Cossack saber

The dexterity of the Cossack is manifested in precise counteraction with the blade of the enemy's weapon in unpredictable and fleeting fights, in the implementation of structurally complex techniques of combinations. After all, fights are replete with unexpected situations that require instant decisions and actions, taking into account the length of possible attacks and the relative position of the competitors. Therefore, the spatial and temporal adequacy of various counteractions to the enemy is associated with the level of dexterity, which should be considered as a set of manifestations of coordination abilities.

The specialization of dexterity, which begins after the standardization of the typical movement of the weapon and the reception of movements, has significant features and depends on the qualifications of the practitioners. In checkers fencing there is a feature in which the dodge or rebound from the blow of the enemy's weapon is more preferable than the protection of the stand of your blade against the blow of the enemy.
1. From combat positions, jumps to the left and to the right, forward and backward are performed.
2. From the fighting stance, a deep jump back is done, with a deep squat and return to the starting position.
3. From the combat stance (from various combat positions), deviations are made to the left and to the right. In the future, the exercise becomes more difficult and is done in pairs. One of the opponents is armed with a soft blade. The armed man makes oblique blows, the unarmed, without leaving the place, avoids the blows. Oblique blows from above are complemented by oblique ascending from below, then complemented by horizontal blows to the body, as well as blows to the head and legs.
4. "Fifteen". Opponents, armed with soft blades, try to touch predetermined zones (shoulder, body, arm), while they themselves dodge each other's blows.
5. I.P .: stand with a saber in a sheath or with a soft blade in his left hand. Rebounds with a saber or a soft blade of thrown tennis balls in the air.
6. Bounces with a stick (blade) of tennis balls rolling on the right and left of the hall.
7. Movements in a series of steps forward in a fighting stance and somersault forward and to the side.
8. Movement in a series of steps back in a fighting stance and somersault to the side and back.
9. Running forward in a fighting stance and lunge.
10. Running back in a fighting stance and lunge. Jumping lunge and somersault forward and to the side.
11. The combination of movements - running, somersault, crawling on bellies, jumping and hitting with a lunge.
12. From positions, a jump to the left - a blow, a jump to the right - a blow, a jump back - a blow.
13. Turn in a jump 90 in a fighting stance.
14. Turn in a jump by 180 (270, 360) in the position of the fighting stance.
15. Jump 180 with landing on the shins of the legs, and jump back to the starting position. In the future, the same with the checker and the jump is performed 360.
16. A leaf is placed on the combat end of the checker. Throwing it up, chop as many times as possible.
17. Hang a sheet of wet newsprint from a taut thread. Chopping with a saber.

2.3.3. Endurance Exercises

Endurance provides the Cossack-fighter with the preservation of the achieved level of technology, the implementation of typical attacks and defenses, high accuracy of striking, the ability to avoid mistakes in weapon movements and movements in conditions of long and intense competition. Endurance can be high-speed, which determines the ability to conduct fights with extreme intensity, based on anaerobic (oxygen-free) mechanisms of energy supply; common, based aerobic mechanisms energy supply, the requirements for which are possible in long-term or multi-day competitions or in conditions of extreme mental tension of fights; emotional endurance, which allows the Cossack to maintain an initial and combat-ready mental state in unfavorable conditions of conflict confrontation, thereby providing positive motivation in achieving victory; sensory endurance (in particular, the manifestation of the properties of attention, the latent period of motor reactions) as a basis for maintaining the stability of mental processes, making timely and adequate tactical decisions.
1. Continuous conduct of a training fight without fixing the ratio of strikes for 30–40 minutes. Breaks lasting 1 minute every 10 minutes of the fight.
2. Continuous conduct of a series of fights, consisting of 3-5 duels for 5 blows. The breaks between the series of fights are one minute.
3. Continuous conduct of a series of 3 fights for 15 hits. Breaks between fights 1 minute.
4. Performing a series of combinations of attack and maneuvering techniques lasting 9-15 minutes. Break between sets of exercises every 3 minutes.
5. Execution of five series of 5 attacks by hitting the target from a long distance (3-4 meters). Breaks between series are 30 seconds.
6. Driving along the lane. A chopping blow is made for each step.
7. In a semi-squatting movement by a jump, with a blow to the left and right.
8. Chopping targets with a saber, vary the thickness and number of targets.

2.3.4. Exercises to develop strength and speed-strength
abilities

Strength training the student is manifested in the ability to perform long attacks, avoiding inertial movements after their completion. The strength of the muscles allows you to maintain typical characteristics of weapon control, execution of attacks and maneuvering techniques in case of unexpected changes in direction of movement. The muscles of the legs in an attack with a lunge, constant dodging with a jump and jumping attacks with a lunge, inhibition in the final phase of an attack or defense, performing combinations of movements of movements experience significant and repetitive stress. In turn, the muscles of the armed hand, including the fingers, also experience stress during rapid movements of the blade in different directions, overcoming the resistance of the enemy's weapon. A similar motor activity is inconceivable without sufficient strength of the muscles of the legs, trunk and armed arm, on the basis of which the speed-power capabilities of the Cossack are formed.
1. Maneuvering in pairs.
2. Shadow boxing high intensity(1–2 min) with the installation to perform individual attack techniques - lunge, jump and lunge, etc.
3. Serial execution of techniques of movements and their combinations, including a step forward and a lunge; jump forward and lunge + "arrows"; long retreat + leap forward and lunge + lunge, etc.
4. Serial execution of strikes on the target with a lunge, step (jump) forward and lunge, performing attacks with the maximum length and continuous closing in a fighting stance.
5. Work with a heavy saber on a moulinet.
6. Work with a heavy saber on the lunge.

2.3.4.1. Exercises for the muscles of the legs

1. I.P. - legs slightly apart. Sharp lifts on toes. Then, too, off the floor.
2. I.P. - legs slightly apart. Light springy bounces up, forward, backward, to the side.
3. I.P. - legs slightly apart. Light jumps on two legs, periodic upward jumps with maximum effort.
4. I.P. - legs slightly apart. Deep squats and, due to a sharp extension of the legs, an upward jump, then landing in a squat position and without stopping, a second jump up.
5. I.P. - deep squat. Long jumps in tuck with landing to the starting position.
6. Leap to the side with a swing of one leg and push of the other leg with landing on the swing leg, then without stopping a second jump to the side.
7. Jumping to the dais.
8. Leap up from the squat with a push from behind the leg standing in a fighting stance.
9. Sit down in the "pistol" position and straighten your leg with a sharp effort.
10. Jumping with a rolling pin with a predominant load on the rear leg standing in a fighting stance.

