The extreme conditions of competitive wrestling in modern football due to the great variety and dynamism of game situations, the difficulty of their perception and recognition, insufficient information for decision-making, space-time limitations of game actions, the need for coordination individual actions when solving group problems. Therefore, scientists and experts believe that the rational organization of the activities of the players and the team as a whole, more perfect tactics are acquiring decisive importance in football (A. Weiters, 1968; A. Chanadi, 1981; Vaxes Leonard. 1983; G. M. Gadzhiev, 1984; L. Kachani, 1984; G. D. Kachalin, 1986; A. V. Petukhov, 1990; A. P. Zolotarev, 1993; R. Huessi, 1997, etc.),
The outstanding domestic coach V.V. Lobanovskiy (1989) wrote about this: “Coaches should focus their closest attention on tactics. It is in it that those additional reserves are hidden that allow you to increase the game power, raise the class. Indeed, many teams have achieved excellent achievements in physical fitness, technical skill has grown noticeably, the secrets of psychological attunement, strong-willed hardening are comprehended - when successfully, when not -, but tactical poverty and monotony have set the teeth on edge ”(p. 149).
One of the reasons for this situation is the lack of effectiveness of training young footballers football tactics. In this situation, one of the priority areas for improving sportsmanship young footballers should be taught group tactical actions.
In each game action of a football player, two interrelated sides are conditionally distinguished: external - a way of solving a motor task with a certain motor structure (technique) and internal - mental processes associated with the choice of a way to resolve a game situation (tactics).
Passing the ball as a group tactical action is the main tactical element of the game of football. The necessary conditions for coordinating the actions of the players when making passes is the adequacy of the understanding of the current game situation.
In competitive activity in football, there is a certain repetition of game situations that have common features for them. So necessary condition the formation of athletes' ability to recognize and evaluate game situations is their classification with the allocation of their essential identification signs. Taking into account these signs, the most effective variants of game actions are determined.
Game situations are defined by us as holistic, systemically organized formations that:
1) have an elemental composition (ball, players of both teams);
2) the elements that make up its content are located on the football field and are in constant motion;
3) the location and movement of elements of the game situation are interrelated and interdependent;
4) the system-forming factor that determines the location and movement of the elements of the game situation are the goals of attack and defense.
An attacking game situation is the position of the player in possession of the ball, his partners and opponents, who are moving in a certain direction and at a certain speed and moving the ball in order to create, maintain and realize a numerical advantage in the zone where the ball is located, at a particular moment of playing time.
Individual technical and tactical actions are technique performed by the player to improve the game situation in attack and defense. Individual technical and tactical actions with the ball are hitting (on goal, in the direction of the partner), dribbling, dribbling, tackling, interception, positioning, actions without the ball - opening and closing.
Group tactical action is a holistic system-organized action that includes coordinated individual technical and tactical actions of a group of players in its content as its elements, aimed at improving the game situation.
Group tactical action in attack, performed with the ball, is the transfer of the ball, which includes in its content the coordinated individual technical and tactical actions of two players: hitting the ball in the direction of the partner and opening (positioning) to receive the ball. Group tactical action without the ball in attack is a group maneuver that includes coordinated movements of a group of players
The transfer of the ball will be successful if the individual technical and tactical actions included in its content (hitting the ball and opening) are coordinated in time, space, speed, and hidden (unexpected) for the opponents.
When passing the ball, the role of the situational leader belongs to the player without the ball: his movement acts for the player holding the ball as a sign of agreement, showing when, where and with what force the ball should be hit so that it reaches the addressee. Another sign of coordination is the player's actions with the ball, informing his partner that he is ready to hit the ball in a certain direction.
A tactical combination is a sequence of coordinated group tactical actions (passing the ball and group maneuver) aimed at improving the playing situation.
Preparatory and attacking tactical combinations stand out. The system-forming factor that unites group tactical actions into an attacking tactical combination is its goal: the creation of a numerical advantage in the ball zone. An essential role in these combinations belongs to the transfer of the ball to the move, which is characterized by the observance of three conditions: the player to whom the ball is directed is in motion; when the ball is received, there is free space in front of it; after receiving the ball, the movement is carried out in the direction of the goal.
The game situation "2 on 2" is considered by us as the initial "cell" from which all variants of game situations are born, due to the location and movement of the ball and the players of both teams. In accordance with this, the initial "cell" of football tactics is the interaction of two attacking players against two defenders. The change in this game situation is carried out through the movement of the ball and the movement of all 4 players.
The overall goal of the actions of attacking players in a 2v2 game situation is to create a numerical advantage, i.e. turning it into a "2 on 1" situation. Most common elements game situations "2 on 2" are:
1) the position of the defender (A1) in relation to the player with the ball (B1). Two options are possible here:
A) the defender is closer to the curb in relation to the line connecting the ball and the center of his goal;
B) the defender is closer to the center of the field.
2) the position of the defender (A2) in relation to the player without the ball (B2). Two options are also possible here:
A) the defender is close to the attacking player B2;
B) the defender is at a distance. In the second case, he can take two positions:; closer to the edge in relation to the line connecting the attacking player B2 and the center of his goal; closer to the center of this line.
Taking into account the qualitative uniqueness of the elements of the game situation "2 on 2" at the moment of passing the ball, 7 possible typical game situations and the corresponding tactical combinations are distinguished, which create a numerical advantage in the ball zone.
