"The war for a place in the national team is not for life, but for death."

Irina Bobrova

My interlocutor, Alexei Shipilov, is the head coach of the Moscow Region national goalball team. Goalball is a sports game for the blind. The essence of the game is that a team of three must throw the ball with a built-in bell into the opponent's goal. Shipilov could probably represent his goalball athletes at the Paralympics. But he is not even close to prestigious competitions. Why?

The same athletes have been sent to the Paralympics for many years. The same coaches have been working on national teams for years. There is no place for strangers at a sports festival, - says Alexey. - For example, there is one person who is the coach of as many as six national teams. This is nonsense. He is the senior coach of the men's and women's goalball teams, and also leads the men's and women's torball teams, a form of goalball. In addition, he also coaches the Russian national football team of the blind. Among other things, this person is the world champion in football among the visually impaired. Performs in class b2.

- Class b2 - what's this?

A person performing in this category sees up to 6 percent. An athlete with this vision is not considered totally blind. Such vision is called - "with the remainder."

- What does such an athlete see?

He can only distinguish silhouettes. At a distance of one and a half to two meters, he is not even able to make out the face of the interlocutor. Cannot read the twentieth font on the computer screen even at point-blank range. Nevertheless, among our athletes performing in the b2 category, there are those who easily drive a car. The same coach in six disciplines feels great at the wheel ...

- As far as I understand, fraud in wheelchair sports has existed for a long time?

This appeared when decent prize money began to be paid for medals. This situation is typical not only for Russia. Ukraine does not disdain such scams either. Their athletes are paid decent prize money, and the financial conditions in the country are much worse than ours. Therefore, getting a healthy person to the Paralympics is much more important there: one must think, there is a life and death war for a ticket to the Paralympic team.

- How are things in other countries?

There is no prize money in other countries. Therefore, it makes no sense for a healthy person to pretend to be disabled. For what? And when our pseudo-Paralympic athletes come to the international start, the doctors-classifiers, who allow athletes to play, cannot think that a healthy person will impersonate a disabled person.

- Do they require medical certificates from athletes before the start of the games?

Nobody shows the help.

- Do the classifiers test your eyesight?

Understand that there are many different diagnoses for vision. This is an area where it is sometimes difficult for even a good specialist to determine whether a person sees or not. An athlete may have an external defect in the eye itself, or there may be a defect at the level of nerve conduction - the eye itself looks absolutely healthy. The latter often occurs as a result of trauma - the conduction of the optic nerve to the brain is disrupted. And with an absolutely healthy eye, a person "at the exit" will not have any vision at all. The doctor cannot quickly determine these subtleties. Doctors at competitions only state the fact whether there is a diagnosis or not. But even in the absence of a diagnosis, there can be a lot of reasons why a person will not see. Athletes come to the Paralympics with diagnoses prescribed by Russian doctors.

- Is it even easier to pretend to be deaf?

It's harder there. Deaf people are checked on special equipment that does not depend on the person. An audiogram is made that shows whether sound is coming in or not.

In Europe, there are devices with which you can calculate the deceiver by sight. Before the Paralympics in Vancouver, our strongest skier was removed in this way. There, a unique technique was used by a French doctor to test his eyesight. There were flickers in front of the eye, and a sensor was fixed on the athlete's head, which reads whether the pupil perceives information or not. With a flash, the pupil changed, there were fluctuations. After that check, our skier, who was considered the favorite in the relay, was removed. The reason was not announced aloud. They said, "Didn't qualify." But this is an isolated case. More such checks were not carried out.

- It turns out that now athletes are tested only for doping?

Of course. But it seems to me that the situation with the doping of our Paralympians is far-fetched. Paralympians don't have to take doping. This is not an elite sport. In addition, is there any point for a healthy person who replaces a disabled person to take doping if he is already physically stronger than a blind person by the head? ..

- Low vision significantly affects physical fitness?

To more or less prepare a blind athlete for competition, we need to deal with early childhood, from 7-8 years old. Coordination of movements can be developed in a blind person if such a task is set. But in our country there are no opportunities to educate a team of goalball players from scratch.

During the game, goalball players put on dark blindfolds over their eyes. It turns out that the chances of the blind and the sighted on the court are equal?

