skiing the report on physical education for children, summarized in this article, will tell you about the most popular winter sport in the world.

Report on the topic: "Skiing"

First, about the history of skiing. Although at the very beginning he was not. People invented skis so that in winter it was convenient to move around while hunting or in snowy areas. This is evidenced by numerous archaeological finds.

From ancient manuscripts it is clear that skis were used as early as the 6th century. Greek and Gothic scholars described the Finns' adaptations, thanks to which they moved while hunting in the snow.

They took shape as a sport in the 18th century. The first to turn skiing into a sport were the Norwegians. In the country in 1733, a decree was issued, according to which they began to prepare for sports competitions in skiing. In 1767, full-fledged championships in race, biathlon, slalom and downhill began to be actively held.

Ski sports clubs were then opened in Norway and Finland. Some time later, the USA, Asian and European countries joined the ski movement, sections began to be organized.

In 1924, skiing competitions were included in the program of the Olympic Games. In the post-Soviet space, sport skiing was born on December 16, 1895, when the first ski club was opened in Moscow.

Types of skiing

• Sprint... This is a ski race. They train a person's endurance and cardiovascular system.
• Ski jumping... It is a dangerous and exciting sport. Its essence is that the athlete must fly more than 100 meters in the air and land smoothly.
• Skiing... This is the most popular view sports. To overcome long distances at speed, a skier needs to train for a long time, work out his technique and be in good physical shape.
• Slalom... This is a descent from the mountain during which it is necessary to go around the flags placed on the way.
• Freestyle... A skier, going down the mountainside, performs various acrobatic stunts: rotations, somersaults, coups.
• Biathlon... it sport racing that are combined with shooting their bow or rifle.
• Snowboarding... Skis were replaced by a special board.

What is the use of skiing?

1. Strengthens the muscles of the legs, back, shoulders, arms and abs.
2. Develops balance and agility.
3. Strengthens the cardiovascular system.
4. Helps to keep the body in good shape.
5. Skiing promotes the production of happiness hormones - endorphins.

We hope that the report on physical education on the topic "Skiing" helped you to prepare for the lesson. And to add a story about skiing, you can leave through the comments form below.

Physical Education Report

"Ski passes"

Compiled by:

physical education teacher

Vasilyeva Natalia Nikolaevna

d. Lazazey

Skiing is one of the most popular activities in the world. This sport is an important tool physical education, occupy one of the first places in terms of their motor actions. Over the past twenty years, the science of sports, including the theory and methodology of skiing, has begun to develop fast pace... If earlier it mainly occupied an explanatory function and did little to help practice, now its role has changed significantly. Sports competitions are no longer just individual fights and not only competition between teams, it is, first of all, a demonstration of the strength and skill of an athlete, the high tactical thinking of a teacher-trainer. Everyone who starts skiing sets a specific goal for himself: one wants to become a champion, the other just stronger and more enduring, the third seeks to lose weight with the help of skiing, the fourth - to strengthen the will. And all this is possible. You just need to train hard, without making indulgences and discounts to yourself. Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, nordic combined, alpine skiing. For these sports there are rules for the conduct of competitions and it is provided for the assignment of categories and titles in accordance with the requirements of the United sports classification... This stimulates systematic training and the growth of athletic achievements of skiers. The named types of skiing are included in the programs of the World Championships and Cups, the Winter Olympic Games.

Of course, we cannot find out the name of the inventor of the ski. Skis as a means of facilitating movement on snow appeared before the beginning of our era, as evidenced by the rock carvings discovered by Russian archaeologists A.M. Linevsky in 1926 and V.I.Ravdonikas in 1936 in the town of Besovy Sledki and Zalavrug near the White Sea ... The first devices that a person used when moving through deep snow were snowshoes, or stepping skis. In Georgia, snowshoes were called tkhilamuri, that is, "woven from hazel." These primitive devices changed significantly during use and gradually took the form of sliding skis. Sliding skis have significantly increased the speed of movement. Archaeological excavations in Novgorod (1953) testify to the further evolution of skiing. So, the ski found there, dating back to the first half of the 18th century, is similar in design to modern hunting and household skis: its length is 1 m 92 cm, width is 8 cm, the front end of the ski is pointed, bent upwards, the loading platform 3 cm thick has a transverse horizontal opening for a sock belt. The oldest ski, made 4,300 years ago, was discovered in 1982 by A.M. Miklyaev in the Pskov region. The word "ski" is found in historical documents of the 12th century. There are also documents that testify to the use of skis by troops against foreign invaders. The Nikon Chronicle for 1444 describes the campaign of a Moscow ski rat, equipped by the Grand Duke Vasily, to defend Ryazan.

In the cycle of the main variant of this move, the phases are the same as in the cycle of the high-speed variant, but there are differences in the coordination of the work of the legs, arms and body. In the main variant of the move, after the end of the simultaneous repulsion with the sticks, the skier. passing to free sliding on two skis, he unbends the torso and brings his arms forward, without making a lunge with his foot, as in the high-speed version.

Simultaneous non-step

(pushing off with two sticks at the same time)

Simultaneous one-step stroke (basic variant)

Having made a step, the skier takes the poles out of the position with the rings towards him to the position with the rings away from him, and having pushed off with his foot, he must again position them with the rings towards him. Putting sticks on the snow and pushing them away are carried out at an acute angle. The entire period from the end of the repulsion with the hands to the beginning of the next repulsion by them is much longer than in the high-speed version. The duration of the cycle of the main variant of the simultaneous one-step stroke is 12-1.6 s, the cycle length is 57 m. etc.). Simultaneous two-step stroke This stroke is used on flat terrain with good to excellent sliding conditions. The cycle of simultaneous two-step stroke consists of two sliding steps, simultaneous push-off by hands and free sliding on two skis. The cycle time is 1.72.1 s, the length is 810 m, the average speed is 5.06.5 m / s.

The analysis of movements in the stroke cycle begins from the moment the ski poles detach from the snow after the end of the repulsion by the hands.

Simultaneous two-step stroke.

This move is the most difficult in terms of coordination. since "at each sliding step, the extension of the jogging leg is accompanied by a tilt of the body and pushing off with the hands. It is advisable to start the analysis of the movements of the stroke cycle from the moment the take-off with the foot ends. After completing the cycle, the skier overcomes 15 m on the plain, on ascents of 410 m in 1.22 s at an average speed of 3.58.5 m / s. The stroke rate is 3050 cycles per 1 min, the time of kick off is 0.25 0.45 s. Hands 0.250.40 s. When moving on a plain and on gentle ascents in a cycle, four phases are distinguished (in one sliding step): free single-support sliding, sliding with simultaneous repulsion by hands, sliding with simultaneous repulsion by the leg and hands, sliding With an increase in the steepness of the ascent, the phase structure of the stroke changes somewhat.Under these conditions, repulsion by the hands begins almost simultaneously with pushing with the foot and in the stroke cycle there are three phases: free one-support sliding, sliding with simultaneous pushing off with the leg and hands, sliding with pushing off with the leg.

Alternating two-step stroke

The technique of performing an alternating two-step stroke includes 2 sliding steps. Along with this, with the help of opposite sticks, shocks are carried out. At the beginning of the free slip phase, the push off with the right leg ends, while the ski should be torn off the snow. Next, the transition to single-support sliding with the left foot is carried out. At the moment of completion of the repulsion of the right and the beginning of sliding, the lower leg of the left lower limbs must be upright. The push is directed in a straight line. With the right hand, the stick is brought forward. When sliding with the left ski, the movement of the right leg, slightly bent at the knee in the back-up direction, should be free, relaxed.

The lower leg of the supporting lower limb remains in an upright position. The right hand continues to move the stick, and the left hand should be relaxed and thrown back somewhat by inertia. In this case, the angle of inclination of the body does not change. Further, single-support sliding continues on the left leg. After pushing, the right supporting leg is straightened. Along with this, the body begins to move "to take off".

The right leg should be slightly bent at the knee, relaxed and in the extreme back position. This creates favorable conditions for swinging it forward. The lower end of the stick is brought forward with the right hand. Left upper limb while in a relaxed state it is in the extreme rear position. Upon completion of free sliding, swinging forward extension of the right leg begins. The stick on the right is placed on the snow, and the left stick should be brought forward. The push begins with an almost straightened hand. To begin effective repulsion, the stick is positioned at an angle. The left hand is extended forward, the supporting leg is straightened, and the swinging forward movement of the right leg is carried out.

Alternating four-step stroke

The alternating four-step move is rather complicated in its rhythm. The cycle of movements in this move consists of alternating four steps and two alternating thrusts with sticks for the last two steps. The removal of the poles before pushing off is performed alternately for the first two steps in the cycle of travel. When moving on a plain, a skier goes up to 8-10 m per cycle at an average speed of 4-6 m / s. Most often, an alternating four-step course is used on a plain and gentle ascents with poor support for sticks (when moving with a backpack on hiking trips), when movement with an alternating two-step course and simultaneous moves is difficult. Occasionally skilled skiers use this move to climb long climbs by alternating travel cycles with alternating two-step travel. However, in recent years, the strongest skiers have become less likely to use this move during the competition, since it is inferior in speed to other moves.
In terms of coordination, this mode of movement is one of the most difficult. However, all the main elements of the stroke (sliding, pushing off with sticks, skis) have already been studied when mastering the sliding step and alternating two-step stroke.

