successive change of three phases: formation, preservation (relative stabilization), and its temporary loss. At the same time, if we graphically depict the annual dynamics of sports results, then depending on the features of the training structure, the calendar of competitions and other conditions, curves of various types are revealed, reflecting the rhythmic nature of the dynamics of sports performance, comparable to the main phases of the individual physical biorhythm. It has been established that the general trend of long-term dynamics of individual sports results is characterized by a gradual decrease in the degree of their annual growth as the athletes' sports experience and age increase.

Naturally, the question arises: what reasons objectively determine the frequency of a sports form and why this optimal state of the body is not constantly maintained? This issue, extremely important both in theoretical and practical aspects, requires a special study using less rough criteria than just the dynamics of sports results shown at competitions.

Nevertheless, the obtained data on the distribution of the best and worst sports results in the main phases of the physical biorhythm can be a definite answer to this important question, especially if we take into account that the phase characteristics of the sinusoid of the physical biorhythm correspond to certain ranks of biological activity, which means the functional state of the athlete's body. which was confirmed by us at the previous stage of the study, which compared the indices of general and special physical performance depending on the phases of the physical cycle.

The summary analysis of the distribution of the best and worst results by the phases of the physical biorhythm shows that most of the best results fall on the positive phase of the physical cycle (22 out of 36), less - on the negative phase (10 out of 36), critical days according to this assessment criterion occupy an intermediate position ( 4 out of 36).

At this stage of the research, an interesting pattern was found: the improvement in sports performance depends on the duration of the post-critical period of the physical biorhythm or the number of days until the next critical day. The higher the first indicator and the lower the second, the higher the sports performance.

The analysis of the dynamics of sports performance according to individual indicators shows that in the positive phase of the physical biorhythm, a decrease in the sports result can be expected, and in the negative phase, its increase. The critical phase in terms of its indicators can be characterized as intermediate between the positive and negative phases of a multi-day physical rhythm. Our data in this case are consistent with the data of other researchers. Experts explain this phenomenon as "a lagging transformation of the cumulative effect of training."

Short "drops" in sports performance that occur on the critical days of the individual physical biorhythm can be attributed, apparently, to the period of sports form, considering them as special intermediate stages, since in the positive phase of the physical biorhythm, preceding the critical day, and in the negative phase, next after the critical day, athletes, if we focus on the total indicators, show higher results in comparison with the critical day. Consequently, most of the components of the sports form in this phase (critical day) of the individual physical biorhythm are not lost. Apparently at this time, only specific fitness decreases either due to short-term switching of the athlete to active rest, or under the influence of increasing the volume of load in order to expand the prerequisites for further maintaining and improving the foundations of sports form. Longer recessions (if we analyze the individual dynamics of sports performance, and which is most often typical for less highly qualified athletes), falling mainly on the areas of transition through the critical day (0) between the positive (+) and negative phases of the physical biorhythm sinusoid can be associated with the actual loss of sports form, which confirms its phase changes in different periods of the training cycle.

Analysis of the dynamics of indicators of general and special physical performance and sports results, shown by athletes for several years, made taking into account the main phase characteristics of their individual physical biorhythm, made it possible to formulate conclusions that have a certain objective value for understanding the development of sports form and the principles of managing this process for athletes:

• 1. Athletes of different levels of sportsmanship have a certain individual chronotype of performance.
• 2. The calculation method allows to quite accurately identify the main phase characteristics of an individual physical biorhythm in athletes of different levels of sports qualifications.
• 3. The dynamics of indicators of general and special physical performance, characterizing the functional state of the body of athletes in accordance with their individual chronotype, has a pronounced rhythmic, although not always reliable character, and is determined by the main phase characteristics of their individual physical biorhythm. This pattern is most pronounced among athletes of a higher skill level.
• 4. Individual and total dynamics of the best and worst sports results, assessed over several years of competitive activity among athletes of different levels of sports skill, has a phase character.
• 5. There is a definite connection between the main phases of an individual physical biorhythm and the dynamics of sports performance. The greatest number of the best results is found in the positive phase of the physical biorhythm, and the least in the negative. This tendency is most typical and stable for athletes of a high level of sportsmanship.
• 6. Improvement in sports performance depends on the duration of the post-critical period of the physical biorhythm or the number of days until the next critical day. The higher the first indicator and the lower the second, the higher the sports performance.
• 7. In the positive phase of the physical biorhythm, a decrease in the sports result can be expected, and in the negative phase, its increase. The critical phase in terms of its indicators can be characterized as intermediate between the positive and negative phases of a multi-day physical cycle.
• 8. More or less prolonged decrease in sports performance in the positive phase of the physical biorhythm and increase in the negative phase of the physical cycle may be associated with the so-called "delayed transformation of the cumulative effect of training."

