Tactical side sports training associated with the ability to conduct wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. The level of tactical readiness of an athlete depends on their mastery of the means of sports tactics (technical techniques and methods of their implementation), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).
Sports and tactical training - pedagogical process aimed at mastering rational forms of competition with the "enemy". Her the main task- the most expedient use of forces and opportunities for victory. It includes: study general provisions tactics of the chosen sport; techniques of refereeing and regulations on competitions; tactical experience of the strongest athletes; mastering the skills to build your own tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling necessary conditions in training and control competitions for the practical mastery of tactical constructions.
Tactical knowledge is a set of ideas about the means, types and forms of sports tactics and the peculiarities of their use in training and competitive activities.
Tactical skills are a form of manifestation of an athlete's consciousness, reflecting his actions on the basis of tactical knowledge.
Tactical skills are learned tactical actions, combinations of individual or collective actions.
Tactical thinking is the thinking of an athlete in the process of sports activity under conditions of time deficit and mental stress and is directly aimed at solving specific tactical problems.
In the process of tactical training, the following tasks are solved:
1) creating a holistic view of the fight;
2) the formation of an individual style wrestling;
3) decisive and timely implementation decisions taken, thanks to rational techniques and actions, taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environmental conditions, refereeing, competitive situation, own state, etc.
There are two types of tactical training: general and special. General tactical training is aimed at mastering knowledge and tactical skills for success in sports competitions in the chosen sport; special tactical training - for mastering the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.
Specific means and methods of tactical training are tactical forms of performing specially prepared competitive exercises, the so-called tactical exercises... From others training exercises they are distinguished by the fact that:
1) the attitude when performing these exercises is focused primarily on solving tactical problems;
2) in the exercises, individual tactical situations and methods of wrestling are practically modeled;
3) if necessary, the external conditions of the competition are also modeled.
Relatively general methodological techniques embodied in such exercises include:
a) approaches associated with limiting the spatial and temporal conditions of action;
b) approaches associated with the introduction of additional tactical countermeasures on the part of the "enemy";
c) approaches associated with limiting the number of attempts presented to achieve a competitive goal;
d) approaches associated with the expansion of the tactical options used.
Factors affecting the tactics of athletes' competitive activity:
Competition rules;
Competition Regulations;
Environmental conditions accompanying sports competitions.
Psychological preparation of athletes
Psychological training is a system of psychological and pedagogical influences used to form and improve athletes' personality traits and mental qualities necessary for the successful fulfillment of training activities, preparation for competitions and reliable performance in them. Mental training helps to create a mental state that contributes, on the one hand, to the greatest use of physical and technical readiness, and on the other hand, allows to resist pre-competitive and competitive confounding factors (self-doubt, stiffness, overexcitation, etc.).
The state of mental readiness is a balanced, relatively stable system of the athlete's personal characteristics, against the background of which the dynamics of mental processes develop, aimed at orienting the athlete in pre-competitive situations and in the conditions of competitive struggle, at self-regulation of his own actions, thoughts, feelings, behavior in general adequate to these conditions associated with solving particular problems leading to the achievement of the intended goal.
It is customary to highlight general mental training and mental training for a specific competition.
General mental preparation is solved in two ways:
1) training an athlete in universal techniques that ensure mental readiness for activities in extreme conditions: ways of self-regulation of emotional states, the level of concentration and distribution of attention; methods of self-organization and mobilization for maximum volitional and physical efforts;
2) teaching the techniques of modeling in training activity the conditions of competitive wrestling by means of verbal-figurative and natural models.
Psychological preparation for a specific competition. It involves the formation of an attitude to achieve the planned result against the background of a certain emotional excitement, depending on motivation, the size of the athlete's need to achieve the goal and a subjective assessment of the likelihood of its achievement. At this stage, mental preparation includes psychological modeling of the conditions of the upcoming struggle, forced optimization of the "strengths" of the athlete's mental fitness, attitude and program of actions, etc.
According to the purpose of application, the means and methods of psychological preparation are divided into: 1) mobilizing; 2) corrective (correcting); 3) relaxing (relaxing).