Skate moves

Alternating skating

The alternating skating course is used on steep inclines (more than 8 °), as well as on soft tracks and bad conditions sliding on less steep climbs. Although this is the least speed move, its importance should not be underestimated. The stroke cycle consists of two sliding steps, during which the skier is twice alternately (alternately) pushing off with his hands. The cycle length is 3-4.5 m. The duration is 0.8-1.15 s. average speed in a cycle is 3.5-5 m / s. stroke rate 55-75 cycles in 1 min. take-off time with the leg -0.20.3 s. hand 0.25 0.35 s. Depending on the steepness of the ascents, the pace of movement, technical skill, athletes use two options for alternating skating. In the first variant, the end of the push-off by the hand coincides with the beginning of the push-off by the leg, and more often the efforts of the arm to the leg are imposed. With this option, the speed is maintained due to the cadence while shortening the sliding step. This variant of the stroke is used on steep climbs, under poor sliding conditions, with physical fatigue, when the athlete cannot push off powerfully enough. In the second variant, there is a phase of free single-support sliding (after pushing off with the hand and before pushing off with the foot). Let's consider the sequence of movements in the first variant of the alternating skating course. Phase 1 sliding on the left ski with repulsion with the right hand begins with the separation of the right ski from the snow and continues until the swinging (right) leg is brought forward and to the side. The duration of the phase is 0.160.21 s. Sliding in this phase is supported by active extension of the right arm in the shoulder and elbow joints, as well as by a slight (23 °) tilt of the trunk. The skier, when sliding, unbends the supporting (left) leg at the knee joint by 24-28 °, in the hip joint by 20-24 °, and tilts the lower leg by 7-10 °, the flyer (right) leg, together with the ski, is pulled by the racer to the supporting leg, gradually bending at the knee joint. In this case, the angle between the ski and the direction of movement does not change, the heel of the foot is brought to the supporting leg. In this phase, the skier continues to push forward. left hand, gradually bending it at the elbow joint, he raises his hand almost to shoulder level. Phase 2 sliding on the left ski with pushing off with the left leg and right hand begins with bringing the swinging (right) leg forward - to the side and ends with the separation of the right stick from the support. The duration of the phase is 0.03-0.09 s. When, as a result of the active movement of the swing (right) leg forward - towards the skier's foot, they approach as close as possible, he begins to push off with his left leg, unbending it first in hip joint... At the same time, the skier finishes pushing off with his right hand, and continues to push his left hand forward. Phase 3 sliding on the left ski with take-off with the left leg (0.18-0.23 s) begins with the separation of the right stick from the support and ends with the setting of the left stick. The skier continues to push off with his left leg, unbending it in the hip and knee joints(he straightens his torso by 23 °). The fly leg, bent at the knee statute almost to right angle, the skier moves forward - to the side. At the same time, he completes the extension of his left hand and puts the stick on a support at an acute angle, and right hand after repulsion, it begins to move downward - forward. At the end of this phase, the skier places the swing (right) foot on the snow at an angle of 24 ° to the direction of travel. Phase 4 - sliding on two skis with take-off with the left foot and the same hand begins with placing the stick on the support and ends with the separation of the left ski from the snow. The duration of the phase is 0.09-0.16 s. The skier continues to unbend the jerk (left) leg in the hip and knee joints, and its extension in the ankle joint ends the push-off. With the end of the take-off with the left foot and its separation from the snow, the second sliding step in the cycle begins, the movements in which are the same as in the first step.

The recreational value of skiing is great. Long-term skiing in the form of walks or during training sessions in the clean frosty air, the performance of muscle work in favorable hygienic conditions significantly increase the overall performance of the body, its resistance to various diseases. Skiing is widely used as a means of outdoor activities. Skiing in a beautiful wooded area is a great pleasure, has a positive effect on the nervous system, improves general state organism, providing high mental and physical performance.

Skis, as a device that greatly facilitates movement in deep snow, were invented by man about 4 thousand years ago. Their primary name - snowshoes, was actively used by ancient hunters during their long raids for prey among snow-covered plains and forests. Archaeologists have excavated the most diverse in shape, size, method of attachment and use of skis, which have been used by mankind for the entire period of their existence. It is not surprising that over such a long period of use, there have been various uses for skis. They were used in everyday life, travel, in military and military affairs, as well as during various street games and fun. In addition to the convenience in the process of movement, skis were also actively used for recreational purposes, in order to increase the hardening of the body against various colds.

The archive contains 6 abstracts on skiing and skiing for your reference.

It is important to note that skiing as a separate type of sports in Russia emerged relatively recently, namely at the end of the 19th century. Moscow became the ancestor of such competitions. And this is not surprising, because it is in its open spaces that this type of winter attribute has been used most actively at all times. The simplest rules were used as the first competitive rules - to win, you had to be the first to go three miles on sliding skis. This event took place on January 2, 1896 in Moscow. After that, this type of competition fell in love with the local elites, and it began to be held annually. It should be noted that very quickly this kind of sport became popular on the territory of almost all of Russia and was held in all major cities. It should be noted that in other northern countries, which are personally familiar with the difficulties of moving around in snowy winters, they began to take an interest in skiing at about the same time. Not surprisingly, a decade later, Russian athletes have become regular participants in international skiing competitions. True, the first participants turned out to be a little unprepared for the European rules, but very soon this flaw was eliminated.

Gradually skiing became more and more extensive, began to include many different varieties, which allowed each participant to get a unique chance to reveal their talents. From simple speed races, athletes gradually began to move to other, no less interesting, competitions requiring maximum endurance, hardening, body strength and spirit. Downhill skiing, biathlon, various relay races, long hours of distance - this is not a complete list of what winter athletes "work" with today. All this made it possible to single out the Winter Olympic Games as a separate spectacular, educational and developmental event, the onset of which is expected by millions of fans. winter species sports all over the world. In addition, such an interest in skiing has made it possible to actively attract a large number of fans of various age groups... Therefore, the appearance of this kind of sport in the school physical education curriculum is quite natural.

It should be noted that skiing requires a certain skill from the athlete. Therefore, before starting independent skiing, you should practice under the supervision of an experienced mentor. He will help you not to break your skis on the first day of acquaintance with this fascinating and very useful kind winter sports... One more important point one should never forget about these low temperatures. Very often they cause frostbite, and improper clothing or behavior can cause various colds, which are very difficult in winter.

In all other respects, skiing is a great way to improve health, tighten muscles and get a lot of positive emotions and impressions.

Skiing

Skiing- includes cross-country skiing at various distances, ski jumping, biathlon (race and jumping), alpine skiing. Born in Norway in the 18th century. V International Federation- FIS (FIS; founded in 1924) about 60 countries (1991). Since 1924 - in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, world championships - since 1925 (officially - since 1937).

Skiing can be divided into 4 large types:

Northern species: ski race, orienteering, Ski Jumping, Nordic Combination or Nordic Combined

Alpine views: virtually all alpine skiing: downhill, giant slalom, super giant slalom, slalom, ski combination: (the champion is determined by the sum of two types: downhill | downhill and slalom), team competition.

Freestyle: downhill skiing with elements of acrobatic jumping and ballet: mogul, ski acrobatics, ski ballet.

Snowboard: exercises on one "big ski" (special board).

There are sports that include elements of skiing, as well as non-Olympic and less common types of skiing:

- biathlon- skiing with rifle shooting, a separate sport very popular in many countries, is included in the program of the Olympic Games, like skiing;

- skitour- alpine skiing plus small skiing trips, it is somewhat similar to

- ski tourism(variety sports tourism)

- orienteering skiing .

- ski mountaineering

Ski race

Cross-country skiing is a ski race for a certain distance on a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category (age, gender, etc.). They belong to cyclical sports.

The main skiing styles are "classic style" and "free style".

Classic style

The original, "classic style" includes those types of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a previously prepared track, consisting of two parallel lines.

The most common alternating two-step travel (used on flat areas and gentle slopes (up to 2 °), and with very good sliding - and on ascents of medium steepness (up to 5 °)) and a simultaneous one-step move (used on flat areas, on gentle ascents at good glide, as well as on slopes with satisfactory glide).

Free style

"Free style" implies that the skier is free to choose the way to move along the distance, but since the "classic" move is inferior in speed to the "skate", "free style" is, in fact, synonymous with "skate". Skating methods of movement have been widely used since 1981, when the Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, who was then already over 40, first used it in competitions (in the 55 km race) and won.

The most common are simultaneous two-step skating (used both on flat areas and on ascents of low and medium steepness) and simultaneous one-step skating (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and gentle sections of the distance, as well as on ascents up to 10-12 ° )

The main types of cross-country skiing

Time-trial competition

Competitions with a general start (mass start)

Pursuit (pursuit, Gundersen system)

Relay races

Individual Sprint

Team sprint

Time-trial competition

With a separate start, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 seconds (less often - 15 seconds, 1 minute). The sequence is determined by drawing lots or current situation an athlete in the ranking (the strongest start last). A paired split start is possible. The athlete's final result is calculated using the formula “finish time” minus “start time”.

Mass start competition

In a mass start, all athletes start at the same time. Moreover, athletes with best rating occupy the most advantageous places at the start. The final result is the same as the athlete's finish time.

Pursuit Race

Pursuit racing is a combined competition consisting of several stages. In this case, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except for the first) is determined by the results of the previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which the athletes run in the classical style, and the other in the free style.

Pursuit races are held at intervals of two days, less often at intervals of several hours. The first race is usually timed. According to its final results, the lag behind the leader for each of the participants is determined. The second race is run with a handicap equal to this lag. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the Pursuit coincides with the finish time of the second race.