2.3.4.2. Exercises for the muscles of the arms and trunk

1. Push-ups (pushing and throwing) medicine ball or shot.
2. Medicine ball rotation around the torso and head with maximum amplitude.
3. Rapid extension of the arms with push-off from the support at chest level.
4. Push-ups in the lying position, at first smoothly, then as quickly as possible.
5. Hanging pull-up on a gymnastic or other apparatus. Pulling up and down on the arms. Grasping the crossbar with both hands so that there is a distance between them equal to the width of the shoulders, and the legs hang freely, slowly pull yourself towards it on your hands, bending them so that your head rises, if possible, above the crossbar; then, just as slowly, lower on your hands, unbending them, and thus repeat this movement several times, as much as you can.
6. Exercise on parallel bars. The parallel bars are arranged so that they can be raised and lowered at will.
On parallel bars, following exercises:
1) Lowering and raising on hands. Standing between the bars and putting your hands on them in front of you, jump onto your hands, arching your lower back somewhat forward and stretching your legs completely straight and slightly back.
In this position, alternately and slowly, then lower, bending your arms at the elbows, then rise, straightening your arms.
2) Throwing legs over the uneven bars. You can throw your legs over one or another bar, forward or backward. To do this, standing between the bars, jump onto your hands and swing your legs strongly in the desired direction, throw both legs together over the bar so that they lie on it with your hips, and the lower parts of both legs from the knees hang freely outside the bars. After that, the legs are removed back from the bar to their previous position and thrown to the other side.
The exercise ends with jumping out of the bars to the right or left, forward or backward. To do this, you should raise the leg with a swing so as not to touch the bar, and when lowering to the ground, sit on your toes, holding on to the bar with one hand.
3) Swing between the bars. Standing between the bars and jumping onto your hands, you should gradually swing your legs back and forth, keeping them together and extended.
When moving forward, the legs should not be raised very high; when moving backward, they can be raised to an arbitrary height. The exercise ends, like the previous one, by jumping to the right or left, forward or backward.
8. Exercise on a sports horse. Important gymnastic apparatus is a sports horse, which serves as a good help in mastering horse riding, as well as an excellent physically developing apparatus.
Training on a horse with handles fully justifies itself if a person who decides to do vaulting works out three important gymnastic element:
1. Ability at the moment when the legs are separated from the support, quickly transfer the weight of the body from two hands to one and from one to the other.
2. Ability to freely swing one and both legs to the right and left with outstretched toes and with the transfer of legs through the projectile.
3. The ability to hold one or both legs at the highest point of the swing for a time sufficient to transfer the fulcrum from one hand to the other.
In the support on the horse, the arms should be straight, the back does not fall through, but also not hunched over, and the shoulders should be straight and slightly bent forward. This is facilitated by the correct grip when the hands, when resting on the handles, are somewhat closer to their front edge. The legs are straight down, with the toes pulled down, the chin is slightly lowered so that the movement of the legs can be visually controlled.
Preparatory exercises for physical development include leg swings.
1) Take hold of the horse's handles. Pushing up with your hands, take a position with support on straight arms. The back should be straight, legs straight, toes pulled down.
2) Stand next to the projectile, put your hands on the handles and grab them, tightly squeezing your fingers. Exit point-blank on straight arms. Slowly, alternately raise to the sides, then lower either the left or right leg with a drawn toe. Try to lift your legs to the level of the projectile with an effort of muscles. To improve the performance of the exercise, it is easy to transfer the fulcrum to the arm that is opposite to the leg being lifted.
3) From a position in an emphasis on outstretched arms, swing both legs to the left to the right, then, gaining momentum, throw the right leg up, trying to raise it higher than the horse. The emphasis in this case is transferred to the left hand.
4) From a position in an emphasis on outstretched arms, transfer your legs alternately between the handles above the projectile, forward and backward.
5) From a position on outstretched arms, bend your legs, move them between the handles above the projectile, stretch your legs to the "corner" position. Make a jump from the projectile into a half-squat, arms forward.
6) Swings. All kicks over the horse are carried out due to the force of the initial swing and the timely transfer of body weight to the supporting arm. However, for better memorization of the sequence of movements, the first jumps can be performed with the use of force and only then proceed to the execution of the exercise due to the inertia of the swings.
Preliminary Exercise: Performing counting jumps. Once! - swing your legs to the right. Two! - jump right leg forward. Three! - swing of the right leg back. Once! - swinging legs to the left, etc.
Swing out. Grab the handle of the projectile and from the jump, transferring the weight of the body to the left hand, swing your legs to the right, at the same time push off the handle with your right hand, freeing it from the stop. With the movement of the legs to the left, make a jump over the knight with the right foot. At the same moment, return your right hand to the handle and transfer your body weight to it. Without losing inertia, being between the handles, swing your legs to the left. In this case, the left leg should give the body a special force of inertia. At the beginning of the swing to the right, transfer the support to the left hand, push off with the right hand from the handle and swing the right leg back.
Without stopping the exercise, smoothly transfer the support to the right hand and, according to the same rules, make a swing with the left leg.
Swing with one leg. From a jump, transferring the weight of the body to the left hand, swing your legs to the right and push off from the handle of the projectile with your right hand. With the movement of the legs to the left, swing the right forward, immediately grab the handle with your right hand, transfer the body weight to it and make a strong swing to the left with your legs. You should try to raise your left leg as high as possible, almost to an upright position. With a return movement, repeat an energetic swing with the left leg to the right upward, transfer the body weight to the left hand, tear the right from the handle, and swing back with the right leg. The right hand must be returned to its place before the legs go down and take an upright position. Immediately transfer the weight to your right hand and swing your legs to the left to repeat the swing, but with your left foot.
7) Right circle (circle of the same name). 1) Preparatory exercise... Performed with the help of an instructor. The trainee takes a position with support on both hands, back and forth on a horse with the right leg in front. For better muscle memorization of movements by the trainee, the instructor, standing behind his back, raises him with his left hand left leg to shoulder level. At the same time, the trainee, maintaining balance, slowly repeats the exercise with his right leg from the opposite side of the projectile. At the top point, the instructor lowers the trainee's left leg, and he makes an energetic swing with his right leg back. 2) The main exercise. From the jump, transferring the weight of the body to the left hand, swing the right leg forward and quickly return the right hand to its original position. Smoothly transferring body weight to it, make an energetic swing with both legs to the left, trying to swing your left leg as high as possible. Push off the handle with your left hand, and, keeping your left leg up, make a jump to the left back. At the same time, in order to maintain balance, it is advisable to slightly bend the body with a turn of the pelvis to the right.
The return of the left hand to the handle of the projectile should be done as quickly as possible, that is, at the moment when the legs have not yet gone down.
Crossings. From a standing position, holding on to the knight's handles, swing right to the right forward with the transfer of weight to the left hand. Continuing the swing with both legs to the left, transfer the weight of the body to the right hand, swinging the right leg high, make a swing with the right foot to the left backward, left forward to the right and quickly equalize the weight of the body by grabbing the right hand of the projectile with the right hand.
9) dismounts. Swing right, then transferring the weight of the body to the right hand, make an energetic swing with the left leg to the left. Strongly pushing off the handle with the left hand and leaning on the right, make a forward jump with the left, turning the whole body to the right. Land in a half-squat, holding the handle of the horse with your right hand.
The instructor can form these exercises into warm-up complexes, depending on the goals and objectives practical training.
For Cossack educational institutions and Cossack societies, we recommend monthly or quarterly delivery of standards for Cossacks of Cossack societies, which include: flexion and extension of the arms in support for 10 (30) seconds, long jumps from a standing position, squats and standing on the left, the right leg without support in 20 seconds, from the support at the ends of the bars, lowering and pushing up in 15 seconds, pulling up on a high bar from hanging "legs together", running 60 m, climbing vertical rope without the help of legs, flexion and extension of the trunk from a prone position, arms behind the head, exercise on a sports horse. For competitive practice, one-leg swings, circles with the right and left legs, forward and backward, crossings - forward and backward are used. An important element are dismounts. Exercises are evaluated on a 10-point scale, minus penalty points (touch - 0.5 points, stop - 1 point).
8. Raising the legs to the arms in the hanging position and rotational movements with one or two legs.
9. Movements with a wide amplitude with a dumbbell weighing 1.5–4 kg or a hammer.
10. Squeezing or pushing the kettlebell by hand.
11. Weight squeezing own body out of focus on the hand.