1 situation - there is no diagonal insurance; the combination "transfer to the move behind the back to someone else's defender";
Situation 2 - both defenders are closer to the center than the attackers; combination - "wall with a flank";
Situation 3 - both defenders are closer to the edge than the attackers; combination - "wall with a flank";
4 situation - the defender guarding the player with the ball is located closer to the edge, the other defender guarding the player without the ball is closer to the center; combination - "passing - receiving the ball with going to the flank";
5 situation - the defender guarding the player with the ball is closer to the center, the other defender guarding the player without the ball is closer to the edge; combination - "transfer - reception of the ball with going to the center";
6 situation - the defender guarding the player with the ball is closer to the center, the other defender guarding the player without the ball is closer to the edge; combination - "transfer to the move along the edge of the back to his defender";
7 situation - the defender guarding the player with the ball is closer to the edge, the other defender guarding the player without the ball is closer to the edge; combination - "crossing" with the departure of the player in possession of the ball to the center, to the zone vacated by the partner.
Focusing on the knowledge of general and particular elements of the 7 typical game situations "2 x 2" we have identified and the corresponding variants of tactical combinations aimed at creating a numerical advantage, allows football players to quickly, accurately and equally "recognize" various game situations arising during the game and accept the same decisions on the implementation of tactical combinations adequate to them.
Speed is ensured by ignoring "redundant information" and focusing on those elements of game situations that are essential for them and determine their qualitative originality. This is significant for football, in which game situations change in a split second.
Accuracy is ensured by the completeness of accounting for the "recognition" of game situations of all elements that distinguish one situation from another.
Consistency in the "recognition" of game situations is due to the orientation of the players towards the same elements, which together constitute the tentative basis of group tactical actions.
For the development of the tactical abilities of young football players, we have developed a set of game exercises, divided into 4 groups, taking into account the tactical complexity of the game tasks solved in the process of their fulfillment:
1) exercises for mastering the transfer of the ball as a group tactical action through the improvement and coordination of individual technical and tactical actions included in its content - hitting the ball and opening;
2) exercises to improve the transfer of the ball within the framework of the typical tactical combinations we have identified;
3) game exercises "2 on 1" with the use of gears as group tactical actions within the framework of the typical tactical combinations we have identified;
4) game exercises "2 on 2" with the use of gears as group tactical actions within the framework of the typical tactical combinations we have identified.
To develop tactical abilities within the framework of these game exercises, we based on modern systems visualization of various light-dynamic images using computer technology, an interactive training complex was created.
On the server, computer models of the playing field, virtual players on the field, virtual ball are formed and their video image is transmitted to the coach's computer. The coach, by entering control commands, sets the initial position of the virtual players and the virtual ball on the playing field.
Players of a given composition of teams establish a connection between their computer and the server and perform authorization on the server. At positive result authorizing all players of the attacking and defending teams, the server transmits to the players' computers the video image of the initial position of the virtual players and the virtual ball on the playing field and allows the virtual players to move around the playing field and their actions with the virtual ball.
During the game, the players move their virtual images across the playing field by entering commands to control the movements and act on the virtual ball. All movements of the virtual players and their actions with the virtual ball from the players' computers are transmitted to the server, which processes the incoming video information, and sends the players and the coach an updated video image about the position of the virtual players and the virtual ball on the playing field.
The players of the attacking team seek to deliver a virtual ball to the kill zone or hit the goal of the defending team.
The player of the team holding the virtual ball moves his virtual image with the virtual ball to the free zone or sends the virtual ball to the player of his team.
The players of the defending team move their virtual images across the playing field, trying to get hold of the virtual ball or prevent the virtual ball from getting into the hit zone or into the defended goal.
This complex allows you to optically simulate different options game situations "2 on 2" and create multivariate tactical tasks. The computer program of this complex can set 7 possible options action of a pair of defending football players. A pair of attacking players trains in recognizing simulated game situations and making group tactical decisions adequate to their content.
In football, tactical actions are performed in extremely variable conditions, which turns their implementation in each game situation into a relatively new tactical task that requires a creative approach to its solution. This is ensured through the formation of an indicative basis of the third type (according to P. Ya. action. This determines a wide range of creative application of tactical actions, taking into account the specific conditions of the game situation.
Therefore, the formation of knowledge of a generalized indicative basis of group tactical actions and tactical combinations using interactive training complex carried out using:
methods of problem learning: football players, with the help of the coach's leading problem questions, discover and assimilate knowledge about the essential features of typical game situations and tactical combinations adequate to them;
reception of graphic modeling of typical game situations and actions of football players during the drawing of tactical combinations corresponding to their content;
verbalization (pronunciation first in loud speech, and then in internal speech) in the form of words (laconic terms) of essential features of perceived game situations and group tactical actions and tactical combinations being carried out.
Recognition of game situations and the choice of group tactical actions and combinations adequate to their content is not a difficult mental task for football players. Difficulties arise when solving these problems in conditions play activities when game situations change very quickly. Therefore, the formation and successful functioning of the orienting basis depends more on the development of tactical abilities related to the phase of perception of the game situation and the mental solution of the tactical task.
The development of these abilities is carried out through the implementation of the exercises developed by us with a gradual increase in the requirements for the speed and accuracy of the perception of game situations, choice and decision-making. For this, two methodological techniques: 1) gradually increasing the speed of movement of attacking players and defenders, leading to an increase in the speed of development of the game situation as a whole; 2) regulation of the resistance of defenders on the part of the coach with a gradual increase in the number of alternative solutions to the tactical problem.
With the help of a computer program, it is possible to regulate both the speed of development of the game situation (the speed of movement of the players and the ball), and the degree of activity of the defenders. With the development of tactical abilities associated with the recognition of game situations and the choice of appropriate solutions, a gradual transition from the group simple exercises to exercises of a play nature.
The use of an interactive training complex contributes to:
equipping young football players with knowledge about typical game situations and ways to solve the problem of creating a numerical advantage (group tactical actions and tactical combinations);
the development of tactical abilities, manifested in the speed and accuracy of perception and recognition of game situations, the speed and accuracy of choosing a method for solving a tactical problem from the arsenal of learned tactical combinations;
to increase the consistency of individual tactical actions based on the same vision and understanding of perceived game situations and methods of solving group tactical tasks caused by their content.