The non-stop pursuit (duathlon) begins with a general start. After overcoming the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with another style. The final result of the pursuit without interruption coincides with the athlete's finishing time.

Relay races

The ski relay consists of four stages (less often - three), of which stages 1 and 2 run in the classic style, and stages 3 and 4 run in a free style. The relay begins with a mass start, with the most advantageous places at the start determined by a draw, or they will be awarded to the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The transfer of the relay is carried out by touching the palm of the hand of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the zone of the transfer of the relay. The final result of a relay team is calculated using the formula "finish time of the last team member" minus the "start time of the first team member".

Individual Sprint

Individual sprint competitions begin with qualifications, which are organized in a split start format. After qualification, the selected athletes compete in the Sprint Finals, which are held in the form of races of various formats with a mass start. The number of athletes selected for the final races does not exceed 30. First, the quarterfinals are held, then the semi-finals and, finally, the finals B and A. In the final B, athletes who did not pass to the final A take part. The table of individual sprint results is formed in the following order: Final A results, Final B results, Quarter-finals competitors, non-qualified competitors.

Team sprint

The team sprint is held as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes, who alternately replace each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. With a sufficiently large number of teams entered, two semifinals are held, of which an equal number best teams selected for the final. The team sprint starts with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the rules of the relay.

Distance length

In official competitions, the length of the distance ranges from 800 meters to 50 km. In this case, one distance can consist of several circles.

Race format Distance length (km)

Time-trial competitions 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30, 50

Competitions with mass start 10, 15, 30, 50

Pursuit 5, 7.5, 10, 15

Relays (length of one stage) 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10

Individual sprint (men) 1 - 1.4

Individual sprint (women) 0.8 - 1.2

Team sprint (men) 2х (3-6) 1 - 1.4

Team sprint (women) 2х (3-6) 0.8 - 1.2

Biathlon

Biathlon (from Latin bis - twice and Greek ’άθλον - competition, wrestling) is a winter Olympic sport that combines cross-country skiing with rifle shooting.

Biathlon is most popular in Germany, Russia and Norway. From 1993 to the present, official international biathlon competitions, including the World Cup and World Championships, are held under the auspices of the International Biathlon Union (IBU).

History

The first race, which vaguely resembled biathlon, took place in 1767. It was organized by the border guards on the Swedish-Norwegian border. As a sport, biathlon took shape in the 19th century in Norway as an exercise for soldiers. Biathlon was introduced to the Olympic Games in 1924, 1928, 1936 and 1948. In 1960 it was included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games. The first winner of the Olympic Games (in Squaw Valley, 1960) was the Swede K. Lestander. At the same time, the Soviet athlete Alexander Privalov won a bronze medal.

Rules and equipment

In biathlon, a free (that is, skating) style of skiing is used. Use normal skis and ski poles for cross-country skiing.

For shooting, small-bore rifles with a minimum weight of 3.5 kg are used, which are transported on their backs during the race. When triggering the hook, the index finger must overcome a force of at least 500 g. The rifle scope is not allowed to have the effect of enlarging the target. The caliber of the cartridges is 5.6 mm. The bullet velocity when fired at a distance of 1 m from the barrel cut should not exceed 380 m / s.

On the shooting range, the distance to the targets is 50 meters (up to 1977 - 100 meters). Targets used in competitions are traditionally black, in the amount of five pieces. As they hit, the targets are closed with a white flap, which allows the biathlete to immediately see the result of his shooting. (Many types of targets have been used in the past, including shatter plates and balloons.) bullet shooting... The diameter of the targets (more precisely, the zone in which the hit is counted) when shooting from a prone position is 45 mm, and from a standing position - 115 mm. In all types of races, with the exception of the relay, the biathlete has five shots at each shooting range. In the relay, you can use additional cartridges, manually loading, in the amount of 3 pieces for each firing line.

Individual race

The classic individual race was the very first biathlon discipline. In its present form, it is a 20 km race for men and 15 for women, consisting of 5 laps of 4 km (3 km for women) with 4 shooting sessions between the laps. Athletes start separately, one after the other, with an interval of 30 seconds. The first and third shots are fired from a prone position, the second and fourth firing from a standing position. For each miss, one minute is added to the time the athlete passes the distance.

Sprint

Race for 10 km for men and 7.5 for women with two firing lines. The first shooting is prone, the second is standing. Athletes start separately. For each miss, the athlete is provided with a "penalty loop" - an additional segment of the distance equal to 150 meters.

Pursuit

The race is 12.5 km for men and 10 km for women. Consists of 5 circles (2.5 km for men or 2 km for women) with 4 firing lines (the first 2 lines are prone shooting, the second 2 are standing). The start is given separately with a handicap corresponding to the lag behind the winner in the previous "qualifying" race - sprint or individual race (in the latter case, the gap is halved). The first 60 athletes in the qualifying race are eligible to compete in the pursuit. For each missed pursuit, a 150-meter penalty loop is provided for the athlete.

Race from the general start

The 15 km race for men and 12.5 km for women consists of 5 laps (3 km each for men or 2.5 km each for women) with 4 firing lines (the first 2 lines are prone shooting, the second 2 are standing). Race from the general start (or simply "mass start") - one of the newest types of competition. 30 strongest athletes take part in it according to the results of the past competitions. All athletes start at the same time. For each miss, the athlete is provided with a penalty segment of a distance equal to 150 meters.

Relay race

The relay consists of 4 (in some cases 3) stages. All teams start at the same time. Each stage is run by a separate athlete, who then passes the baton to the runner for the next stage (the runner in the last stage finishes). Each stage (currently 7.5 km for men and 6 km for women) consists of three laps of the distance and two firing lines between them (the first lying down, the second standing). When shooting after using the first five cartridges and in the presence of uncovered targets, the athlete must manually reload additional cartridges (no more than 3 at each stage). If the athlete was unable to close 5 targets with 8 cartridges, then for each uncovered target, the athlete will pass a penalty segment of a distance equal to 150 meters.

Mixed relay

Both men and women take part in this relay. The first and second stages (6 km each) are held by women, the third and fourth (7.5 km each) - men. Shooting rules are similar to the "classic" relay.

The mixed relay is the youngest type of biathlon competition, which is held within the framework of the World Championships and the World Cup. First mixed relay was held at the fifth stage of the 2002/2003 World Cup in Ruhpolding, then the athletes ran 4x4.8 km. As part of the World Championships, the mixed relay was first held in 2005 in Khanty-Mansiysk. The first champions and world champions at this distance were Russian biathletes Olga Pyleva, Svetlana Ishmuratova, Ivan Tcherezov and Nikolai Nikolaevich Kruglov. The second mixed relay in the framework of the World Cup competitions was held in the 2007/2008 season at the stage in Pyeongchang.

Team race

It is currently being held as part of the "Holiday of the North" and the Russian championship. There are two types of race: a team sprint (distance 7.5-10 km; two firing lines, at which two team members shoot - the first line is prone, the second is standing), as well as the team race itself (distance 15-20 km; four shooting line - one athlete shoots at each of them). A variation of the team race is also the "patrol race" - a distance of 20 km for women and 25 km for men; each team has 5 people; two firing lines (lying and standing), on which each biathlete shoots once. The patrol race is now held as part of the World Military Championship. In any type of team racing, if any team member misses the penalty loop, the entire team runs.

Skiing

Skiing - descent from the mountains on special skis. A sport, as well as a popular type of active recreation for millions of people around the world.

Downhill(English downhill - "down the hill") - the discipline of alpine skiing, the essence of which is the passage of a specially prepared track for a while.

The speed of an athlete when passing certain sections of the route exceeds 140 km / h, and the length of the flight when jumping is 40-50 meters. This discipline included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.

Track requirements . The downhill track runs along the natural relief of the slope and contains a series of turns through the guiding gates with the inclusion of trampolines in some sections, as a rule, of natural origin (bumps, ridges). The track corridor is marked on both sides with bright lines in the snow or small triangular flags. The guiding gates are arranged in pairs, double poles with rectangular flags of red and blue (alternately).

Height difference

Men: 800 to 1100 m

Women: 500 to 800 m

Organization of competitions

Before the start or the first official training session, athletes must have a complete view of the course. Before the starts, there is an official training session, which is mandatory for the competitors.

Downhill skiing is carried out, as a rule, in one run. If the slope does not meet the requirements for elevation difference, then the downhill can consist of two runs. In this case, the height difference cannot be less than 450 m.

All participants, both in training and in competition, must wear protective helmets.

Slalom ( norv. slalåm, ski trail on the slope) - downhill skiing along a 450-500 m long track marked with a gate (gate width 3.5-4 m, distance between them is from 0.7 to 15 m). The difference in altitude between the start and the finish is 60-150 m. Skiers develop a speed of up to 40 km / h on the track. During the passage of the track, athletes must pass through all the gates; for skipping a gate or crossing it with one ski, athletes are removed from the competition. The result is determined by the sum of the times shown on two runs on two different runs.

Super giant(English Super Giant Slalom or Super G) - a type of competition in alpine skiing and snowboarding.

They occupy an intermediate position between downhill and giant slalom in terms of technique, competition organization and track requirements.

The super-giant competition is held in one run.

Height difference

for men: 400-600 m

for women: 350-600 m

for children: 225-450 m

The width of the track should be about 30 m. The super-giant track is set up in the same way as the downhill track.