The study of long-term dynamics of physical working capacity and sports performance among athletes of different levels of sportsmanship in accordance with the phase characteristics of their individual physical biorhythm allows us to conclude that the periodic discontinuity in the level of endurance manifestation and in the increase in results is a biologically determined regularity that must be taken into account when organizing and implementing educational -training and competitive processes in a specific sport.

This material is of practical interest for specialists in the field of physical culture and sports who are interested in rationalizing and increasing the effectiveness of sports activities without prejudice to the health of an athlete due to the individualization of the training process based on natural scientific knowledge about the biorhythmological nature of the dynamics of sports performance of athletes involved in athletics. in particular, such a form as running at medium distances. This scientific information is not special, but universal and can be used by coaches to optimize the training process in other sports as well. For this, in the self-control diary, an athlete must systematically track the frequency of biological activity in accordance with the main phase characteristics of his individual physical biorhythm and, on the basis of this information, with the participation of a trainer, manage the training and competitive process in order to maintain a sports form and achieve the best sports result.

Trainer activities

Coach - a teacher, a specialist in any kind of sport, engaged in the preparation of an athlete.

Goals in the work of a trainer:

1. To create conditions for sports activities with enthusiasm and to strengthen friendly relations between athletes;
2. To form good, healthy habits in the pupil;
3. Create opportunities for everyone involved to participate in interesting competitions;
4. Provide athletes with such training that would guarantee them further athletic excellence;
5. Show optimal sports performance.

The goals in the work of the trainer are achieved with the help of:

1. Specific training within the abilities of the students;
2. Involvement of narrow specialists (doctor, massage therapist, psychologist, etc. ~);
3. Rational practice of competition:
4. Monitoring their pupils from the beginning of classes for their progress and sports results.

Specific features of the coach's activity:

• The likelihood of achieving the set goals (turning off the music when performing in synchronized swimming); Specific labor regulation (preparation for the lesson takes much longer than the training itself);
• Substantial dependence on the giftedness of their students;
• High emotional background of activity, a significant number of conflict situations and periodic actions in extreme situations;
• Out-of-rank competition;
• Movement training that the coach has never performed himself with optimal results.

Coach activity levels:

Initial training level: the coach has the goal of attracting young athletes, creating a base for general physical training and selecting children suitable for this sport;

efficiency criterion at this level - the number of athletes regularly trained and transferred to the next stage, the fulfillment of category standards.

Advanced Specialization Level: purpose of specialization in the chosen sport (playing role); efficiency criterion- the number of trained athletes of the 1st and 2nd categories, as well as the results in city, regional, district competitions.

Basic skill level: the goal is to identify gifted athletes; efficiency criterion- results in the youth championships of the country, the number of athletes transferred to the national teams, the number of trained CMS and MS.

The level of the highest sportsmanship - MS and MSMK: goal - preparation of a sports reserve for the national team, performance in the national championship; performance criteria- the number of trained MS and MSMK, the number of athletes transferred to the national team, the results at international championships.

Highest achievement level - national teams of the country: the goal is to achieve maximum results in international competitions, to maintain sports longevity; efficiency criterion- results in international competitions, prizes, world records.

Factors that determine the effectiveness in the work of a trainer.

The effectiveness of a coach's activity depends on objective and subjective factors.

Objective- natural and climatic conditions of the area.

Subjective:

1. age and gender characteristics of the athlete;
2. personal qualities of a trainer (professional competence, organizational talent, possession of oratory);
3. the athlete's personal qualities (innate qualities and the ability to perceive motor information, anthropometric qualities - height, weight, etc., muscle structure);
4. the composition of the population's traditions and interests (mass character).