In any case, coordination and orientation in space is better in sighted people, even if they cover their eyes with a bandage. Moreover, healthy athletes receive a salary for cheating, they have the motivation to learn to run in complete darkness. By the way, the sighted also train in bandages. A couple of months is enough for a healthy athlete to learn how to navigate in the dark. But in swimming and athletics, there are no bandages. Although I can't say anything about athletics, they have decent coaches. In sailing, this problem has been around for a very long time.

- What is the percentage of healthy people at the Paralympics?

It is hard to say. Some names are known to us, some are not. New people also appear. This year, the composition of the national team was kept secret to the last. As a coach, I couldn't get it either.

- Do you think the members of the IOC are aware of these machinations?

I think it is known. And when our Paralympians were removed from the Games in Brazil, this moment was probably also discussed.

- Why are they silent about this problem?

The IOC does not know how to deal with this. The situation is hopeless also because the entire leadership of the Sports Federation of the Blind is aware of what is happening, but does nothing. I can responsibly declare that the president of the federation, Lidia Abramova, was informed by me, and not only that we have a lot of dummies among the disabled. But things are still there.

If all false disabilities were removed from the Russian team, would we not have won so many medals at the Paralympics, would we not have become leaders?

Our real disabled people will never receive such a number of medals.

It is strange that the same figureheads become participants in the Games from year to year. There is no age limit for the Paralympics?

There is an age limit. And some pseudo-disabled people after some time are replaced by others. But those who have been performing for a long time will fight to the last. Can you imagine what kind of money we are talking about? Paralympians receive the same prize money as regular Olympians. For the "gold" they are paid 4 million rubles, for the second place - 2.5 million, for the "bronze" they receive more than a million. “From above” the regional prize money is paid to the athletes. Muscovites get another 4 million for the "gold", the administration of the Mosoblast gives its apartments. Plus they are also given cars ...

- Why do people with disabilities, such as the blind, a car?

Apparently, it is assumed that someone will carry them. But some are great at driving themselves. When the swimmer, Paralympics champion Alexander Nevolin-Svetov, a visually impaired person of the first group, got into an accident, even a doctor was brought to justice, who made false diagnoses to the athlete. But nevertheless, Nevolin-Svetov is again in our team. The world champion in football among the blind and the champion of Russia Ilkam Nabiev is also visually impaired, played in football in the b2 category. However, he calmly drives a car, arrives behind the wheel to meetings. Or Oksana Savchenko, also a Paralympic champion, was noticed driving a car ... The situation is so unpunished that people have even ceased to be ashamed of anything and hide anything.

- Have you tried to get into the national team with your athletes?

I can assume that there are corruption schemes in the national team. Coaches also receive prize money, so only their own people get to the Paralympics. Who is in the cage. Perhaps, at the end of the competition, everyone shares with whoever they need. I am far from my own in this company.

- Are there totally blind people in the Russian team?

Their minimum number. I know the total, judoka Victoria Potapova, who miraculously got into the national team. I think they turned it on to cover up. Basically, all Russian athletes pass in the b2 category. Although other countries, all without exception, bring totally blind children to the Games. Do you know why? Because their totals are competitive. For example, the Turkish goalball team, where most of the athletes are total-sports, became European champions. Abroad, they are engaged in such invalids from childhood. And we don't need disabled people. The Ministry of Sports allocates crazy money for training camps only to a certain circle of people. And ordinary disabled people cannot find the means to pay for a trip to the Russian championship. Nobody needs the blind in the regions.

- Have you tried to fight this?

I tried to bring to the surface a coach who has been deceiving the people both within the country and on the international stage for 10 years. Delivered the information to the President of the Federation of the Blind. No measures were taken against the coach, but punitive sanctions began against me. As a result, they generally want to remove me from coaching and threaten to cancel my applications for participation in the Russian championships.

You say that such a thing cannot be imagined in Europe. But a few years ago, the entire Spanish team was removed from the Games, where the allegedly mentally retarded took part. In fact, it turned out that there were no disabled people in the team.

I remember. Then there was a big scandal with the Spaniards, after which disabled people diagnosed with mental retardation were excluded from the Paralympics program altogether. Only in Last year they seem to have decided to admit them to the Games again. But these are isolated cases.

- Be that as it may, are there enough real disabled people in our team?