The goal of the defensive game is to take away the advantage of the opponent in his own zone and the opportunity to take shots into the goal. To do this, young footballers need to learn how to ensure tight guardianship of the opponent, disrupt his attacks and regain control of the ball as soon as possible. As with attack, tactical defense tasks are accomplished through command, group and individual actions.
- Team actions.
They are organized using certain tactical systems of the game. Personal, zone and combined protection systems are used. These methods differ in the area in which the fight against the enemy is being conducted and in the activity of the defenders.
- Personal protection.
Each player of the defending team takes care of a certain opposing player and controls his actions, regardless of whether he is playing with the ball or not. In modern children's football this defense is often used against technically strong players.
Pros: high personal responsibility and active struggle against each attacker, rational use of the team's forces.
Disadvantages: the likelihood of the release of the danger zone for the development and completion of the attack, the danger of individual outplaying with the superiority of the attacker over the defender.
- Zone protection.
In training at a football school, the team is practicing dividing half of the field into certain zones, each of which must be occupied by a defender. Here, all the player's attention is focused not on a specific opponent, but on the ball.
This system can be successfully used against teams that attack slowly, and in the event that the opponent does not have fast players with high individual skill in dribbling and finishing. For zone defense, the following arrangements are used: 1 + 3 + 2 + 4; 1 + 3 + 3 + 3; 4 + 2 + 4; 4 + 3 + 3; 4 + 4 + 2.
Pros: good conditions for interactions and creating a numerical advantage in the main direction of the enemy's attack; fast transition from defense to attack.
Disadvantages: the possibility of the opponent's numerical superiority in certain zones, the presence of vulnerable areas for completing the attack, the possibility of the opponent getting the ball freely and advancing it with the ball, insufficient efficiency in case of a quick breakthrough by the opponent, lack of personal responsibility for the actions of the strongest opponents.
- Combined protection.
The most common form of defense in children's football. This is the use of both personal and zone defense: some team players are personally responsible for certain opponents, while others act in designated zones. There are several options for combined protection:
- Three defenders take care of three forwards, the fourth - "free" defender plays in the zone behind his partners, providing them with safety net. This defensive play deprives the attackers of free playing space and creates an advantage with long passes from the flanks or from the center of the field to the penalty area.
- Two central defenders, located in a line, act in the zones allocated for them, and the two outer ones carry out personal care of the wingers. With this system, the left center back provides a back-up for the left full and right center back and vice versa.
- When playing in the middle zone, the enemy is given freedom of action and playing space is given. As they approach the penalty area, all the players of the defending team switch from the zonal method to the personal tight guarding of the attackers.
- Defenders and midfielders "keep" the attackers who are personally closest to the ball, and the players farthest from the ball guard the corresponding zones.
Pros: a combination of dense tutelage of the strongest players of the opponent and the creation of a numerical advantage in the main direction of attack.
Cons: Requires more sophisticated attack tactics.
- Group tactical actions.
In the game, it may be that the defenders have to act against a numerically superior opponent. This happens when the opponent, taking the ball away, quickly launched a counterattack, and the defenders were unable to return to their positions. In this case, the player in possession of the ball is attacked by one of the defenders closest to him, the rest are in such a position that it was possible to intercept the pass or make it difficult to receive the ball. And if the players are equal, the defenders interact, constantly insuring themselves, switching to the player coming out to the goal and taking the ball in concert.
Group tactical actions include: safety net, switching and group tackling of the ball:
- Safety net.
Provides her back center-back. In other lines, this role is usually performed by the closest partner. Young players should not forget that they need to insure not only partners, but also the most dangerous zone.
- Switching.
Its essence lies in the transfer of the guarded player to the partner. It is used when the enemy is freed from his guardian.
- Group ball selection.
This technique is used in the oncoming movement of the attackers, to create an artificial "offside" position, as well as in zone defense.
Group actions depend on the tactical system of the team's game and on the tactics of the opponent's game.
- Individual tactical actions.
The success of a child's individual actions depends on his ability to patronize an opponent. This skill is based on the rational choice of the place and method of countering the attacker (feints, method of interception, knocking out and tackling the ball). To choose the correct position, the defender needs to be in training in sports section learn to carefully monitor the actions of the opponent, partners and the ball.
- Actions against the player with the ball.
The defender should position himself between the ward and his goal, trying to push him back to the sideline and make it impossible to move at an angle to the goal. In this zone, the defender needs to play close to the opponent in order to prevent him from hitting the goal.
- Actions against a player not in possession of the ball.
The defender seeks to deprive him of playing space, making it difficult to place and receive the ball. The closer the opponent is to the goal and the ball, the more attentively and tightly you need to "hold" him. When the ward is located far from the goal and the ball is at a great distance from him, the defender needs to play to intercept any pass.
The tactical responsibilities of the defense players.
- Extreme defenders.
The main task is to interrupt the attack of the extreme attackers, to insure partners and to actively participate in the attack. If the winger moves to the center, then the defender most often moves after him to prevent him from acting freely.
He is also obliged to help his partners. For example, when attacking an opponent with the other flank, the right-back does not hold his player close, but moves to the zone of the right center-back. Having taken a position to the side and slightly behind the right center-back, he provides him with assistance in passing the ball to the center and in the fight in the danger zone in front of the goal. With a corner kick from his flank, the full-back takes place in the near corner of the goal, protecting the goalkeeper.
Wing backs do more than just defensive functions. They are also the organizers of their team's attacks and their participants. Having taken the ball away from the opponent or having received it from a partner, the defender must accurately pass it to the midfielder, wing attacker or center attacker. - Central defenders.
The main figures in the organization of defense. They cover the approaches to the gates in the main direction of attack.