1) psychological and pedagogical (persuasive, guiding, motor, behavioral-organizing, social-organizing, combined);
2) predominantly psychological (suggestive; mental, combining influence by word and image; social and playful and combined);
3) mainly psychophysiological (instrumental, psychopharmacological, respiratory, combined).
According to the sphere of influence, the means and methods of psychological preparation are divided into:
1) funds aimed at correcting the perceptual-psychomotor sphere (i.e., qualities associated with the perception of the situation and motor actions);
2) means of influencing the intellectual sphere;
3) means of influencing the emotional sphere;
4) means of influencing the volitional sphere;
5) means of influencing the moral sphere.
According to the addressee, the means and methods of mental preparation are divided into:
1) funds aimed at mental training of the coach;
2) controls directly by the athlete or team.
By the time of application, these funds are divided into: 1) warning; 2) pre-competition; 3) competitive; 4) post-competition.
By the nature of their application, they are divided into self-regulation (self-action) and heteroregulation (the impact of other participants in the pedagogical process - a trainer, psychologist, doctor, massage therapist, etc.).
In the system of psychological training, the following areas should be distinguished:
Formation of motivation to go in for sports;
Strong-willed training;
Ideomotor training;
Improving responsiveness;
Improvement of special skills;
Regulation of mental tension;
Improving stress tolerance;
Starting state management.
Mental preparation is carried out throughout years of preparation at training sessions, training camps, competitions.
Physical training
Physical fitness is a nurturing process physical qualities and the development of functionalities that create opportunities for improvement in all aspects of training. It is subdivided into general and special.
General physical fitness (GPP) presupposes the versatile development of physical qualities, functional capabilities and systems of the athlete's body, the coherence of their manifestation in the process of muscular activity. In modern sports training, the overall physical fitness is associated not with versatile physical perfection in general, but with the level of development of physical qualities and abilities, which have an indirect effect on sports achivments and the effectiveness of the training process in a particular sport. By means of a common physical fitness are physical exercises that provide overall impact on the body and personality of the athlete. These include various movements - running, skiing, swimming, outdoor and sports games, exercises with weights, etc. With their help, individual links of the body are developed, strengthened, and improved, which ultimately achieves the overall effect of general physical training. It is especially important through general physical training to strengthen weaknesses in the body, increase the functionality of systems and organs.
General physical training exercises, according to their direction and effect, can be somewhat conditionally divided into two groups - indirect and direct influence.
Exercises of indirect influence are designed to increase the performance of organs and systems of the body, to ensure the coherence of their functions. Usually, such exercises indirectly contribute to an increase in fitness (for example, crosses for non-core specializations, strength exercises for chess players, etc.).
General developmental exercises of direct action are directly aimed at increasing physical fitness in the chosen sport. With their help, organs and systems are strengthened, functional capabilities are increased, and motor qualities are developed in relation to the requirements of building a common foundation for the chosen kind of sport. Physical exercises of direct action should be similar in coordination and character to the movements and actions (or parts of them) available in the chosen sport.
General physical training should be carried out throughout the entire annual training cycle.
Special physical training (SPP) is characterized by the level of development of physical abilities, the capabilities of organs and functional systems that directly determine the achievements in the chosen sport.
The main means of SPP are all special preparatory exercises. The closer these exercises are in terms of characteristics to the competitive ones, the more synchronously they affect sports results.
The physical fitness of an athlete is closely related to his sports specialization. In some sports and their individual disciplines, the sports result is determined, first of all, by speed-power capabilities, the level of anaerobic performance; in others - aerobic performance, endurance for long-term work; thirdly - speed-power and coordination abilities; fourthly, the uniform development of various physical qualities.
Systematic physical exercises in order to achieve individual maximum results in these exercises are associated with the concept of "sport" and "sports training".
Many students are involved in a particular sport and achieve high results. High athletic performance - the ego is always a huge work, the presence of a strong will in a person, a reasonable organization of the way of life.