2.4. Exercises to train speed of movement

1. Strikes at the target while standing still with maximum starting speed, avoiding pre-signals and additional movements.
2. Strikes the target with a short step forward and lunge (jump and lunge), achieving the maximum frequency of the legs and the continuity of the general forward movement.
3. Strikes ahead of the opponent while holding the checker in the left hand, in the position on the side. On command, everyone gets confused to grab their hilt with their right hand and strike at the opponent's hand.
4. Attacks by transferring a blow to the opening sector of the partner.
5. Reply with a blow to the openable sector after a preparatory retreat.
6. With linear attacks of the enemy, make volts to the left or right, with a further counterattack.
7. When attacking the opponent in the side or head, make rebounds into a deep squat, followed by jumping out and counterattacking.
8. Working out the avoidance of oblique strikes by the opponent's saber, by means of a shoulder punch.
9. Tears off the legs, abdomen, head in case of superficial impacts. Initially, they work at a medium speed, gradually increasing the speed of the movements.
10. Hitting a flying object. The partner throws balls that are hit, or the balls roll on the floor.
11. Chopping a hanging thread with a saber.
12. Chopping with a checker leaves, which are pre-stacked on warhead blade and thrown up.

Each ORU begins with a certain starting position, so the main starting points should be clear to students, correctly understood and implemented. Special attention should be paid to the fact that the basic starting positions of the exercises are strictly followed, since only the correct execution of the exercise will give the highest physiological effect. Even the smallest mistakes make the exercise easier and less effective. Therefore, it is very important from the first steps of training to constant and strict control when performing exercises from the beginning of the movement to its end. Only in this case, students will acquire the necessary posture, coordination of movements and relieve themselves of the harmful tendencies encountered in performing the exercises somehow. With junior schoolchildren, before starting to perform the ORU complexes, it is necessary to master the basic starting positions and movements of the arms, legs, trunk. Each starting position must be performed with a delay of 3-4 s. During a stop in such

the initial positions, it is necessary to check and clarify the adopted position. To consolidate the main provisions, you can give homework assignments with a recommendation to perform them in front of the mirror.

End of work -

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PZO Methodology for teaching gymnastics at school

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Technique completed

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When mastering the jump, you can use all the lead-up exercises that were used when learning to jump with legs apart through a goat in width, then repeat the following exercises: 1. Jump

Typical mistakes
1. Relatively low swing (after pushing against the bridge, the legs do not rise above the horse's body). 2. Push with hands under oneself (instead of a locking push with hands, a raking

Sequence of training.
1. Leap in the way of "stepping over" over the gymnastic bench. 2. From a saddle on a horse on the right hip, lean your hands behind and, swinging your legs forward and to the right, jump off

Sequence of training.
1. Perform on the floor the position of the crouch position and the emphasis on the knees. 2. The same, but on gymnastic benches, placed parallel to each other. Pupils of 5-8 people you

Climbing the gymnastic wall
Technique of execution On the gymnastic wall, as well as on the gymnastic benches, climbing up and down is performed with the same name (Fig. 116, a) and different names

Sequence of training.
1. Standing sideways to gymnastic bench, rest your hands on its edges, alternately put your feet on the bench at close range while kneeling and, alternately shifting your legs to the other side with

Visi standing
1. Hang standing on bent arms (Fig. 120). Put your hands at shoulder level

Vis (simple)
1. Vis (fig. 129). The arms, torso and legs are in a straight line. In the hanging position, keep the body straight, the muscles of the shoulder girdle are moderately tense, the stomach is tucked up. Vna

Rope climbing on bent arms with cross-legged grip
Execution technique. Hanging on bent arms, bend your legs forward and grab the rope with your legs crossed so that the outer side of the foot of one leg and inner side shins other

Hanging and support exercises
1.Vis - hanging by bending the legs - hanging. Run 5-6 times. 2. Hanging on bent arms - lowering to hanging for 6-8 s. Run 2-3 times. 3. Hanging pull-up (boys).

Rope climbing in three steps
Technique of execution. The first technique is from a hang while standing, bending your legs, pull your knees to your chest and grab the rope with lifts of your legs crosswise and with your knees (Fig. 144, a, b); second reception - ra

Climbing over a log with a height of 1 m
Execution technique. In general, it is similar to the technique of climbing over a log with a height of 90 cm (class III). However, from the emphasis, the pe-rems should be done not point-to-point out, but immediately point-to-point, legs apart one

Overcoming obstacles
The learning objective is to teach children how to use the learned climbing techniques in more difficult conditions. To solve this problem, the height of the projectile increases, and those

Hangs and stops
Hanging bent over (Fig. 147) is performed on the crossbar, uneven bars, rings. The body is bent at the hip joints at an angle of 50-70 °, the back is rounded, the head is slightly tilted towards

On the gymnastic bench
1. Lying in a stupor, hands on the bench, flexion and extension of the Hands (boys - 8-10 times, girls - 5-6 times). 2.In

Emphasis on the hands
Execution technique. The body is kept straight without sagging in shoulder joints... Hands slightly bent in elbow joints, clasp the poles, leaning on them preim

1. At the ends of the poles with a jump, stop and movement to the middle of the bars - 3.0 points. 2. Swinging the legs forward, sitting the legs apart - 2.0 points. 3. By swinging the right ce

Hanging lying legs apart (on horseback)
Technique of execution.Vis lying legs apart can be performed in various ways, but taking into account the sequence of training, it is advisable to use the students' motor

Sequence of training.
1. From a hang on a gymnastic wall, raising straight legs higher (2-3 times). 2. From a hang, standing with your back to the gymnastic wall by pushing one and swinging the other, raise your legs up

Sequence of training.
1.Repeat the position of the rest on the hands. 2. Swinging on the forearms. 3. Swinging in support on the hands with a gradual increase in amplitude.

Sequence of training.
1. Support lying and lying behind, hands on the floor, legs on the gymnastic bench. 2. Swinging in the support on the forearms and dismounting with a swing backward into the bars. 3. Will repeat

Sequence of training.
1.Waving in support with a gradual increase in the amplitude of swings and dismount with a swing backward into the bars. 2. Swinging in support with raising the legs on a swing back and bringing them together

Sequence of training.
1. From the hang while standing, push with two to take the hang on the left (right) outside. 2. Hanging swing on one outside. Swing amplitude is achieved by swinging the free leg. 3.

Sequence of training.
1. On the middle bar, repeat the lift on one foot in support, apart from the outside. 2.

Sequence of training.
1.From the support sitting behind with your back to the gymnastic bench with bent arms, go to the support lying behind (repeat 2-3 times).

From swinging in support, flexion and extension of the arms
Technique of execution.Exercise is performed both on a swing forward, and on a swing back. The last option is more difficult. Therefore, it is advisable to start mastering the syllabus with students of the 9th grade.