One of the central defenders should try to suppress the activity of the central striker not only in front of the goal, but in some cases in the opponent's half as well. To do this, it is necessary that when the center forward moves, the front center back does not remain in his zone, but moves with him.
In modern children's football, the center-back is the organizer and participant in the attack. An advantageous position in the center connects him with all partners, and the correct use of accurate passes creates opportunities for the development of an attack.
5 main exercises for a football player. Spanish coach tips
How to learn to play football better in an hour and a half. Let's talk about the features of the Spanish training system.
This is the concluding page in a series of advice from the Spanish coach on the development of young footballers. UEFA Pro coach Jordi Gratakos, who now runs Barcelona's Moscow school, told the Championship about typical Spanish football system methods of working with children and adolescents. The first two parts of the interview dealt with advice and caveats in the field of psychology, now let's move on to practice.
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We already know that the duration of a workout should not exceed one and a half hours and there should be only one workout per day. We also know that all exercises, including warm-ups, must be done with the ball. The habit of playing the ball should be developed from childhood, and the task football coach- to educate a football player, not an athlete. What to do after warm up? There are five basic exercises that need to be performed in a specific order. The duration of each is approximately 18 minutes.
1. Square
A key exercise that everyone knows. In a confined space, several players control the ball, one or two take it away. Standard options: four against one or two, five against two. The one who took the ball away is changing with the one from whom it was taken away. This important exercise for those who have the ball. Playing the square develops several skills at once. Among them: passing game, speed of thinking, technique, peripheral vision, concentration. This is not a simulation of a reality, a soccer match, an exercise to develop a set of skills. You can start playing square from the age of six.
2. Ball possession
This exercise requires more space. Players are divided into teams. Basic version: rectangular plot, approximately 20x30 meters. Three teams of six people play. They are mixed across the field. Let's call our teams "A", "B" and "C". The essence of the exercise is as follows: two teams, for example "A" and "B", have the ball, "B" takes it away. In total, we have 12 players who are in possession of the ball, six are taking it. When “B” takes the ball away from “A”, the teams change, now “A” takes away from “B” and “C”. A constant 12 by 6 ratio must be maintained to provide a numerical majority and the ability to play many passing options.
The difference from the previous exercise is teamwork. Previously, everyone played for themselves, now you need to work in a team. This develops team thinking. The exercise, like the previous one, consists of three runs, 5-6 minutes each. There is a minute pause between calls. You can start at the age of six.
3. Positional play
This exercise is called the possession game in Spanish. It is similar to the previous one, but the players act according to their positions. There may be six or, optimally, seven. Central defenders, laterals, sixth and eighth numbers (central midfielders) and top ten. Five players take the ball away from them. After the selection, the teams do not change players, because the goal of the exercise is to develop connections between the players who are in possession of the ball.
In this exercise, it is important that the ball constantly changes direction and that the players open up for the pass. How well does number eight interact with number five, six, two, and ten? The tacklers constantly block the passing lines, you need to move and open up, offer yourself for the pass. There should be as many triangles as possible, because when playing in a triangle, you pass forward or diagonally, not across the field.
An important skill that develops in positional play is the ability to use the free space to open up and receive a pass. A common mistake is walking towards the player with the ball, approaching the ball. This is wrong, the closer you are to the player with the ball, the easier it is to cut you off, block the passing line. By approaching him, you create a problem for him. You need to move away from the player with the ball, staying on the pass line, then it will be easier for him to pass the ball to you.
The criteria by which it is determined whether the players perform the exercise well are the following: the speed of the ball, the frequency of the change in the vector of the ball, the use of space, the intensity of the passing game.
If there are less than 24 outfield players in the team, you can play not seven for five, but seven for four, then this exercise can be performed by two groups at once, each in its own half of the field. 22 field players are the minimum for an adult team, and all field players will be busy at the same time. This exercise can be used for a team over 10 years old.
4. Playing with cut-backs
Game with two teams. Two for two or three for three. Each team has small goals behind them, so this is an exercise for the result in the form of goals scored. Simultaneously with the teams, a free player acts on the field. He always plays for the team that owns the ball. If the ball is "yellow" - he is for the "yellow". If the ball is intercepted by the Reds, it is for the Reds. There can be two free players, if they play three on three.
Like all previous exercises, this develops a set of skills. Thinking speed, peripheral vision, ball handling speed, passing game. But it also helps develop one-on-one skills, improves dribbling and dribbling.
5. Football
Exercise to end your workout. Football is a seven-by-seven or eight-by-eight game with free players. Free players are essential for this drill, it adds intensity to the game, and the ball must move very quickly. You can increase the number to involve the whole team, let it be nine by nine and three free. A "match" lasts two halves of nine minutes each.
The important thing to remember when doing this exercise is that this is not football. In a football match, the result is important. In the exercise, the skills that the coach chooses are important, so the rules should be different from football ones. For example, free players are introduced, which add speed.
Another example. You play with 11 vs 11 squads, and in order to turn the ball into attack, the defenders must first give each other at least 10 passes. If we want to own the ball, we want it to be our style, we have to be able to do it. Do the passes in defense pose a threat to the opponent? Yes, but we have to show our style - we will not give rash passes and lose the ball, we will keep it. We like to own the ball, let them try to take it away.
Or one more example. Free players enter the field from the edge. And, playing the pass, they have to cross the entire field, from flank to flank. Only then can you play the attack. This also develops ball control, thinking, team play - in general, all the qualities a football player needs.
If someone is wrong, the exercise must be stopped. Not to criticize for a mistake, but to explain how it should be. For example, show where you need to be in order to use the free space and open up for a pass. The triangle is the key figure in the organization of the game. The more triangles there are, the easier it is to move the ball to attack.
Care should be taken to maintain maximum intensity in each exercise. If the exercise is done slowly, it will not be beneficial. Everything has to be done quickly. This is the only way to teach the players constant concentration and "involvement" in what is happening on the field.
