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9.5.3.1. Special endurance training methods
The preparation of taekwondo athletes for the competition is combined with the development of special endurance. Indeed, at the level of the highest sportsmanship in the presence of sufficient technical and tactical readiness, one of the main tasks of training is to increase the working capacity of taekwondo athletes. The performance of athletes is ensured by increasing the number and improving the quality of training sessions, which create a certain load.
In the practice of taekwondo, conventional training methods are used to develop endurance. physical qualities, such as uniform, alternating, repetitive, interval, competition, play and round robin.
Variable method used to educate general and special endurance. This training method is characterized by continuous work performed at variable intensity at a maximum heart rate of 180 bpm.
The variable training method is more specific to the taekwondo fighting process itself. It has a versatile effect on athletes, as it forces them to perform part of the work in anaerobic conditions of muscular activity and influences the formation of the ability to sharply increase the intensity of the work performed.
As exercises, running with a periodic change in speed, sports games, battles with the task of taking spurts at certain periods of the battle are used.
The variable method is used at the end of the preparatory period as a means of upbringing general endurance, and in the competitive period - as a means of upbringing special endurance.
Repeated method used to prepare athletes to perform a training load of a certain volume and intensity. It is characterized by repetition of the same exercise at intervals of rest sufficient to restore performance.
In the preparatory period, first, separate two-minute and three-minute segments of the battle are used, then they are combined. The repetition of the loads received from carrying out full fights, as a result, further increases the efficiency of athletes.
Interval method used for the purpose of targeted increase in the special endurance of athletes. Just like the repetitive method, it is characterized by repetition of the same exercises, but with certain intervals of rest. Exercise in such cases has a training effect on athletes.
Athletes who are not yet ready to effectively conduct all rounds of the fight are advised to use shorter segments of the rounds, which, as their training grows, are lengthened to "normal" and, perhaps, are prolonged imperceptibly for the fighters.
If athletes (past preparation period training) fails to fight at a high pace, they use repetition of such segments of the fight, during which they can act at the right pace. This is done until the fighters are able to maintain the desired pace of the fight during the time stipulated by the competition rules.
Competitive method used to prepare athletes directly for the competition. This method is used due to the fact that in competitive conditions, heart rate often increases not only due to the physical load itself, but also due to mental stress. Therefore, to a certain extent, there is an addiction to the psychostressive condition of the duel, which reduces the load on the work of the heart.
9.6. The basics sports training as a means of functional training of a taekwondo fighter for competitionsIn the previous chapters, material was presented that allows you to organize effective training in technical and tactical actions and develop physical qualities without the threat of overdose. functional loads on the body of students.
However, no matter how much we care about maintaining health through the use of gentle training regimens, in sports taekwondo, most of the practitioners dream of achieving high athletic performance, which is associated with heavy loads on all functional systems of the body. Naturally, coaches are also "infected" with this idea. Therefore, before starting to prepare for competitions at a high sports level, it is necessary to master the basic principles of sports training both in order to optimize this process and in order to preserve the health of athletes.
Below is the material related to dispensing training loads presented to all functional systems of the body in order to achieve optimal functional conditions, which is often associated with the risk of overdose. Learning to be patient, "picking only ripe fruit" is the key to success in the field of highest sporting achievements.
Taekwondo training is a specialized process of all-round physical education aimed at achieving high sports results. The concept of "training" is very often identified with the concept of "training", which is nothing more than the directed use of the entire set of factors (means, methods and conditions) to ensure the optimal readiness of an athlete for competition.
Just as in training, general developmental and special exercises, exercises directly in battle, as well as the conditions in which athletes train (rest between exercises, activities that promote recovery: active rest, massage, etc.). The nature of the training means used, their orientation, as well as the content and result of training depend on the methods of their use. In contrast to the learning process, sports training is characterized by increased requirements for the volume and intensity of functional loads.
The total impact of the selected means of training an athlete is usually called load. The load largely depends on the volume, that is, the amount and duration of the use of training means and intensity, which is characterized by the magnitude of the efforts used by the athlete, and the frequency of these efforts.
The adaptive functions of the body are manifested in the fact that after fatigue and recovery, the athlete acquires the ability to perform a higher load. Under the influence of systematic training, increased efficiency occurs.
The peculiarity of the training load in taekwondo is its comprehensive effect on the athlete's body.
When evaluating the result of training, the terms "fitness", "fitness", "sports form" are used.
The training of a taekwondo fighter is understood as biological adaptive changes occurring in his body under the influence of training (an increase in the functional capabilities of the muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems of the body).
The concept of "readiness" includes everything that training gives a taekwondo fighter: physical, technical, tactical, theoretical and moral-volitional readiness.
The fitness and preparedness of taekwondo fighters under the influence of the work done are constantly changing and have a tendency to increase. Separate training cycles are formed in accordance with the competition calendar. In the cycles preceding the main competition, the best readiness for sporting achievements... This state is called sports form.
Modern combat is characterized by the actions of taekwondo fighters who defend opposing sporting interests, using a variety of techniques and tactics. The variety of situations that arise during the battle makes high demands on the general and special preparedness of the fighter.
Any dayang meeting can end in a matter of seconds or continue entirely. Taekwondo fights with athletes of different physical development, various technical and physical fitness.
Nevertheless, the trainer should be guided by general theoretical provisions. physical culture and sports.
In sports training, the following tasks are solved:
● health promotion and expansion of the functional capabilities of the trainees;
● reasonable development of physical qualities necessary in the competitive activity of a fighter;
● mastering the necessary minimum of technical and tactical actions;
● mastering special knowledge in the field of theory and methodology of training and related disciplines (physiology, medicine, psychology, etc.);
● bringing athletes to participate in regular competitions or in a series of competitions; education of moral and volitional qualities; instilling skills of self-control and personal hygiene.
Preparation of a good taekwondo master is a long-term creative process that involves attracting young men to taekwondo classes at an early age, ensuring their all-round development and sports longevity.
Principles of sports training
Sports training, like any other pedagogical process, is organized and carried out on the basis of general didactic principles. The process of teaching technique and tactics at the stage of mastering skills and developing the ability to apply these skills to solve sports problems in competitions is the content of training.
Taekwondo training contributes to the manifestation of all-round sports readiness by those involved.
The principle of achieving the unity of general and special physical fitness
A taekwondo fighter will not be able to achieve outstanding sports results if the level of his special and general physical fitness is not high enough. Taekwondo is one of the most complexly coordinated sports. It requires the athlete to display a variety of motor skills, skills and physical qualities. It is known that a person performs any motor act, based on the motor "connections" already mastered by him. Thus, the more he has a supply of conditioned reflex connections and the more skills he possesses, the more diverse his special motor activity will be.
General physical fitness, especially at the early stages of the formation of a taekwondo fighter, is precisely the foundation that allows you to create variety in the manifestation of motor skills and qualities necessary for an athlete in the process of his further growth. It will be a big and irreparable mistake if, in the process of training a beginner fighter, the trainer neglects the means of the general physical fitness, since with the help of only special exercises it is impossible to achieve an effective and versatile development of an athlete. He will be limited in performing complexly coordinated movements, because the created relationship of previously mastered forms of movements due to ignoring the means of general physical training will be small and will not contribute to the creation of new specialized skills and abilities in him.
An important place in determining the level of versatility in the general physical fitness of a taekwondo fighter, as well as in the process of its improvement, is taken by the program standards of general physical fitness (GPP). By requiring athletes to prepare and pass the general physical training standards, the coach thereby creates a base for their versatile physical development.
The relationship between general and special physical training contributes to the development of taekwondo mastery at all stages of his sports life... However, the tasks, content and focus of the general physical training of a fighter at each of the stages have their own characteristics.
In the early stages of a beginner taekwondo fighter's formation, the coach should strive to use as wide a range of different sports and individual means of general physical training as possible in order to diversify the motor and functional capabilities of the novice athlete's body. The widespread use of general physical training means at the early stage of the formation of a taekwondo athlete is also due to the fact that the "transfer" of training from general developmental exercises to special exercises during this period is quite high, since novice taekwondo fighters have not reached the "ceiling" in the development of their physical qualities. For example, playing basketball will not only contribute to the education of general speed, endurance, agility and other qualities, but also improve the indicators of special speed, endurance, dexterity, etc.
Thus, the "all-around" in the use of the means of general physical training is necessary condition creating the foundation for the versatile development of a novice taekwondo player.
However, as the qualifications and sportsmanship of a fighter grows, the volume, content and orientation of the means of general physical training should change. First of all, the volume of special and special preparatory exercises increases due to a decrease in the means of general physical training. And the means of general physical training in the way of performance and the nature of the efforts being developed are as close as possible to the special exercises of the taekwondo player. The need for the "specification" of the means of general physical training is caused by the fact that with the growth of the athlete's qualifications, the "transfer" of training from general exercises for special.
The principle of repetition and continuity training process
This principle requires constant training from the taekwondo player. necessary qualities during all his sports activity, excluding breaks in classes not substantiated by the logic of the pedagogical process. This is due to the fact that the changes that occur in an athlete under the influence of purposeful training, as a result of unjustifiably long breaks between classes "fade away". The most subtly specialized and late acquired connections that underlie motor skills and physical qualities fade out most rapidly. In this case, the training effect of training is minimized and with a longer break it can completely disappear.
The principle of repetition and continuity provides for the optimal alternation of training sessions and intervals of rest both in the lesson itself and between them, as well as stages and periods of training for a taekwondo fighter. The trainer needs to plan the training process in such a way that the intervals between sessions in a general orientation guarantee the recovery and growth of the fighter's working capacity. Consequently, the subsequent trainings should be carried out at the phase of recovery and overcompensation ("overrecovery") of the athlete's qualities.
However, periodically, especially at the stage of pre-competition training, the coach can conduct classes at the phase of partial underrecovery of his ward in order to present particularly high demands to his body and to receive, as a result, a powerful increase in working capacity during the subsequent rest. During such a "tough" training, endurance is developed and the athlete's body adapts to activities in a changed internal environment: oxygen starvation, changes in the blood reaction, etc.
One of the main features of the principle of repetition and continuity is that the training effect of each subsequent session is "superimposed" on the changes in the level of fitness that occurred as a result of the previous training.
Classes of various orientations (combat practice, improvement of technical and tactical skills, general physical fitness, etc.) and approximately equal loads have a different effect on the duration of recovery processes in taekwondo athletes, even with the same degree of their preparedness. So, after training in combat practice, a fighter needs more time to recover than after training to improve technical and tactical skills. After classes aimed at improving the athlete's endurance, a longer interval of rest is needed than after training aimed at developing speed qualities, etc.
To implement the principle of repetition and continuity, the trainer must methodologically reasonably choose the intervals and nature of rest, depending on the orientation of the lesson, the magnitude and characteristics of the load, the level of training of the taekwondo player, as well as the stage of his training.