In addition, the athlete must be well aware of all those complex processes that arise in the body under the influence training loads and other factors of the surrounding reality. The main forms of preparation are: a training lesson (training), competitions, additional activities (exercise, self-training, recovery activities, etc.).
- ? physical fitness;
- ? technical training;
- ? tactical training;
- ? psychological preparation;
- ? theoretical (integral) training.
Each section has its own tasks, certain means, methods are used that are determined by the type of sport, the level of the athlete's fitness, age, calendar sporting events, conditions. At the same time, the content of sports training (sections) has a number of general provisions that are valid for all sports and any contingent. Let us briefly consider these provisions.
Technical training
The main task of technical training is mastering motor skills and skills in the chosen specialization, bringing them to a high degree of stability and rational variability. What is the technique for performing a particular exercise? This is the most rational way to achieve best result... The technical execution of the exercise is the most economical, aesthetic and effective movement.
In the technique of any motor action, it is possible to distinguish: the basis of the technique, the main link (or links) in the basis and details of the technique. For example, a long jump with a running start in the "scissors" way. The technique of this jump consists of a run, take off, a phase of flight and landing - this is the basis of the technique. The main link is repulsion, the details of the technique are the individual characteristics of the execution of the base. One athlete develops his own takeoff rhythm, the other has a difference in the flight phase, etc.
In technical training, general technical training is also distinguished - mastering a variety of motor skills and skills, generalizing the motor arsenal, contributing to the development of coordination, and special technical training - all motor actions that make up the chosen sport, mastering these skills, improving them taking into account the individual characteristics of each athlete ... The more complex the kind of sport in coordination, the greater the proportion of technical training at all stages of the training process.
Tactical training
The content of sports training includes such a section as tactics (a method of wrestling). In tactical training, a distinction is made between theoretical and practical parts. Studying the ways to achieve victories or the reasons for the defeat not only of our performances, but also of the leading athletes, our rivals, we develop the so-called "tactical thinking". A high level of tactical thinking allows an athlete to take into account two types of factors in a timely manner:
- ? conditions of specific competitions;
- ? the strengths and weaknesses of your opponent and your own.
Based on the obtained theoretical conclusions, a
tactical plan for a specific competition. Thus, in tactical training, it is conditionally possible to distinguish general tactical training (most often theoretical) and special tactical training - a performance plan for each specific competition and even in one competition, a plan for fighting a specific opponent.
- 1) improvement in the distribution of forces during the competition (uniform, uneven, starting acceleration, finishing acceleration, etc.);
- 2) improvement in the flexible use of techniques: to have in stock a technique unexpected for an opponent, a "signature" element or number;
- 3) improvement in interactions with partners but a team ( game types sports), playing certain techniques for specific players, ligaments, combinations, unexpected replacement of players, etc.;
- 4) improvement in expedient switching, most often associated with the ability to impose his tactics on the opponent, unexpectedly switching from defensive actions to attack or active defense.
By its nature, tactical combat is directed, as indicated above, to the organization of defense, attack or active defense. There are also individual, group and team tactical combat.
The role of tactical training in different types sport is not the same. Tactical training plays a leading role in the game, team competition... The closer the contact with the opponent, the more difficult and important tactical training, and all other sections of training are subordinate to it.
Psychological preparation
All other things being equal, in modern sports the one who wins stronger in character, knows how to tune in to the struggle, does not succumb to the bitterness of failure, or, conversely, is able not to get sick with "star fever". All these features are associated with the psychological preparation of the athlete.
For successful performance in competitions it is necessary to be able to achieve an optimal combat state. It consists of three components:
- 1) physical condition(physical fitness), which is mainly achieved by warm-up;
- 2) emotional state (psychological readiness for competition, achievement of readiness to go to the start, start techniques, etc.);
- 3) mental (the result of ideomotor training).
To achieve the optimal combat state (OBS), three tuning formulas are recommended (but to A.V. Alekseev):
- 1. "Any difficulties, obstacles mobilize me."