Other requirements. The gate consists of four poles and two flags. The gate is alternately red and blue. The width of the gate is from 6 to 8 m - the distance between the two nearest inner poles of an open gate and from 8 to 12 m - for a closed gate. It is forbidden to place the gate along the descent line. The maximum number of gates with turns should be 10% of the height difference in meters.

Participants have the right to view the track before the start with bib numbers, sliding along the track, but not passing the gate and not passing certain sections of the track at speed.

Slalom giant- a kind of ski discipline.

Track requirements

Height difference:

for men from 250 to 450 m

for women from 250 to 400 m

for children - maximum 250 m

At the Olympic Games, World Championships and FIS World Cups, the minimum height difference for men and women is 300 m.

The gate consists of four slalom poles and two flags. The gate should be alternately red and blue. Banners must be at least 75 cm wide and 50 cm high. The lower edge of the panel should be at a distance of 1 m from the snow surface. Gate width - from 4 to 8 m. The number of turns should be equal to 11-15% of the height difference. The track width should be sufficient, on average about 40 m.

Freestyle

Freestyle ( English Freestyle skiing) is a type of skiing, snowboarding. Freestyle includes ski acrobatics, ski cross, mogul. Ski ballet, one of the freestyle disciplines that existed until 1999, was excluded from the programs official competitions... The ballet consisted of descending a gentle slope accompanied by musical accompaniment, demonstrating elements of sliding, steps, spins, and jumps.

The freestyle program of the Olympic Games includes mogul and ski acrobatics and ski cross. All types of competitions are attended by men and women. A total of 6 sets of awards are played.

Mogul is a descent on a hilly slope. During the course of the course, each athlete must make two jumps from specially built trampolines. The Olympic program includes one qualifying round and one final, in which from 16 to 20 athletes go. In the final, the winner is the one who receives highest marks for his performance. The judges evaluate the quality of the processing of the bumps on the track, the quality and complexity of the jumps. The score for speed, determined by a special formula, is added to the sum of the marks given by the judges.

Ski acrobatics competition consist of qualification and final. At each stage, athletes perform two jumps from a special springboard. 12 athletes with the highest number of points on the sum of two jumps will go to the final. Points from the qualifying round do not carry over to the final. The judges evaluate each jump from the point of view of the athlete's technique of taking off the springboard (20%), the jump itself (50%) and landing (30%).

Ski cross competition consist of a qualifying round and a final round. In the qualifying round, athletes go one by one on a track of about 1000 meters with turns and obstacles at speed. 32 athletes who showed the best time in the final round split into fours and compete among themselves for reaching the next stage of the competition. The first two athletes continue to compete, the losers are eliminated. Those who qualify for the final race will compete for medals.

Freeride ( English freeride) - snowboarding or alpine skiing off prepared pistes and generally outside the service area of ​​the ski industry. It is believed that it is when skiing on untouched snow that all the possibilities of snowboarding and alpine skiing are most fully revealed. At the same time, freeride skiing promises many dangers associated with unfamiliar terrain, for example, the possibility of avalanches. According to a number of experts, beginners in snowboarding and skiing should not rush to go off the piste in the mountains, for this they should already have certain skills in the technique of skiing. Throughout recent years International freeride competitions are held annually for professionals and amateurs.

Types of freeride skiing

Lightweight freeride is the simplest and most popular type of off-piste skiing, the essence of which is to climb a mountain on a lift and then go down an untouched slope outside the prepared tracks.

Backcountry - climbing mountains, not equipped with lifts, with further descent from them on virgin snow. The most common type of freeride, despite the difficulty of climbing to the top of the mountain for the start.

Heli-skiing (heliboarding) - transfer of skiers (snowboarders) to the top of the mountain using a helicopter. Moreover, this entertainment is expensive, and in some places of our planet heli-skiing is prohibited.

Snowcatskiing (snowcatskiing) - throwing skiers (snowboarders) to the top of the mountain using a snowcat - a snowcat with a passenger cabin. Moreover, this entertainment is less expensive than heli-skiing.

Snowmoboarding is a snowboarder's riding on the principle of water skiing or wakeboarding, but instead of a boat, a motorcycle or snowmobile is used, and instead of water, snow.

Snowboarding

SNOWBOARDING(English snowboarding, from snow - snow and board - board) is a sport that includes downhill skiing, performing acrobatic elements on a special track, etc. on a snowboard - a monoski with an edging on which leg mounts are installed.

Snowboarding and its varieties. Snowboarding emerged as a natural extension of skiing. (Although snowboarders themselves are very reluctant to recognize - or not at all - this kinship, considering snowboarding as a completely independent sport). Snowboarding is somewhat inferior to alpine skiing in speed (100 km / h versus 150), but surpasses the thrill of sensations. In addition, the basics of snowboarding techniques are easier to master, and the board is freer to control.

Unlike skiers, snowboarders (also called "boarders" or "riders") do not stand on the board with their face, but sideways relative to the direction of travel (borrowed from surfing). In this case, the stance of the athlete is of great importance. In jargon, a snowboarder who rides with his left foot forward is "regular", and his right foot is "goofy".

Competitive disciplines included in snowboarding are divided into timed (slalom) and judged (freestyle).

Slalom. Includes different types slalom (Norwegian slalom): single, parallel, giant slalom, super giant and parallel giant, - as well as snowboardcross, which entered the official program in the second half of the 90s. The winner in the competition is the athlete who completes the track the fastest.

Slalom competitions take place on a mountain slope (with a certain height difference and track width) and differ from each other in about the same way as traditional ski disciplines differ from each other. The "regular" slalom course is shorter and more twisty; the giant slalom track can be up to 1000 m, while there are fewer control gates on it.

Super giant- the fastest of all types of snowboarding: the speed of the athlete on the track reaches 100 km / h. (Short distances require more technical skill from the participants - due to the greater number of checkpoints that they need to go around, but on long distances they have to "run" at higher speeds). In parallel slalom, two snowboarders start at the same time on exactly the same parallel tracks and try to get ahead of each other.

Slalom competitions consist of two stages: qualifying and final. Both in qualification and in the final, the athlete is given one attempt (in parallel slalom - two: one on the left track, the other on the right track). The final result of the athletes who made it to the finals is displayed according to the total time shown in two attempts.

Parallel slalom the final is played in a knockout system, in case of a tie, an additional race is assigned. If the athlete makes a false start, does not stop after giving the signal for a false start, or interferes with an opponent, he will be disqualified.

Snowboardcross(English snowboardcross) - a free descent along a track up to 2000 m long (and at least 30 m wide), in which 4–6 people take part at the same time. Athletes make jumps, turns, overcome obstacles (waves, comb), etc. Snowboard cross competitions are also divided into two stages: qualifying and final - with elimination (super final and small final).

For gross technical errors (incorrect passage of the track) and for deliberate delays of the opponent (pushing, hitting, etc.), the athlete is disqualified.

Freestyle(English freestyle - literally free style) as a competitive discipline is trick skating, including jumps, spins, somersaults, grabs, etc. (There are a lot of tricks that make snowboarding akin to skateboarding - and partly rollerblades.) Unlike slalom, freestyle is a “subjective” sport. Judges (3-5) give a mark for the complexity and technique of performing tricks, the amplitude of the jump, beauty, etc.

Freestyle is subdivided into several types.

Halfpipe- riding in a special inclined trough made of dense snow, shaped like a half cut along a pipe (English half-pipe - half-pipe). This chute, also known as the halfpipe (or pipe), is a lot like a skateboarder and rollercoaster ramp. The length of the halfpipe is on average 100 m, the height from the bottom to the upper cut is 3-4 m, the inclination of the longitudinal axis is 15-20 degrees. The athlete rolls from one end of the pipe to the other, flies out along the radius, while performing this or that trick, "lands", flies out from the opposite side of the pipe, etc. V recent times The quarterpipe also became widespread (from the English quarter - quarter + pipe, a figure that resembles one, but very large - halfpipe wall), at the very end of the 90s the superpipe became incredibly popular (large halfpipe - in all respects - sizes).

Big air ( English big air, letters. large space) - jump from a special springboard. It includes the following phases: acceleration, jump itself and landing. The jump should be prolonged and spectacular. The amplitude of the jump, the performance of the trick, the cleanliness and precision of the landing are assessed.

Slopestyle(English slopestyle, from slope - slope and style - style) - competition on the track with figures located in two or more rows: passing the track on a particular site, the athlete has a choice.

All of the above disciplines are sometimes combined general concept"Technical freestyle".

Freeride ( English freeride - letters. free route) - skiing on difficult and unsafe mountain slopes. This most extreme of all types of snowboarding, in fact, combines freestyle and slalom. Requires exceptional courage and precise calculation. Only specially invited athletes participate in freeride competitions. The difference in elevation on the site is 300–600 m, the average slope is 35–45 degrees. The judges evaluate (on a special scale) the skiing style and technique of the participants, the confidence and "consistency" of the descent, as well as the choice of the route. As in slopestyle, the successful completion of a more difficult route (the difficulty is determined by the angle of inclination in one section or another, the length of the jump, the complexity of the trick performed, etc.) brings more points. Depending on the nature of the fall on the track, a certain number of points is deducted from the participant.

In some classifications, freeride is singled out as a separate discipline of snowboarding.

In snowboarding, there are also "out-of-competition" varieties. For example, freeride backcountry (English backcountry - literally wilderness): riding on hard-to-reach, extremely dangerous - and sometimes completely undeveloped - mountain slopes (sometimes snowboarders land on top from a helicopter, we practice it in Kamchatka), or jibbing (English . jibbing) - riding in snowboard parks, where special figures for sliding are installed: rails, "tables", etc.