During training sessions, the rest intervals can be different: from 1 to 20 minutes. and more. For example, after each 3-minute lesson to improve technical and tactical skills, the taekwondo fighter is given a minute (so-called "hard") rest, when the athlete's body is only partially restored. If the taekwondo fighter conducted difficult qualifying sparring in the classroom, then the rest can be up to 20 minutes. and more (the so-called "full" rest) and the fighter is fully restored. The duration of the optimal rest intervals between training sessions can also vary, but should not exceed 48 hours.
Not only the duration, but also the nature of the rest significantly affects the speed of the athlete's subsequent recovery. In the practice of taekwondo, the so-called active rest has become widespread. Its essence lies in the fact that a fighter, after performing a sufficiently large volume of special training work, does not rest passively, but switches to another, relatively nonspecific motor activity and performs it with low intensity. It has been experimentally proven that an athlete recovers faster during active rest than during passive rest. As a means of "active" recreation for taekwondo, the coach should use sports games, athletics, swimming, etc. Moreover, it is necessary to switch to active rest both in the most special lesson in taekwondo, and after it, when the athlete, having passively rested, conducts a light workout, playing basketball, football, etc.
Reasonably using active rest, in order to reduce the recovery time of a fighter, it is possible to significantly increase the number of training sessions, while increasing the athlete's functionality and protecting him from overwork.
The processes of recovery of the athlete's mental, physiological and motor functions after exercise are of a different time (heterochronous) nature. Usually, the first to recover are those organs and systems of the body that did not carry the main load in the previous exercises. Therefore, one of the main conditions for the implementation of the principle of repetition and continuity by the trainer is the scientific, methodically grounded planning of the content and sequence of training sessions and, at the same time, focus on those functions and systems of the taekwondo's body that were restored first.
With an increase in the athlete's fitness, the recovery time decreases, which also allows the number of training sessions and the fighter's rest intervals to be “denser”.
Cyclic principle
The principle of cyclicity should be understood as a periodic, sequential change in the structure and content of training sessions, stages and periods of training for a taekwondo fighter, depending on the tasks set in the training process.
A properly planned process of training a taekwondo player is characterized, first of all, by a strict orderliness of the means used in training and adherence to a clear sequence in conducting classes of various orientations.
For example, a qualified trainer will never simultaneously address the issues of improving both speed qualities and endurance of a fighter, he will not move on to teaching new technical and tactical skills if the athlete, having previously improved his special endurance, is tired, etc. It is also necessary to observe methodically grounded sequence when conducting multidirectional training. For example, before a lesson in combat practice, it is inappropriate to conduct a training aimed at developing the endurance of a taekwondo athlete, if the athlete did not have time to recover after intense work of a large volume.
The need for orderliness, methodically grounded repetition and consistency in the classes, stages and periods of training for a taekwondo fighter makes the training process cyclical.
The principle of gradually increasing training loads
A taekwondo fighter will not be able to achieve high sports results without a gradual increase in training loads. Such results can be achieved only if the general level of training requirements is constantly increasing, since in order to achieve each planned result, it is necessary to provide a correspondingly new level of training. This is due to the fact that the load acting on the athlete will initially have a positive effect on the development of his functional and motor capabilities, however, in the future, the body's response to a constant stimulus will begin to decrease until, finally, the organism adapts to a constant load, and further growth of the fighter's achievements will stop.
Distinguish between straight ascending, stepped and undulating methods of increasing the load. The analysis of the practical activity of athletes allowed to establish that the straight-line ascending (strictly gradual) method of increasing the load from one lesson to another is less effective than the stepwise and especially wave-like methods.
The essence of the stepwise method of increasing the load lies in the fact that those who train for a certain time, usually weeks, perform approximately the same (in terms of volume or intensity) load at each training session. In the next microcycle, the load increases and remains throughout the week at the same, but higher level compared to the previous microcycle, etc. Usually this method is used in work with novice taekwondo athletes, as it allows them to develop adaptive mechanisms in their bodies to constant load and thus creates conditions for its subsequent increase.
The wave-like method of increasing the loads is the main one in the training of athletes of senior and higher categories. It allows you to widely vary the optimal and maximum values of loads in micro-, meso- and macrocycles of training.
In the training process, the loads should increase in terms of both volume and intensity. Moreover, this increase in most cases is not unidirectional. In some periods, the volume increases, in others - the intensity. This is typical for relatively short periods of the training process, and for all long-term sports activities of the taekwondo player.
Varying the load, observing a constant tendency to increase it, should be for many reasons, among which the main place is occupied by the change in the state of the fighter and the adaptability of the body to a constantly acting stimulus.
With a change in the qualifications and level of training of a taekwondo player, not only the magnitude of the load gradually increases, but also the requirements for the technical-tactical and volitional training of the athlete. He seeks to master more complex technical and tactical skills, which contributes to even greater mobilization and manifestation of his physical and spiritual abilities.
Continuity of the training process. High level sportsmanship makes high demands on the preparedness of taekwondo athletes, which can only be achieved as a result of year-round training. The increase in fitness leads to the fact that the athlete can cope with an increasing load each time. The task of the trainer is to ensure the continuity of the training process, to find such a ratio of load and rest so that each new workout was carried out with the restored or increased working capacity of those involved.
Conducting training sessions with an interval that is insufficient to restore working capacity, according to their effect on the trainees, can be considered as a double training. Adequate rest after such trainings restores and increases the working capacity of the trainees. Such trainings are carried out with highly qualified athletes and under the special supervision of a doctor.
By distributing training sessions in training cycles, the trainer regulates the volume and intensity of the load. The doubling of trainings in a weekly cycle in accordance with the proposed program of the upcoming competition is of great methodological importance. The coach should be able to use the appropriate increase in loads throughout the whole year-round training work, and not just in preparation for one competition.
Gradual and maximum increase in loads. In the process of sports activity, it often happens that loads grow faster than adaptive changes occur in the athlete's body. Therefore, one of the tasks of organizing training sessions is a smooth increase in the volume and intensity of the load.
As the level of fitness and skill of the trainees grows, the loads in their training are constantly increasing. In order to better adapt the body to an increase in loads, they produce a wave-like increase. In the practice of training lessons in taekwondo, the waveform of the increase in the load is achieved by changing the time of the fight, selecting sparring partners, setting a specific task on certain days of the training cycle. Using the wave-like method of increasing the load, the trainer must create a kind of favorable background for the use of such volumes and intensity, which will be large or maximum for this group of trainees.
External manifestations correct use didactic principles in training are long-term stable (without disruptions) performance in competitions, healthy, cheerful appearance of athletes, their success in work and study.
All principles of sports training are inextricably linked and act as unified system influence on those who go in for the purpose of increasing their sports readiness.
General basics of taekwondo physical fitness
Physical training is aimed at improving health, attaining a certain level of physical development, and fostering physical quality. Physical training is divided into general and special.
The goal of general physical training is to achieve high working capacity, good coordination of the activity of organs and systems of the body, and the harmonious development of an athlete.
The means of general physical fitness are exercises that provide the most overall impact on the body (walking, running, swimming, skiing, sports games, general developmental gymnastics, exercises with weights, etc.). In order to increase general physical fitness, exercises from the arsenal of wrestlers can be used.
A high level of general physical fitness creates an opportunity to maximize the acquired physical qualities in performing special training exercises. General physical fitness comprehensively expands the functionality of the athlete, allows you to increase the load, contributes to the growth of sports results.
Special physical training of a taekwondo fighter is aimed at the development of physical qualities manifested in the performance of Taekwondo-specific actions. It is used as an integral part of the entire educational and training process at all stages of educational and training work, including the competitive one.
Means of special training are exercises in the performance of fragments of taekwondo, aimed at increasing the capabilities of those involved in carrying out certain special actions of the fighter.
The external similarity of special training exercises with elements of taekwondo does not yet guarantee their successful application. The correctness of the use of exercises is checked when carrying out techniques in training and especially in competitions. Therefore, it is better to carry out special training in direct connection with the results of the trainees, shown in trainings and competitions.
Participation in competitions contributes to the choice of the desired direction in the use of special training means. For this purpose, special control competitions are organized, competitions according to specially drawn up programs of general physical training.
Special training in direct methodological connection with the competition at certain stages becomes competitive training. It contributes to the best solution of tasks of tactical and moral-volitional training of those involved.
Participation in competitions is an effective means of improving the sports skills of taekwondo athletes. However, it must be remembered that frequent starts are tiring. nervous system, the athlete loses the desire to compete. Therefore, competitive training should be planned in the interests of the entire training process and aimed at the main competition of the season.
When organizing training, one should bear in mind the effect of supercompensation during the recovery period after physical activity... On this basis, cycles of loads and rest are built during the training period.
Among the methods of organizing such cycles during training session available:
● hard rest intervals with small loads and short rest periods with the expectation of underrecovery;
● relatively complete rest intervals to ensure recovery of performance;
● extreme intervals of rest, designed for the imposition of a load in the phase of hypercompensation of functional qualities;
● full rest interval, calculated to apply the load after the hypercompensation curve drops to background level.
Technical training (in the context of training in general)
Technical training of a taekwondo player is the process of forming the technique of performing special exercises, techniques and their various combinations used in taekwondo.
In this sport, a distinction should be made between general and special technical training.
General technical training Is the formation of a variety of motor skills and abilities, covering different options technical solution of sports and pedagogical problems in accordance with the fullest use of the students' capabilities.
While ensuring the improvement of the general technical readiness of the fighters, it is assumed that the skills and abilities of combat are formed on the basis of the great motor readiness of the trainees, that is, the ability to run, jump, swim, participate in various sports games etc.
CHAPTER I. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM AND TASKS OF THE RESEARCH.
1.1. The value of special physical training in martial arts.
1.2. Specific features of the development of special physical qualities in martial arts.
1.3. Formation of a hypothesis, goals and objectives of the study.
Recommended list of dissertations
Strength training of young taekwondo athletes based on the biomechanical structure of competitive technical actions 2007, candidate of pedagogical sciences Podpalko, Sergey Leonidovich
Improving the effectiveness of the training process of young taekwondo athletes based on the technology of complex assessment of the level of sports readiness 2013, candidate of pedagogical sciences Dorofeeva, Galina Aleksandrovna
Features of sensorimotor adaptation in taekwondo athletes of different qualifications 2005, candidate of biological sciences Khlevny, Evgeniy Evgenievich
Formation of the integral readiness of young taekwondo athletes on the basis of modeling competitive activity in outdoor games 2010, candidate of pedagogical sciences Simakov, Alexander Mikhailovich
Speed-strength training in combat sports using local weights 2001, candidate of pedagogical sciences Rezinkin, Vladimir Valerievich
Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths"
Relevance of the topic and research problems. Over the past decades, interest in various types of eastern and western martial arts has increased significantly. Taekwondo, due to its accessibility, dynamism and entertainment, is one of the most popular types martial arts born in the East. The inclusion of taekwondo in the program of the Olympic Games poses a task for specialists to scientifically substantiate the system sports training Russian taekwondo athletes to successful performances at the European, World and Olympic Games... However, the scientific and methodological support of the training process in this sport has not been disclosed enough. One of the ways to solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of the training process of athletes is to improve the organization, content, means and methods of the educational and training process (27).