- 2. "To be able to add at the end - to finish." (At maximum effort, approximately 70% of physical reserves are used, but only 5% of mental ones.)
- 3. "Competitions are a holiday for me."
The ability to mobilize as much as possible and relax as much as possible (self-regulation) is the key to successful performance in any competition.
Psychological training is closely related to intellectual (theoretical) training. The relationship between physical and mental state was mentioned above. It is only necessary to emphasize the enormous importance of self-education in the training of an athlete.
Self-education is the activity of an object aimed at improving its personality in three areas: intellectual, emotional and physical.
One of the ways of self-education is a person's assessment of their capabilities, qualities, place among other people (self-esteem).
Self-esteem is a regulator of personality behavior, it is associated with the level of aspirations, g. the degree of difficulty of the goals that the personality sets for itself. The discrepancy between the claim and the real capabilities of a person leads to inadequacy of behavior, hence emotional breakdowns, the appearance of increased anxiety and uncertainty.
In addition to self-esteem, such techniques are used as self-commitment, self-report, self-control, comprehension of one's own activities and behavior.
Self-education and self-education are essential components of a creative personality. A high sports result is always a search, always creativity, always persistent, long-term work.
Questions and tasks for self-control
- 1. What is the health-improving value of general physical fitness?
- 2. Why is general physical fitness basic for playing sports?
- 3. What types of training does the process of sports training include?
- 4. Expand the concept of self-esteem as a regulator of the behavior of an athlete and athlete.
2. Tactical training of an athlete. Features of tactical training in various sports.
Sports tactics as a subject of study and improvement. Sports tactics in its perfect form is the art of wrestling. In general, the concept of "sports tactics" encompasses all more or less expedient ways of conducting a competition by an athlete (individual tactics) and a sports team (team tactics), subordinate to a certain idea and plan of achieving a competitive goal. The meaning of the athlete's (team's) tactics is to use such methods of conducting the competition, which would allow them to realize their capabilities with the greatest efficiency (physical, mental, technical) and to overcome the opponent's resistance at the lowest cost.
The starting point in sports tactics is the general tactical concept - the principle of conducting a competition, which is usually developed before the competition as the main line of organizing actions, interactions (in team competitions) and overcoming the opposition of rivals on the way to achieving a competitive goal. The general tactical plan, for example, of a distance runner may be to strive to ensure an even distribution of forces at a distance, most favorable for achieving a record result, or to use spurts and other methods of fighting at a distance, which, although they do not guarantee a record result, but can contribute to victory over rivals by virtue of the fact that they put them in a difficult position; tactical design in sports games often proceeds from the desire to impose on the opposing team a manner of playing the game that is unfavorable for it, etc. The concept is concretized in the tactical plan, which is a list of sequential tasks and proposed ways of solving them. The tactical intent and plan is a kind of initial model of the athlete's (team's) tactics in the upcoming competition. From them - if they are developed taking into account the real capabilities of the athlete (team), reflect the peculiarities of the conditions of the competition (including the capabilities of the opponents) and rely on the correct forecast of the likely outcome of the struggle - the expediency of sports tactics primarily depends.
The tactical concept and plan, no matter how carefully they are developed, are inevitably corrected in the course of the competition in relation to the actually emerging competitive situations. Therefore, the practical elements of sports tactics should be considered not only as ways of implementing a predetermined tactical line, but also as ways of solving tactical problems that arise directly in the process of competition.
The practical elements of sports tactics in most cases are:
firstly, expedient ways of combining and transforming (variations) competitive actions, conditioned by the logic of the competition (for example, combining and varying defensive, counterattacking and attacking actions in martial arts and sports games, depending on the actions of the opponent);
secondly, the methods of rational distribution of forces in the course of competitive exercises and during their reproduction in the process of competition;
thirdly, the methods of psychological influence on the opponent and masking intentions (for example, demonstrating confidence and general readiness for the competition even before it starts, in the warm-up, or, on the contrary, masking one's capabilities up to the decisive moment, imitation and mimicry during a fight, creating a deceptive idea of the intended actions in the opponent's mind).