At the end of the interview, we talked about the principles of playing on the defensive. In particular, the fact that the above exercises help to develop only one defensive skill: picking up the ball immediately after a loss. A natural question arises: what about positional play in defense? No way. Jordi explained that these exercises help develop game reading and ball handling skills. Everything else is secondary. “The player who lost the ball is closest to the opponent. At this moment, he is the main defender, no matter what place he occupies on the field. His task is to return the ball, and the rest help him. If you attack, then, having lost the ball, you take it away and continue to attack again ”. This is a concept that has brought many trophies to Spanish football in the last 10 years and which is still followed by most Spanish clubs today. Although in last years some coaches have found counterarguments against this model of play.
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Despite popular belief, a defender doesn't have to be tall. Even with a height of just over 170 cm, you can be a successful defensive player and neutralize tall forwards. It's all about power; general endurance, core, back and legs. Overall endurance and a powerful back will help wipe your opponent off and not lose balance, and in combination with a powerful body, you can close the ball from a tall opponent, hold back the opponent, stand firmly on your feet, enter the tackle, etc. Powerful legs are a guarantee of running speed and jumping ability, especially with short stature. Even being 20cm shorter than some forwards, you will be able to win the ball race by pushing back your opponent and making a high jump.
Exercises such as swimming are good for developing general strength and endurance. Also, complex training in gym with additional emphasis on the legs (for jumping). Do not forget to train your jumping ability; you can find training videos on YouTube that, after years of training, will help you jump 20 cm higher.
Positioning is extremely important for defensive players, especially center-backs. At this point we will focus on the players in this zone. The choice of position is almost always instinctive, it is almost impossible to learn, but still there are some tips. As your last line of defense, you will have to keep an eye on everything from your opponent's attackers who have been missed by your teammates, to the midfielders who join the attack. Usually problems are solved by communication between the defense players, but sometimes there is no time for this or it is simply impossible. The center-back's job is to contain all attacks on the goal, so you can't focus on just one opponent. If you are confronted by two opposing players, then you need to keep an eye on both until you enter a single combat with one of them, as in the case when the player with the ball intends to shoot at goal. In this case, you should try to close the gate with yourself, throwing yourself under attack. This is difficult to explain, because everything happens almost instinctively, but for this you need to be in the right place to engage any player on receipt of the ball and prevent them from hitting or performing a sharpening pass. You need to be agile and fast in order to keep up with the attackers, be able to sharply change the direction of movement and restrain the player until help comes. In fact, everything is even more complicated, but it cannot be explained in words.
Communication between players is the key to successful defensive play. Defenders must communicate with the goalkeeper, midfielders and among themselves; if the defense tries to organize an artificial offside position, if the player does not follow the line or does not cover the opponent, then he needs to quickly and loudly inform about it. If a midfielder does not see the ball or does not return to defense, then he should be told about it. If a defender leaves the ball to the goalkeeper or passes it back, the goalkeeper must be warned. Defenders cannot afford to be timid; you cannot do without enthusiasm and a sense of competition. Communication is much easier when defenders and other players know each other, know their teammates' play style and have team play skills.
It is very important for a defensive player to be able to read the game; they are under the most pressure. Forwards and midfielders usually have no direct goal defense responsibilities, and the goalkeeper always has a line of defense. Defense players have to sacrifice everything, including even health and the ability to continue playing. For example, if the ball soars high above the penalty area, then the defender must win the fight for it (preferably playing with his head so as not to break the rules), even if the opponent's head or foot is on the ball first. If the opponent is going to strike at the goal, then you need to block the trajectory of the ball with your body, legs or even your face. Keep opponents with the ball away from the goal. This the main task defender. You cannot let yourself be beaten, lost the fight for the riding ball or given a blow, even if there is a risk of injury. Defenders must always fight to the last and never give up, no matter how the situation develops around.
An effective game requires a bank of a large number of technical and tactical elements of motional actions with and without a ball, elements organized into groups of structures in the form of special technical and tactical exercises. These exercises serve a triple role - they bring together technical elements into a logical scheme of body and ball possession, allow to distinguish between tactical structures of motor actions realization, are the main training tool,
Each exercise contains factors that increase or decrease the effect of exercise on the body of football players. These are the intensity of the exercises, their duration, the mode of alternating exercises with rest, the number of repetitions. To achieve the greatest effect in achieving fitness, it is necessary, as noted earlier, to find the optimal ratio of these factors for solving each specific problem in order to improve the process of controlling the functional activity of the body's systems, which create the most favorable conditions for the organization, the technical and tactical structure of the game.
Since playing exercises for football players are the main training tool, we divided them into groups taking into account the "action tasks" that make up the structure of the game. In our opinion, the proposed principle of dividing game exercises according to "action tasks" allows the coach to be creative in their choice and even to design new exercises, to more clearly vary the main fragments of game activity, to create a complete picture of football players in the field, compose algorithms training program technical and tactical orientation.
The set of action tasks proposed as an example represents the main, nodal elements of the structure of the game:
1. Group and individual positional, diagonal restructuring during defensive actions.
Conditions of the problem: a game of four gates (two large gates and two small gates), P X P players. The space between the goals is divided by the center line of the field. The teams are positioned along the diagonal of the big gate. The ball is kicked in only in the opponent's half of the field after the proposal of one of "own" players. The team in possession of the ball is allowed to complete the attacking actions after moving into the “foreign” zone of all partners. Tackling the ball is permitted provided that the defending team moves into possession of the ball.
2. Coalition movement while creating depth of defensive action.
Conditions of the problem: game with two gates P X P football players. After the completion of the attack or its breakdown, the team moves to "their" half of the field and blocks the previously known zones of the playing space.
3. Collective actions when taking the ball:
a) pressure;
b) counter selection;
c) artificial creation of an offside position;
d) combined actions.