The constantly growing competition in taekwondo indicates the need to develop new means and methods of sports training, which could meet the requirements determined by the specifics of the sport as much as possible. At the same time, the question of special physical training, the development of such special physical qualities of taekwondo players, the manifestation of which would give greatest result in competitive fights and, ultimately, determined the success of competitive activity in general. The issues of training athletes specializing in taekwondo are discussed in the works of a number of authors (7, 58, 72, 94, 156). However, theoretical research, as well as the practice of taekwondo, indicate insufficient coverage of the issue of special physical training in this sport. The study of the peculiarities of the development of physical qualities in the age aspect, undoubtedly, is of great importance, since in adolescence the foundation of sportsmanship is laid and the main motor abilities are formed (22, 138). Currently, there is a need to define in each age group and at various stages of sports training of the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes with the aim of their purposeful development, which will increase the effectiveness of educational-training and competitive processes.
Based on the foregoing, it is necessary to state the contradictions between: a) the need to achieve high sports results and the insufficient effectiveness of the implementation of special physical qualities in competitive fights of taekwondo youths; b) the need to increase the level of special physical fitness and the lack of recommendations on the organization, content, means and methods of developing special physical qualities of taekwondo youths.
These contradictions made it possible to formulate the problem associated with the need to search and develop new forms of organization, content, means and methods for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths. On the basis of the revealed contradictions, the indicated research problem, the topic of the dissertation research was determined: "The development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths."
Purpose of the research: to develop and test a methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths.
Object of research: special physical training of taekwondo youths.
Subject of research: the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths.
Research hypothesis - it was assumed that the process of developing special physical qualities of taekwondo youths would be more effective if:
The leading special physical qualities will be determined, ensuring the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive fights of taekwondo youths;
The methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes will include elements of technical actions, the time of physical activity and rest intervals, adequate to the specific features of the competitive activity of taekwondo youths; texts of pedagogical suggestion; special exercises aimed at developing the individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo fighters;
In the process of special physical training of young taekwondo athletes, the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities will be used.
Research objectives:
1. To study the state of the problem of the development of special physical qualities in the theory and practice of martial arts.
2. To reveal the leading special physical qualities, ensuring the effectiveness of motional actions in competitive fights of taekwondo youths.
3. To substantiate the methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths and experimentally check its effectiveness in the educational-training and competitive processes.
The theoretical foundations of the research are: principles of scientific character, links between theory and practice; sports theory (V.N. Platonov, 2004; L.P. Matveev, 1991; Zh.K. Kholodov, 2004); a technique for modeling texts of pedagogical suggestion aimed at the development of physical qualities (TV Bondarchuk, 2000); scientific and methodological foundations, principles and methods of physical training in single combats (V.I. Filimonov, 2000; E.I. Glebov, 2002; S.V. Pavlov, 2004; Sagat Noy Koklam, 2003; Choi Sung Mo, 2002).
Scientific novelty of the research.
1. For the first time, the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo youths were determined: speed endurance of the leg muscles; "Explosive" strength of the leg muscles, manifested in percussion actions; speed of movement (the ability to perform kicks at the maximum pace); mobility in hip joint; motor-coordinating abilities.
2. A methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes has been developed, which includes: a) elements of effective technical actions that are often used in sports duels, the time of physical activity and rest intervals corresponding to the characteristics of the actual competitive activity of taekwondo athletes; b) texts of pedagogical suggestion used in the development of a specific special physical quality; c) special tasks aimed at the development of individual psychological characteristics associated with the special physical qualities of young taekwondo fighters.
3. The effectiveness of the experimental methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths has been determined.
The theoretical significance of the study is:
In identifying the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo youths;
In addition to the theory of sports training of combatants with data aimed at the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo fighters;
In solving the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the process of special physical training of young taekwondo athletes using the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities.
The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the theoretical provisions and conclusions contained in it, the results of the pedagogical experiment made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the process of special physical training of taekwondo youths. A positive result of using the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths in the educational-training and competitive processes was revealed. The totality of the provisions and conclusions obtained in the dissertation can be used in the work of national teams of subjects of federations, taekwondo sections, children's youth sports schools, aimed at improving the process of special physical training of taekwondo youths.
Research base. The research was carried out on the basis of a specialized children's youth sports school Olympic reserve№15 in Ufa, they were attended by taekwondo players of 11-13 years old training groups of the second year of study.
Theoretical basis, the tasks set and the hypothesis put forward determined the logic and methods of theoretical and experimental research, which was carried out in three stages, during 2003-2006.
At the first stage (2003 - 2004) of the experimental work, the analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the problem of the development of special physical qualities in martial arts was carried out, the specific features of the development of special physical qualities in taekwondo were determined. With the help of questionnaires, the method of paired comparisons, the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo boys of the training group of the second year of study were determined. Research was carried out to determine the level of special physical fitness and individual psychological characteristics of athletes. The relationship between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old. Competitive fights of taekwondo fighters of this age were analyzed. A mathematical model of indicators of special physical qualities of taekwondo sportsmen was constructed. 58 athletes, specializing in taekwondo, aged 11-13 years, took part in the study.
Based on the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, the results of research on the relationship between the special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes and individual psychological characteristics, as well as the analysis of competitive fights, a methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old was developed. Research methods: scientific and methodical literature analysis and summarizing, testing, pedagogical observation, questionnaire survey, method of paired comparisons, methods of mathematical statistics.
At the second stage of the research (2004-2005), a formative pedagogical experiment was carried out, the content of which included: measurement of background indicators of special physical qualities of the subjects; studying the dynamics of indicators of special physical qualities after the first, second and third months of the pedagogical experiment. The degree of influence of the developed methodology on the indicators of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes was determined. The coefficients of special physical qualities were calculated in competitive fights in the control and experimental groups at the beginning and at the end of the pedagogical experiment. A comparative analysis of the arithmetic mean indicators of the number of fights won in competitions by athletes of both groups before and after the experiment was carried out. Methods: pedagogical experiment, pedagogical observation, methods of mathematical statistics.
At the third stage of the experimental work (2005 - 2006), the results of the pedagogical experiment were processed, the analysis and their systematization were carried out, general conclusions and conclusions were formulated, the dissertation research was formalized, the testing and implementation of the research results into practice was carried out. Methods: analysis of research results, statistical processing and interpretation of the results of experimental work.
The following provisions are submitted to the defense.
1. The leading special physical qualities that predetermine the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive fights of taekwondo boys are: speed endurance of the leg muscles; "Explosive" strength of the leg muscles, manifested in percussion actions; the ability to perform kicks at the maximum pace (speed of movement); mobility in the hip joint; motor-coordinating abilities.
2. The content of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths is based on the result of the analysis of their competitive fights (the volume and versatility of technical actions in competitive fights, the time spent on active technical actions and preparatory technical actions, the effectiveness of attacking and counterattacking actions); the relationship between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys.
3. The main structural components of the developed methodology are: elements of effective technical actions that are often used in sports duels, the time of physical exertion and rest intervals, corresponding to the peculiarities of the actual competitive activity of taekwondo athletes; texts of pedagogical suggestion; special tasks in the phases of active rest between approaches for the development of individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo youths, designed in the form of a circular training.
The validity and reliability of scientific results and conclusions are determined by a deep theoretical analysis of the state of the issues under study, the adequacy of the set of methods for the purpose and objectives of the study, a sufficient sample size, and correct statistical processing of experimental data.
Testing and implementation of research results. Twelve publications have been published on the topic of the research. The main provisions of the dissertation research were discussed at the international scientific and practical conference"Cooperation and innovations in physical culture and sports: problems and prospects" (Chelyabinsk, 2006); All-Russian scientific and practical conferences: "Physical culture, sport, tourism: science, education, technology" (Tchaikovsky, 2004), "Physical culture and sport in the XXI century: experience, modern approach, problems and prospects" (Sterlitamak, 2006 ); All-Ural scientific and practical conference "Modern problems of physical culture, sports, tourism and Olympic movement"(Ufa, 2005); regional scientific and practical conference "Health care, health theory and healthy way life "(Chelyabinsk, 2005); interuniversity scientific and practical conferences: “Man. Society. Education ”(Ufa, 2005),“ Physical culture, sports, tourism and health ”(Ufa, 2005); intra-university scientific-practical conference "Actual problems of theory and practice of physical culture and sports" (Ufa, 2004). The results of the dissertation research are introduced into the educational process of the Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture in the discipline "Theory and methodology of the chosen kind of sport." Thesis materials, the methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths are used in the system of sports training for national teams Russian Federation, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Astrakhan region and the Perm Territory.
The structure and scope of the thesis. The thesis is presented on 161 pages of computer text and consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, conclusions, a list of references, applications and implementation acts. The list of references includes 168 sources, including on foreign language-eleven. The work is illustrated with 11 tables and 14 figures.
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Conclusion of the thesis on the topic "Theory and methods of physical education, sports training, health-improving and adaptive physical culture", Mavletkulova, Aigul Sabitovna
122 CONCLUSIONS
1. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the problem of sports training of taekwondo players allowed to determine that the basics of building special physical training in taekwondo are not sufficiently revealed. The available research is more devoted to technical and tactical training, methods primary education in taekwondo, individualization of the educational-training process of taekwondo athletes, control of the state of sports readiness in the process of competitive activity of taekwondo athletes.
2. As a result of the analysis of scientific and methodological literature on taekwondo, competitive fights of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old, a questionnaire survey of leading coaches and athletes by the method of paired comparisons, the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo youths were revealed: speed endurance of the leg muscles; speed of movement (the ability to perform kicks at the maximum pace); "Explosive" strength of the leg muscles, active mobility in the hip joint and motor-coordination abilities.
3. In the process of developing a methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths, it is necessary to take into account the leading special physical qualities that ensure the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive fights of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old; peculiarities of the structure of their competitive fights; the results of the correlation analysis between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys.
4. The methodology used for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old should include elements of effective technical actions that are often used in competitive fights, the time of physical activity and rest intervals corresponding to the characteristics of the actual competitive activity of taekwondo athletes; texts of pedagogical suggestion, spoken before and during execution physical exercise different directions; special tasks "steps" (for the development of individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys).
5. A methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old has been developed, which makes it possible to achieve significant changes in almost all indicators of special physical qualities of young athletes in the experimental group in comparison with the control group, except for motor-coordinating abilities (p<0,05-0,01).