Coach functions

1. Education of culture:

The interests of their pupils, their abilities, temperament. The social status and security of the athlete's family. The attitude at school, institute, at work to the student's sports.

Be able to:

Conduct special conversations about the moral character of the athlete. Liaise with the secondary school, institute, industry, family. Select various forms of competition in terms of labor and sports performance. Find and apply a variety of incentives and punishments for those involved.

2. Selection function

The main patterns of the development of the body:

a) morphological;

b) physiological;

c) mental;

d) the physical and model characteristics of the athlete.

How to find gifted children. Leading qualities necessary for an athlete to perform II p., I r., Candidate Master of Sports, MS and the achievement of the highest sports results. Gauss's law is the law of normal distribution, which provides for the presence in any contingent of those engaged in a certain percentage of people who are not capable of specific specific activities.

Be able to:

Predict and predict athletic performance. To recruit capable children into initial training groups. To select for educational and training groups, groups of sports improvement and higher sportsmanship. Use the means and methods of selection (general, special, instrumental). To systematize the observation materials of the training process and analyze the literature on selection issues.

1. 3. Scheduling function

Know:

Dates of official competitions. How to choose loads in terms of volume and intensity.

An athlete's (team's) training plan for a certain (corresponding) year, years. Curriculum and schedule of distribution of working hours for specific months.

Be able to:

Predict the ultimate goal of the athlete's training. Set the timing of control, approximate, qualifying competitions in relation to the main competitions and

sports results to be achieved. Set training loads in terms of time, intensity and volume and recovery days. Financial capabilities, material and technical support and the schedule of the workload of the sports facility.

1. 4. Educational and training function

Know:

Principles, means, forms and methods of teaching and improvement. Exercise from other sports. Special abilities of the student, his character traits, intellectual level, creative thinking, attitude to the implementation of training work.

Be able to:

Use a variety of principles, means, forms and methods of teaching and improvement. Teach security measures. Teach the most rational technique and tactics. To form, improve certain physical and mental qualities of athletes. Highlight the main elements of the technique. Include mental exercises in the training process.

1. 5. Control, accounting and correction function

Know:

Types of control: self-control; pedagogical; medical and pedagogical; medical; AMG. Control directions: cow; functional state (the ability to carry loads and recover); control over the levels of readiness (physical, technical, tactical, intellectual, moral and special mental, functional and complex). Discharge norms and procedure for assigning the next sports category or title.

Be able to:

Monitor the health of the athlete. Make pedagogical observations and analyze them. Determine the level of moral and special mental, physical, technical, tactical, intellectual readiness, functional capabilities. Analyze the dynamics of sports results and introduce correction.

1. 6. Logistics function

Know:

Technical innovations appear in this sport. Know the prices for inventory, equipment, uniforms, etc. How an application is drawn up for the purchase of a sports uniform, inventory, equipment and an act to write off property that has become unusable.

Be able to:

Maintain various documentation of economic and financial activities: statements, reports, receipts, applications, orders. Involve trainees in the manufacture of non-standard equipment for classes.

1. 7. Judge function

Know:

Thoroughly the rules of the competition for your sport and the latest changes and additions. Duties of judges in all areas of judicial work. How to write an application for participation in the competition. How the competition protocol is drawn up.

Be able to:

To fulfill the duties of judges in all areas of judicial work. Develop regulations on competitions. Prepare relevant documentation. Conduct seminars on training of judges and conversations on competition rules with all athletes. Attract spectators, sponsors, journalists and television to the competition.

1. 8. Second function

Know:

Your wards (positive and negative qualities, external signs of the manifestation of an emotional state). Athlete's and Coach's Rights in Competition. Signs of various prelaunch mental states and ways to manage them. Secondary means: verbal, conditioned signals, facial expressions and gestures, hardware.

Be able to:

Use the means, forms and methods of seconds. Create an optimal attitude of the athlete to perform the exercise (game, race, etc.). Relieve excessive nervous tension. Help to gain self-confidence. Determine the tactics of performance and execution of the exercise. To give the athlete a focus not on the result, but on the competitive activity. Analyzing the performance of an athlete (good or bad) not immediately and only in a calm atmosphere and benevolence.