Of course. We have a lot of worthy midfielders, wheelchair users. But most of the honest visually impaired who trained and wanted to participate in the Paralympics ended up in flight.

- Are our sighted athletes who pretend to be blind never pierced?

They don't seem to care. When complete impunity reigns for so many years, everyone is aware of what is happening, the management covers up fraud, what kind of fear can we talk about? At the Paralympics itself, these guys behave competently - they go everywhere with their companions.

- Can the existing system be defeated?

The only thing that can break this system is a big international scandal. I see no other way out.

The reverse side of the Paralympic medal.

XI Paralympic Games will start in Sochi tomorrow winter Games... For ten days, 1,650 athletes from 45 countries will compete for awards, but the main thing is to surprise the whole world with the strength of character and the greatness of the human spirit. On the eve of the Sochi competitions, "Miloserdie.ru" is trying to understand the peculiarities of sports for the disabled.

How it all began

The Paralympic Games are now a familiar and indispensable addition to the Olympics. Of course, they attract fewer spectators in the stands, and television broadcasts attract a smaller audience to the screens. But in terms of the intensity of the struggle and the strength of emotions, the competitions of the Paralympic athletes are in no way inferior to the battles of the "big" Olympics.

For domestic sports fans, the Paralympics is a relatively new phenomenon. For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the Games of Disabled People only in 1988, although the Paralympic movement arose immediately after the end of World War II. In 1948, Ludwig Guttmann, a physician at the Stoke Mandeville Rehabilitation Hospital near London, performed the first sport competitions among British veterans injured in the war spinal cord.

Physical activity, competitive excitement and the spirit of healthy competition had a beneficial effect on disabled people and contributed to their social adaptation. The Guttman competition coincided with the London Olympics. They received the name "Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games" and became the prototype of the modern Paralympics.

The British neurosurgeon's initiative quickly gained popularity. In 1952, the games received international status. For the first time, not only war veterans were allowed to compete in Rome in 1960. This tournament is considered the first official Paralympics.

16 years later, the first Winter Paralympic Games took place in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. They were attended not only by wheelchair users, but also athletes with other categories of disabilities. The year 1988 was another milestone in the history of the Paralympics. Participants of the Summer Games in Seoul competed for the first time at the same venues that hosted the Olympics. Since then it has become a tradition, and in 2001 this rule was documented.

Over the years, the number of participants in the Paralympic Games and the countries they represent has grown, and the competitive program has become more diverse. At the 1960 Rome Paralympics, 400 athletes from 23 countries competed for 291 sets of awards in eight sports, and in the most recent Summer Paralympics, held two years ago in London, 4302 athletes from 164 countries participated. They competed for 503 sets of awards in 20 sports.

The Winter Paralympic Games are also becoming more and more popular. However, like the Winter Olympics, they have a more modest scope. At the 1976 games, there were 198 athletes from 16 countries who competed in only two types - cross-country skiing and alpine skiing, playing 53 incomplete sets of awards. 1650 athletes from 45 countries are expected at the Paralympics in Sochi, which will start in a month. There are five kinds of sports, 70 sets of medals.

It is worth noting that athletes with hearing impairments and intellectual disabilities generally do not participate in the Paralympic Games. Separate competitions are held for them.

Paralympic disciplines

Since the 2006 Paralympics in Turin, the program of the Winter Games has remained unchanged. Participants compete in five sports: wheelchair curling, biathlon, alpine skiing, ski race and sledge hockey. The only thing that changes is the number of sets of awards played.

In general, the organizers try to make the competition of the Paralympic athletes as little as possible differ from the competition of ordinary athletes. Although, of course, each Paralympic sport has its own specifics. The main difference is that in adaptive sports, competitors are divided into groups depending on their physical capabilities. The division is based on the functional classification approved by the International Paralympic Committee. Initially, the competitive groups were based on a medical diagnosis, that is, athletes with amputations had their own classes, athletes with musculoskeletal disorders - their own. However, over time, the division based on the functional capabilities of the athlete in a particular sport was considered more fair. In other words, people with disabilities of different nosological groups can now find themselves in the same class, if in this particular discipline they have the same opportunities.