6. It was determined that the taekwondo fighters of the experimental group most effectively realize special physical qualities in competitive fights than the athletes of the control group:
The athletes of the experimental group significantly improved the coefficients of "explosive" strength, speed endurance of the leg muscles, mobility in the hip joint and speed of movement (p<0,05). Достоверных различий в показателях коэффициентов двигательно-координационных способностей между контрольной и экспериментальной группами не обнаружено (р>0,05);
<0,01).
7. Application of the developed methodology in the process of special physical training of taekwondo boys will increase the effectiveness of the development of special physical qualities of young athletes specializing in taekwondo.
CONCLUSION
The theoretical analysis showed that physical training is one of the leading in the system of sports training among combatants; the success of technical training, the content of the athlete's tactics, the implementation of personal properties in the process of training and competitions largely depend on the level of physical fitness. The analysis of the research material carried out in different years by experts in the field of combat sports showed that the issues of building special physical training are not sufficiently disclosed. Despite the fact that recently a large amount of scientific and methodological literature on various types of martial arts has appeared: kickboxing, boxing, judo, wushu, and so on, in taekwondo, the issues of physical training and the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo players are not sufficiently disclosed. The need to develop means and methods of sports training in taekwondo is based on the contradiction between the increasing competition in this sport and insufficient development of the organization, means and methods of special physical training in taekwondo. No specific theoretical and practical recommendations on the construction of special physical training and the development of special physical qualities in taekwondo have been found.
A retrospective analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the research problem showed the possibility of improving the process of special physical training, taking into account the characteristics of competitive activity in the chosen kind of sport. In addition, in physical training and in the development of physical qualities, various methods of verbal hetero - and autoinfluences are used.
As a result of the analysis of the available literature on taekwondo and competitive fights of taekwondo fighters - young men, it was determined that the special physical qualities of taekwondo fighters, ensuring the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive taekwondo fights, include: explosive strength of the muscles of the legs and arms, the absolute strength of the muscles of the arms and legs, mobility in hip, ankle and shoulder joints, coordination endurance of leg muscles, speed endurance of leg muscles, motor-coordination abilities, the ability to maintain a stable balance in combination movements, speed of movement, which is manifested in the ability to execute kicks and punches at the maximum pace. Experts identified the following as the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo youths using the method of paired comparisons: speed endurance of leg muscles (7.87), quickness of movements as the ability to execute kicks at a maximum pace (7.3), “explosive” strength of leg muscles (6 , 77), active mobility in the hip joint (5.47) and motor-coordination abilities (5.4). Significant special physical qualities, according to experts, were: coordination endurance of the leg muscles (4.1) and the ability to maintain a stable balance in combination movements (4.0).
As a result of the analysis of competitive fights of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old, it was revealed:
The level of special physical readiness of taekwondo fighters of this age is quite low, as evidenced by the comparative analysis of the ideal model with indicators of special physical qualities in competitive fights of taekwondo fighters of 11-13 years old;
Athletes carry out 95% of the strikes in combat with four technical actions - "pit-chagi", "dvid-chagi", "dolio-chagi" and "nerio-chagi". These strikes are used by taekwondo fighters, basically, in all attacking and counterattacking actions, since they are the most effective (often judged by judges) in taekwondo competitions;
The range of time spent by athletes on active technical actions in one minute of a round is from 10 to 35 seconds. A decrease in the number and speed of strikes by the fifth and sixth minutes of the third round of the fight indicates an insufficient level of manifestation of special endurance in taekwondo players of 11-13 years old.
As a result of the study of the relationship between individual - psychological characteristics and physical qualities, significant statistical relationships were established between all special physical qualities and operational thinking, simple reaction, anticipatory reaction, personal anxiety and situational anxiety (r = 0.64-0.87).
The developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old includes:
Circuit training, the content of which is substantiated by the features revealed as a result of the analysis of competitive fights: a) the exercises included in the content of the developed methodology are adequate to the characteristics, specifics and effectiveness of the main competitive exercise; b) the time of loading at each station and the intervals of rest between them are predetermined by the time of active and preparatory technical actions in duels; c) the interval of rest between approaches - 10 minutes (the minimum interval of time between fights, stipulated by the WTF taekwondo rules);
Texts of pedagogical suggestion, spoken before and during physical exercises, aimed at developing a specific special physical quality. The results of the conducted correlation analysis between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo players aged 11-13 predetermined the use of pedagogical suggestion in the directed development of special physical quality.
Special tasks - "steps" for the development of individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys. The choice and necessity of such tasks is substantiated by the analysis of competitive fights and the relationship between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo fighters. Tasks are aimed at the development of operational thinking, simple and anticipatory reactions.
Intragroup differences were determined in the experimental group, where the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old was used. Positive changes occurred in the following indicators of special physical qualities: after the first month of training - in the speed of movement and mobility in the hip joint (p<0,05), после второго и третьего месяцев - в скоростной выносливости мышц ног, быстроте движений, подвижности в тазобедренном суставе и ударной силе мышц ног (р<0,01). В контрольной группе значимые изменения обнаружены лишь после второго месяца педагогического эксперимента в быстроте движений и «взрывной» силе мышц ног и после третьего месяца эксперимента - в показателях скоростной выносливости мышц ног, «взрывной» силы и подвижности в тазобедренном суставе (р<0,05). Выявлены межгрупповые различия в показателях специальных физических качеств тхэквондистов-юношей учебно-тренировочной группы второго года обучения уже после второго месяца педагогического эксперимента, а после третьего месяца произошли более значимые изменения во всех показателях специальных физических качеств, кроме двигательно-координационных способностей.
It was found that the developed technique has the greatest impact on the development of speed endurance of leg muscles (42.5%), "explosive" strength of leg muscles (28.3%>) and mobility in the hip joint (34.9%). The lesser influence of the methodology was determined on the development of the speed of movements (18.7%) and motor-coordination abilities (7.4%), as evidenced by the data of one-factor analysis of variance.
It was revealed that the taekwondo fighters of the experimental group most effectively realize special physical qualities in competitive fights than the athletes of the control group:
Significant differences occurred between the control and experimental groups after the pedagogical experiment in the coefficients of "explosive" strength of leg muscles, speed endurance of leg muscles, mobility in the hip joint and speed of movement (p<0,05). Достоверных различий в показателях коэффициентов двигательно-координационных способностей между контрольной и экспериментальной группами не обнаружено (р>0,05);
Significant differences were found in the indicator of the number of won competitive fights between the control and experimental groups after the pedagogical experiment (р<0,01).
It can be stated that the study carried out confirmed the hypothesis initially put forward. The experimental study made it possible to verify the effectiveness of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities. In the experiment, statistically significant data were obtained, indicating that the implementation of the developed methodology provided more intensive changes in the indices of special physical qualities of taekwondo fighters in the experimental group, in comparison with the indices of the control group. The use of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old of the educational and training group allows coaches to increase the effectiveness of the process of developing special physical qualities of taekwondo youths, which will improve the educational and training and competitive processes.
The study does not fully exhaust the problem of the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes. The issues of using the methodology in groups require further development initial training, sports perfection, as well as the issue of motor-coordinating abilities development among taekwondo fighters.
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As a manuscript
Mavletkulova Aigul Sabitovna
Development of special physical qualities of taekwondo boys
13.00.04 - theory and methodology of physical education, sports
training, health-improving and adaptive physical education
dissertation for a scientific degree
candidate of pedagogical sciences
Saint Petersburg - 2007
The dissertation was completed: at the St.Petersburg State University of Physical Culture named after P.F. Lesgaft and
at the Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture (branch) of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State University of Physical Culture".
The defense will take place on March 29, 2007 at 13:00. at a meeting of the dissertation council at the St. Petersburg State University of Physical Culture named after P.F. Lesgaft at 100121, St. Petersburg, st. Dekabristov, 35.
The dissertation can be found in the library and on the official website www.lesgaft.spb.ru of the St. Petersburg State University of Physical Culture named after P.F. Lesgaft
|
Scientific Secretary dissertation council, candidate of pedagogical sciences, professor |
L.A. Egorenko |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
Relevance of the topic and research problems. Over the past decades, interest in various types of eastern and western martial arts has increased significantly. Taekwondo, due to its accessibility, dynamism and spectacularity, is one of the most popular martial arts born in the East. The inclusion of taekwondo in the program of the Olympic Games poses a task for specialists to scientifically substantiate the system of sports training of Russian taekwondo athletes for successful performances at the European, World and Olympic Championships. However, the scientific and methodological support of the training process in this sport has not been disclosed enough. One of the ways to solve the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the process of training athletes is to improve the organization, content, means and methods of the educational and training process (E.I. Glebov, 2002).
The constantly growing competition in taekwondo indicates the need to develop new means and methods of sports training, which could meet the requirements determined by the specifics of the sport as much as possible. At the same time, the question of special physical training, the development of such special physical qualities of taekwondo players, the manifestation of which would give the greatest result in competitive fights and, ultimately, determine the success of competitive activity in general, arises sharply. The work of a number of authors (OG Epov, 2000; MA Karpov, 2001; E.Yu. Klyuchnikov, 2001; IA Afanasyeva, 2002; Lee John Key, 2003; S.V. Pavlov, 2004, etc.). However, theoretical research, as well as the practice of taekwondo, indicate insufficient coverage of the issue of special physical training in this sport. The study of the peculiarities of the development of physical qualities in the age aspect, undoubtedly, is of great importance, since in adolescence the foundation of sportsmanship is laid and the main motor abilities are formed (V.P. Filin, 1980; L.V. Volkov, 2002). Currently, there is a need to determine the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes in each age group and at different stages of sports training with the aim of their purposeful development, which will increase the effectiveness of educational-training and competitive processes.
Based on the above, it should be stated contradictions between: a) the need to achieve high sports results and the insufficient effectiveness of the implementation of special physical qualities in competitive fights of taekwondo youths; b) the need to increase the level of special physical fitness and the lack of recommendations on the organization, content, means and methods of developing special physical qualities of taekwondo youths.
Purpose of the study: to develop and test a methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths.
Object of study: special physical training of young taekwondo athletes.
Subject of study: the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths.
Research hypothesis - it was assumed that the process of development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths would be more effective if:
The leading special physical qualities will be determined, ensuring the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive fights of taekwondo youths;
The methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes will include elements of technical actions, the time of physical activity and rest intervals, adequate to the specific features of the competitive activity of taekwondo youths; texts of pedagogical suggestion; special exercises aimed at developing the individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo fighters;
- In the process of special physical training of young taekwondo athletes, the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities will be used.
Research objectives:
1. To study the state of the problem of the development of special physical qualities in the theory and practice of martial arts.
2. To reveal the leading special physical qualities, ensuring the effectiveness of motional actions in competitive fights of taekwondo youths.
3. To substantiate the methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths and experimentally check its effectiveness in the educational-training and competitive processes.