Snowboard(English snowboard, literally "snow board") - sports equipment, designed for downhill skiing from snow-covered slopes and mountains. A snowboard is a flat structure consisting of a sliding surface in contact with the snow; base - the deck on which the leg mounts are installed; and a metal edge that runs along the edge of the entire projectile and is designed to control the movement of the snowboard using techniques called the general term "edge flipping".

Ski jumping

Ski jumping is a sport that includes ski jumping from specially equipped ski jumps. They act as an independent sport, and are also included in the Nordic combined ski program. They are part of the International Ski Federation (Fédération Internationale de Ski, FIS).

Olympic Games and World Championships

The program of the Winter Olympic Games (every 4 years) and the World Championships (annually) includes the following three disciplines:

K-120 Individual - 120m Springboard - Men

K-120 team championship- 120 m springboard, men

K-90 Individual - Men's 90m Springboard At the World Championships, the program may change (springboard K-90 or K-100)

The national team consists of four athletes.

Jump technique

Technique includes acceleration, leaving the takeoff table, flight phase and landing. Well-coordinated execution of all elements, body coordination in the air - these are the most important technical elements in the jumper's arsenal.

At the moment of landing, the athlete's legs, previously lying in the same plane, must take a position called "telemark" (unofficially - "raznozka"). In this position, one of the legs is put forward, and the other is laid back; both legs are bent at the knees; the knee of the "back" leg is down; arms extended above the shoulders. The skis are parallel during landing and as close as possible. Such a landing requires high coordination of movements and impeccable balance. Points are deducted for failure to perform the "split" upon landing.

The technique (style) of jumping is judged by five judges ( maximum amount- 20 points), points for the distance of the jump are added to the judges' points (according to a special table). The judges assess the flight phase of the athlete aesthetically and are especially critical of the competent landing in the telemark. The judges punish any part of the body touching the surface of the landing mountain, unnecessary movements and the athlete's fall. If a fall or touch occurs behind a special line, then they no longer affect the assessment. The participant's result is determined by the sum of the points of two test attempts.

Ski nordic

Ski nordic(English Nordic Combined) is an Olympic sport. Another name is the northern combination.

It includes the following disciplines: jumping from a 90-meter springboard (2 attempts, points for attempts are summed up) and cross-country skiing 15 km free style. For each of these disciplines, there are general rules with minor additions.

The starting position of the participants on the second day of the competition on ski track determined by the place occupied on the previous day in ski jumping. The winner is the first to go the distance, the rest are awarded 5 seconds for each point of lag on the springboard (Gundersen's system).

In addition to the main event, there is a sprint (one jump and a 7.5 km race) and a relay (two jumps for each participant and a 4x5 km race).

* This work is not a scientific work, is not a final qualifying work and is the result of processing, structuring and formatting the collected information intended for use as a source of material for self-preparation educational work.

Introduction

1. The origin, development and initial use of skis

2. History of skiing

3. Varieties of skiing sports

3.1. Ski race

3.2. Ski nordic

3.3. Ski jumping

3.4. Skiing

3.5. Freestyle

3.6. Snowboarding

3.7. Biathlon

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Skiing is one of the most popular sports cultivated in Russian Federation... The most popular, due to the availability and nature of the impact on the body, are cross-country skiing at various distances. Classes in this kind of sport are an important means of physical education, occupy one of the first places in terms of their motor actions.

In most areas of our country, where winter is long and snowy, skiing is one of the most accessible and popular types of physical culture. Physical activity during skiing is very easily dosed in terms of both volume and intensity. This allows us to recommend skiing as a means of physical education for people of any age, gender, health status and level of physical fitness.

Performing moderate muscle work involving all the main muscle groups in movement in conditions of low temperatures, in clean frosty air, significantly increases the body's resistance to a variety of diseases and has a positive effect on overall performance. Walking and skiing in beautiful wooded and varied terrain have a positive effect on the nervous system, mental and physical performance.

Over the past twenty years, the science of sports, including the theory and methodology of skiing, has begun to develop at a rapid pace. If earlier it mainly occupied an explanatory function and did little to help practice, now its role has changed significantly. Sports competitions are no longer just individual fights and not only team competition, it is, first of all, a demonstration of the strength and skill of an athlete, high tactical thinking of a teacher-trainer.

Everyone who starts skiing sets a specific goal for himself: one wants to become a champion, the other just stronger and more enduring, the third seeks to lose weight with the help of skiing, the fourth - to strengthen the will. And all this is possible. You just need to train hard, without making indulgences and discounts to yourself.

Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, nordic combined, alpine skiing. For these sports, there are rules for the conduct of competitions and the assignment of categories and titles is provided in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification. This stimulates systematic training and the growth of athletic achievements of skiers. The named types of skiing are included in the programs of the World Championships and Cups, the Winter Olympic Games.

1. The origin, development and initial use of skis

Various devices that increase the area of ​​the support when moving through deep snow were used by the most ancient peoples in everyday life and on hunting. The first such devices, obviously, were the skins of killed animals, with which the ancient hunters wrapped their legs, protecting them from the cold. This served as an impetus for the use of other objects (fragments of bark, chips, and later tablets) to increase the area of ​​support.

Numerous studies by historians, archaeologists, Russian chronicles, the Scandinavian epic and other sources speak of the use of skis by peoples inhabiting Siberia, the Urals, Altai, northern Europe, Scandinavia long before our era.

The latest data suggest that skis were invented at the end of the Upper Paleolithic - about 15-20 thousand years ago (and not 5 thousand, as was previously thought). This period of human development (Upper Paleolithic) is characterized by a relatively high culture (sculptures of tusks and stones, bone carvings, multi-colored images in caves). According to the level of development, the ancient man was then quite capable of the invention of skis. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the world's northernmost Upper Paleolithic sites of ancient people have been found - at the mouth of the Chusovaya River and on the Lena River (Yakutia).

Most likely, at first, the northern peoples used stepping skis of various shapes - round, oval and rocket-shaped. Sliding skis appeared much later - in the Neolithic period. Rock carvings dating back to the III millennium BC suggest that at this time, sliding skis were already used. Such drawings were found on the rocks of the White Sea coast, in areas bearing the names Zolovrug and Besovy sledki. In these drawings, figures of people are depicted on relatively narrow and long skis with curved toes and with one stick, which, apparently, was used both for skiing and as a spear for hunting.

Similar images were found in Scandinavia on the rocks of the Raday Peninsula, Helleristina Island (Norway) and the city of Uppsala (Sweden); archaeologists date them to the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of our era (2-3 thousand years ago).

Philological studies show the similarity of ski names (word roots) in about 50 languages ​​and dialects (mainly 3 groups of roots). This is mainly among the northern peoples - immigrants from the regions of Altai and Baikal (Laplanders, Finns, Karelians, Tungus, Buryats, etc.). Such data suggests that skiing originated somewhere in these regions, and then spread north and to other places with the great migration of peoples. But, obviously, it should be considered that skis originated where there were appropriate climatic conditions, and the ancient people needed to get their own food during the long winter and deep snow cover.

The ancient Greek historians Xenophon (IV century BC) and Strabo (I century BC) mention that tribes in the Caucasus mountains (Armenians and others) used stepping skis. In Russia, the word "ski" was first used in the 12th century. in a letter from Metropolitan Nicephorus to Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev. Since then, it has become widespread in the Russian language, and the more ancient name "yuti" began to be used less frequently and gradually lost circulation.

During archaeological excavations at the sites of ancient people and peat bogs on the territory of the Russian Federation and the countries of Scandinavia, skis or their individual parts were found. The oldest finds of fossilized skis are about 5,000 years old. In the area of ​​Yekaterinburg, skis were found dating from the 2nd - 1st millennium BC.

In the process of evolution, the shape of skis has gradually improved. After stepping skis, sliding skis appeared. But there was a period when skis were used. different lengths- one narrow and long for sliding, and the other shorter and wider for pushing off.

When traveling over rough terrain, hunting and in the forest, it is inconvenient to use skis of different lengths. Apparently, this is why skis appeared shorter and wider, but the same in length.

Later, skis were used, covered from below with the skin of an elk, deer or seal with a short pile located back, which made it possible to avoid slipping when climbing uphill. There is evidence that northern and eastern peoples glued skins to skis using glue made from the antlers, bones and blood of elk, deer, or fish scales. It is known that a similar method of making skis was used by some peoples of our country at the beginning of the 20th century.

The widespread use of skiing in antiquity is also confirmed by the folk epic of various tribes and nationalities inhabiting the northern regions of our country and the country of Scandinavia. In ancient legends, legends, epics, sagas, the ability to quickly move on skis was presented as the main dignity of a person. It is not surprising that all the heroes of the ancient folk epic have always been skillful skiers and brave warriors (among the Norwegians, Karelians, Mordvinians, etc.)

So, the founder of Norway Nor, according to an ancient legend, came to Scandinavia "on a good track", defeated the Laplanders and formed his own state.

In the ancient state sagas, there was a special god - Ullr, the patron saint of skiers, and the goddess Skade is praised as a skilled hunter on skis. Similar legends existed among the northern peoples of our country. So, the Ostyaks believed that the star Milky Way- this is a ski track laid by the patron saint of hunters, the god Tunk-Poks, when chasing an elk on skis. In the epics of the Ostyaks, warrior heroes have always been fast skiers and excellent arrows of their bow. The hero of the Mordovian epic Kuturak "skied faster than the wind."