Test lesson combination
1.At the ends of the poles, jump a stop and one with temporary jerks of the hands to move forward to the racks - 1.0 point. 2. Drop down on the forearms and swing

Sequence of training
1. On the floor, repeat the headstand by force (IX grade). 2. From gray legs apart, forward somersault to gray legs apart. Pay attention to the first half of the roll (shoulder support

Test lesson combination
1. From swinging in an emphasis on the hands, lifting with a swing forward in the gray legs apart - 2.5 points. 2. Jump inward with an angle stop (hold) - 1.0 point. 3. Swing naza

From the support, bending over on the arms, lifting the legs apart in the gray
Technique of execution.From swinging in support on the hands with a swing forward, take a position close to a stand on the shoulder blades. Then bend, bringing your legs closer to your chest, and slightly lowering your pelvis, n

Sequence of training
1.From the support, bending on the mat, extension of the body to a position close to the stand on the shoulder blades and return to and. p. 2. From the support on the hands on the uneven bars, by force or with a swing, lifting the sog

Test lesson combination
1. From swinging in the support on the hands with a swing forward, the support is bent on the arms and lifting with the legs apart in the gray - 3.0 points. 2. Swing inward and angle stop (holding

Bending over from support squatting on one leg
on n / f swing the other backwards Technique of execution. From balance, tilting the body forward and holding

Educational programs
Hanging rope climbing on bent arms, gripping the rope with feet Technique of execution In hanging on bent arms (see Fig. Frame 1), bend

From the support, bent over on the arms, lifting with the kip to the gray legs apart on the uneven bars
Technique of execution. From swinging in support on the hands, swing forward to take a position close to the stand on the shoulder blades (frame 1). Then bend down, bringing your legs closer to your chest, and, slightly lowering

Combination for improvement and test lesson
Standing on the right, left back (up to 30 °), arms to the sides, eyes closed (5 s) - opening the eyes, moving on toes to the middle of the log - stopping, turning around with steps - standing on the left

Combination for improvement and test lesson
I. p. - leg stand apart from the right, arms to the sides. With a left step, go down on your right knee, hands up - you-

Combination for improvement and test lesson
I. p. - stand on the left, right back (up to 45 °), arms up. Three to four quick steps on toes, arms out to the sides and lunge with the right - straightening, turning in a circle into a lunge on the left

Combination for improvement and test lesson
I. p. - right stand in front of the left, hands up. 1. Two side steps from the left leg - 1.0 points. 2. Two side steps from the right leg - 1.0 points. 3. Step n

Combination for improvement and test lesson
I. p. - standing longitudinally at the right third of the log. 1. Point-to-point jump, right side to toe - 1.0 point. 2. Turning to the left, stand on the right knee, ru

Combination for improvement and test lesson
I. p. - stand longitudinally in front of the log at the right end. 1. With a takeoff run with one stroke and with a push with the other, the emphasis squatting - 2.5 points. 2. Getting up, turn left at the station

Combination for improvement and test lesson
I. p. - standing at an angle to the log with the left side. 1. With an oblique takeoff run, pushing two leaps to the point of crouching down, the left one in front - 2.0 points. 2. Stand up, arms out to the sides -

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION (SSE)

CHELYABINSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL COLLEGE № 2

"General developmental exercises in the preschool educational institution"
Control work on the course

"Methodology of physical education and development of children"

Performed -

Filinskikh Tatiana Sergeevna

OZO, Course VI, group 602

Chelyabinsk 2011

Introduction.

1. Characteristics of the features of general developmental exercises, the value for the development of the child.

2. The main starting points for general developmental exercises.

3. Rules for recording general developmental exercises.

4. Methodology for conducting general developmental exercises in

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

1. Characteristics of the features of general developmental exercises, the value for the development of the child.

General developmental exercises occupy a significant place in common system physical education of children preschool age and are necessary for the timely development of the body, conscious control of movements, are a means for strengthening and developing the body. General developmental exercises in kindergarten used in physical education, in morning exercises, during physical education, in combination with hardening procedures, at children's parties. Correct exercise affects the physical development of children.

General developmental exercises - specially designed movements for the arms, legs, trunk, neck and other parts of the body that can be performed with different muscle tension, different speed, amplitude, in different rhythm and tempo1.

General developmental exercises develop the child's motor, mental qualities, prepare him for mastering complex actions, develop muscle strength, speed muscle contractions, joint mobility, form the correct posture. General developmental exercises have a number of peculiarities: they are precisely dosed, and can be used in various variants and combinations. This provides a selective effect on certain muscle groups and on certain body systems. Most of the exercises are simple in structure and consist of elements that can be performed separately. As a result of the systematic repetition of general developmental exercises, a kind of fund of motor experience is created, motor qualities and the abilities necessary both in life practice and for the formation of complex gymnastic skills. Along with the influence on the formation of the musculoskeletal system, general developmental

Exercise is an excellent tool for developing the respiratory system, because each complex includes exercises that strengthen the diaphragm - the main respiratory muscle, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, which promote deeper breathing.

Active breathing, i.e. the exchange of gases in the lungs is of particular importance for the child's body. The intensity of oxidative processes in the tissues of the child is higher, so he needs more oxygen. The child can hardly tolerate oxygen starvation (hypoxemia), because a significant amount of energy is spent on tissue growth and development. With general developmental exercises, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are trained. As a result, children have better excursions. chest, the vital capacity of the lungs increases, breathing becomes less frequent and deeper.

A clear rhythm, a strict dosage, a periodic increase and decrease in the load in general developmental exercises help to strengthen the heart muscle, increase the stroke volume of the heart, and improve the rhythm of contractions.

Exercise provides great attention for development nervous system... The speed of reaction, coordination, conscious mastery of movements are also important for the mental development of children. As a rule, general developmental exercises are performed in a team, which contributes to the development of organization and discipline in children.

Movements become more perfect when performed to the accompaniment of music. Music affects the emotions of children, creates a certain mood in them, affects the expressiveness of children's movements. Music can promote a greater range of motion, or, conversely, cause their restraint, clarity in performance. Such a variety of performance of movements, depending on the nature of the piece of music, affects their improvement. Movements become

Relaxed, coordinated, rhythmic, correctly reflecting the character of the piece of music.

2. The main starting points for general developmental exercises.

The positions of the body, arms, legs before starting the exercise are called initial positions. They are essential for the performance of the exercise, the stability of the body, the load on individual muscle groups, the amplitude of movement, and its clarity depend on them. Changing the starting position leads to a restructuring of the movement structure. In general developmental exercises for preschoolers, starting positions for the torso are used - standing, sitting, lying on your back, on your stomach, on your side, standing on one, two knees, on all fours, and squatting and various starting positions for arms and legs.

Leg position2

The main stance - heels together, socks apart, the position of the hands can be different - is used as an organizing moment before and after the exercises in the middle and senior groups;

Stand with feet closed - socks and heels together;

Standing legs slightly apart (to the width of the feet) is most appropriate for preschoolers, because provides stability;

Stand feet apart - legs apart shoulder-width apart, step;

The leg stance is wider than the shoulders - the legs are wide apart, the toes are slightly unfolded;

Stand feet apart, right (left) in front - feet about the width of a foot, a step, toes are slightly unfolded;

Kneeling stand - knees, shins and socks rest on the floor with their entire length, socks are extended, arms down;

Stance on the knees - the body rests on the hands and feet, bent at the knees, knees, shins and socks rest on the floor in their entire length, the socks are extended, the head is forward.

Hand position3

Hands forward - straight arms raised to the height and width of the shoulders, fingers closed, palms facing each other;

Hands up - straight arms are raised upward shoulder-width apart and laid back to failure, palms facing inward;

Hands to the sides - straight arms raised to shoulder height, slightly laid back, palms facing down;

Hands on the belt - hands rest on the comb ilium with four fingers forward, elbows and shoulders pulled back so that the shoulder blades remain in their normal position;

Hands back - straight arms laid back to failure shoulder-width apart, palms inward;

Hands in front of the chest - arms bent at the elbows are raised so that the hands are a continuation of the forearm, palms facing downward, elbows at shoulder height;

Hands behind the head - bent arms are positioned so that the fingers touch the back of the head, elbows are laid back, palms are facing forward;

Hands to the shoulders - the arms bent at the elbows touch the middle of the shoulders laid back with the fingers, the elbows at the body;

Hands in front of the chest - bent arms are at shoulder height, one forearm above the other, hands bent into a fist.

Sitting starting positions 4.