Research methods:
Method of analysis of literary sources.
Method of pedagogical observation.
Psychological and pedagogical testing.
Survey method (questionnaire survey by the method of paired comparisons).
Pedagogical experiment.
Methods of mathematical statistics.
Scientific novelty of the research.
1. For the first time, the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo youths were determined: speed endurance of the leg muscles; "Explosive" strength of the leg muscles, manifested in percussion actions; speed of movement (the ability to perform kicks at the maximum pace); mobility in the hip joint; motor-coordinating abilities.
2. A methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths has been developed, which includes:
a) elements of effective technical actions that are often used in sports duels, the time of physical activity and rest intervals, corresponding to the peculiarities of the actual competitive activity of taekwondo athletes;
b) texts of pedagogical suggestion used in the development of a specific special physical quality;
c) special tasks aimed at the development of individual psychological characteristics associated with the special physical qualities of young taekwondo fighters.
3. The effectiveness of the experimental methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths has been determined.
Theoretical significance the study carried out consists of:
In identifying the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo youths;
In addition to the theory of sports training of combatants with data aimed at the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo fighters;
In solving the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the process of special physical training of young taekwondo athletes using the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities.
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the theoretical provisions and conclusions contained in it, the results of the pedagogical experiment made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the process of special physical training of taekwondo youths. A positive result of using the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths in the educational-training and competitive processes was revealed. The totality of the provisions and conclusions obtained in the dissertation can be used in the work of national teams of subjects of federations, taekwondo sections, children's youth sports schools, aimed at improving the process of special physical training of taekwondo youths.
Research base. The studies were carried out on the basis of a specialized children's youth sports school of the Olympic reserve No. 15 in Ufa, they were attended by taekwondo players of 11-13 years old training groups of the second year of study.
The following provisions are submitted to the defense.
1. The leading special physical qualities that predetermine the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive fights of taekwondo boys are: speed endurance of the leg muscles; "Explosive" strength of the leg muscles, manifested in percussion actions; the ability to perform kicks at the maximum pace (speed of movement); mobility in the hip joint; motor-coordinating abilities.
2. The content of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths is based on the result of the analysis of their competitive fights (the volume and versatility of technical actions in competitive fights, the time spent on active technical actions and preparatory technical actions, the effectiveness of attacking and counterattacking actions); the relationship between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys.
3. The main structural components of the developed methodology are: elements of effective technical actions that are often used in sports duels, the time of physical exertion and rest intervals, corresponding to the peculiarities of the actual competitive activity of taekwondo athletes; texts of pedagogical suggestion; special tasks in the phases of active rest between approaches for the development of individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo youths, designed in the form of a circular training.
Reasonableness and reliability scientific results and conclusions drawn are determined by a deep theoretical analysis of the state of the issues under study, the adequacy of the complex of methods to the goals and objectives of the study, a sufficient sample size, correct statistical processing of experimental data.
Testing and implementation of research results. Twelve publications have been published on the topic of the research. The main provisions of the dissertation research were discussed at the international scientific-practical conference "Cooperation and innovations in physical culture and sports: problems and prospects" (Chelyabinsk, 2006); All-Russian scientific and practical conferences: "Physical culture, sport, tourism: science, education, technology" (Tchaikovsky, 2004), "Physical culture and sport in the XXI century: experience, modern approach, problems and prospects" (Sterlitamak, 2006 ); the all-Ural scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of physical culture, sports, tourism and the Olympic movement" (Ufa, 2005); regional scientific-practical conference "Health care, theory of health and healthy lifestyle" (Chelyabinsk, 2005); interuniversity scientific and practical conferences: “Man. Society. Education ”(Ufa, 2005),“ Physical culture, sports, tourism and health ”(Ufa, 2005); intra-university scientific-practical conference "Actual problems of theory and practice of physical culture and sports" (Ufa, 2004). The results of the dissertation research are introduced into the educational process of the Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture in the discipline "Theory and methodology of the chosen kind of sport." The materials of the dissertation, the methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths are used in the system of sports training for the national teams of the Russian Federation, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, the Astrakhan Region and the Perm Territory.
The structure and scope of the thesis. The thesis is presented on 161 pages of computer text and consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, conclusions, a list of references, applications and implementation acts. The list of literature includes 168 sources, including 11 in a foreign language. The work is illustrated with 11 tables and 14 figures.
STRUCTURE AND MAIN CONTENT OF THE DISSERTATION
In the introduction substantiated the relevance of the selected research topic, set the goal and objectives, determined the object and subject of the research, revealed the theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation, provided information on approbation and implementation of the research results into practice, presented the provisions submitted for defense.
In the first chapter"Substantiation of the purpose and objectives of the study" reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of special physical training and specific features of the development of special physical qualities in single combats. The analysis of the research material carried out in different years by experts in the field of combat sports has shown that the issues of building special physical training are not sufficiently disclosed. Most of the works are devoted to the problem of general physical fitness and fitness. Analyzing the available literature on combat sports, it can be stated that most types of martial arts, including taekwondo, are speed-power sports. That is, in order to achieve high sports results in martial arts, it is necessary to have not only a high level of muscle strength, but also to have the ability to show significant muscle efforts in the shortest possible time. The analysis of the considered literary data gives grounds to conclude that for the effectiveness of competitive activity in "shock" types of single combats, a high level of development of special endurance, mobility in joints, speed of movements and reactions, manifestation of coordination abilities is necessary.
The beginning of the new millennium is characterized by the unprecedented popularity of the Olympic form of taekwondo in our country, and this was primarily due to the successful performance of Russian athletes at major international competitions. In 2000, the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) took part in the Olympic Games for the first time. The same period is characterized by a significant surge in scientific research to substantiate the content, organization, methodology and orientation of various aspects of training taekwondo fighters (O. G. Epov, 2000; M. A. Karpov, 2001; E. Yu. Klyuchnikov, 2001; I. A. Afanasyeva, 2002; Lee Jong Key, 2003; S.V. Pavlov, 2004, etc.). The available research is more devoted to technical training, individualization of the training process of taekwondo athletes at the stage of initial specialization in taekwondo, control of the state of sports readiness in the process of competitive activity.
From the analysis of literary sources, it can be seen that, despite the fact that recently a large amount of scientific and methodological literature has appeared on various types of martial arts, kick-boxing, boxing, judo, wushu and so on, in taekwondo, issues of physical training and the development of special physical the qualities of taekwondo are not disclosed enough. The need to develop means and methods of sports training in taekwondo is based on the contradiction between the increasing competition in this sport and insufficient development of the organization, means and methods of special physical training in taekwondo.
In the second chapter dissertation "Organization and research methods" reveals the main stages of work, outlines the methods used in theoretical and empirical research.
Theoretical and methodological analysis was carried out to determine the illumination of the problem of special physical training in single combats, specific features of the development of special physical qualities in taekwondo were determined.
Pedagogical observation was carried out by the method of stenography of videotapes of the championships of Russia, the Republic of Bashkortostan and Ufa in taekwondo among young men in order to analyze the competitive fights of taekwondo players of 11-13 years old.
The analysis of the number of fights won was made by calculating the arithmetic mean of the number of fights won in competitions in the control and experimental groups, regardless of the place taken.
The questionnaire was conducted to confirm and clarify the leading special physical qualities in ensuring the effectiveness of training and competitive activity among young men in taekwondo, the results of a questionnaire survey of 22 experts (masters of sports, international masters of sports and leading taekwondo coaches) were studied. Using the method of paired comparisons, the experts chose the most important from their point of view, the special physical qualities necessary for taekwondo youths.
Psychological and pedagogical testing was carried out in order to determine the level of special physical fitness of taekwondo boys and their individual psychological characteristics. The selected tests met all the requirements of the general testing theory (reliability, information content, etc.).
Assessment of the level of special physical fitness.
The test for assessing the speed of movements is the number of pit-chagi kicks (kick in a circle) on the “boxing paw” in the middle part of the body for 10 seconds.
The test for assessing the speed endurance of the leg muscles is the number of pit-chagi kicks (kick in a circle) on the “boxing paw” for two minutes.
Test to assess motor-coordinating abilities - shuttle run 4x10 m (in sec).
Test for assessing mobility in the hip joint - longitudinal split. The smallest distance from the lateral groin to the floor was recorded (in cm).
To determine the individual psychological characteristics of young taekwondo athletes, tests were used to assess a simple motor reaction, a reaction to a moving object, an anticipatory reaction, which were carried out using an electric stopwatch.
To assess the operative thinking of athletes, the “numerical columns” technique was used, modified by T.V. Bondarchuk, N.A. Baturin, V.V. Demyanenko.
The assessment of the level of situational anxiety and personal anxiety was carried out according to the method of Ch. Spielberger, adapted and standardized by Yu.L. Khanin.
The pedagogical experiment was the main research method and was carried out with the aim of substantiating the effectiveness of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo boys of the training group of the second year of study. For this purpose, two groups were formed - control (n = 22) and experimental (n = 22).
Mathematical analysis was used to ensure the reliability and validity of the research results. Statistical processing was carried out according to the generally accepted methods of mathematical statistics described in special literature with the calculation of the arithmetic mean of the variation series (M), the mean error of the arithmetic mean (m), checking the results of the study for the reliability of differences (p) according to the Student's test; correlation coefficient (r) Bravais-Pearson. We used one-way analysis of variance and mathematical methods for assessing the indices of special physical qualities in competitive fights of taekwondo youths.
In the third chapter "Scientific substantiation of the content of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths" determined the leading special physical qualities in ensuring sports results among young men in taekwondo, an analysis of competitive fights of taekwondo youths, correlation analysis between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo athletes 11- 13 years old, the content and form of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths are presented.
The analysis of the available literature on taekwondo, the results of the analysis of competitive fights allowed us to determine 13 special physical qualities that ensure the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive taekwondo fights. To confirm and clarify the leading special physical qualities in ensuring the effectiveness in competitive fights among young men in taekwondo, the results of a questionnaire survey of experts (highly qualified taekwondists - masters of sports and masters of sports of international class, leading taekwondo coaches) were studied, who were selected from the identified by us by the method of paired comparisons. The 13 most important from their point of view are special physical qualities necessary to achieve a result in competitive fights of taekwondo youths. According to the results of the questionnaire survey, it was revealed that experts distinguish the following as the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes: speed endurance of the leg muscles; speed of movement; "Explosive" strength of the leg muscles, manifested in percussion movements; active mobility in the hip joint; motor-coordinating abilities.