Most of the tactical tasks in a competition are solved through the technique of competitive actions. This means that the basic elements of sports tactics are nothing more than a connection sports equipment with an appropriate way of using it, corresponding to a specific competitive situation, that is, they are tactical forms of using sports equipment. It should be borne in mind that the elements of tactics are always larger than the elements of technique: the former include the latter as their components, combining them in a certain order - in the form of expedient methods of conducting the competition (the technique of attacking and defensive actions, for example, in a boxer's duel is included in as a technical basis in the tactics of attack and defense, but tactics in this case is not reduced to technology, but is a form that expediently combines individual techniques). This is the unity and difference between tactical and technical training.
The peculiarities of tactics in various sports are primarily due to the specificity of contacts between the participants in the competition, the ratio of factors that determine sports achievements, complex and diverse tactics are characterized by sports and single combats. It is no coincidence that they are called tactical sports. A specific feature of tactics in sports is direct contact between opponents, expressed in their physical effects on each other (boxing, wrestling, ice hockey, etc.) or in influences mediated by a sporting weapon or object (fencing, ball games, etc.) ...
Tactical knowledge finds practical use in the form of tactical skills and abilities that are formed as a result of teaching intellectual operations and motor actions, which form the basis of sports tactics. These are, in particular, the skills and abilities of developing tactical plans, plans, processing information, evaluating competitive situations and making decisions, as well as motor skills and abilities necessary for the successful solution of tactical problems in the process of competition. The tactical prowess of an athlete relies on both skill and skill, but the way the competition is conducted in general, apparently, never turns into a skill (a stable automated form of behavior). In other words, tactical skills are formed in relation to individual operations (techniques) and their combinations, but in general they are united not by the type of rigid stereotypical connections, but by the type of flexible variable connections characteristic of complex motor skills.
In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. Its main qualities are expressed in the athlete's ability to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate, and process information that is essential for solving tactical problems in a competition, to anticipate the opponent's actions and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find the shortest way among several possible options decisions that are most likely to lead to success. There is no doubt that these qualities are needed in any kind of sport, although their "contribution" to sports achievements, obviously, is not the same in different sports. As already emphasized, the role of operational tactical thinking in sports games and single combats is especially great, where it is often a decisive factor in victory. And not only “all other things being equal”. Facts show, for example, that a swordsman with a highly developed ability to foresee the opponent's actions turns out to be the winner even when he is inferior to competitors in the development of elementary psychomotor abilities - the speed of a simple motor reaction, etc. (V.S. Keller).
Tactical readiness is the ability of an athlete to correctly build the course of the struggle, taking into account the peculiarities of the sport, his individual characteristics, the capabilities of his rivals and the created external conditions.
The level of tactical readiness of an athlete depends on the degree of his possession of the means, forms and types of tactics of the sport.
Means of tactics are all tactics and methods of their implementation.
In terms of form, tactics are:
Individual (performance of tactical techniques by one athlete);
The tactics of individual groups of athletes (group tactics);
Team tactics (performed by all athletes of one team).
Types of tactics:
Offensive (seizing the initiative from the opponent);
Defensive (giving the initiative to the opponent, private tactical tasks are solved);
Counter-attacker (the opponent's mistakes are used to seize the initiative in the most important point wrestling).
Depending on the specifics of the sport, the qualifications of the athlete, the situation arising in the competition, the tactics in their content can be:
Algorithmic tactics (based on pre-planned actions and their deliberate implementation);
Probabilistic tactics (assumes a deliberate impromptu action in which only a certain beginning is planned);
Heuristic tactics (based on the impromptu response of athletes, depending on the current situation, do not prepare in advance).