Sitting legs forward - sitting, legs are straight closed, toes are pulled, slightly unfolded;

Sitting legs apart - legs are straight apart by 30-40, socks are pulled, slightly unfolded;

Sitting legs are closed - legs are bent at the knees, closed, feet are on the floor;

Sitting in Turkish style - legs are bent at the knees, one in front of the other;

Sitting on the heels - the legs and toes rest on the floor, the toes are turned inward, the buttocks are on the heels, the torso is upright.

Initial lying positions 5.

Lying on your back - legs are straight, closed, toes are slightly turned, arms are along the body, palms down, torso is straight;

Lying on your stomach - legs are straight closed, arms bent at the elbows, palms (one on top of the other) in front of you on the floor;

Lying on the right (left) side is a position with support on one side, legs are straight, arms are usually extended upward.

3. Rules for recording general developmental exercises.

When recording a separate exercise, you must indicate its name (if any), starting position (for the trunk, legs, arms), the name of the movement, its direction and final position.

Starting position is written in abbreviated form - and. etc., the numbers indicate the account.
For example: "Stretching the rubber".

I. p.: Narrow stand of the legs apart, hands in front of the chest. 1 - arms to the sides; 2 - and. NS.

For brevity, it is customary to omit some positions, movements and their details. The following words are omitted: trunk - when bending; leg - when it is put on the toe, palms inward - in the position of the hand down, forward, backward, up; palms down - in the position of the hands to the sides, to the left (right); pull the socks (sock) to raise, lower to set - when moving with legs, arms; forward, in front - when indicating the direction, if performed by the shortest, only possible way; bending over - if the execution technique predetermines this position; top grip - as the most common; arcs forward - if the arms are raised or lowered forward. The path of the arms (legs) and trunk is indicated only in cases where the movement is not performed by the shortest path. The starting position is indicated only at the beginning of the exercise. The positions of the legs, socks, hands, palms are not recorded, if the initial position of the legs is the main stand, and the position of the hands is different, then only the position of the hands is indicated (for example, hands on the belt). If the initial position of the hands is the main stance, and the legs are different, then only the position of the legs is indicated (for example, "stance - legs apart").

The recording rules must be followed regardless of the age group in which the teacher draws up a plan-summary of physical education classes, morning exercises.

Some terms are written in abbreviated form: the main stance is about. with; right hand(leg) - ex. hand (leg). When recording several movements performed simultaneously, first indicate the main movement (trunk, legs), then the rest (bending the right, tilt to the left, arms up). Several movements performed non-simultaneously (at least for one count) are recorded in the sequence in which they occur. If the movement is combined with another not throughout, but is performed in one piece, it is necessary to write down the elements one after the other, connecting by union and (tilt, bending, arms to the sides and turn of the head to the right). If the movements are performed simultaneously, then the preposition c should be used (tilt, bending, arms to the sides with head turning to the right). When the movement is performed not in the usual style (abruptly, swiftly, relaxed, softly, smoothly, etc.), then this should be reflected in the recording (for example, arms smoothly to the sides, hands relaxed).

4. Methodology for conducting general developmental exercises in the younger group.

The organization of children for general developmental exercises has a significant educational value. Children learn to quickly respond to instructions, commands from the teacher, to navigate in space. For exercise, it is easier for babies to stand in a circle. The collection and distribution of benefits should be done very quickly. The teacher prepares manuals in advance, sometimes the teacher himself distributes objects. Kids are taught to use the manuals: they show where they lie, how to take them, hold them. In working with children, the complex application of visual, verbal and practical methods and techniques of teaching is especially pronounced. Children need a consistent role model. Verbal methods are aimed at enhancing the action of the show, to achieve brightness and convincingness of the image. All exercises are learned only in the process of repeated repetition, each exercise is repeated in its entirety unchanged.

First, the teacher names the exercise, then checks the children's readiness, suggests taking the desired starting position, while resorting to figurative comparisons. Then the exercise is shown, simultaneously explained by the teacher and immediately performed by the children. The teacher needs to strive for maximum expressiveness. Distinctive feature is that it is holistic. At the same time, no explanation is given on how to hold hands, legs, back. The kid does not understand the general instructions, therefore, each child should be consulted more often. Visual reference points help to perform the exercise correctly.

The teacher often gives directions as the exercises are done. They activate children, are important for the development of spatial orientations, prepare for conscious self-fulfillment movements. The instructions during the exercises also serve to develop a sense of rhythm and pace in children, and help to start and end exercises at the same time. The teacher uses the assessment for each exercise.

For the most part, it is individual and positive, regardless of how the child performed the exercises.

Conclusion.

General developmental exercises are aimed at developing coordination abilities, flexibility and mobility in the joints, strengthening individual muscles or their groups, the insufficient development of which interferes with mastering the perfect running technique. In the preparatory part training session ORUs are used to warm up muscles and prepare the body for the upcoming work. And in the main part, with repeated or interval training methods, when the load is performed in series, they serve as a means of active rest. In the final part, they contribute to better recovery after the work done and are applied locally to strengthen and develop individual muscles.

The implementation of a variety of RPM improves coordination abilities, forms certain skills and helps to quickly master complex forms sports equipment... At the same time, it is necessary to select exercises and methods of their implementation in such a way that, without a significant increase muscle mass develop the ability and skills to control your muscles

Distinctive features of the outdoor switchgear:

They have a relatively isolated effect on individual parts of the body and muscle groups.

Allows you to easily adjust the load.

Bibliography:

Kuznetsov V.A. Gymnastics in the system of physical education. - M .: SGIFK, 1974.- P.259

Smirnova L.A. General developmental exercises for younger schoolchildren. - M .: Vlados, 2003. - P.121

Zaletaev I.P., Polievsky S.A. General developmental exercises.- M., 2002.- p. 56

Butsinskaya P.P., Vasyukova V.I., Leskova G.P. General developmental exercises in kindergarten. - M., 1991

L.P. Matveev Theory and methodology of physical culture.- M., 1991.- P.49

The program of education and training in kindergarten. - M., 1998

- hopeless situation... Sailing tactics term. The position of the yacht heading down-hauled behind another yacht when the yachts are close to each other. The position is called hopeless, because on the leeward side of the heading line of the forward yacht there is always a "wind shadow" from the sail, and behind and slightly in the wind there is a deflected and disturbed air flow, at which the speed of the rear yacht also decreases.
- unsupported position... The position of the athlete's body in flight without support on the surface of the ground, floor, projectile, etc.
- sideways position... The position of the gymnast with the right or left side in relation to the apparatus.
- offside"... Violation of the rules of the competition by the attackers (attackers) in team sports games (water polo, football, hockey, etc.) when they are in the wrong position in front of the opponent's goal - behind the defense line or the zone line.
- off-carpet position... The position of the wrestler in the scrum when he goes beyond the boundary of the working area of ​​the mat. In a standing position "off the mat" is considered when the wrestler goes beyond the edge of the mat with one foot. In the stalls (Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling), the position "outside the mat" is considered when the head crosses the border of the carpet, in the prone position (sambo and judo) - when half of the body is outside the border of the carpet.
- artificial offside... A tactical way of interaction of a group of defending players (in football, field hockey, ball hockey), which consists in leaving one or more attackers in an offside position unexpectedly for the opponent by means of a quick advance. As a result of the reception, the attacking team loses the ball.
- starting position(etc.). The position of the arms, legs, torso agreed in advance before starting the movement, action, execution sports exercise.
- position kor-a-kor... Fencers touching any body parts in close combat.
- bow position... The I. p. Of the diver in the water in a handstand, taken by the athlete in order to create a rapid rotation in the appropriate direction when pushing off. When creating a backward rotation, it is necessary to stretch the muscles of the front surface of the body by preliminary retraction of the legs back (some bending of the body), when creating rotation forward - a stressful stretching of the muscles of the back of the body by preliminary flexion in the hip joints.
- dangerous situation... The position of the wrestler in the fight, into which he was transferred and in which he is held by the opponent. It is characteristic that the shoulder blades are close to touching the carpet (bridge, half-bridge, side, etc.). The term is used in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling.
- reference position... The position of the athlete's body based on the surface of the ground, floor, projectile, etc.
- position of the weapon in line... cm. straight arm.
- upright position of the weapon... Fragment of a swordsmen salute with a blade directed vertically upward, a guard at chin level.
- transverse position... The position at which the line shoulder girdle gymnast is perpendicular to the axis of the projectile.
- bending position... 1. The position of the body when it is bent or forms one line. 2. During vaults and sweeps - a straight or arched body facing the projectile.
- longitudinal position... The position in which the line of the gymnast's shoulder girdle is parallel to the axis of the apparatus.
- the position of the athlete's body in flight... In the flight phase, the body of an athlete (acrobat, gymnast, diving, trampoline) can be in three main positions: straight, bent over and in tuck. In a straight position, the trunk, knee and hip joints are straightened, the legs are connected; in a bent position, the body is bent at the hip joints, the legs are fully extended; in the grouping position, the body is bent at the hip and knee joints, the arms are wrapped around the lower legs, the knees are connected. In all cases, the socks are drawn.