The analysis of competitive fights was carried out to include the research results in the content of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths. For this, the volume and versatility of technical actions in competitive fights were analyzed; time spent on active and preparatory technical actions; the effectiveness of attacking and counterattacking actions. A total of 30 competitive fights were analyzed. The analysis revealed:
Athletes carry out 95% of the strikes in combat with four technical actions - "pit-chagi", "dvid-chagi", "dolio-chagi" and "nerio-chagi". These kicks are used by taekwondo fighters mainly in all attacking and counterattacking actions, since they are the most effective (often evaluated by judges) in competitions;
The range of time spent by athletes on active technical actions (percussion, combination movements) in one minute of a round is from 10 to 35 seconds. A decrease in the number and speed of strikes by the fifth and sixth minutes of the third round of the fight indicates an insufficient level of manifestation of special endurance in taekwondo boys.
The data obtained in the course of the analysis were taken into account when developing a methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths. The technique includes technical actions that are most often used and effective in competitive fights of taekwondo fighters of this age group.
To select the means of psychological and pedagogical influence in the process of developing special physical qualities, an analysis of the relationship between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys was carried out (n = 58). During the statistical processing of the results obtained, significant positive relationships were revealed:
Between the speed of movements and operational thinking (r = 0.86), a simple reaction (r = 0.65), an anticipatory reaction (r = 0.52); personal anxiety (r = 0.87), situational anxiety (r = 0.87);
Between speed endurance of leg muscles and operational thinking (r = 0.8), simple reaction (r = 0.53), anticipatory reaction (r = 0.53), personal anxiety (r = 0.87), situational anxiety (r = 0.85);
Between the “explosive” strength of the leg muscles and operational thinking (r = 0.74); simple reaction (r = 0.6), anticipatory reaction (r = 0.53), personal anxiety (r = 0.88), situational anxiety (r = 0.78);
Between motor-coordinating abilities and operational thinking (r = 0.64), personal anxiety (r = 0.83), situational anxiety (r = 0.84);
Between mobility in the hip joint and operational thinking (r = 0.84), reaction to a moving object (r = 0.62), simple reaction (r = 0.56), anticipatory reaction (r = 0.58); personal anxiety (r = 0.86), situational anxiety (r = 0.87).
Thus, as a result of the study of the relationship between individual psychological characteristics and leading special physical qualities, significant statistical relationships were established between all special physical qualities and operational thinking, simple reaction, anticipatory reaction, personal anxiety and situational anxiety. The obtained data of the correlation analysis between the leading special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of 11-13 year old taekwondo athletes make it possible to determine the content of the methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths according to the main directions of constructing hetero-suggestion formulas and the choice of means for the development of their individual psychological characteristics. So, in the process of developing special physical qualities of taekwondo players, it is necessary to include tasks that contribute to the development of operational thinking, simple and anticipatory reactions.
The analysis of the scientific and methodological literature on the problem under study, the analysis of competitive fights and the relationship between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of young athletes, specializing in taekwondo, made it possible to develop a methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo boys. When developing the methodology, the following factors were taken into account: availability in practical application; adequacy to the peculiarities of the training process of the training groups; correspondence to the peculiarities of the competitive activity of taekwondo youths.
The structure of a separate training lesson corresponded to those generally accepted in the theory and practice of sports training and included preparatory, main and final parts. Circuit training in both groups was used in the main part of the training session and occupied 30% of its total time, 70% of the time was aimed at teaching technical actions and improving the technical and tactical skills of taekwondo players.
The methodology includes nine sets of exercises, each of which is aimed at developing a specific special physical quality. The athlete went through four stations in three series of two minutes each with a minute interval of active rest between the series. During the one-minute break, the athletes performed mincing jogging and recovery exercises (breathing exercises, muscle relaxation exercises). The number of series, their duration, the interval of active rest between the series were determined by the formula of competitive fights adopted by the competition rules of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF). Athletes performed two approaches, the interval of active rest between them was 10 minutes and was also predetermined by the established rules adopted in WTF taekwondo. So, in accordance with them, the interval between fights should not be less than 10 minutes. During active rest, the athletes performed special exercises - "step movement". Used in the "step-movement" methodology are aimed at the development of individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo youths (operational thinking, simple and anticipatory reactions).
Thus, the developed by us methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths includes elements of effective technical actions that are often used in sports duels, the time of physical activity and rest intervals, corresponding to the peculiarities of the actual competitive activity of taekwondo athletes; texts of pedagogical suggestion; special tasks in the phases of active rest between approaches for the development of individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo youths, designed in the form of a circular training.
In the fourth chapter"Experimental verification of the methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old" determined the effectiveness of the developed methodology. A formative pedagogical experiment was carried out to test the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths. After preliminary testing, the subjects were divided into control (n = 22) and experimental (n = 22) groups. The groups were statistically homogeneous. The identity of the groups was due to the same age, length of time in taekwondo, fitness level, gender and sports qualifications of taekwondo athletes. Two coaches of the highest and first qualification categories took part in the pedagogical experiment. In the experimental group for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes, which include speed endurance of leg muscles, speed of movement, "explosive" strength of leg muscles, active mobility in the hip joint and motor-coordination abilities, the developed methodology was used. In the control group, hetero-suggestion texts and special exercises for the development of individual psychological characteristics of young athletes were not used in the structure of the training session.
The measurement of indicators of special physical qualities was carried out in the following test exercises: the number of pit-chaga strikes in two minutes, the number of pit-chaga strikes in 10 seconds, shuttle running, pit-chaga strikes with external resistance “rubber band” , longitudinal twine.
The evidence base for solving the problem of experimental verification of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes-young men were: analysis of the dynamics of indicators of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old in the process of a pedagogical experiment in the control and experimental groups; intergroup analysis of the dynamics of indicators of special physical qualities after the first, second and third months of the pedagogical experiment; determination of the degree of influence of the developed methodology on the indicators of special physical qualities of taekwondo fighters in the experimental group; comparative analysis of the coefficients of special physical qualities in competitive fights of taekwondo boys of both groups before and after the pedagogical experiment; quantitative analysis of fights won by athletes of both groups.
To identify the effectiveness and appropriateness of the developed methodology in the control and experimental groups, an intragroup analysis of the dynamics of indicators of special physical qualities in the process of a pedagogical experiment was carried out (Fig. 1).
When comparing the data obtained after the first month of the pedagogical experiment with background indicators in the experimental group, significant changes were noted in such special physical qualities as speed of movements (p
After the second month of the experiment, significant differences were found in the increase in indicators of special physical qualities: speed endurance of the leg muscles (p
After the third month of the pedagogical experiment, in comparison with the background indicators, significant differences were determined in all considered special physical qualities: speed endurance of the leg muscles (p 
Rice. 1. Dynamics of indicators of special physical qualities in the experimental group.
Legend: SVMN - speed endurance of leg muscles; DB - speed of movement; DKS - motor-coordinating abilities; VSMN - "explosive" strength of the leg muscles; PTS - mobility in the hip joint; FP - background indicators; 1m - the first month of the experiment; 2 m - the second month of the experiment; 3m - the third month of the experiment.
In the control group, there is a positive trend in the indicators of all special physical qualities, but significant differences were found only after the second and third months of the pedagogical experiment in special physical qualities: speed endurance of the leg muscles, speed of movement, "explosive" strength of the leg muscles, mobility in the hip joint on significant level p As a result of the intergroup analysis, it was determined that the developed methodology has a positive effect on the indicators of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes in the training group of the second year of study already after the second month of the pedagogical experiment, and after the third month there were more significant changes in all test exercises, except for the "shuttle run" exercise (Table 1).
Table 1
Difference in indicators of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes
control (n = 22) and experimental (n = 22) groups in the process
pedagogical experiment (М ± m)
|
Special physical quality |
Group, p |
Before experiment |
After the first month of the experiment |
After the second month of the experiment |
After the third month of the experiment |
|
Expressway leg muscle endurance |
EG |
158.73 ± 0.31 |
159.3 ± 0.28 |
162.2 ± 0.39 |
164.1 ± 0.25 161.3 ± 0.28 |
|
Rapidity movements |
EG |
21.14 ± 0.11 |
22.14 ± 0.16 |
23.27 ± 0.15 |
24.23 ± 0.09 23.2 ± 0.14 |
|
Motor-coordination capabilities |
EG |
12.05 ± 0.11 |
11.95 ± 0.11 |
11.6 ± 0.11 |
10.03 ± 0.17 |
|
"Explosive" leg muscle strength |
EG |
11.64 ± 0.18 |
11.36 ± 0.16 |
10.64 ± 0.1 |
9.91 ± 0.09 10.59 ± 0.14 |
|
Mobility in the hip joint |
EG |
10.45 ± 0.56 |
8.23 ± 0.54 |
6.45 ± 0.52 |
3.82 ± 0.58 7.14 ± 0.67 |
Note: EG — experimental group; CG-control group;
p - reliability of differences.
Consequently, the developed method is effective in the development of such special physical qualities of young taekwondo fighters as speed endurance of the leg muscles, speed of movement, "explosive" strength of the leg muscles, mobility in the hip joint and is not sufficiently effective in the development of motor-coordinating abilities. In addition, the data of intergroup analysis indicate the difference between the developed technique and the technique that was used in the control group and speaks of its effectiveness.
In order to determine the degree of influence of the developed methodology on the indicators of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes in the experimental group, a one-factor analysis of variance was carried out, which was carried out only for those special physical qualities, in the indicators of which significant differences were determined. The degree of influence of the technique on the indicators of speed endurance of the leg muscles after the second month of the experiment was 42.5%; after the third month - 37.3%. With the development of the speed of movements of young taekwondo athletes, the effectiveness of pedagogical influence after each experimental month was as follows: after the first month - 8.2%; after the second month - 9.6%; after the third - 18.7%. In the development of "explosive" strength of the leg muscles, the degree of influence of the technique after the second month was 8.2%, after the third - 28.3%; on indicators of mobility in the hip joint after the second and third months of the pedagogical experiment was 33.6 and 34.9%, respectively. The effectiveness of pedagogical influence on motor-coordinating abilities was found only after the third month of the pedagogical experiment and amounted to 7.4%.
Thus, the obtained result gives grounds to say that the developed technique has the greatest impact on the development of speed endurance of the leg muscles, "explosive" strength of the leg muscles and mobility in the hip joint.
Table 2 presents the data of comparative analysis of indicators of special physical qualities in competitive fights of taekwondo athletes-young men from the control and experimental groups before and after the pedagogical experiment. Determination of the level of realization of special physical qualities in competitive fights was carried out using the mathematical method of calculating the coefficients of physical qualities in fights proposed by S.V. Pavlov (2003).
Due to the fact that in the practice of taekwondo methods for assessing the speed of movements have not been developed, we have proposed the calculation of the coefficient of this special physical quality in competitive fights. The coefficient of quickness of movements is the ratio of the number of strikes in the active phase of the fight to the total time of active technical actions in the fight. The arithmetic mean of the number of strikes and the time of active actions is considered.