The choice of tactics depends on the following factors:
1. On the specifics of the sport.
2. The individual characteristics of the athlete.
3. On the level and significance of the competition.
4. Opportunities of rivals.
5. Impact of external conditions.
6. Unforeseen situations.
The quality of tactical training is of great importance. To improve it, you need:
a) have a sufficient level of knowledge about the tactics of competitive wrestling and the amount of skills and abilities mastered by the athlete;
b) the ability to foresee (predict) possible options for tactical combat in competitions.
c) the psychological stability of an athlete in solving tactical problems.
d) operational correction of tactics during the competition;
e) sufficient motivation (interest) of the athlete and his volitional capabilities in achieving the goal;
e) correct analysis competition results for further improvement of tactical readiness.
Improving tactical readiness involves solving the following tasks:
1. To expand knowledge about the tactics of competitive wrestling in the chosen sport.
2. To increase the volume of the skills and abilities of competitive wrestling mastered by the athlete.
3. To form the psychological stability of an athlete in solving tactical problems.
4. To develop the ability to promptly correct tactics during the competition.
5. To improve the level of motivation (interest) of the athlete in achieving sports performance.
6. Formation of the ability to conduct an analysis of the results of the competition.
To solve 1 problem “To expand knowledge about the tactics of competitive wrestling in the chosen sport, the following actions are necessary:
Analysis of the competitive activity of outstanding athletes;
Study of scientific literature and information materials about competitive activity;
Expanding knowledge of the rules of the competition, the tactical actions of opponents and the conditions for the main competitions.
When solving 2 tasks “To increase the volume of the skills and abilities of competitive wrestling mastered by an athlete, it is necessary to use 4 groups of tactical training means:
Training without an opponent is used to master the basic technical and tactical actions;
Training with a conditional enemy involves the use of auxiliary shells and devices (dummies, enemy models with a pre-developed action program, training devices);
Training with a teammate creates a more competitive environment;
Training with an unknown enemy allows you to improve tactics in conditions of information and temporary shortages.
Solving problems 3 and 4, "To form the psychological stability of an athlete in solving tactical problems", and "To develop the ability to promptly correct tactics during the competition", the following are applied methodological techniques:
Creation of facilitated conditions for the performance of technical and tactical actions (leadership and information about the quality of the actions performed (data on speed, pace, efforts being developed, etc.);
Creation of complicated conditions for performing technical and tactical actions;
Creation of contrasting conditions with a sharp change in the situation when performing technical and tactical actions;
Implementation of the studied technical and tactical actions in a competitive environment.
Solution 5 of the problem “To improve the level of motivation (interest) of an athlete in achieving a sports result” assumes:
Revealing the individual characteristics of the athlete's psyche;
Determination of the sports motives important for the athlete;
Creation of an accurate “mindset” for the result;
Maintain a high level of motivation in the competition.
Solution 6 of the problem “Formation of the ability to analyze the results of the competition” requires the following approaches:
Collect the necessary amount of information about the past competitions.
Evaluate the actions of the athlete and his rivals;
Develop new technical and tactical actions, taking into account the analysis of the information received.
The tactical activity of football players is the solution of operational tasks that arise in the process of interaction with a partner and an adversary. And here great importance has the ability to make decisions that allow the most rational use of the arsenal of actions possessed by athletes in order to achieve victory over an opponent. Consequently, tactical training must include the mastery of the main arsenal of tactical actions by football players, which would make it possible to maximize the use of technical equipment, special qualities and abilities, theoretical knowledge, etc. in the game.
Tactical training is a pedagogical process aimed at achieving effective application of techniques against the background of continuous changes in game conditions with the help of tactical actions, which are a rational form of organizing the activities of football players in a game to ensure victory over an opponent.
The concept of "tactical training" is broader than the concept of "teaching tactics". It is possible to study well the tactics of football theoretically, but in the game in the tactical plan it is ineffective to act. Studying even all tactical actions (individual, group and team) is not enough for high efficiency in the game. In the process of teaching tactics, it is necessary to achieve an organic unity of tactics and technology.
In other words, tactical training is understood as the improvement of rational methods of solving problems arising in the process of competitive activity and the development of special abilities that `determine the effectiveness of solving these problems. This definition allows us to consider tactical training in two aspects: both as a learning and improvement process (i.e. acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities), and as a process of developing qualities that together determine special tactical abilities.