Conditions of the problem:
a) combined actions with n n players in two gates.
If the attack of team 1 is disrupted, three players impede the development of the attack of team 11, the rest of the players return to their half of the field. When the opponent (team 11) moves into the "alien" area of the field, the returned players start fighting for the ball
b) a game with two gates n x n players. After the attack is disrupted, the team that lost the ball is located in the opponent's half of the field and attacks with at least two players the player in possession of the ball. At the same time, the closest rivals are being closed.
4. Creation of a numerical advantage in a section of the field when the ball is lost.
Conditions of the problem:
a) the same as in Problem 3, but with the defenders entering the zone, which allows leaving behind the "back" of the opponents' front line players, in order to create an artificial offside position,
b) the game in the "square" P X P on one half of the field with collective tackling of the ball on signal.
5. Purposeful use of the "free" player in defensive actions.
Conditions of the problem: the game n x n footballers in one goal (each against each) with a "free" player. Starting an attack from the coach:
a) securing the players when tackling the ball, creating a numerical advantage
b) organization of a counterattack through a "free" player with the ball out of the center line.
6. Individual and collective movements with the aim of taking advantageous positions for performing game actions ahead of the curve when taking the ball.
Conditions of the problem: the game P X P on one half of the field (each against each) in two large gates and one small gate. Leading the opponent when taking the ball with various techniques.
7. The transition to defense after the failure of attacking actions, depending on the presence of playing space or its absence.
Conditions of the problem:
a) the game of defense against attack n x n players with one goal on 1/2 of the field. The ball is put into play by the goalkeeper when signaled by the coach. The team that tackles the ball closes the closest opponents and tries to tackle the ball with at least two players. After selection, he organizes attacking actions using flank continuations, shots on goal from medium and long distances, walls, targeted passes, etc.;
b) the game P X P with three zones. After the breakdown of the attack, two or three front-line players enter the fight for the ball, hindering the development of a counterattack. The rest of the players quickly return to their half of the field, blocking the development zones of the counterattack;
c) the use of "counter selection" in their own half of the field; d) combining options "a" and "b"
8. A maneuver with the aim of gaining time to take advantageous positions in the transition from defensive actions to attacking ones.
Conditions of the problem: the game P X P in two gates with three zones. Maneuvers after tackling the ball with the occupation of free zones by connecting in twos, threes and fours through the central zone. After completion or failure of an attack - interchangeability.
9. "Suggestions" in attacking actions in the absence of operational space.
Conditions of the problem: game with two gates n x n football players. After taking the ball, as in problems 2 and 3, a collective maneuver using the width of the field, creating a numerical advantage in individual sections, flanking targeted passes, playing ahead, strikes from middle and long positions.
10. Group and individual movements in attacking actions in the presence of operational space.
Conditions of the problem: game in two gates 3 x 3 + 3 x x 3 +3 x 3 with three zones. The ball is thrown into the first zone, then into the second. When the game is transferred to the third zone, three players from the first zone move to the third. After the completion or failure of the attack, players are interchangeable. By doing. connections of players from the depths, it is possible to use the "pursuit" of their defensive footballers of the first zone.
11. Targeted movements to create a numerical advantage in the zones of attacking actions.
Conditions of the problem: game in two gates with a middle zone, 3x2, 2x2, 2x3 players. Transfer of the ball from the first zone to the second with the creation of a numerical advantage in the middle zone due to the inclusion of one of the players in the first zone. When the ball is transferred to the third zone, two players of the middle zone are connected. Upon completion or failure of an attack, interchangeability is performed in "pairs".
12. Collective ball control combined with the coordinated maneuver of the players.
Conditions of the problem: game in the "square" P X P players one touch (5 x 5, 6 x 6) with two neutral and specific tasks.
1) Neutral does not play with neutral.
2) The "reverse" transmission is excluded. „
3) The ball does not stand still.
4) After passing the ball, "offer" (to) the player in the direction of the pass.
13. Purposeful expansion of the coverage areas with the task of interchangeability in collective attacking or defensive actions.
Conditions of the problem: game with two gates P X P+ P X P players with connection on the flank of one of the defensive footballers with the obligatory observance of the field width, flank continuation, creation of a numerical advantage on the flank, a targeted pass and playing ahead at the end of the attack. "
14. Collective movements in order to find the shortest attacking continuations in combination with long and medium ball passes.
Conditions of the problem: it is possible to use the condition of Problem 13, but with the addition of a middle zone (in which the game is not allowed) and with the use of long and medium passes through this zone and with a flank continuation, strikes from medium and long distances.
15. Dynamic occupation of advantageous positions with the subsequent "outstripping" the opponent when completing attacking actions after "targeted" passes:
a) from the flank;
b) through the center;
c) diagonally;
d) through the "wall".
Conditions of the problem: game with two gates P x n players with attacking actions and passing the ball through the center, after the "wall", flanking continuations and playing ahead.
16. Collective high-speed maneuver in order to take advantageous positions for an attack through the center.
Conditions of the problem: game with two gates P X P players. When preparing an attack - a high-speed retreat into the depth of your defense with the simultaneous rapid movement of a group of players from the depth of the defense to the front, attacking, line of the opponent in order to complete the attack. The second version of this exercise is also used if the opponent creates an artificial position outside the game (problem 20).
17. High-speed movement of a group of attacking players, followed by the creation of several addresses (including distracting ones), followed by a wall game ("back wall", "double wall", the player's exit to an empty space, release after a collective maneuver, etc. ).
Conditions of the problem: the exercise is performed without resistance by the players. Keeping the ball in the half of the field in one or two touches, observing the width of the space, capturing the opposite gates upon a signal, the obligatory use at the end of the attack of the game in the "wall", "back wall", access to a free space, etc., including and after the distraction.