1. 9. Research function

Know:

Research methods and tools. Recent advances in science and technology. Correct use and treatment of literature sources. The main research methods adopted in the chosen sport.

Be able to:

Process the data obtained, present the research results and process them mathematically. Prepare illustrated material and visual aids based on research results and timely introduce them into training practice. Possess the skills of recording sports activities during the competition and processing the received data. Possess the skills of oral and written presentation of research results.

1. 10. Self-improvement function

Know:

How to correctly assess your knowledge and skills. How to improve your physical characteristics. Principles, means, forms and methods of self-improvement and self-regulation.

Be able to:

Constantly improve the culture of speech and behavior. Improve your physical qualities; observing the norms of public and personal hygiene. Manage your mental state and mental attitude to classes. Exercise control over their behavior, actions, movements, facial expressions, emotions, etc. Regularly undergo retraining at the faculty of improvement with obtaining a license for the right to work.

1. 11. Representative function

Know:

Competition regulations. Features of the conditions at the competition venue (accommodation, meals, sports facility, climate). The daily routine of athletes (regime, competition). The size of the team, age restrictions, etc. Exercises performed in this competition.

Be able to:

Draw up documentation when leaving for the competition (applications, letters for exemptions, applications for travel tickets, receiving accountable money). Prepare the documents necessary for the trip (decree, estimate, travel certificate, application for tickets, official application for participation with visas and seals of the management and the medical and physical dispensary, classification and Provide participants in the competition with accommodation, meals. Organize the life of athletes and maintain their compliance with the daily routine ...

1. 12. Legal function

Know:

Regulations, rules, laws, ordinances and regulations. Regulatory documents on the number of groups, staffing, spectators (example with a volleyball team) daily allowance, salary.

Provisions for the exemption of athletes from study and work:

1. salary (tariffication, length of service, category, rank, seniority, cooperation);
2. working hours (1.5 rates - 150 hours / month) 8 hours. working day, including 45 min. - lunch, 1 rate - 100 h / per month. - 6 hours, including 45 min lunch;
3. rest time - holidays, weekends and holidays;
4. how to draw up documents for all-Russian or republican fees.

• social insurance (sick leave, benefits, premium, pension);

Be able to:

Execute business and financial documents. Draw up documentation for the assignment of ranks, judicial categories and honorary titles. That the coach is morally, professionally and legally responsible for the health, education and athletic performance of athletes. Rationally use the financial capabilities of the sports team.

1. 13. Organizational function

Know:

Tasks to be solved at the next stage or period of preparation. Selection criteria at various stages of preparation. Individual characteristics of the character of an individual athlete.

Be able to:

Organize training, improvement and education of the culture of athletes. To unite athletes into a single friendly team, to develop their initiative and activity. Organize leisure time for athletes at training camps, on the way, at competitions. Create conditions that increase the creative atmosphere, cognitive interest and positive incentives for team members, prepare an asset and direct their efforts to achieve the goal, manage the placement of TCB participants.

General characteristics of a coach's pedagogical abilities.

Abilities - personality traits that ensure suitability for learning, activities and ensuring the success of their implementation.

Abilities include:

1. Cognitive (improving this component);
2. Emotionally - volitional (control over e.-v.);
3. Psychomotor (allows to perceive motor information) components.

Qualitative signs of abilities:

1. Learning rate
2. The breadth of transfer of knowledge, skills and abilities
3. The level of achievement and originality of methods of activity.

There are two types of abilities: general - high concentration of attention; special - affecting a certain type of activity.