For example, in the winter Paralympic program in the ski and biathlon cluster, the group of athletes with visual impairments is divided into three categories (B1, B2, B3) - depending on the degree of blindness. Athletes with musculoskeletal impairments are assigned functional categories from LW1 to LW12. A special scoring system, taking into account the category of the athlete, allows participants with different physical disabilities to compete with each other within the same class.

Biathlon

For the first time, biathlon appeared in the competition program for athletes with physical disabilities during the Games in Innsbruck in 1988. In 1992, athletes with visual impairments began to take part in the competition.

In one of the most popular disciplines in Russia, 18 sets of awards will be played at the Sochi Paralympics. The competitions will be held at the Laura ski and biathlon complex in Krasnaya Polyana. Athletes will compete in three classes: sitting, standing and visually impaired. Men will compete at distances of 7.5, 12.5 and 15 kilometers, women - at distances of 6, 10 and 12.5 kilometers. Depending on functional limitations, competitors use either traditional skis or a chair equipped with a pair of skis. Blind athletes will ride in conjunction with a sighted guide.

Unlike conventional biathletes, who shoot while standing and prone, Para Biathlon competitors shoot only from a prone position. Athletes with musculoskeletal disabilities shoot targets with air rifles, and blind and visually impaired athletes with laser guns. This type of weapon is aimed at the target using a sound signal: the closer the sight is to the center of the target, the louder the sound.

Ski race

Skier competitions will also take place in the Laura complex. Participants of the Paralympics in Sochi will compete in this sport for 20 sets of awards. Like biathletes, skiers are divided into three classes: standing, seated and visually impaired. Sitting athletes will compete at distances of 10 and 15 kilometers - men and 5 and 10 kilometers - women. In the "standing" and "visually impaired" classes, races will be held at distances of 10 and 20 kilometers for men and 5 and 15 kilometers for women. Skiers of all three classes will also compete in the kilometer sprint and relay.

The sport was introduced at the very first Paralympic Games in 1976. True, then the competitions were held only in the "standing" and "visually impaired" classes. Until the 1984 Paralympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, athletes used exclusively the classic style, after which skating was allowed, and the competition was divided into races in classic and free style.

Skiing

Like cross-country skiing, alpine skiing is a Paralympic veteran. Initially, the program of games featured slalom, giant slalom and super combination. Downhill was added to them in 1984, and a super giant in 1994. Sitting downhill skiing was first included in the program only in 1988.

The largest number of medals will be played in this sport at the games in Sochi - 30. Competitions will be held at the Rosa Khutor ski center. The modern Paralympic program includes five types of competitions: downhill, super giant, super combined, giant slalom and slalom. The division into classes of athletes is still the same - standing, sitting and visually impaired. In addition, as part of the ski competition, a demo presentation of a new type will be held - parasnowboard cross among standing athletes.

V alpine skiing ah blind and visually impaired athletes, as in cross-country skiing and biathlon, the track is accompanied by sighted "guides" who give athletes voice commands. Some athletes use special equipment adapted to their abilities. For example, monoski, sit-down skis, orthopedic aids.

Curling on wheelchairs

Wheelchair curling first entered the Paralympic program in 2006. Only one set of medals will be played in this team discipline in Sochi. Ten mixed teams (both men and women) will come together in the fight for it. Matches will be held at the Ice Cube Curling Center.

The adaptive type of curling is distinguished by the absence of sweeping - rubbing the ice surface in front of a moving stone. This means that accurate hitting of the projectile on the target requires even more skill from Paralympic athletes than from healthy athletes. Wheelchair curling players can use the special device- an extender that attaches to the handle of the stone.

Those athletes who cannot compete other than sitting in wheelchairs are allowed to take part in the games. The functional classification provides for 13 types of physical lesions of the lower body that prevent curlers from playing in a standing position: spinal injuries, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, amputation of both legs, etc.

Sledge hockey

The Paralympic version of ice hockey entered the game program in 1994. This game is played by male athletes with a lower body disability. They move on the ice using a specially designed sled with two runners, between which the puck can slide. In the hands of the athlete - two clubs: one he pushes off the ice, and the other hits the puck. Players must wear protective pads, gloves and a helmet with a net or mask.

Paralympic Sledge Hockey tournament will be held at the ice arena "Puck". Eight teams will compete for the victory. The final match will take place on the penultimate day of games.