18. A maneuver of a group of attacking players using distracting actions on the flanks in order to prepare and implement attacks from medium and long distances.
Conditions of the problem: the game P X P in one goal with two neutral ones located in the depth of the defense of the attacking team. The ball is thrown in from the coach after a collective speed maneuver, respecting the width of the attack. Neutrals plug in to create a numerical advantage when completing an attack. *
19. Overhead passes from various points into the penalty area and the simultaneous maneuver of a group of players in order to complete the headshots on goal or create conditions for the completion of the attack by other attacking players.
The exercise is performed without resistance in twos, threes, fours, with a movement from one to another, a change in gears. After a mounted flank pass, the rest of the players, across the entire width of the penalty area, complete the attack with a shot on goal.
This exercise can be done with resistance. P X P players.
20. Collective "high-speed exit" of a group of attacking players in the direction of their goal when the opponent tries to create an artificial offside position with the simultaneous "offer" of one or more players into free space from the depth of the defense in order to complete the attack.
Conditions of the problem: game n x n with one goal in the center of the field. Shots on target are carried out from outside the central circle on a signal from any point.
The division of exercises according to the proposed principle makes it possible to more accurately predict their effect on changing the state of the body's systems. In this case, the values of the remaining control factors (intensity, duration, number of repetitions of exercises, the mode of alternating them with rest) should be known.
One of the main tasks sports training is the control of the adaptive reactions of the body's systems, which determine the special working capacity. Therefore, creating an optimal functional state organism corresponding to a high level athletic performance, is achieved by performing specially organized movements - physical exercise... The variety of exercises used cannot be unlimited, since in the process of training it is necessary to ensure the presence of positively interacting connections that determine the formation of basic motor skills. In addition, if the body is regularly exposed to the influence of diverse and equal impact programs (for example, the development of speed, endurance, strength, coordination, tactical actions, etc.), a uniform adaptation to them will occur. This adaptation may not provide the highest levels of adaptation to any of the trainee qualities, despite the fact that complex training leads to the most versatile adaptation of the organism. If the force of influence of one of the programs increases, then the organism will strive to adapt to its value by "excluding" or "suppressing" other programs. In this case, training with an impact on a more one-sided adaptation can provide more high level trainee quality.
The process of fulfillment of sports motor actions presents a very complex picture of the relationship between training influences and response reactions. Each exercise causes certain changes that lead to a number of characteristic physiological and biochemical conditions. When choosing best practices training influences, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of the body's reactions to one-time and repeated performance of "physical exercises. In particular, it is known that, depending on the background of which state the subsequent exercise or lesson will be repeated, not only the change in working capacity in the process of activity depends, but and its quality indicators, as well as the development of functional capabilities.Moreover, some conditions of repeated exercise performance can lead not to an increase, but to a decrease in the latter.
Practice shows that in case of insufficient consideration of the listed patterns, as well as the absence of algorithms for performing both a series of exercises and multiple repetitions of exercises, reasons may arise that can cause various and often not amenable to analysis of reactions of the body systems. This naturally reduces the effectiveness of training influences, and the training process itself becomes uncontrollable.
Playing without the ball (avoiding the opponent);
Ball control (holding the ball with passes);
Transfer of the game with a long pass (in order to change the attacking flanks).
Off the ball
Exercise 1.
The game on two gates; each team has 3 players, 2 of them in the field (2: 2) and one point guard on the sideline.
The main task: evading the opponent with the help of deceptive movements (when the ball is passed to an empty seat).
1.Kicks are applied to any goal after the throw-in of the ball;
2. the goalkeeper returns the ball to the point guard whose team was in possession of the ball (kicked on goal);
3. declarer handles the ball and then throws it into the field to the opening partner;
4. on a tackle, the ball is passed to his point guard (or one of the goalkeepers) who continues to play;
5.In the field, two pairs 1: 1.
Exercise 2
The organizational form is the same as in Exercise 1.
The main task is the same as in exercise 1; addition: teaching some of the actions of the players in the middle lane.
as in exercise 1; additionally: declarer does not throw in the ball, but passes it with his foot (top or bottom) to a free space on the move to his partner;
declarer has the right to keep the ball and dribble it until the pass along the sideline, without being attacked by the opponent, he does not hit the goal;
a pass before a partner leaves the opponent is equivalent to losing the ball and changing roles.
Exercise 3.
The organizational form is the same as in Exercise 1; in addition: both declarers play against each other on the touchline, interfering with the reception of the ball.
Main objective: the same as in exercises 1 and 2. Off-ball play also for point guards.
the team point guard in possession of the ball must walk away from the opponent himself when the goalkeeper throws in the ball.
Clarifications
Such games can be held as tournaments of several teams, consisting of three players (in the future, the number of players in each team can be increased). A throw-in from the sideline slows down the pace of the game; this is necessary so that the pairs can sort out again for a new escape from the enemy. An attack on any goal makes it easier to play without the ball and maneuvers to avoid the opponent, who is forced to constant guardianship. The small number of players in the field creates conditions for the implementation of tactical tasks and their more intensive working out. In the same game on a larger field, goalkeepers should have as many spare balls as possible on hand.
Light conditions:
In Exercise 3, point guard cannot be attacked after receiving the ball.
After gaining possession of the ball, declarer may throw it in.
In exercise 2, declarer must do two push-ups after receiving the ball (to “calm down” the players).
To speed up the completion of attacks and to avoid unnecessary “delays”, an additional rule can be introduced: after two passes, a shot on goal or a pass to point guard is required.
Additional rule for too loose guardianship: minus one goal. For example, if the opponent is allowed to calmly handle the ball.
It is necessary to pay attention to: premature spurt, when the ball is not ready for transfer - it is necessary to constantly monitor the player with the ball during maneuvers; deceiving movements when playing without the ball - do not run to a place that is inconvenient for a pass or for a shot on goal (imitate moving to an “inconvenient” place); teamwork with a partner when playing off the ball - constantly monitor his actions and be ready for the correct response.