Ability development levels:

1. Reproductive (reproduction);

2. Creative;

3. Talent;

4. Genius.

The teaching abilities of the trainer:

1. Academic- are manifested in a creative, scientific approach to work, the use of new techniques in the training process, in increasing the general and special. education, apply elements of program and problem learning in training.
2. Didactic- the ability to convey educational material in an accessible form; to achieve active and conscious perception of educational material; provide visibility in training; systematically and consistently plan the educational process making appropriate adjustments; to achieve a lasting assimilation of relevant skills by students; ensure the unity of training and education.
3. Communicative- are manifested in the ability to easily: enter into contacts and friendly relations with other people; manage my mental state, effectively respond to various emotional, stressful situations; to be restrained when communicating with students, to be able to calmly listen to the opinions of students; be an example for athletes in everyday life.
4. Gnostic ("Gnesios" - knowledge)- it is not just knowledge, but also the ability to analyze their activities and the activities of their pupils; effectively use the experience of other coaches; analyze objective and subjective factors influencing the training process; analyze the merits and demerits in the personality of the student.
5. Psychomotor- are manifested: in the ability, based on their knowledge and experience, to correctly and intelligibly demonstrate individual elements or integral techniques during training or improvement; the trainer should take into account the individual abilities of students to master individual motor skills; contribute to the explanation of those elements that are not raised by myself.
6. ability to gain authority- manifests itself: in the coach's ability to influence the activity and personality of the athlete; athletes want to see in their coach a person who leads them to the heights of sportsmanship; in addition, the coach must be an enthusiast, dedicated to his work, a worthy person, set an example in life and work. The coach must keep his promises, and in case of a mistake, he must apologize to his pupil.
7. foresight and forecasting ability- this ability allows you to timely identify the inclinations of your pupils and predict their path to achieving sports results. Skill in defining a narrow specialization is important.
8. perceptual abilities (education)- is conditioned by the ability of the trainer to perceive the attitude of pupils to the educational and training process; to catch the slightest changes in the inner state of the student by insignificant signs; the ability to find the right approach to the athlete.
9. expressive- the ability of the trainer to clearly and clearly express their thoughts with the help of speech, facial expressions and gestures, the speech should be clear, understandable, without stylistic and spelling errors. Monotonous and monotonous speech quickly tires; During the competition, the coach needs to be told what needs or needs to be done, not where mistakes are made. During an unsuccessful performance, the coach should not raise his voice, he needs to provide moral support to the athlete and say words of approval (for 90% of athletes).

Difficulties

Under difficulties understand the subjective state of tension, the severity of dissatisfaction, which is caused by external factors of activity and depends on the nature of the factors of the educational and physical preparedness of a person for activity and attitude to it.

Difficulties in the work of a trainer are due to two groups of reasons:

Objective (lack of free time; insufficient help from management; lack of coordination between school, university and the training and competitive process; lack of material resources).

Subjective (poor knowledge of sports; psychology; low level of planning; inability to conduct competitions; lack of organizational skills).

The greatest difficulties for coaches at the beginning of their careers:

1. errors associated with insufficient general and theoretical training, inability to manage their mental states in competition, slow reaction.
2. mistakes associated with overestimating one's capabilities: self-confidence, rejection of advice, categorical judgments
3. mistakes related to the establishment of relationships with athletes, the manifestation of inattention to the poorly prepared, failure to fulfill promises, complaints about adolescents to their parents;
4. mistakes related to relationships with colleagues, with schools, neglect of traditions;
5. mistakes associated with an insufficient level of education and general culture, lack of initiative, the desire to gain authority at any cost.

Conditions for effective activity:

• Systematic prediction of the training process
• Unity of organization, regulation, control
• Positive leadership style
• Development of collective forms in learning and collective relationships
• Taking into account age, capabilities and characteristics

Leaders

Leader is an English word that translates as "leading, leading." However, in social psychology, it received a slightly different content. A leader is understood as a member of a sports group who regulates interpersonal relationships in a group, which are informal or informal.

Highlighting leaders, since the last feature corresponds to three options:

1. by their actions, the group member contributes to the achievement of the group goal more than others (for example, the player who scores the most goals);
2. by his actions, a member of the group contributes to the achievement of other members of the group goal (for example, a puck successfully hit by a goalkeeper can inspire the whole team);
3. by his leadership, a group member contributes to the achievement of a common goal by other members of the group.

In this regard, there are several species leaders:

Situational and permanent leaders are distinguished. The former include, for example, the players who inspired the team with their successful play (inspiring leaders).