It is advisable to single out a number of factors that predetermine the success of the tactical actions of a football player in the game.
Firstly, this is a high level of development of special qualities in the field of intelligence, perception and psychomotor skills (volume and switching of attention, volume of the field of view, speed of complex reactions, speed of response, orientation, speed of decision making, tactical thinking, movement, etc.) ), providing orientation in difficult conditions of game situations and making a choice of solutions to this situation.
Secondly, it is a high degree of reliability in performing techniques in difficult playing conditions.
And, finally, thirdly, the unity of the first two factors should be noted, expressed in high level mastering the skills of individual tactical actions in attack and defense.
Consequently, tactical training cannot be reduced only to teaching tactical actions. The basis for the successful actions of a football player in the game are special qualities and abilities (observation, reaction speed, thinking, etc.) and the ability to flexibly use techniques. Actually, tactical actions serve as a peculiar form of organizing the actions of football players individually, in groups and in a team in conditions of single combat with the enemy, which makes it possible to most fully realize the qualities, abilities and skills acquired in the process training sessions... Thus, tactical training as a pedagogical process can be conditionally divided into several stages.
The first stage of tactical training should be aimed at developing certain qualities and abilities in students that underlie successful tactical actions.
It is known that the tactics of the team, first of all, consist of reasonable individual actions individual footballers. In this regard, it is advisable to consider that individualization of tactical training is not only one of the means of sports improvement, but also, in essence, the first stage of teaching tactics. Only after that, the coach should move on to teaching group and team tactics. In other words, in the process of developing the tactical skill of a football player to improve the group and team tactics the coach needs to educate and develop a complex of mental qualities of each individual player in order to consistently solve the tasks of tactical training. The effective remedies here are various exercises, outdoor games and relay races, which require the manifestation of speed of reaction, orientation and speed of response, ingenuity of observation, switching from one action to another. The most favorable opportunities for the development of these valuable qualities are in childhood (8-11 years).
The second stage is the formation of tactical skills in the process of teaching players techniques. Training should be structured so that the unity of technique and tactics is manifested in playing exercises and games. This is achieved in two ways. First, as he masters a technique, he is “combined” with the qualities and abilities that determine the success of tactical actions. Secondly, at the stage of learning a technique in difficult conditions, a system of complications is used that contributes to the formation of tactical skills. This approach to business helps to develop tactical skills and technical qualities an athlete, since at the same time the study and improvement of technical elements become more closely related to tactics. Separate techniques complement tactical options, their individual stages, creating the basis for a holistic tactical training process.
This circumstance is also important because in such cases the process of technical and tactical training will proceed monolithically, purposefully, in a holistic manner, and the hours allocated in the training process for technical training will also serve the cause of tactical preparedness of athletes.
In those cases when the process of technical training proceeds exclusively on the principle of “technique for technique”, even technically trained players from the team cannot sometimes perform simple tactical interactions in the game.
To make the technical training process effective, it is necessary to explain to the players the role of technical elements in the application of tactical actions. Training in technique should, if possible, be conducted according to the varieties of tactical options encountered in practice, so that trainees can repeatedly try to apply certain technical elements, giving them tactical content. This will increase the practical results of the training process.
In this case, it is important to be guided by the fact that the main role should not be played by the simplicity, complexity of the exercise, or its general knowledge. The solution to a technical problem is carried out with the help of exercises aimed at developing those mental qualities that are components of tactical abilities. With this direction of training, the athlete should not only pay attention to the performance of the task with great technical skill, but be able to synthesize these technical elements into a single whole and apply them rationally.
In other words, the environment in which the study and improvement of technical elements takes place should create such conditions for the athlete's thinking so that it goes in two directions:
- a) improvement of technical elements;
- b) selection of technical elements necessary for a specific tactical situation.
At the same time, the athlete's thinking in the process of applying one or another technical element develops and, thus, gives him the opportunity to translate the technical element into reality not mechanically, but creatively. This circumstance also develops the ability of the trainees to navigate in a tactical situation.