Paralympic heroes

Each Paralympic athlete is a unique personality in its own way. Each of them has a difficult fate behind them, full of difficulties, pain and despair. The fact that they were able to overcome all adversity and did not retreat before obstacles makes them all winners, regardless of what place they will take in the final protocol of the Paralympic competitions.

Their athletic achievements are even more striking when you consider that the vast majority of Paralympic athletes came to the sport, as they say, from the street. In a number of cases, people who have been involved in sports more or less professionally go into paralympism after the misfortune that has befallen them.

This was the case, for example, with the swimmer Olesya Vladykina, the athlete Alexei Ashapatov, who before the accident in which he lost his leg, was a professional volleyball player, and with the skier Alexei Shilov, who in his "previous life" was a candidate for master of sports in orienteering ... However, there are relatively few such athletes.

Most often, ordinary people become Paralympic champions - either with a congenital illness, or those who have not been involved in sports intensively before injury or illness. An important role in the involvement of persons with disabilities in sports life regional societies of disabled people play. They regularly hold their own promotions and sports events, in which everyone can take part.

Most people with disabilities start skiing, playing wheelchair tennis or swimming simply to improve their health, out of boredom or to adapt to the team. Athlete Artem Arefiev, swimmer Igor Plotnikov, judoka Shakhban Kurbanov and many others have come to Paralympic sport this way. Someone reached out for parents, friends, older brothers and sisters.

They did not seek to set a world record or win Olympic gold. But it so happened that it was they who became the participants in the Paralympics. This was the case, for example, with skier Mikhalina Lysova, who gathered a harvest of medals of all merits at the games in Vancouver. She went to the sports section after her older sister, despite severe visual impairment, in which serious physical activity is contraindicated.

The Russian bid for the Sochi Paralympic Games includes 78 athletes. Many of them have experience of performances at previous Paralympics, for some of them the current games will be their debuts. Of course, such competitions are very necessary both for the athletes themselves and for all other disabled people, for whom the stories of the Paralympic athletes can become an excellent life example. But healthy people need the Paralympics even more - to once again remember how strong-minded people live next to us and how rarely we pay due attention to their problems.

On March 9, the Winter Paralympic Games will start in Pyeongchang. Before their start, "SE" tells the story of one of those who consider themselves an athlete, not a disabled person.

I have never seen him walking. When he was born, he was already in a wheelchair. However, it is he who is my uncle Valery Ryzhkov- instilled in me a love of sports. When I was very young, he often left for training camps or competitions, and when he returned home, he trained every day. Sometimes he took me with him. He talked about great athletes, taught how to play chess, gave football balls, brought the read numbers of "Sport-Express". My uncle never liked to talk about himself. Nevertheless, on the eve of the Paralympic Games in Pyeongchang, I nevertheless asked for a conversation with him.

SPINE Fracture

- We never talked about how you got into trouble ...

Spring, 10th grade. Let's go to nature. We took a tape recorder, but the batteries ran out. We decided to recharge it from electricity. I climbed onto a high-voltage pole - I got an electric shock. I woke up - that's it, my legs don't move.

- Were there options for you not to climb the pillar?

I was the most athletic, it was immediately clear that I had to do it.

- You understood that it was dangerous?

Yes. But we thought that we would throw on the wire - and everything will be fine.

His grandmother, his mother, said that in fact there was an agreement with the guys - if he breaks down, they will catch him. However, when the uncle was shocked and he flew down, everyone scattered.

After the incident, panic began. Having regained consciousness, Valery did not feel his legs. Asked: "Where are they?" And his comrades raised them, showing him. In case of a spinal injury, this should never be done. Further it gets worse. They tried to fit into the motorcycle cradle to take him to the hospital.

Nobody understood how serious everything was. We thought it was just hurt. If not for this, perhaps the spinal cord would not have been damaged. And so he was gouged all over. Although the consequences would have been anyway. It's a spinal fracture ...

MILLIONAIR ARABS, OFFICERS - IN THIS SITUATION, EVERYTHING IS EQUAL

- What were the first days after what happened?

There were weekends - May holidays. Because of this, the required doctor was not available for the first four days. I just lay there and waited. Then a neurosurgeon came from Orenburg (everything happened in the village of Kulagino, and Ryzhkov was lying in Novosergievka - this is just over 100 km from the regional center. - Approx. IN AND.). I operated on. It was supposed that the operation would be very long, but, having cut it, he saw the condition of the spinal cord, and realized that he could not help.