As can be seen from Table 2, before the pedagogical experiment, no significant differences between the control and experimental groups were found in the coefficients of special physical qualities. After the pedagogical experiment, significant differences were determined in the indices of special physical qualities in competitive fights between the control and experimental groups in the coefficients of "explosive" strength of leg muscles, speed endurance of leg muscles, mobility in the hip joint and speed of movements (p
table 2
Coefficients of special physical qualities in competitive duels in the process of a pedagogical experiment
|
Coefficients of special physical qualities |
Before experiment |
R |
After the experiment |
R |
||
|
Control group (n = 22) |
|
Control group (n = 22) |
Experimental group (n = 22) |
|||
|
The coefficient of "explosive" strength of the leg muscles |
0.03 ± 0.01 |
0.033 ± 0.01 |
- |
0.04 ± 0.013 |
0.06 ± 0.007 |
|
|
Speed endurance coefficient of leg muscles |
0.13 ± 0.008 |
0.11 ± 0.012 |
- |
0.14 ± 0.012 |
0.17 ± 0.01 |
|
|
Coefficient of mobility in the hip joint |
0.32 ± 0.11 |
0.31 ± 0.01 |
- |
0.3 ± 0.009 |
0.39 ± 0.01 |
|
|
Coefficient of motor-coordination abilities |
0.18 ± 0.009 |
0.185 ± 0.01 |
- |
0.19 ± 0.008 |
0.2 ± 0.009 |
- |
|
Movement speed coefficient |
1.21 ± 0.012 |
1.2 ± 0.008 |
- |
1.23 ± 0.01 |
1.4 ± 0.13 |
|
To determine the effectiveness of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes, a comparative analysis of the arithmetic mean indicators of the number of competitive fights won by athletes from the control and experimental groups before and after the pedagogical experiment was carried out, regardless of the occupied place (Table 3). For this, the results of competitions at the Championships of the city of Ufa and the Republic of Bashkortostan (October 2005, January 2006) were analyzed.
The data of the analysis of the results of the competitions showed that the arithmetic mean number of won fights before the experiment was 2.91 ± 0.17 in the experimental group and 3.05 ± 0.17 in the control group (p> 0.05); after the pedagogical experiment - 6.18 ± 0.28 and 3.77 ± 0.21 in the experimental and control groups, respectively (p
Table 3
The number of won competitive fights in the control and experimental groups (M ± m)
Note: p - significance of differences.
Thus, the data of the analysis of the coefficients of the leading special physical qualities before and after the pedagogical experiment in the competitive fights of taekwondo athletes-boys, the comparative analysis of the arithmetic mean indicators of the number of competitive fights won by the athletes of the control and experimental groups before and after the pedagogical experiment testify to the effectiveness of the developed methodology for the development of special physical qualities taekwondo youth.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the problem of sports training of taekwondo players allowed to determine that the basics of building special physical training in taekwondo are not sufficiently revealed. The available research is mostly devoted to technical and tactical training, methods of initial training in taekwondo, individualization of the training process of taekwondo athletes, control of the state of sports readiness in the process of competitive activity of taekwondo athletes.
2. As a result of the analysis of scientific and methodological literature on taekwondo, competitive fights of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old, a questionnaire survey of leading coaches and athletes by the method of paired comparisons, the leading special physical qualities of taekwondo youths were revealed: speed endurance of the leg muscles; speed of movement (the ability to perform kicks at the maximum pace); "Explosive" strength of the leg muscles, active mobility in the hip joint and motor-coordination abilities.
3. In the process of developing a methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo youths, it is necessary to take into account the leading special physical qualities that ensure the effectiveness of motor actions in competitive fights of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old; peculiarities of the structure of their competitive fights; the results of the correlation analysis between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys.
4. The methodology used for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old should include elements of effective technical actions that are often used in competitive fights, the time of physical activity and rest intervals corresponding to the characteristics of the actual competitive activity of taekwondo athletes; texts of pedagogical suggestion, pronounced before and during the performance of physical exercises of various orientations; special tasks "steps" (for the development of individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo boys).
5. A methodology for the development of special physical qualities of taekwondo athletes of 11-13 years old has been developed, which makes it possible to achieve significant changes in almost all indicators of special physical qualities of young athletes in the experimental group in comparison with the control group, except for motor-coordinating abilities (p
6. It was determined that the taekwondo fighters of the experimental group most effectively realize special physical qualities in competitive fights than the athletes of the control group:
The athletes of the experimental group significantly improved the coefficients of "explosive" strength, speed endurance of leg muscles, mobility in the hip joint and speed of movement (p 0.05);
Significant differences were found in the indicator of the number of won competitive fights between the control and experimental groups after the pedagogical experiment (р
7. Application of the developed methodology in the process of special physical training of taekwondo boys will increase the effectiveness of the development of special physical qualities of young athletes specializing in taekwondo.
THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE STUDY ARE REFLECTED IN THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUTHOR
1. Mavletkulova A.S. Methodology for the upbringing of special physical qualities of taekwondo players / A.S. Mavletkulova // Physical culture, sport, tourism: science, education, technology: Sat. materials of the All-Russian scientific and methodological conference. Tchaikovsky: ChGIFK, 2004. - Part 1. - S. 136-139.
2. Mavletkulova A.S. Analysis of competitive fights of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old / A.S. Mavletkulova // Actual problems of theory and practice of physical culture and sport: Sat. materials of the intra-university final scientific-practical conference of students and young scientists of the Ufa branch of the Ural State Academy of Physical Culture. Ufa: UFUralGAFK, 2004. - S. 49-52.
3. Mavletkulova A.S. The solution of operational tasks in extreme conditions of competitive activity / A.S. Mavletkulova // Modern problems of personnel training in the field of physical culture and sports: Proceedings of teachers of the department of social disciplines of the Ufa branch of the Ural State Academy of Physical Culture. Ufa: UfUralGAFK, 2004. - S. 34-37.
4. Mavletkulova A.S. The concept of psychology of individual differences / A.S. Mavletkulova // Man. Society. Education: Interuniversity collection of articles. Ufa: RIO BashGU, 2005 .-- S. 112-113.
5. Mavletkulova A.S. Individual psychological characteristics of young taekwondo players / A.S. Mavletkulova // Physical culture, sport, tourism and health: Sat. scientific papers dedicated to the fifth anniversary of the Ufa branch of the Ural State Academy of Physical Culture. Ufa: RIO BashGU, 2005. - S. 64-66.
6. Mavletkulova A.S. Features of the competitive activity of young men in taekwondo (WTF) / A.S. Mavletkulova // Modern problems of physical culture, sports, tourism and the Olympic movement: Materials of the XVII All-Ural Olympic scientific session. Ufa: BashIFK, 2005. - Part 2. - S. 148-151.
7. Mavletkulova A.S. Determination of the effectiveness of the methodology for the upbringing of special physical qualities of taekwondo players 11-13 years old / A.S. Mavletkulova // Modern problems of physical culture, sports, tourism and the Olympic movement: Materials of the XVII All-Ural Olympic scientific session. Ufa: BashIFK, 2005. - Part 2. - P. 151 - 155.
8. Mavletkulova A.S. Features of the manifestation of technical actions of young taekwondo players / A.S. Mavletkulova // Health care, theory of health and healthy lifestyles: Materials of the regional scientific-practical conference, ed. V.S. Bykov. Chelyabinsk, SUSU-RGTEU, 2005. - pp. 106 - 107.
9. Mavletkulova A.S. Analysis of the relationship between special physical qualities and individual psychological characteristics of taekwondo youths / A.S. Mavletkulova // Physical culture and sport in the XXI century: experience, modern approach, problems and prospects: Materials of the jubilee scientific and practical conference. Sterlitamak SIFK, 2006. - In 2 hours, Part 1 - P. 82-86.
10. Mavletkulova A.S. Analysis of special physical readiness of taekwondo athletes 11-13 years old / A.S. Mavletkulova // Physical culture and sport in the XXI century: experience, modern approach, problems and prospects: Materials of the jubilee scientific and practical conference. Sterlitamak SIFK, 2006. - In 2 hours, Part 1 - P. 82-86.
11. Mavletkulova A.S. Methodology for the development of special physical qualities in taekwondo among young men / A.S. Mavletkulova // Bulletin of the South Ural State University / Series "Education, health care, science" - 2006. - No. 3 (58). - T.2. - S. 50-52.
12. Mavletkulova A.S. The system of complex control of the state of sports readiness of combatants in the process of competitive activity (on the example of taekwondo) / A.S. Mavletkulova, S.V. Pavlov, T.V. Bondarchuk // Theory and practice of physical culture - 2006.-№ 8.-S. 28-30.
DISSERTATION MATERIALS SUBMITTED
At the all-Ural scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of physical culture, sports, tourism and the Olympic movement" Ufa, 2005.
At the All-Russian scientific-practical conference "Physical culture and sport in the XXI century: experience, modern approach, problems and prospects" Sterlitamak, 2006.
At the international scientific-practical conference "Cooperation and innovations in physical culture and sports: problems and prospects" Chelyabinsk, 2006.
First of all, it should be noted that the basis for achieving high results in taekwondo is the general physical fitness of an athlete. The main means of general physical training are:
- - crosses at various distances, running at a variable pace, running with accelerations,
- - sports games: rugby, football, table tennis, basketball, handball,
- - weightlifting training: barbell, kettlebells, simulators,
- - exercises without weights - push-ups from the floor, push-ups on the uneven bars, pull-ups on the bar, long jump, high jump, shot put, swimming for time and volume,
- - ski race,
- - hiking trips.
With an increase in sportsmanship, physical fitness shifts towards a special orientation. TFP funds include:
- - cross with sharp accelerations,
- - work with a sledgehammer on a car tire,
- - kettlebell throws, kettlebell exercises,
- - jerks, jerks, throws of heavy balls,
- - work with a rope,
- - pushing the barbell out of the chest,
- - striking with weights in the hands,
- - push-ups and pull-ups on the bar at an accelerated pace,
- - work on bags, pears, wall pillows with explosions.
When working for endurance, increase the rounds to 5 minutes or more. When working on dexterity, coordination of movements, the vestibular apparatus, it is necessary to master a variety of motor skills.
It is also advisable to train in the pool with the performance of competitive techniques with breath training.
Improving technical and tactical skills with special training is as follows:
- - Improvement of straight, bottom, circular, back, side kicks.
- - Protection against direct, bottom, circular, rear, side kicks.
- - Improvement of double and serial strikes and protection against them.
- - Technique and tactics of long-range combat, working with an opponent who is fighting in an offensive manner. Training with an opponent fighting in a counterattacking manner from long range.
- - Technique and tactics of combat at medium and close range. The technique of entering and exiting it.
- - Technique and tactics of fighting in an attacking manner (with a high opponent, with a low opponent, with an easy opponent, with a heavy opponent).
- - Technique and tactics of fighting in a counterattacking manner. Strikes ahead of the curve.