In the process of learning and training, the technical elements are gradually becoming more complex, thereby creating conditions for the development of flexibility of thinking. For example, during the training of a technical element, one or two active opponents are added, who, making efforts to disrupt the actions of the player performing the element, create a difficult situation for him. In this case, a player performing a technical element, in addition to mechanical actions, must show great resourcefulness in this situation, which becomes a quality only in the process of constant training. The creation of such conditions from the first days of training, with a gradual transition from simple to complex, allows you to use a period of long training technical elements also for the purposeful development of those mental qualities that contribute to the successful tactical activity of an athlete.
This stage of tactical training young footballers typical for educational and training groups of 1, 2, 3 years of study (11-14 years).
The third stage of tactical training is most typical for senior educational and training groups and groups of sports improvement. His goal is to study his own tactical actions: individual, group and team in attack and defense. The focus here is on tactical exercises, game exercises and two-sided play.
In the development of tactical literacy of football players, in addition to the above means and methods, one of the important places is occupied by the study of tactical elements and combinations. No matter how well the tactical maturity aids of the players and the team are used, practical lessons still remain the main means for achieving high tactical results. The development of tactical readiness, starting from the first lessons, should not, however, distort the process of tactical thinking. On the contrary, tactical interactions should flow one from the other in order, gradually strengthening one another, to create an integral canvas in the tactical thinking of athletes.
The study of tactical actions and options should take place in two directions:
- a) individual tactical readiness;
- b) group and command tactical readiness.
On the basis of individual tactical preparedness, strong and solid group and command interactions are created; from the tactical readiness skills of individual players, both defensive and offensive team interactions are created. In other words, tactics itself means the simultaneous interactions of several players, which are aimed at successfully solving a particular problem. When the task of individual-tactical preparedness is being solved, then it should be more about the tactical development of the individual, that personality (player) who will be able to use his individual tactical knowledge and skills at the right time and interact harmoniously with the team.
In the process of teaching and training tactical readiness, both defensive and offensive options are being improved. Great attention should be devoted to fostering the ability to quickly switch from one movement to another, from a technique of attack to a technique of defense, from one tactical action to another. The coach must teach the players certain tactical actions and options according to generally known patterns, based on the capabilities of the team. In this case, it is not necessary, of course, to strive only for the mechanical assimilation of tactical actions and their variants. This can delay the creativity of the players and the team. Tactical training is itself a creative process. Having the necessary tactical thinking, the player must always be able to adapt to the circumstances.
No matter how successfully numerous means for the development of tactical thinking and psychological qualities are used, nevertheless, the main one is the training of group and team interactions. They should begin training as they master the basic techniques... In this case, the players will have necessary qualities to such an extent that they have the opportunity in the course of the game to make their actions purposeful, arising from the common interests of their team. If an athlete does not get used to tactical interactions from an early age, does not develop tactical thinking in himself, then in the future he often has great difficulties. Even with sufficient technical preparedness, he cannot prove himself in game situations saturated with tactical interactions. The development of creative thought while studying group and team interactions is also important because it contributes to the correct perception of the opponent's actions during the game. This, in turn, makes it possible to restructure your team's game plan without disruption and special efforts.
The development of tactical literacy is also facilitated by the exchange of experience with the best teams through joint training. Joint training sessions with adult footballers are very useful for Youth teams. In such trainings, young men get the opportunity not only to get acquainted in reality with various tactical techniques, but also to see them, perceive and apply them in practice.
It is equally important to organize screenings of the games of the best domestic and foreign teams. Here, observers can see individual, group and team tactical interactions, as well as familiarize themselves with all the tactical options that are used during the games. To make these views more targeted, you need to record in one form or another (recording on special cards, video recording, etc.) the entire game, involving students in this matter. Then it is necessary to analyze the tactical interactions of the observed teams in connection with the situation created by the enemy. At the same time, the emphasis should be placed not only on the results of the games, but also on the technical actions and physical capabilities of athletes.
Thus, tactical training by its nature is one of the difficult stages of sports training, which requires serious, daily and creative work.