- You then went to Moscow.

Only two years later. But there I was told that after the operation it would take a very long time to recover, and the chances of positive result rather zero. We decided to abandon it and, probably, right. How many of them were made to the guys - as everyone had, it remained. If the spine is fractured, and even with a ruptured brain, nothing can be done. And now it is. Only earlier they "cut" everyone in a row, but now they practically do not perform operations. There's no point.

- At what point did you realize that you would have to spend your whole life in a wheelchair?

In Moscow. I saw that in the same hospital there were Arab millionaires, our officers occupying high posts... Many were injured before me, but they did not have any improvement. And in what way am I better? I realized that I will no longer walk.

- This was hard?

It was normal. By that time, I had spent two years in this position. And if all this time I was striving, I was engaged, then at that moment I realized: it is useless. When a person realizes that he will no longer walk, looks for ways to continue life in such conditions, begins to adapt to a slightly different life.

- Didn't you drop your hands?

No, there are people who have found themselves in worse situations.

REVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS

- Your idea was turned upside down by a trip to the Crimea, to Saki?

Yes. We went there with my father and saw a lot of people who ride in wheelchairs. Some are already 30 years old. This gave a great impetus. When I first lay in Yasnoye (a spinal center in the Orenburg region. - Approx. IN AND.), everyone there hoped that after some time they would walk again. And in Saki, people lived peacefully in wheelchairs, for them it was the norm.

- Are there many who hope to the last?

Some hope for a lifetime. They constantly go to rehab, visit grandmothers and healers, but the result is almost always the same.

- Is Saki the most adapted city for disabled people in the USSR?

Yes. There is not only a city with conditions for wheelchair users, but also an adapted sanatorium named after Burdenko. From all over the Union came there. And Yakuts, and Balts, and Uzbeks. All were treated. The sanatorium is right on the shore of the medicinal lake.

- There you first learned about wheelchair sports?

I heard about this back in Moscow. The guys in some newspaper read that even disabled people can go in for sports, some kind of competition is held. And in Saki I saw everything with my own eyes. The guys drove in wheelchairs, did physical exercises. The first Spartakiad of the USSR for the disabled was held there, and they competed in household wheelchairs. Only the Balts had racing ones. They are next to Scandinavia, this kind of progress reached them much faster.

- With what feelings did you watch the first competition?

And I not only watched, but also participated. And he won immediately. My friend Gennady Butov and I from Tomsk constantly went to the sea, to the disabled beach. And this is 12 km one way. Thanks to this preparation, everyone was smashed there.

- How old were you then?

27-28. Then they stopped giving me tickets to the south. They said: enough, you are not the only one to go. In 1985 I went on my own. He lived in an apartment, trained. We got together with the guys for the city day, organized races. Then we talked, everyone wanted to move forward.

THE LILLEHAMMER-94 WASN'T TAKEN BECAUSE THERE WASN'T A TRANSPORTATION

In 1991 Valery was invited to Moscow. They called one person from the region to the master class given by the Swedes. They taught how to properly move in active wheelchairs, climb the stairs. And then, those who visited there, had to transfer knowledge on the ground. In Moscow, Ryzhkov came across a photograph of a sports carriage. Upon arrival home, in Kulagino, he and his father drew up drawings on the basis of it - and they themselves assembled a similar one.

- I still don't understand how you managed it.

Hands are there, collected. Two sports wheels I bought the front made by ourselves.

- How?

We put it from a baby carriage. From that moment on, another life began. In 1992 I went to Moscow for a sports festival, took fourth place. It turned out, compared to the factory ones, my stroller is very heavy. Upon arrival home, they began to collect another, improved the previous one.

- Your first Russian championship?

1994 in Volgograd. I won three or four races. But this is already on a different wheelchair - with the help of the Orenburg sports committee, they bought it in St. Petersburg.

- How did you prepare in Kulagino in winter?

Until lunchtime, I was spinning the simulator that my father and I had assembled. Then I went sit-down skiing. I compiled a program - at some period I made volumes, at some time I made it faster. The more I met with the guys, the more I learned and analyzed.

- How much did you roll during the workout?

In the spring, about 20-30 km per lesson. When I was preparing for marathons - 50-60 km.