Krasov L.I. Conquered immobility

For a patient who is constantly in bed, everything matters: whether the window is close, whether the room is well ventilated, whether there is sufficient illumination or whether the light hits the eyes, whether the radio is connected, how the TV is located, where is the bed, whether there are approaches to it from all sides. It is also important what the patient sleeps on, what he hides with. The color (and pattern) of the wallpaper is also not indifferent. It is known to affect well-being: red, for example, excites, blue - soothes.

Bed linen should be constantly dry and laid without folds(the bed sheet is attached with strings at the corners of the bed).

To protect the patient from bedsores and trophic ulcers, he needs turn and turn every 2-3 hours successively on the stomach, on the back. If it is impossible to turn it over completely, turn it alternately on one and the other side. At the same time, they wipe the skin with camphor alcohol (2-3 times a day) or do a general cold rubdown of the whole body (morning and evening), which serves as a good massage that disperses stagnant blood in the superficial veins of the paralyzed legs.

It is necessary to take special care of the skin of the paralyzed parts of the body, to reduce the pressure on the areas prone to pressure ulcers (sacral region, iliac crests, skin in the area of ​​the ischial tuberosities, greater trochanters, knee joints, tibial crests, ankles, heels). Under the bony protrusions, depending on the position of the patient, special pads or "bagels" are placed, filled with flax seed or husk, so that there is no squeezing of soft tissues between the bony protrusion and the hard bed (this disrupts their blood circulation and nutrition).

Flaccid paralysis and paresis with various trophic and metabolic disorders lead to severe complications. Treatment begins with proper positioning of the trunk and paralyzed limbs. This is the so-called position treatment.

Experience has shown that a mattress stuffed with husks remaining after grain processing is hygienic, comfortable and perfectly guarantees against pressure sores. Another option: two ordinary mattresses are folded so that a gap is formed between them, which should coincide with areas of the body that are especially prone to bedsores (pelvic region, sacrum). This will help to treat pressure ulcers that have already formed and will create convenience for the drainage tube from the bladder, as well as greatly facilitate hygiene.

A small, flat pillow is placed under the head; you can do without it altogether.

The paralyzed limbs are given a slightly bent at the knee and hip joints, the middle position (preventing hyperextension of the knee joint and overstretching of the tendons back group thigh muscles) so that weakened muscles do not experience excessive stretching, and the joints do not undergo deformation. To do this, rolls 15-20-25 cm wide are placed under the lower back and knee joints - cotton-gauze or filled with flax seeds. In no case should the feet sag! They are fixed with a special box at right angles to the lower leg, in support with the entire plantar side and fingers. This ensures a neutral position in the ankle joint and an obstacle to turning in hip joint(fig. 2).

In the prone position, in order to increase the physiological curvature of the spine in the lumbar spine (lordosis) and relieve the damaged vertebral bodies, 1-2 pillows are placed under the chest. The rollers are moved from under the knees under the ankle joints so that the feet hang freely, not resting on the mattress with your fingers. The duration of such a situation depends on the patient's condition: in the first weeks - from 20 to 30 minutes, and as it improves - up to one hour.

Immediate continuation of "position treatment" - passive movements, helping to preserve the mobility of the joints, restore and maintain the patient's idea of ​​the normally performed movements.

To solve these problems, passive (with outside help) movements should be performed 2-3 times a day (carefully, smoothly, without jerking), in full. The number of repetitions is 10-20; if possible, the patient should be accompanied by their active attention, visual control, mental representation of the movement being performed.

Initially, the patient performs leg exercises with the participation of loved ones. Then, as it improves, the exercises become more independent, accessible. The patient himself can do a lot with healthy hands, starting with the simplest movements available to him in the proximal extremities.

At first, the distal parts are involved in passive movements - the joints of the fingers and feet, gradually connecting the proximal parts - the knee, hip. Special attention pay to the extension of the fingers, rotation and dorsiflexion of the feet (with raising their outer edge). Avoid plantar flexion of the sagging foot. In the knee (block) joint, only flexion and extension are possible, and the foot is fixed in the dorsiflexion position with the heel and fingers resting on the forearm of the person involved with the patient.

Movements in the hip (spherical) joint are carried out in all planes (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, pronation, supination and circular); helping the patient should press the head of the femur against the acetabulum.

Exercise 1. Starting position (ip) - lying on your back. On inhalation: with your hands, raise your hip bent in knee joint legs and press it tightly to the stomach. Hold your breath for 5-7 seconds. Then straighten your leg in I. p. (exhalation). Repeat 2-3 times with each leg and both legs together.

Exercise 2. I. p. - too. Slow, careful rotation of the leg, bent at the knee joint and pressed to the body, in one direction and the other. Breathing is arbitrary (4-5 times).

Attention! Until active movements in the hip joint appear, these exercises are performed carefully, pressing the head of the femur to the articular surface of the acetabulum so that the joint (articular bag, ligamentous apparatus) does not loosen and the habitual dislocation does not develop, since the tendons of the paralyzed muscles cannot provide them fortress.

Exercise 3. I. p. - lying on your back with your legs bent at the knee joint. Hold each leg separately and both together from falling, slightly holding the lower leg. This exercise is aimed at training the adductors of the thigh. Duration - 1 minute.

Exercise 4. I. p. - too. Bend both knees to one side at the same time, then to the other - training the abductors and adductors of the thigh (6-7 times).

Exercise 5. I. p. - too. Pull the bent leg towards you, straighten the lower leg and fix it in the raised (straightened) position, preventing it from bending. To do this, you need to strain the quadriceps muscle of the thigh - the main muscle that keeps the knee joint from bending (5-6 times).

It is enough to contract this one muscle to start standing and walking without fixing orthopedic devices. It is useful to know that one of its head is thrown over the hip joint and is attached in the pelvic region, and the other three - on the thigh: together they form one tendon, in which the patella is located, are attached to the upper third of the tibia, fixing the knee joint. Raising (bending) the hip, they participate in walking.

Exercise 6. I. p. - lying on your back. Try to contract the quadriceps femoris muscle (patella play). Perform constantly throughout the day.