The first documentary mentions of the use of sliding skis appeared in the 6th-7th centuries. The Gothic monk Jordanes in 552 in his book mentions the "sliding Finns". Similar data are given in the same period by the Byzantine writer Prokop, Greek historians Iornad (6th century), Deacon (770) and other ancient authors. They described in detail skis and their use by northern peoples in everyday life and on hunting.

Have northern peoples In our country (Nenets, Ostyaks, Voguls, etc.), skis were widely used in everyday life and on hunting. “The Sami (Lapps), Nenets, Ostyaks beat wild deer, wolves and other similar animals with clubs, because they can easily catch up with them on skis. Animals cannot run fast in deep, falling snow and, after a long and exhausting chase, become victims of a person who is easily sliding on skis, ”writes Magnus.

Russian pre-revolutionary historians have repeatedly mentioned in their works that, in addition to hunting, skis in Russia were often used during holidays and winter folk amusements, where strength, dexterity, endurance were demonstrated in the "race" race and in descents from the slopes. Along with other activities and exercises (fist fighting, horse riding, various games and fun), skis played important role v physical development of the Russian people. The Swedish diplomat Palm, who visited in the 17th century. in Russia, testified to the widespread distribution of skiing in the Moscow state. He described in detail the skis used local residents, and the ability of Russians to move quickly on them.

2. History of skiing

For the first time, the Norwegians showed interest in skiing as a sport. In 1733. Hans Emahusen published the first manual on ski training for troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767. the first competitions were held in all types of skiing (according to modern concepts): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim, in 1862-1863. In 1877. the first ski sports society was organized in Norway, soon a sports club was opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries of Europe, Asia and America.

The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lakhtinsky Games (since 1922), Sweden - the massive ski race "Vasa-lopet" (since 1922).

At the end of the XIX century. skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization in different countries was different. In Norway, cross-country races, jumping and biathlon have been greatly developed. In Sweden - cross-country racing. In Finland and Russia - races on flat terrain. In the United States, the development of skiing was promoted by Scandinavian settlers. In Japan, skiing, influenced by Austrian coaches, became a ski destination.

In 1910, an international skiing congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It created the International Ski Commission, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. December 29, 1895 in Moscow on the territory of the current stadium of Young Pioneers took place Grand opening the first organization in the country leading the development of skis - the Moscow Ski Club. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club, in 1901 the Society of Skiing Amateurs was created, and in 1910 - the Sokolniki Ski Club. By analogy with Moscow in

1897 The Polar Star skiers' club was founded in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 other sports clubs. In 1910 ski clubs

of the city of Moscow united in the Moscow Ski League. The League exercised public leadership in skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During ski season 1909-1910 a record number of competitions was held in Moscow - eighteen, in which 100 participants took part.

On February 7, 1910, 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the country's first personal championship in the cross-country skiing 30 km. The title of the first ski runner in Russia was awarded to Pavel Bychkov. The first national championship among women was played in 1921, Natalia Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.

On international competitions The strongest Russian skiers, champions of the country Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin took part for the first time in 1913. in Sweden at the "Nordic Games". The skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. They performed unsuccessfully, but learned many useful lessons on skiing techniques, ski lubrication, and equipment design.

Before the start of the First World War, 5 Russian championships were held.

In 1918 skiing was included in the number of disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.

By the number of victories at the national championships in 1910-1954 the highest rating is occupied by Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion. Among men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title "Honored Master of Sports".

In total for the period 1910-1995. 76 national championships were held at distances from 10 to 70 km for men, and from 3 to 50 km for women. Since 1963, the country's championship programs have included an over-marathon distance for men - 70 km. For women, since 1972, the longest distance has become 30 km, and since 1994. - 50 km.

The record-breaking 4-day men's race was held in 1938 - 232 km from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Dmitry Vasiliev won - 18 hours 41 minutes 02 seconds.

The record of the first skiing century in terms of the number of victories at the national championships was set by Galina Kulakova - 39 gold medals. Galina Kulakova's sporting achievements were rewarded by the International Olympic Committee with the Olympic Silver Order. According to the proposal of the Russian Olympic Committee, the first among our compatriots international prize Coubertin was awarded to Raisa Smetanina, the leader of the world elite of skiers. Raisa Smetanina, a participant of five Olympiads, eight world championships, set another unique record for sports longevity - at the 5th Olympiad she was crowned with a gold medal at 40 (!) Years.

The currently known types and disciplines of skiing are differentiated into Olympic, non-Olympic and demonstration.

Olympic skiing is included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding.

The non-Olympic sports are those skiing exercises that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a ski sport.

Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skiing, Nordic combined-sprint, ski jumping, speed skiing, parallel slalom. Official world championships, World Cup and other international competitions are held in these sports.

In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as exemplary: towing a skier, skiing on hang gliders, descending from mountain peaks, mini -skis; ski tricks: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, downhill skier and race car driver.

At the I Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined events (ski jumping and cross-country skiing).

Norwegian skier Tarlif Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and in ski nordic combination. In ski jumping he took III place. Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of "King of Ski". On

Not a single Olympian could repeat the 16 subsequent games and even more surpass the record of the world's first "King of Ski". For his piste victories, Haug was awarded 10 Royal Cups. As a sign of extraordinary sporting achievements, stern and laconic Norwegians for the first time in the world erected a lifetime monument to Tarlifa in his homeland. History of the Olympic movement

60-70 y. knows only 2 cases when such an honor was awarded to athletes. They were both heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics Haug and the hero Summer Olympics Finn Paavo Nurmi.

The birth of the Russian "King of Ski" took place at the XX World Championship in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won at distances of 30 and 50 km and ski marathon... The champion was awarded a large silver "Royal Cup" and was awarded the title of "King of Ski".

Soviet athletes for the first time took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with victories for men in the 4x10 km relay and women at a distance of 10 km. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolay Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev, as well as Lyubov Kozyreva are the first Olympic champions among our skiers.

Over the years of participation in the Olympic Games, skiers-racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate an enviable leader stability at the highest level.

Phenomenal, unprecedented in Olympic history Success was achieved by Russian skiers at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games and Nagano, who won all five races on the most difficult tracks in Hakuba. Three gold medals - two for victories in individual races and one in the relay, as well as silver and bronze medals were brought from Japan by Larisa Lazutina. The winner of three gold medals of the Games-98 L. Lazutina was awarded the highest national state award- Gold star "Hero of Russia". In 1994, the same award was given to the six-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing Lyubov Yegorova.

Yulia Chepalova was the real discovery of the 18th Winter Olympic Games in Nagano. At the first Olympics in her life, she won the 30 km race.

The first gold medal for the Russian team Olga Danilova won the 15 km distance.

“No victory has been more difficult for me than this one,” says Bjorn Daly, the most decorated male Olympian in Norway, after winning the eighth Olympic gold medal in the 50km race in Nagano.

For a long 34 years, the great skiing power of Finland has been waiting for this victory of Mika Mullul in the 30 km race. Since the time of Eero Mäntyranta, who made a winning double at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck (then he won 15 and 30 km) among the Finns, not a single man has been able to rise to the highest step of the podium. Finland gave the world outstanding skiers V. Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyranta, Juha Mieto, Marye Matikainen, Marye Lukkarinen and others.

In 1998, in Central Finland, in Vuokatti, in a village with a population of two and a half thousand people, the world's first ski tunnel was built. Opening the glass door, right from the summer heat, you find yourself in the kingdom of cold. Speed, music, incredibly loud sound of rustling snow. The sensations are indescribable. Five-time Olympic champion Larisa Lazutina has already held one of her summer camps in Vuokatti. I was pleased with training on artificial "underground" snow.

The stunt numbers on skis are even more impressive. An extremely risky ski jump from an airplane without a parachute was made from a height of 3000 m by the Austrian Erik Velbermeier. He landed on the side of a steep mountain with an accurate calculation.

Over time, several athletes who organize the first competitions begin to master the tricks of single craftsmen, some of them, from a trick start, reach the Olympic rating. So it was with freestyle.

Modern skiing is 39 skiing disciplines at the Olympic Games in Nagano, 26 competitive skiing exercises awaiting Olympic registration, as well as more than 20 exercises established in the status of a "sport".

Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the booming skiing in the suite of winter Olympic disciplines- uncontested "king of sports".

3. Varieties of skiing sports

3.1. Ski race

Race - cross-country skiing competitions on a specially prepared track. Classic distances: for men - individual races of 10, 15 km (up to 1952 at 18 km), 30 and 50 km, as well as a relay race of 4x10 km; for women - individual races for 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as the relay race 4 x 5 km (up to 1970 - 3 x 5 km).

Racing is the most massive and popular type ski competitions... For the first time, speed cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. In the late 19th - early 20th centuries. national ski clubs have sprung up in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS, FIS) was created. The USSR joined it in 1948. In 2000 FIS had 98 national federations.

The length of the races can be very different - from 1 km at the competitions of junior schoolchildren to 50 km at the championships of countries, the world, at the Olympics and up to "super marathons" of 70 km or more. The complexity of the distance is determined not only by its length, but also by the height difference, that is, the difference in elevations above sea level between the start-finish point and the highest point of the track.

Cross-country skiing was included in the programs of all Winter Olympics Since 1924, since 1925 world championships have been held. Initially, these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program was constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part in the VI Olympic Games in Oslo for the first time. In the late 1990s. skiers have already competed for Olympic awards in ten types of programs - five for men and five for women.