- In 1994 you took part in the first wheelchair track and field championship in Berlin.

And he could fly. In 1993 he took part in the Russian winter skiing championship. He performed well, was a candidate for Lillehammer-94. But I didn’t have a passport, and they didn’t take me into the team. I returned home and immediately took up this issue. By the summer, the document was ready. And when he won several distances in Volgograd, showed his passport to his superiors, there could be no excuses.

- How did you perform in Berlin?

At 100 m it was 12 or 13.

- What surprised you in Europe?

Except for one thing - I did not think that there are so many disabled people all over the world who go in for sports.

$ 2,000 ATLANTA GAMES AND WHEELS

- Paralympic Games in Atlanta - the most bright event in a sports career?

Of course. I prepared with all my might. He regularly went to training camps in Moscow, trained on the Krylatskoye cycle track in a group with Irina Gromova. I went to the starts in good shape. The sports committee of the region bought me an American sports carriage.

- Dear?

Highly. Around $ 2,000. The Russian national team then took only four riders, two were from Omsk, Sergey Shilov from Moscow and me. I went to both the opening and closing events. Such a show! It was great. I performed at my level, I was like the tenth.

- Did the foreigners have better strollers?

The strollers themselves are insignificant. But the wheels were very different. They already had carbon ones.

- Are these other speeds?

The advent of such wheels was a watershed moment. Now everyone has such.

- And you then could not afford them?

Where there! They cost about $ 2,000. Like a stroller.

- Could you have performed better in the USA?

What they were ready for, they showed. At that time our sport was at a developmental stage, you can't jump above your head. Upon arrival, we began to train even more. We looked at the foreigners - they were stronger ready. Not only are their wheels made of carbon, but they themselves are stronger. The Muscovites bought the same wheels. And I never got to that ...

Did you try to qualify for Nagano-98?

No. After 1993, I did not go to the Russian winter championships. It's hard. Here's how with summer starts - you go yourself, you carry a sports stroller with you, you can put a bag in it. Somehow you get there. And in winter, it's hard to carry a whole bean alone. Although it turned out well in skiing. If the logistics were easier. I would be in the team ...

- And the same Gromova did not call you?

I called, but I refused.

- Why?

So the pension is 70 rubles. You can't live on this money in Moscow. She then had Shilov. When I refused, she called Misha Terentyeva(now a deputy of the State Duma. - Approx. IN AND.) from Krasnoyarsk. We agreed that I would study myself, and come to the training camp in the summer. And so it happened.

20 THOUSAND RUBLES - THE BIGGEST PRIZE

- The next big starts after Atlanta?

In 1998 he took part in the marathon in Kosice and the world championship in Birmingham. In England, he reached the 100m final. We were well prepared then. We became fourth in the 4x100 m relay. True, I did not participate.

- Why? You were the first number?

The team leader decided so. There were five of us riders, and I turned out to be superfluous.

- Could you qualify for Sydney?

I could. But at the Russian championship in Tula, he was everywhere second-third-fourth. Then another wound opened ... In general, they did not take it. After that, I did not study seriously. I only prepared for marathons.

- Was it possible to earn money there?

Yes a little.

- Have you ever had any prize money at the Russian Championship?

Once at the championship I won five distances. The rest was in prizes. So they gave me one letter, in which all the results were written: I won at these distances, at these I was the second, and at those - the third. Medals appeared in the late 90s. Then sometimes they began to give dishes, teapots. There were no cash incentives. Only in marathons.

- I remember there was a story in Omsk, when they promised a car, and after your victory they all outplayed.

Not really. There they exhibited "Oka" and immediately there were conditions that if Omsk wins, it goes to him. I won. Gave some kind of cash prize. And no more cars were displayed.

- The biggest prize money in your career?

Here in Omsk there was somehow 20 thousand rubles for a victory.

DOPING AND SHAFT

- Was there doping in the 90s?

Then there was not even talk about it. Probably because there was no prize money. For the first time in my life I heard about doping in front of Atlanta. On the eve of departure Lev Seleznev told us: "Look, don't get drunk on any pills. I'll rip everyone's heads off!"

- The Paralympians missed Rio, and they are going to Pyeongchang with a very limited composition.