Permanent leaders correspond to two team structures: business and emotional. The leader in the business structure is focused on solving the problem facing the group; an emotional leader is focused on interpersonal relationships in the field of leisure. Coaches are good at identifying leaders in the field of organizing joint sports activities (in training, in competitive activities), but they often do not know who is the leader in everyday life, in the field of organizing interpersonal relations, especially in children's and youth teams.

Business leaders (task oriented) often have little interest in interpersonal relationships.

Task-oriented leader

Advantages	Flaws
More efficient, efforts are mainly directed towards the task. Spends little time on interpersonal communication. Quickly distributes tasks in situations requiring clearly formulated tasks to be solved. It is effective in situations where strong leadership is needed, tasks are obvious and when group members express dissatisfaction.	May increase anxiety levels in some group members. The sacrifice of expediency is sacrificed by the confidence and calmness of the group members. Less effective in moderately stressful situations where group members are eager to communicate. May be unsuccessful in interacting with team members who play important roles in the activity, and also does not meet the needs of others for leadership.

An interpersonal leader

Motivation

MOTIVATION- an incentive state of an athlete's personality, which is formed as a result of his correlation of his needs and capabilities with the subject of sports activity, which serves as the basis for setting and implementing goals aimed at achieving the maximum possible sports result at the moment.

Motivation is dynamic in its content. In the process of sports improvement, motivation changes, is transformed under the influence of the level of aspirations, circumstances, self-assessments and purposeful educational work on the part of the coach. Motivation is based on the needs of the athlete, is reflected in the hierarchy of his goals in sports (strategic, tactical, operational) and is expressed in specific motivations for activity. Motivation is based on the "I want - I can - I must" principle.

"I want" is the athlete's needs, his desires, attraction, aspirations of varying degrees of awareness.

"I can" is the level of aspirations and self-assessment of the possibilities of its realization, understanding of the probability of achieving

"Should" is a conscious sense of responsibility for the results of one's actions, their obligatory necessity for oneself, the team, and society.

The motives that induce a person to go in for sports have their own structure.

1. Immediate motives of sports activities
   1. the need for a sense of satisfaction from the manifestation of muscle activity;
   2. the need for aesthetic enjoyment of one's own beauty, strength, endurance, speed, flexibility,
   3. dexterity;
   4. striving to prove oneself in difficult, even extreme situations;
   5. striving to achieve record results, prove your sportsmanship and achieve victory;
   6. the need for self-expression, self-affirmation, the desire for public recognition, fame.
   7. Indirect motives of sports activity
      1. striving to become strong, healthy;
      2. the desire to prepare oneself for practical life through sports activities;
      3. call of Duty;
      4. the need to go in for sports through the awareness of the social importance of sports activity.

The initial stage of sports. During this period, the first attempts are made to get involved in sports activities. Incentive motives:

a) are characterized by diffuse interests in physical exercise (adolescents usually begin to engage in not one, but several sports);

b) have an immediate character (they like sports, the main driving force is love for physical culture);

c) are associated with environmental conditions favorable to practicing this sport (the popularity of the type at the place of residence, the interest of the people around);

d) often include elements of duty (duty to attend physical education classes, sections).

Specialization stage in the chosen sport. At this stage, the motives are:

a) the development of interest in a particular sport;

b) the desire to develop the discovered abilities for a particular sport;

c) striving to consolidate success;

d) the expansion of special knowledge, the acquisition of a higher degree of fitness (expressed in the desire to establish personal records - the implementation of the third category, second, first, etc.). In addition, sports activity becomes a need (against the background of getting used to physical activity, the need to experience them becomes a habit).

The stage of sportsmanship. Here, the main motives are expressed in the desire:

a) maintain your sportsmanship at a high level and achieve even greater success;

b) serve the Motherland with their sporting achievements;

c) to promote the development of this sport, the need to pass on their experience to young athletes.

The motives of sports activity are characterized by a pronounced social orientation and pedagogical aspirations.

Sports conflicts

Conflict- a real situational manifestation of social - psychological contradiction, destabilizing the relationship of subjects in sports activities.

Conflicts can be:

By flow time

a) long-term;

b) protracted.

By focus

a) mutual;

b) one-sided.

By the form of manifestation

a) hidden;

b) open.