At the I Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, simultaneously with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded medals of the World Championship, which later became a tradition for all Olympic ski competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then (since 1950) FIS established a four-year cycle (even "non-Olympic" years), and since 1985 - a two-year cycle (odd years).

In Russia, the first "ski runners" competition took place in St. Petersburg in 1894, the track was laid right along the snow-covered Neva. In 1910 the first championship of Russia was held, in 1924 - the first championship of the USSR.

In the 1920s and 1930s. Soviet racers have repeatedly participated in international competitions. In 1954, for the first time, they took part in the World Championship in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and relay.

The greatest successes in cross-country skiing were achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Among Russian skiers: two-time world champion (1970) and two-time Olympic champion (1972) Vyacheslav Vedenin, four-time Olympic champion (1972, 1976) and five-time champion world champion (1970, 1974) Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion (1976, 1980, 1992) and four-time world champion (1974, 1982, 1985, 1991) Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion (1976) and world champion (1978) Sergei Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion (1980, 1984) Nikolay Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994) and three-time world champion (1991, 1993) Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic champion in the relay (1992, 1994, 1998) and fourteen-time world champion (1989-1997) ) Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and nine-time world champion (1993-1999) Larisa Lazutina.

Among foreign riders the best results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen (three-time Olympic champion, 1952, 1956), Ero Mäntyranta (three-time Olympic champion, 1960, 1964), his compatriot Marya-Liisa Hämäläinen-Kirvesniemi (three-time Olympic champion, 1984), Gunde Svan (four-time Olympic champion, 1984, 1988), Norwegian Bjorn Daly (eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994, 1998), in 1999 awarded the title "Best Skier of the 20th Century".

Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid-1980s. in connection with the emergence new technology jogging ("skating", or "free style") the way to overcome each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, “pursuit races” appeared in the program, the order of the start in which is determined by the results of the competitions held the day before (according to the so-called “Gundersen system”, which entered the practice of Nordic combined a little earlier).

According to the rules of the competition, if the first races (30 km, men, and 15 km, women) are held in the classical style, then the last (50 km, men, and 30 km, women) are free and vice versa. According to the "Gundersen system" on the first day skiers run in the classical style (10 km, men, and 5 km, women), the next day - free (15 km, men, and 10 km, women). In relay races, the first two stages are overcome by the classical style, the third and fourth by the free style.

A special place in cross-country skiing is occupied by the so-called super marathons. They were initiated by the 90-kilometer run "Vasa-lopet", carried out in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selen and Moro, named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this transition at the beginning of the 16th century. during the liberation war with the Danes.

Supermarathons are held in many countries of the world (including in Russia under the name "Ski Track of Russia" since 1983). 14 of them are united in the permanent competition system "World Loppet" ("World supermarathon"), created in 1978.

3.2. Ski nordic

Nordic Combined Skiing is a ski sport that includes a 15 km race and a 90 meter jump (originally from

70-meter) springboard. Competitions are held in two days (on the first day - jumping, on the second - a race). Only men participate. The points are calculated according to the "Gundersen system" (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the springboard is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants start the race from the common start, but with the handicap earned the day before, the first to cross the finish line wins.

According to the "Gundersen system", the team competitions of nordic athletes are also held, which end with a 3x10 km relay. In 1999 appeared the new kind programs - biathlon-sprint, which is held during one competitive day: after the jump, literally an hour later, the participants go to the start of the 7.5 km race (also with a handicap). The "Gundersen system" was adopted by racers and biathletes: the so-called "pursuit races" are included in the program of their competitions.

Nordic combined as a sport originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (in Russia, the first competitions took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg). In 1924, Nordic combined skiing was included in the program of the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the USSR, biathlon began to develop in the late 1930s. The highest achievements in this sport were achieved by the Norwegian athlete Johan Grettumsbroten (two-time Olympic champion in 1928 and 1932) and three-time Olympic champion from the GDR Ulrich Weling (1972, 1976, 1980). Among the Russian Olympic medalists are Nikolai Kiselev (silver medal at the IX Olympiad in Innsbruck in 1964) and Nikolai Gusakov (bronze medal at the VIII Olympiad in Squaw Valley in 1960) and Valery Stolyarov (bronze at the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano in 1998) ...

3.3. Ski jumping

Ski jumping is a kind of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from medium (90 m) and large (120 m) jumps (initially: 70 and 90 m, respectively). The jump is evaluated in terms of execution technique (20-point system) and flight length. Competitors perform two attempts.

Ski jumping originated in Norway in the late 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, they began to build first bulk earthen ramps, then wooden and metal structures. In 1897 the first official competition of jumpers took place near Oslo (in Russia - in 1906 near St. Petersburg).

Biathlon developed in parallel with jumping. In 1924, a technical committee for these disciplines was created at the International Ski Federation (FIS), at the same time jumping and biathlon were included in the program of the Winter Olympics and World Championships.

It was the time of the versatile skiers. Among them, the most notable trace was left by the Norwegians Turleif Haug and Johan Grettumsbroten, who performed with great success both at the distance of races and on the springboard. They passed the victorious baton to their fellow countryman jumper Birger Ruud, who dominated this sport for 18 years (1930-1948). He won two Olympic gold medals and three at the World Championships. His achievement was surpassed in the 1980s. only Finnish athlete Matti Nyukanen (four-time Olympic champion and four-time World Cup winner).

For a long time, the jumpers' competitions were held on one springboard of average power (70 m) and took place in one day. In 1962, the program included jumping from a large springboard (90 m), and 20 years later, in 1982, team competitions were added to the individual competitions - also on a large springboard. In the 1990s. design capacity of average and large trampolines reached 90 and 120 m, respectively.

In addition to these jumps, there are so-called "flight" jumps, which are structures of a special design that allow jumping-flights up to 200 m or more in length. The most famous among them are trampolines in Planica (Slovenia), Vikersund (Norway), Oberstdorf (Germany), Kulm (Austria). Since 1972, under the auspices and rules of FIS, the World Ski Championships have been held, and the World Cup has been played. In 2000, at one of the stages of the Cup, the Austrian jumper Andrea Goldberger set a world record - his flight was 225 m.

In Russia, ski jumping began to really develop only in the late 1940s. The greatest successes in this kind of skiing were achieved by Vladimir Belousov (gold Olympic medal at the Games in Grenoble, 1968) and Gary Napalkov, who won two gold medals at the 1970 World Championships in Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia).

3.4. Skiing

Alpine skiing - downhill skiing along special trails marked with gates, with a time stamp. Includes: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super giant and all-around events consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men. The length of the downhill slopes is 2000-3500 m, the number of gates is 15-25; the length of the slopes in slalom is 450-500 m, the number of gates for women - 50-55, for men - 60-75; the length of the track in the giant slalom up to 2000 m, the number of gates 50-75; the length of the track in the super-giant - up to 2500 m. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. In the program of the Olympic Games since 1936, the world championships have been held since 1931.

The beginning of all skiing disciplines was laid by slalom, which appeared in all countries of Central Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. The greatest successes in this sport have been achieved by athletes from the Alpine countries of Europe and Scandinavia.

The development of alpine skiing is managed by the International Ski Federation (FIS, FIS), in 1931 a ski technical committee was created. In the same year, the first world championship took place in Murren (Switzerland). The first world champion in slalom and downhill skiing was the English skier E. McKinon.

It is interesting to note that in alpine skiing, unlike racing, there has never been "female discrimination." Formulas for men's and women's competitions have always been identical, developed and changed on an equal footing. In 1936, at the IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), the first Olympic champions were German skiers Franz Pfnur and Christelle Krantz (in addition, at six world championships, 1934-39, she won 12 gold and 3 silver medals).

In the early 1950s. giant slalom was included in the Olympic alpine skiing program, and scoring in triathlon was also introduced, but Olympic medals in this form were not played out. According to this formula, alpine skiers competed for about 30 years, then the slalom committee of the federation decided to exclude triathlon from the program, and instead introduce a new competition - an alpine combination, consisting of independent starts in slalom and downhill. In 1987, the fifth alpine skiing discipline, the super-giant, was included, which finally predetermined the narrow specialization of the participants. They were divided into quite clearly defined groups of masters of technique (slalom and giant) and speed (descent and super), supporters of the universal approach competed on combination tracks.

The highest results in the alpine skiing competition were achieved by the Austrian athlete Anton Sailer (three gold medals at the VII Olympiad in Cortina d "Ampezzo, 1956), as well as the Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy, who repeated his achievement at the X Olympiad in Grenoble (1968).

In recent decades, Western European athletes still dominate in alpine skiing: Annemarie Prell, Petra Kronberger, Herman Mayer (Austria); Gustavo Tony, Deborah Compagnoni, Alberto Tomba (Italy); Ingemar Stenmark, Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden); Erica Hess, Pirmin Zurbriggen (Switzerland); Katya Seizinger (Germany); Ketil Omodt (Norway) and others.

Among Russian skiers, the greatest successes were achieved by: Evgenia Sidorova (bronze medal at the VII Olympiad in Cortina d "Ampezzo in 1956), Svetlana Gladysheva (bronze medal in downhill at the World Championships in 1991 and silver in the super giant at the 17th Olympiad in Lillehammer in 1994).

3.5. Freestyle

Freestyle (English free style, literally - free, freestyle), a kind of skiing; includes three types: 1) mogul - downhill skiing on a hilly track with two obligatory "figured" jumps; 2) the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains with the performance of various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.); 3) jumping from a springboard with the execution of a number of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). The Freestyle Committee (founded in 1978) at the International Ski Federation (FIS) has over 30 countries (1999). The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986.