Exercise 7. I. p. - lying on your back or on your stomach, alternately pull up straight legs (due to movements in the pelvic area), imitating walking in place, contracting and relaxing the muscles of the perineum. Breathing is arbitrary. Several times a day for 1-2 minutes.

Passive-active exercises and self-massage of the legs eliminate stagnation in the muscles and somewhat revive the urine separation, which is of no small importance for patients with pelvic organ damage. Don't forget about breathing, remembering that physical exercises without proper breathing they are worth nothing.

"Therapeutic position", passive movements and massage are just preparation for active movements playing a crucial role in recovery. It is necessary to start with the most elementary, simple tilts, turns and rotation of the head. Then - turns, stretches, torso bends and soft lateral movements in the spine.

Thus, alternately moving the upper half of the body (with motionless legs and pelvic region), as well as with soft lateral movements in the spine with traction by the legs, I set the dislocated vertebra (this happened on the third night! The proof of this is my straight back with a crooked postoperative suture on her).

Exercise 1. I. p. - lying on your back. Throw back your head as much as possible, bend in the chest part, looking at the headboard - inhale. Hold the breath. Take the head over, pressing the chin to the chest, - prolonged exhalation (3-4 times).

Exercise 2. I. p. - the same, but grab the headboard with your hands (to enhance the movement). Bend harder, holding yourself for a few seconds in this position. Then complete relaxation (2-3 times).

Exercise 3. I. p. - too. Stretching your hand up as much as possible and slightly tearing off the scapula from the bed, try to get something (an imaginary object) above you, as it were. You can hang an apple, a tangerine - an element of the game for more incentive. The benefits are undeniable (4-5 times).

Exercise 4. I. p. - too. Try to reach with your hand on the opposite shoulder, headboard, knee, etc. (3-4 times).

Exercise 5. I. p. - lying on your back or stomach. Hands slide along the body: one is pulled up to the shoulder, the other is lowered along the opposite thigh, to the knee. And vice versa. Breathing is arbitrary (5-7 times).

Exercise 6. I. p. - lying on your back. Imitation of walking - lying down, resting your feet on a soft roller. Exercise helps to restore normal spinal mobility.

As soon as the acute and under the acute periods pass, it is required to diversify, complicate and strengthen independent gymnastics for the trunk in various starting positions: lying on its side, on the chest, kneeling.

Strengthen active gymnastics it is possible with the help of small dumbbells (1.5-3 kg), rubber bandages and medicine balls (suspended). However, they should be used in the second half of the day, when the whole body has worked and is ready for increased muscle load. In active gymnastics, training of all muscles is important, but exercises for the torso - the muscles of the back and abdominal muscles - dominate, because they give correct posture, hold the spine, prevent it from curvature and pain, and restore correct position and the function of internal organs.

Exercise 1. I. p. - lying on your stomach, face down. Arms bent at the elbows, resting on the forearms, palms at chest level - preliminary inhalation. On a held breath, raise your head, shoulders, squeeze upper part torso, bend in the thoracic spine, without lifting the belly (navel) from the bed ("cobra"). Look up (10-20 seconds). Slowly descend - prolonged exhalation, relax (2-3 times) - fig. 3.

Rice. 3

Option: the same, but with a turn of the head and body (side "cobra") to one side and the other. Breathe in the same way. Look over the shoulder back to the opposite heel (when lifting and turning the body to the left left hand remains in focus on the forearm, the right one straightens, while the body rises and turns to the left). (2-3 times in each direction). Exercise helps to treat and prevent stoop and other curvature of the spine in the thoracic region, improve posture.

Exercise 2. I. p. - lying on your stomach. While inhaling, bend your knees, grab your ankles with your hands and, raising your head, shoulders, unbending your hips and straining your arms, bend your back like a stretched bow. Hold your breath as much as possible, but not, overpowering yourself, then exhale slowly and relax (2-4 times) - fig. 4.

Rice. 4.

Option: when the body bends in an arc, swing on the stomach ("rocking chair") back and forth, from side to side (while the stomach, bladder and intestines should be empty). Duration - from 30 seconds to 1 minute. In addition to developing the correct posture, this exercise serves as an excellent massage of the abdomen (muscles and viscera), stimulates the activity of the abdominal organs, reduces the fatty deposits of the abdominal wall, congestion in the internal organs.

Exercise 3. "Wrestling bridge" "I. p. - lying on your back, placing and pressing the legs bent at the knees (drawing the heels to the buttocks). Using your hands, slowly raise the body, bending over, standing on your hands and leaning on your head (hands insure at first), slightly leaning forward until the forehead touches the bed, then back - with support on the back of the head. Hands can be brought behind the head or grabbed the headboard. rolling "turn your head left and right. In the same order, return to the SP. Remain in this position for 10-20 seconds with sufficient rest between the" bridges ". Breathe evenly, belly (2-3 times) - Fig. 5.

The proposed exercises help to restore the lost mobility of the spine, maintain its elasticity and prevent early ossification, various pathological curvatures. Each vertebra separately, the entire spinal column, its ligaments and muscles are evenly stretched and massaged. This ensures an abundant flow of blood to the spine, deep and superficial muscles responsible for its condition. The spinal canal expands, relieves from compression spinal cord, the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid improves. The debilitating and exhausting back and lumbar pains are eliminated or relieved. Painful phenomena in the muscles such as myositis finally disappear.

It is not recommended to sit down during this period in order not to additionally deform the bodies of the broken, crumpled vertebrae. You should sit down no earlier than 6 months after the injury, but gradually and for a very short time. It is especially harmful to sit and move a lot in wheelchair... It is better to exercise more, crawl, walk in the arena, swim (if possible) and rest, lying on your stomach, placing 1-2 pillows under your chest. In this position, the entire ligamentous-muscular system of the spine comes to a state of relative relaxation. So you can eat, read, write, work, etc.

Getting up and restoring walking only due to the vicarious muscles (muscles replacing the paralyzed ones) is a difficult, but with perseverance, a completely feasible task. However, the effect is achieved only with a certain sequence of classes, the clarity of the tasks at each stage of rehabilitation treatment.

The first stage is the training of healthy muscles of the shoulder girdle and border areas, the muscles of the trunk, including the affected ones. It is important to speed up the activation and shorten the period of subsequent getting up and learning to walk. For the development of the supporting function, it is advisable to put the patient as early as possible, first on his knees with support on the forearms, then on straight arms, until he finally straightens the body, holding his hands on the bed bars. It is necessary to start exercises for the trunk on time: turns, bends, flexions and extensions.

The second stage is learning to crawl back and forth in bed, then on the floor (certainly with soft knees). Turns are useful - an added step in one direction and the other. This is a mandatory stage of rehabilitation. Exercise builds muscle strength and mobility of the hip joints, and teaches how to control movements. Walking skills are acquired, and the muscles that will be trained are the ones that will be needed when the patient gets to his feet and begins to learn to walk.

So, first crawl, swim, then stand and walk. All stages of the movement, the order in which they follow, must be strictly observed. Before moving on to finely coordinated movements, walking (often overcoming fear and inevitable difficulties), one must acquire the ability to maintain an upright posture for a long time, to maintain balance.

Preparation for lifting to feet includes training orthostatic reactions, since the body is detrained, there is a large load on the vessels (brain, heart) when moving to an upright position (blood supply to the upper half of the body is depleted). It is not by chance that it is recommended to start as early as possible to activate the hemodynamic functions, to strengthen the mechanisms of balance, exercising on a special rotating table, with varying degrees of fixation of the trunk and legs. Training sessions begin with an inclination of 20 ° - 30 ° for 10 minutes (once or twice a day), gradually, over 15-20 days, increasing it to vertical (90 °). In this case, the duration of the procedure can reach one hour. It is recommended to fit a table in front of the patient for reading, writing, work, eating, devices for performing various exercises available to him for the arms, shoulder girdle, trunk in combination with orthostatic load and breathing exercises in this initial position.