By consequences

a) constructive;

b) destructive;

c) mixed.

According to the sphere in which they arise

a) professional;

b) household.

The dynamics of the conflict(change of conflict in time):

1. Conflict stage;
2. Conflict stage;
3. The stage of the end of the conflict;
4. Post-conflict interaction stage.

Conflict situation is - explicit and hidden (hidden - people of different levels are in conflict - the coach-leader scolds the athlete is silent).

Causes of the conflictthere are:

1. The level of specific qualities that are the main component of sportsmanship;
2. Height and weight data of the athlete;
3. Differences in psychophysiological characteristics (associated with different levels of perception);
4. The qualities of the personalities of the interacting parties are lack of self-control, indiscipline, lack of performance.
5. Disagreements between athletes, an athlete and a coach about: value systems, views on the training system, different life positions.
6. The reasons behind communication and interpersonal contacts;
7. Negative psychological states - an increased state of arousal in a person (athlete);
8. Sports and production reasons (if the conditions are adequate, then there are no such reasons);
9. Organizational reasons:

• lack of criteria for assessing the actions of athletes;
• undeveloped forms of rewards and punishments;
• lack of growth prospects for athletes.

1. A group of household reasons:

• family conflicts;
• household troubles, inconveniences (poor hotel accommodation).

Conflict functions.

There are both negative and positive functions in a conflict:

Destructive (negative)- a decrease or refusal to cooperate, an increase in hostility, psychological discomfort, an increase in staff turnover.

Constructive (positive)- the conflict supports the social activity of individuals (competition), serves as a source for the development of interpersonal relations, signals possible dysfunctions.

Mixed- a function that combines both positive and negative aspects (when the conflict begins quickly and ends just as quickly, but the professional relationship remains at the same level).

Prevention and prevention of conflict.

1. In the event of a conflict situation, it is necessary to reduce the amount of technical and physical activity;
2. To establish interpersonal relationships in the professional and informal sphere of interaction, using athletes who enjoy authority;
3. Concentrate the athlete's attention on athletic performance, and not on interpersonal relationships;

Conflict resolution.

1. Eliminate the escalation of the conflict;
2. Pay special attention to speech, non-speech gestures, facial expressions;
3. If a conflict occurs between a coach and a student (vertical), the coach should not demonstrate superiority, should not succumb to emotional perception of the situation and should not use punishment at the stage of confrontation;
4. Treat the opposing athlete fairly.

Classification of a trainer by type of activity:

1. Contingent of athletes;
2. Sex differences;
3. Qualification;
4. Specialization.

Coaches are divided by type:

1. Personal;

2. Collective.

But the type of activity:

1. By selection;
2. On the educational and training process;
3. Competition coach.

PROMOTION AND PUNISHMENT IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE TRAINER.

Encouragement- Reception of pedagogical influences, which implements one of the main methods of education - stimulation. Encouragement is used in order to consolidate the positive in the athlete, stimulates the desire to be the best.

The promotion is carried out by various means:

1. Praise;

2. Approval;

3. Gratitude;

1. Rewarding - from a simple diploma ending with a prize.

The effectiveness of the reward is influenced by:

1. Timeliness;
2. Publicity (especially important for beginners, emotionally unstable athletes, and athletes with high levels of anxiety);
3. The value of the encouragement increases if the initiative comes from the team;
4. When encouraging, it is important to maintain a sense of proportion;
5. The promotion must be accompanied by an increase in demands;
6. The reward affects the entire team and cannot be applied to the same athletes all the time.

Punishment- Reception of pedagogical influence that implements one of the main methods of education - coercion.

Punishment is carried out in various forms:

1. Disapproval;
2. Rebuke;
3. Suspension from a task or competition;
4. Requiring a public explanation;
5. Material punishment.

The effectiveness of the punishment is determined by:

1. Justice - that is, punishment should not be implemented hastily;
2. "Dose" of punishment - the penalty should be the same for everyone;
3. The form of punishment is determined by the individual - psychological characteristics of the athlete, the age of the practitioner and sports experience.