In all three types, the judges evaluate the technique of the performed jumps or figures (in the mogul, the time for passing the route is additionally recorded).

The pioneers of freestyle were skiers who lacked piste thrills and discipline. techniques slalom. So, one of the strongest Mogulists of the 1990s, the Olympic champion Frenchman Edgar Grospiron was expelled from the alpine skiing team for being hopeless. His habit of going downhill with tightly clenched knees was more in line with the new sport of freestyle.

The passion for freestyle, which arose in Europe and the United States in the early 1970s, for a short time covered the entire skiing world. Amateur local competitions began everywhere, when their rank increased to the level of national championships and international tournaments, then there was a need for unified rules. The freestyle technical committee created within the FIS has developed a unified competition rules.

At the XV Winter Olympics in Calgary (1988), unique numbers in all types of freestyle were demonstrated at demonstration performances, but only at the next XVI Olympic Games in Albertville (1992) in the program Olympic species included one of the types of freestyle - mogul. In 1994 in Lillehammer at the 17th Olympiad, acrobatic ski jumping was included in the program (ski ballet is still outside the Olympic program).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-union competitions took place. Despite the lag, Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergei Shchupletsov (mogul, second place) became prize-winners at the Lillehammer Olympics. In addition, Shchupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination. The world champions in ski ballet were Elena Batalova (1995), Oksana Kushchenko (1997), Natalia Razumovskaya (1999), in acrobatic jumping- Vasilisa Semenchuk (1991).

3.6. Snowboarding

Snowboarding (English snowboarding, from snowboard - ski board), a kind of skiing - downhill on a snowy slope on a wide edged ski (leg bindings are installed across the line of movement).

Snowboarding originated in the 1960s, when American slalom player Jay Barton demonstrated downhill skiing on his invented ski board (snowboard), which immediately became interested in ski manufacturers. A professional international federation (ISF) was created, competitions began to be held with the assignment of world champion titles to the winners. But only in 1995, a technical committee for snowboarding was established within the framework of the International Ski Federation (FIS). The first world championship was held in 1996.

There are two types of competitions in the snowboarding program: one of them is held on an ordinary snow slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; for the second, a special structure is required - a chute resembling a cylinder cut along the length. By this analogy, the competition is called "half-pipe" (English half-pipe - half-pipe). In the "half-pipe" the athlete rolls downward along a kind of sinusoid from one cut of the half-pipe to another, making jumps-overturns on its edges. The judges evaluate the difficulty and technique of performing the jumps.

The program of the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano (1998) included "half-pipe" and giant slalom. Russian Snowboarding Championships have been held since 1997.

3.7. Biathlon

Biathlon has arisen as a result of competitions related to skiing and shooting, held over the years in our country and abroad. The first competitions in skiing with shooting were held in 1767. in Norway. Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, while descending from a slope of medium steepness, would fall from a gun into a certain target at a distance of 40-50 steps. Despite such an early origin, biathlon has not become widespread in other countries.

The development of biathlon in its modern form began only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, paramilitary skiing competitions were widespread in the Red Army. Athletes covered a distance of 50 km with full combat gear, overcoming various obstacles. Subsequently, paramilitary skiing with weapons has evolved, more and more approaching sports competitions... So, there was a patrol race, consisting of a 30 km team race with weapons and shooting at the finish.

Military patrol races were popular abroad as well. They were included in the program, as demonstrative, at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix 1924. with awarding the winners and prize-winners with Olympic medals. The same demonstration performances"patrolists" were held at the II, IV, V Winter Olympics.

Spectacularity of paramilitary competitions due to the combination in one competition of several sports that differ in nature motor activity, contributed to the transformation of patrol racing into a new independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957. International Union of Modern Pentathlon.

The first official national championship in biathlon with the participation of mainly skiers-racers and "patrolists" was held on the Uktus mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957. The first holder of the title of "national champion in biathlon" was Vladimir Marinychev, who won at a distance of 30 km with shooting. This championship gave a powerful impetus to the development of biathlon.

Until now, the national championships are held annually.

In 1958. biathletes held the first world championship. Biathlon's birthday was officially announced on March 2, 1958. at the first world championship in Austria.

Initially, the program of biathletes at the national, world and Olympic championships included one type - a ski race for 20 km with shooting from military weapons (caliber 5.6; 6.5 and 7.62 mm) at four firing lines with five shots on each of them. On the first three lines, shooting was allowed from any position, and on the fourth and last line - only from a standing position. For each missed race time, two penalty minutes were charged. In 1965. by the decision of the International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB), shooting requirements were increased. First, the number of compulsory shooting exercises from a standing position was increased - two (on the second and fourth lines) instead of one. Secondly, the penalty time was differentiated - 1 minute for hitting the outer circle and 2 minutes for missing the target. In 1966. at the world championships and since 1968. at the Olympic Games, the program was expanded by the introduction of the 4x7.5 km relay, and then (in 1974 at the World Championships and 1980 at the Olympic Games) 10 km sprint races. In the same disciplines, shooting is carried out on two lines from a prone position and a standing position. Moreover, in the relay at each turn, eight cartridges can be used to hit five targets. Each miss is compensated by an additional 150m penalty loop. Since 1986 free style is used at all distances. The popularity of biathlon in the world increased significantly after 1978, when the military weapon was replaced with a small-bore rifle (5.6mm), the shooting distance was reduced to 50m, the 2-minute penalty was canceled, the target size was set - 4cm for prone shooting and 11cm for standing shooting (by diameter). Biathlon has become more accessible. Biathlon is currently cultivated in 57 countries.

Biathlon became an Olympic sport in 1960. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, 1960. the first Olympic champion in biathlon was the Swedish athlete K. Lestander with a low race result (1: 33.21) and excellent shooting: 20 hits out of 20! Excellent shooting was at that time the main criterion determining the final result of the competition. A. Privalov's bronze medal became the first award for biathlon at the first Winter Olympic Games in 1960.

V Olympic competitions in biathlon, athletes from the Scandinavian countries, the USSR - the CIS - Russia, the GDR - Germany performed more successfully than others. He won two gold medals in the Olympic Games at one time: Magnar Solberg (Norway) 1968, 1972, Viktor Mamatov (USSR) 1968, 1972; Ivan Byakov (USSR) 1972, 1976; Nikolay Kruglov (USSR) 1976; Anatoly Alyabyev (USSR) 1980; Frank Peter Retsch (GDR) 1988; Mark Kirchner (Germany) 1992, 1994; Dmitry Vasiliev (USSR) 1984, 1988; Sergey Chepikov (RF) 1988, 1994 Among women, two-time Olympic champions were Anfisa Reztsova (RF) 1992, 1994. and Canadian Mariam Bedar - 1994.

Alexander Tikhonov won four Olympic gold medals for victories in relay races at four Olympics in Grenoble, Sapporo, Innsbruck and Lake Placid, recognized as the best "shooting skier" on the planet.

The first Soviet Olympic champion in biathlon - the most difficult form of the Winter Olympic Games - was Vladimir Melanin in 1964 (Innsbruck), in the 20 km race. The golden traditions in the relay race, Soviet biathletes held six Olympics in a row, starting in 1968. In the annals of the world biathlon of the 20th century, such a sporting achievement will forever remain a record.

Women's biathlon gained recognition in 1984. at the World Championships in Chamonix (France). Venera Chernyshova became the first world champion. In 1992. women's biathlon included in the program of the XVI Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France. At these games, the first Olympic champion became Anfisa Reztsova at a distance of 7.5 km. Won gold despite three penalties in the sprint distance. After 2 years, she again becomes the Olympic champion in biathlon at a distance of 7.5 km in the relay, in Lillehammer (Norway). Galina Kukleva, a biathlete from Tyumen, won the only gold medal in biathlon for the Russian team at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano. The 7.5km race she won was one of the most dramatic. At the finish line, the champion and the silver medalist - Ursula Disl from Germany - were separated by just 0.7 seconds. The winner of the men's 10 km sprint race was the Norwegian, Ole Einar Bjørndalen.

In the biathlon relay Galina Kukleva did the most difficult thing - she played about 30 seconds and pulled our team from sixth to second position. Silver medals won by Russian biathletes: Olga Melnik, Galina Kukleva, Albina Akhatova and Olga Romasko.

The favorites of the men's biathlon relay were the teams of Germany, Norway and Russia, the countries whose athletes won the most awards at the Olympics in Nagano. The first three places were taken by these teams, in the same order in which they stand in the unofficial team competition.

Victor Maygurov, Pavel Muslimov, Sergey Tarasov and Vladimir Drachev are bronze medalists in the men's biathlon relay.

Achievements of biathletes Soviet Union and Russia for 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

Conclusion

So, above were outlined the main types of skiing, the process of their development, the rules of the competition and the highest achievements in each of them, on the basis of which the following conclusions can be drawn.

Skiing is a means of physical education for people of any age, health status and level of physical fitness.

Skiing in the clean frosty air noticeably increases the body's resistance to a variety of diseases, has a positive effect on mental and physical performance, and has a positive effect on the nervous system.

During skiing, the most important moral and volitional qualities are successfully brought up: courage and perseverance, discipline and hard work, the ability to endure any difficulties, physical endurance.

Literature

1). THEM. Butin. "Skiing", Moscow "ACADEMA", 2000

2). A.V. Stallions "Physical culture and sport", Moscow, 1986

3). Electronic version of the Cyril and Methodius encyclopedia.

4). Internet data.