- - Technique and tactics of waging a battle with an opponent who is in a left-sided stance, a right-sided stance.
- - Technique and tactics of waging a battle with an opponent acting in a counterattacking manner.
- - Exercises on special boxing equipment, bags, makiwars and paws.
- - Technique and tactics of fighting an aggressive opponent.
- - Technique and tactics of waging a battle with a universal opponent.
Freestyle and conditional fights are a means of consolidating skills, practicing in improving technical and tactical skills and preparing for the upcoming competitions. Up to 80 training fights are held in preparation for the main competition.
Competitions and sparring for highly qualified taekwondo athletes are not only the goal of training, but also, if used correctly, are an effective means of improving special preparedness. It is impossible to achieve a high level of preparedness only by increasing the volume and intensity of training, without regular participation in competitions, in the process of which a special competitive quality develops (a sense of impact, a sense of distance, intuition), tactical skill, volitional qualities.
The main technical actions in taekwondo are distances, stances, movements, body movements, strikes.
Distances are literally not included in the initial technical actions, but they predetermine the composition of the technique, the variability of its execution and the tactics of the battle.
For the implementation of any attacking technical actions, or protection, the use or provision of a given distance is certainly taken into account.
Distances are divided into:
- 1. Long-distance, in which the blow can be delivered with a step.
- 2. Medium, in which the kick can be delivered without stepping.
H. Near, in which direct punches can be delivered.
Stances are a necessary condition for an attacking or defensive maneuver. The rack must have a sufficient margin of stability (including the creation of shock support).
The stands in the projection on the sagittal plane can be straight and bent. The bent stance is rare in taekwondo, and as a rule, it is fleeting, practically being an element of maneuver.
Traditionally, in taekwondo, the leading importance is attached to dayang (steps) maneuver, both for the purpose of tactical preparation for an attack and for the purpose of defense.
Movement relative to the opponent can be performed in half-step (exposing one leg) or step (with the substitution of the second leg to the first). In this case, the movement is complete. In addition, the movement can be performed by jumping (bouncing, bouncing). There are two ways to move in steps: normal and side-by-side. Moving with a normal step is performed somewhat faster (by 10-15%) than with an attached one.
Moving in a jump can be done in two ways: push with one leg and push with two legs (jump).
A taekwondo fighter can maneuver his body horizontally and vertically in order to disorient the enemy, make it difficult to plan an attack from the enemy, avoid his attacks, and deliver his own attacks.
Body movements are represented by:
- - deviations (deviations);
- - deviations in the direction of the leg farthest from the enemy;
- - slopes towards the leg closest to the enemy.
Taekwondo strikes are the main means of attack, the most important component of a fighter's technical equipment. In the sports section of taekwondo, certain parts of the body are established, on which punches and kicks can be applied.
Tactics in sports is a maneuver of forces and means in the process of fighting in order to achieve the desired result. By means is meant everything that affects the enemy (manpower with its weapons, artillery, tanks, aircraft), by forces - the amount of these means.
Table 1
Levels of solving tactical tasks in battle
|
The strength of the fighters |
Maneuvering forces and means |
Fighters' funds |
|
Anthropometric data |
Strategic combat level |
Initial technical actions:
|
|
Physical qualities |
Reconnaissance of enemy forces and assets |
Basic technical steps:
|
|
Sensorimotor qualities |
Accounting for their forces and means. Situation assessment |
|
|
Intellectual qualities |
Decision-making:
|
|
|
Nervous typological features |
||
|
Methods of disguising their forces and means |
||
|
Mental qualities |
Methods of psychological influence (suppression, activation) |
Auxiliary technical actions:
|
|
Using indirect factors |
In sports, it is advisable to understand forces as physical and volitional qualities through which specific sports actions are realized. Means should be understood as the entire list of technical actions in this sport.
With a variety of combinations of all physical and mental qualities of both opponents, the variety of technical actions in the arsenal of each fighter determines an even greater variety of possible options for the use of technical means, maneuvering with their own forces and means to achieve the set goal (Table 1). Therefore, the question of constructing a classification of tactics, with the help of which it would be possible to streamline the process of tactical training, is very difficult. It requires, first of all, the distribution of concepts related to tactics in time and according to the ranks of significance.
According to the sequence of tactical implementation in battle and during preparation for competitive activity, all of the above mental and motor technical actions should be presented in the following sequence:
- 1. Attacking technical and tactical actions.
- - blows from the maneuver on dayang;
- - blows from the body maneuver;
- - blows from the body maneuver and dayang;
- - combinations of blows;
- - a series of blows.
- 2. Counterattacking technical and tactical actions.
- - retaliatory strikes after maneuverable defense;
- - retaliatory strikes after contact protection;
- - counter strikes together with defense;
- - pre-emptive strikes from preventive protection.
- 3. Methods of influencing the enemy.
- - actions to neutralize the enemy;
- - actions to activate the enemy;
- - actions to exhaust the enemy;
- - actions to suppress the enemy;
- - actions to outplay the enemy.
- 4. Styles of fighting.
- - programmed (straight-line and combinational);
- - situational (active and passive).
Flexibility development method
In childhood and adolescence, there is great flexibility in all joints and great mobility of the joints. Therefore, one of the main sports and pedagogical tasks of the teacher is the systematic work on the development of flexibility in those involved in the first years of classes.
Good flexibility contributes to the correct execution of technical actions, and systematic exercises in the execution of techniques contribute to a specific improvement in flexibility.
To foster flexibility, the following special exercises and methodological techniques are used:
1. Exercises without objects with gradually increasing amplitude.
2. Stretching exercises; repeated springy movements (bends forward, to the side, backbends and various squats).
3. Exercises imitating taekwondo techniques with the greatest possible amplitude.
4. Exercises using active and passive flexibility (with the help of apparatus, with the help of a partner, etc.).
Special exercises for the development of flexibility are necessarily included in the preparatory part of any taekwondo lesson, in the morning exercises and other taekwondo activities.
Complex technical-tactical, physical and psychological training in direct methodological connection with competitions at certain stages becomes competitive training. It contributes to the best solution of tasks of tactical and moral-volitional training of those involved.
Participation in competitions is an effective means of improving the sportsmanship of fighters. However, it must be remembered that frequent starts tire the nervous system, the athlete loses the desire to compete. Therefore, competitive training should be planned in the interests of the entire training process and aimed at the main competition of the season.
When organizing training, one should keep in mind the effect of supercompensation during the recovery period after physical exertion. On this basis, cycles of loads and rest are built during the training period.
Among the methods of organizing such cycles during a training session are:
● hard rest intervals with small loads and short rest periods with the expectation of underrecovery;
● relatively complete rest intervals to ensure recovery of performance;
● extreme intervals of rest, designed for the imposition of a load in the phase of hypercompensation of functional qualities;
● full rest interval, calculated to apply the load after the hypercompensation curve drops to background level.
9.5. Special physical training in taekwondo
The physical fitness of a taekwondo fighter, as his qualifications and fitness grow, should become more and more specialized, so that, on the one hand, contributing to the most complete education of special physical qualities and skills, and on the other, complementing special training, to ensure the alignment of all sides in the preparation and development of an athlete.
The level of physical readiness of a taekwondo athlete changes with the growth of his sportsmanship, therefore, the education of the physical qualities of an athlete should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the specifics of the sport.
Below we will consider the issues of improving functional qualities in the context of the tasks of taekwondo as a sport with high loads on the sensorimotor apparatus. Therefore, the development of physical qualities should be aimed precisely at providing motor actions characteristic of taekwondo. Nevertheless, the methods of their development have their own specifics, and therefore the terms concerning the principles and methods of improving physical qualities will be repeated.
9.5.1. Taekwondo Special Force as Speed Force
The conditions and nature of the developed efforts during the fight are too varied to be able to speak of a single manifestation of strength in taekwondo.
The dynamic strength of a taekwondo player is manifested in movement, that is, in the so-called dynamic mode. This is, for example, the strength developed in strikes, defenses, movements, etc.
By the nature of efforts, dynamic strength in taekwondo is subdivided into explosive, fast and slow.
Explosive force refers to the manifestation of force with maximum acceleration. Such strength, for example, develops in the accented punches of the taekwondo player.
Fast force manifests itself in movements in which the speed of movement plays a predominant role, and relatively small inertial resistances are inherent in it.
Slow force is manifested in relatively slow movements, performed with little or no acceleration. A typical case of the manifestation of slow strength in taekwondo is the direct power overcoming of the opponent's resistance in close combat at the moment of grabbing, holding, etc.
Different modes of work and fighting manners of athletes require different manifestations of strength, especially when they perform shock actions.
For example, a "temp" fighter needs strength that allows him to deliver a series of rapidly alternating relatively weak blows, overcoming his inertial efforts and enemy resistance. Such a taekwondo fighter strives to strike the next one as soon as possible after the execution of each blow. This means that he does not need to deliver strong accented blows, since in this case he will inevitably "stagnate" and he will have less favorable conditions for continuous suppression of the opponent.
In a taekwondo fighter-“knockout”, on the contrary, the main feature is the ability to deliver a strong, accented blow with the ultimate and near-limiting force of an “explosive” character. The “explosive” effect is achieved due to the involvement of the maximum number of functional units of each individual working muscle, rational use of muscle groups for a given specific blow, their high intermuscular coordination and the athlete's ability to strike in an extremely short time micro-interval. The “knockout” fighter is characterized by a relatively low density of the fight, since he usually delivers strong single or double punches (less often a series) with relatively long pauses between attacks. This is due to a number of reasons, in particular, the physiological capabilities of muscles, the work of which is based on alternating contraction and relaxation, and it takes longer to relax the muscles than to contract. In this regard, in a fight with a high density, the taekwondo fighter-“knockout” has less favorable conditions for a strong accentuated blow, since the relaxation time of his muscles will be shorter.
The manifestation of slow strength, especially in direct contact with the enemy at the time of power struggle and during his physical "suppression", is characteristic of a "silovik" fighter. Usually, his strikes have poorly differentiated efforts - they are applied with the same force and with a low speed, there is no “explosive” accent in them. An insufficient level of quickness with good physical fitness leads to the formation of a power fighting style in such a taekwondo fighter with a focus on achieving victory by physically suppressing the opponent.
A “gamer” taekwondo fighter assumes a defensive position before and after striking, and therefore he has less ability to carry out the most powerful strike. He achieves the effect in striking actions due to quick and accurate strikes with the development of an “explosive” impulse at the beginning of the strike.
Since the nature of the manifestations of strength in taekwondo is different (explosive, fast, slow strength), in practice, the trainer must use the appropriate means and methods to educate each type of strength, focusing on those of them that correspond to the style of a particular fighter.
In addition, it must be remembered that the magnitude of the displayed strength depends on the level of the athlete's fitness - in a state of high fitness, the number of muscle fibers involved in the work increases and the synchronization of muscle work improves.