Ball holding
Exercise 4.
Limited area with neutral fields (3x3m) in four corners; 2 teams of 6 people.
The main task: holding the ball, preparing an attack using space, accurate long passes, viewing the field and playing without the ball, creating conditions for playing “against the wall”, dribbling to “save” the ball.
keep the ball in your team;
play from two neutral squares of one side to opposite neutral squares and vice versa (= 1 goal);
only players of the team in possession of the ball may enter the neutral field;
you can occupy any neutral field.
Exercise 5.
The main task: preparation and implementation of a riding pass to an empty seat (to the exit).
the same as in exercise 4; pre-passes are only allowed downstream.
Exercise 6.
The organizational form is the same as in exercise 4.
The main task: preparation of a breakthrough with the help of dribbling and translation of the game; fighting artificial offside positions.
the same as in exercise 4;
with the offside rule.
Clarifications
If the zone defense is too tight, the additional rule is: 10 assists = 1 goal. For too hasty transmissions, an additional rule of thumb is 15 sec. possession of the ball outside the neutral field = 1 goal. Inexperienced players are in a hurry to quickly give a pass, hence another additional rule: before giving a pass, a player must move a certain distance with the ball (receiving and dribbling the ball), otherwise the loss of the ball is counted.
Light conditions:
In Exercise 6, the additional rule is: 10 assists = 1 goal (breakout facilitation).
It is necessary to pay attention to: the distribution of players on the court, the transfer of the game, the creation of a numerical advantage by changing the flanks, choosing the moment for a riding pass to the exit, helping a partner in approaching the player in possession of the ball, dribbling away from the opponent while holding the ball, avoiding single combats, changing rhythm from calm holding of the ball to breaking through to the far neutral field, using back passes for reliability (beginners often do not).
Translation of the game - changing the flanks of the attack
Exercise 7.
Game for two gates; two teams of three players; two neutral players on the sidelines in the field.
The main task: changing the rhythm by holding the ball and transferring the game for a surprise attack, quickly completing the attack.
it is allowed to shoot at the goal only after a sharp change in the direction of attack and a pass back or to the side;
neutral plays only with the team in possession;
one neutral acts as point guard in the midline area (1 + 3: 3); another, for example, as an attacking full-back on the touchline, starting from the front. His long distance dash requires a long pass. Dribbling and passing back or sideways to the goal to his three partners, three opponents defending;
goals are scored by a direct hit or by finishing off a bounced ball;
neutral, playing according to the 1 + 3: 3 scheme, must not attack, and he cannot transfer the game to the opponent's side;
the goalkeeper returns the ball to point guard neutral, who continues the game to hold the ball according to the 1 + 3: 3 scheme;
The defending team can only take the ball away from the opponent in the field. After tackling the ball, the pass is made to the goalkeeper or neutral point guard.
Exercise 8.
Organizational form as in exercise 7.
The main task: deliberately luring the defending rivals to one of the sides of the site in order to free the other side with the aim of a surprise attack.
the same as in exercise 7; however, declarer neutral in a 1 + 3: 3 scheme can be attacked (4: 3); additionally: 15 sec. possession of the ball - 1 goal;
neutral can transfer the game to the side of the opponent;
after a goal, one neutral (attacking defender) plays for the other team as the fourth player (4: 3), and the other neutral prepares the transfer of the game from the endline to attack the other goal. Change of tasks for neutrals.
Exercise 9.
Organizational form, as in exercise 7; both neutrals play on the same line against each other.
The main task: holding the ball in a 3: 3 system, finding opportunities for changing flanks, preparing for which goes without the ball.
the team plays on two gates;
each team is strengthened by one neutral, which act against each other on the same sideline (on the flank), forming a 3: 3 + 1: 1 formation;
the neutral team in possession of the ball must free itself from the opponent and ask for a pass. Completion of the attack, as in exercise 7.
Clarifications
The playing space on the flank in a 3: 3 formation may be indicated by a boundary line. If the defense is too passive, the 15 sec rule applies. Possible change of tasks for neutrals, as in exercises 8 and 7. If the players in front of the goal are too slow, a rule is introduced: every third pass after a change of attack flank is sent to the goalkeeper or point guard neutral; this means a quick completion of the attack in front of the goal by passing the ball to the hitting position, passing to the side or back.
Light conditions:
Exercise 9: in a 3: 3 system, an extra neutral (1 + 3: 3) plays in order to make it easier to control the ball and give a pass to the other flank.
Difficulty components: the size of the playing space on the flank, the distance between the goals, the numerical superiority in possession of the ball, the playing capabilities of the neutrals. Goalkeepers should have a few balls on hand to maintain the pace of the game.
It is well known that the system of training football players should be built using the best practices of the favorite teams. In this regard, the tactical aspect of the training process is no exception.
At the present stage of the development of football, the following basic patterns of game play are distinguished, which are inherent in the leading world-class national teams:
1) Using the attacking principle of the match. The attack is mainly played by three forwards, actively acting both in the center and on the flanks.
2) The central line is fundamental in the actions of the teams, the players of which have time to act both in defense and in attack *.
3) In defense, as a rule, a combined method is used; at the same time, the defenders - both extreme and central ones - when the situation is favorable, join in the attack, in particular, when playing “set pieces”.
4) Confident action by goalkeepers who play well both on the goal line and at the exits, throwing the ball into the field with their hands quickly, accurately and far.
5) Each team consists of several individually strong players who determine the style of play of these teams.
In conclusion, we note that the growth of professional skills football team is largely determined by the coach's ability to use the above means of physical and technical-tactical training in the necessary proportions and at the right time, based on the tasks of macro-, meso-, microcycles of training, as well as the individual characteristics of athletes.