The punishment must necessarily be brought to an end. The most effective punishment is censure on the part of the count. When applying punishment, the teacher should analyze: the essence of the act; his motives; consequences, and only then determine the degree of guilt and fail the punishment. The highest level of punishment is when the team is engaged, but the punished athlete is not.

Getting one or another category is a serious step from amateur to professional sports. And the awarding of the title is already a well-deserved recognition of the achievements of the eminent athlete. But many are confused about the categories and titles existing in Russian sports, their order. We will try to clarify this article.

Sports titles and ranks

Athletes at the beginning of their careers are assigned ranks, and upon reaching all the latter - titles. The ascent to the pedestal begins with youth sports categories:

• 3rd youth;
• 2nd youth;
• 1st youth;
• 4th grade (applicable only in chess - you need to play at least 10 games and collect at least 50% of points in a group game);
• 3rd category;
• 2nd category;
• 1st category.

Note that youth categories are assigned only in those types of sports where age is a decisive factor in competitions, where strength, endurance, reaction speed, speed of the participant are important. Where it is not an important advantage or disadvantage (for example, in mind sports), youth grade is not awarded.

Those who have the 1st sports category can already be awarded titles. Let's list them in ascending order:

• master of Sport;
• international master of sports / grandmaster;
• deserved

A long-standing custom prescribes to call international masters of sports in intellectual games (checkers, chess, etc.) grandmasters.

ABOUT EVSK

In the Russian Federation, the confirmation and assignment of sports categories and titles is determined by a document called the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification (EWSC). He indicates the norms in each sport that must be performed in order to get a certain one of the ranks and titles. The first such document was approved in 1994; is accepted by the ESCC for four years. Today, the version is valid for 2015-2018, for summer -2014-2017.

The document is based on the All-Russian Register of Sports and the list of sports games recognized by the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation. The document dictates both the standards that must be fulfilled in order to obtain a particular sports category or title, and the conditions under which all this must take place: the level of the opponent, the importance of the competition, the qualifications of the judges.

Why do you need a sports category?

The assignment of ranks in sports has several clearly defined goals:

• Mass popularization of sports.
• An incentive to improve the level of sports training and skill.
• Moral encouragement of athletes.
• Unification of assessments of achievements, mastery.
• Approval of a uniform for all procedure for assigning sports categories and titles.
• Development and continuous improvement of the sphere of physical culture and sports.

Assignment procedure

Let's touch on the general important points of the assignment of titles and categories:

• Athletes must necessarily be divided into juniors, young people, and adults.
• A young athlete who took part in a planned competition and fulfilled the necessary norms for a certain category receives the last one. This will be evidenced by a badge and a special qualification book.
• The athlete's record book must be registered with the organization where he received this document. In the future, at all competitions in which the athlete will participate, he will enter in this qualification book all information about his results in the competition, assigned and confirmed categories, and prizes won. Each entry is made based on a specific protocol, certified by the signature of the person in charge and the seal of the sports organization that organized the competition.
• The assignment of a sports title is the prerogative of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation. In confirmation, his athlete receives a certificate and an honorary

Requirements for the assignment of ranks and titles

Now let's look at the requirements that an athlete must fulfill, and what he must meet in order to get a certain grade:

• The basis for assigning a category is only a certain measurable result of sports activity: taking a specific place at official games or competitions, achieving a certain number of victories over rivals of a specific level during the last year, fulfilling a number of quantitative standards in sports where they are possible.
• Each category or title implies that the athlete has reached a certain age.
• If, within the framework of a competition, athletes are assigned ranks and titles, then it must meet a whole set of strict rules: the composition and level of participants, a certain number of judges and athletes, the number of performances, fights and games in the qualifying and main stages.
• In international competitions, the smallest number of participating countries is additionally determined. To obtain the title of international master of sports or grandmaster, you need to participate in competitions of this level.
• Higher ranks are awarded only to citizens of the Russian Federation and only by the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports.
• The categories may be assigned by the regional executive bodies of the sphere of physical culture and sports.
• The athlete must confirm his sports category at least once every two years.

All categories and titles of sports in the Russian Federation are regulated by the EWSK. After receiving this or that category according to the given order and within the framework of current requirements, the athlete must also periodically confirm it.