As you relax the attachment belts and straps, set yourself the task of further expanding and complicating the exercises for the trunk and legs: stomping in place, transferring the weight of the body from one leg to the other, opening and closing the knee joint. This type of training has a beneficial effect on the trophism of the limbs.

The same rotating table can be easily turned into an inclined plane (for the upside down posture), which changes the conditions of blood circulation, leads to increased blood flow to the brain and heart. Of course, this is contraindicated for high blood pressure, glaucoma, myopia up to 8-9 diopters.

Training in the most lightweight conditions is most favorable for identifying the first active movements in paralyzed limbs. This is achieved by eliminating the patient's own weight, the severity of his motionless legs, removing the friction forces during movements, choosing the optimal starting positions, using the laws of inertia and the necessary preliminary stretching of the working muscles.

That is why swimming in the pool is so useful (the lifting force of the water and its elastic qualities help) when standing, walking and exercises with legs afloat. In short, it is important to follow the principle - to swim before walking. These are exercises performed on a sliding plane (ebonite + talcum powder) or a platform on casters, when balancing one leg or both legs at once on special block devices together with suspensions, hammocks and blocks, as well as rubber bandages, harnesses, springs. Suspension and elastic systems allow you to detect your own isolated movements in incompletely paralyzed muscles (flexion, extension, abduction, etc.).

The main goal of all these exercises is to remove the load from the paralyzed muscles as much as possible (creating lightened conditions), identify the first movements in the partially paralyzed muscles and begin their training for strength and endurance. In addition, such assistive devices and devices expand independence in the classroom, facilitating the care of loved ones and the work of the methodologist.

The patient should try to perform each exercise independently or with the participation of a methodologist, who is only required to complete it with the maximum range of motion. As you gain muscle strength stepwise exercises should be done - with the partially paralyzed leg held at a certain level during its movement. Each of them is worked out separately, for a long time and persistently.

In the arsenal of rehabilitation tools, one of the most effective is the simplest block-kettlebell sets (or rubber bandages, but at the same time it is necessary to use special hammocks that hold the leg (Fig. 6, 7).

Rice. 6 Fig. 7

The recovery of movements is based on the full or partial balancing of the own weight of both the limb as a whole and its parts by a system of strictly metered counterweights, due to which the patient becomes an active participant in the treatment process, and the possibilities for restoration and compensation of lost functions increase significantly. A water dynamometer is also useful. It would seem child's play - to press with an incompletely paralyzed leg on a rubber bulb pressed against a solid wall and connected with a rubber tube to a water dynamometer. But in this way you can monitor the results of your efforts, and in the treatment there is a sense and purely sports interest. With the help of a block device and appropriately selected counterweights (or rubber shock absorbers), you can learn without outside help sit in bed and return to the original lying position. Also, with the help of wide comfortable straps, the patient can be balanced while sitting in bed, squatting, kneeling, without the danger of falling and additional injuries (Fig. 8).

Rice. eight

To restore and train the motor functions of partially paralyzed muscles of the trunk in an upright position, the apparatus proposed by me with balancing weights is used (author's certificate No. 208205, published on December 29, 1967) - Fig. nine.

Rice. nine

It has a special suspension system fixed in the middle part of the cable, thrown over two blocks with rolling bearings pressed into them. At the free ends of the cable there are weights that are selected so as to balance the body (a state similar to weightlessness is created). This is the starting position. Then, depending on the degree of injury, stage of the disease, fitness, muscle strength, they achieve a gradual increase in the load on the affected muscles, changing the amount of loads. It must be remembered that the appearance of the first active contractions with an increase in muscle strength is the result of slow but persistent work.

With the help of this design, putting on the harness belt, it is possible to stand upright without holding orthopedic devices (Fig. 10) and, without fear of falls, successfully perform a number of difficult movements for paralyzed movements: stepping in place, swinging a leg, turning, bending, lifting on toes , squats, etc. (fig. 11).

Rice. Fig. 10 eleven

Finally, the structure can be used as a gymnastic bar for hanging exercises, which are so necessary for the spine, muscles of the upper shoulder girdle and torso (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12

Remember: muscle strength can only increase as a result of vigorous exercise, when the practitioner moves parts of the body himself, without someone else's intervention. These exercises should be accessible, not too difficult or too easy, and be learned in strict sequence. Training in light conditions with a gradual increase in load is especially useful for the recovery of the affected muscles, since it does not cause fatigue, which adversely affects the physiological processes in muscle and nervous tissues.

To stand and walk with paresis and paralysis of the legs (muscle hypotonia), the only way out is prosthetics, which achieves the goal only with sufficiently reliable fixation of the joints of the lower extremities. When training the support function, one cannot do without various orthopedic devices that rigidly fix the knee joints.

This means lockless temporary sleeves, rear removable splints made of plaster or light plastic (polyethylene, etc.); splint-sleeve devices (splints - with locks in the knee joints); special shoes with a hard back (keeps the foot from sagging, relieving paresis of the dorsal flexors of the foot from the so-called stop-loss). Ankle joint and cuff on the upper third of the lower leg keep the loose, sagging foot so that it does not cling to the ground when walking. In splints or a corset, instead of a metal frame, inflatable tubes made of durable rubber can be used.

Corsets can be stationary (rigid) and temporary (lightweight). Stationary ones significantly limit the mobility of the spinal column, which, with constant and prolonged wearing, reduces the functional performance of the muscles of the back and abdomen, reduces their strength and general motor capabilities. It is preferable (in all cases) to create and maintain in shape your own muscle corset that prevents spinal deformities. Dosed and gradually increasing loads allow it.

When the paralyzed foot sags and falls, clinging when walking, orthopedic socks with elastic bands sewn into them along the back surface help. You can walk in them without shoes, swim, wear any non-orthopedic shoes (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13

Many people come up with individual adaptations and techniques to "revive" paralyzed and partially paralyzed muscles and develop walking skills. For more work on the quadriceps muscles of the thigh, I recommend the following training exercises.

1. Walk with loosely laced splints, opening the locks of one or both at once, so that the knee joints are grabbed by their own muscles.

2. For the same purpose, stand and walk in the arena with a knee-support - in small steps, taking short walks around the house (Fig. 14, 15).

Rice. Fig. 14 15

3. Standing to stomp in place in the knee support, periodically transferring the main load from one leg to the other. After 5-7 minutes, sit down for 3-5 minutes and get up again. Repeat 3-4 times a day.

4. Doing "weightless walking" in the water with a feeling of lightness in the body, free control over it.

5. Unload the spine and leg muscles from their own weight using the apparatus I have proposed.

6. When mastering the skills of walking without splints, use felt boots specially rolled above the knees, which partially replace fixation devices and orthopedic shoes, which is especially important in winter.

7. In summer, instead of rough, clumsy and heavy orthopedic shoes, you can wear soft, elastic sports shoes: boxers, wrestling shoes (with a hard back and high lacing).

Attention! When standing early without fixation devices, there is a danger of hyperextension of the leg in the knee joint (recurvation): Another danger: falling and stretching, damage to not yet strengthened muscles and their tendons, ligaments. It is easy to break a leg, if before that you had to lie in complete inactivity for a long time, without performing special exercises, without crawling, without rising to your feet.