It is very insulting for all this. Highly! People plow so much, but cannot prove themselves. I feel sorry for the young especially.

- How much is your pension now?

11-13 thousand. It is difficult to live on it. Four thousand only for a communal apartment you have to pay. And what remains? Need to work.

For sporting achievements in 1999, the administration of the Orenburg region presented Valery with an apartment. However, an unexpected story happened. He soon got married. I thought it was for love. But it turned out - on a cold-blooded swindler, who, having learned about the upcoming gift in the form of an apartment, calculated everything. As soon as the wedding took place and the documents for the living space were obtained, she filed for divorce. Taking into account the fact that she had a daughter, according to a court decision, two or three apartments were assigned to them.

THE MAIN THING IS NOT VICTORIES, BUT ADAPTATION TO ORDINARY LIFE

- When did you start coaching?

- How was the recruitment to the group?

He phoned everyone himself. I knew someone. And those who knew knew someone else. We made commercials that were shown on TV.

- Was it on a voluntary basis?

Yes, I wanted people to study. Then the city sports committee proposed to make an official group.

- Do I understand correctly that some of those who responded to the offer almost left the house for the first time?

This is true. Some of them sat within four walls for years. Someone finds it difficult to go out on the street psychologically, for many - purely physically. Here you live high - and that's all, where? If only you could exchange with someone on the first floor. Now it has become better - elevators, ramps are being made. This was not the case before. As a person got home from the hospital, he sat there.

- When did you learn to move up the stairs?

In 1991, when the Swedes held a master class. Now the first thing we teach in the group is to adapt in the city, to overcome steps and curbs.

- Is it hard to drive a car with only hands?

This is me even before I learned to climb the stairs. I attached levers to the pedals - and nothing complicated.

- How many people are involved in your group?

25. Of these, 10-12 wheelchair users. The rest - cerebral palsy. Sports are different: Athletics, streetball and table tennis. In general, the conditions in the city are much better, much more attention is paid to the disabled. There are many places where ramps are made.

- Would you like someone from your group to grow up to the level of the Paralympic Games?

For someone to reach the World Cup, you need to take two or three people and work with them individually. There are those who wish. Some have great prospects. Let's see. In any case, the most important thing is that they all fully adapt to life, play sports and attract others.

In Kulagino, in my uncle's room, there was a picture - a heron almost swallowed a frog, but the frog, sticking out of its beak, squeezed its neck with its paws. And the signature: never give up. Ryzhkov never gives up. Doesn't complain. He does everything himself - from fixing the watch to mowing the grass. He does not expect any outside help from anyone, but he himself is ready to come to the rescue always and to everyone. For me and dozens of other people, he is a hero and a living example. He not only copes with all life's difficulties, but also makes life easier for other people who find themselves on wheelchair, instills in them confidence and reawakens their zest for life.

Once I was with him in a competition. He and the other guys were loading bags and strollers into the gazelle. The coach from Omsk threw a phrase that I have remembered for the rest of my life: "Faster, faster, guys! We are not disabled. We are athletes!"

Real athletes.

Valery RYZHKOV
Born April 18, 1961
14-time champion of Russia
Paralympic Games Atlanta 1996
Finalist of the 1998 World Cup in Birmingham at 100 m
Multiple winner of the International Moscow and Omsk marathons
Excellence in Physical Education and Sports
Winner all-Russian competition among coaches "New Generation" (2007)
Torchbearer of the Olympic torch relay in Orenburg (2013)

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State budgetary educational institution

Higher professional education

"Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation"

Department Physical education and health

Abstract on the topic:

"Paralympic Games. Sports related to visual impairment"

Completed:

2nd year student, 202 gr.

Mikhalev Roman Vsevolodovich

Checked:

Senior Lecturer,

Akhmetov R.V.

Samara, 2015

Table of contents

Introduction
Conclusion

Introduction

The Paralympic Games are the largest sporting event for people with disabilities. Every year the number of people wishing to participate in the Paralympic Games is increasing. If in 1960 400 athletes from 23 countries took part in the Games, 4,200 athletes from 160 countries took part in the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. Over the years, the number of disciplines in Paralympic sports has grown from 57 to 471. There are no age restrictions for participants in the Paralympics.

The idea of creating the Paralympic Games belongs to the German neurologist Ludwig Guttmann. In 1948, at the Center for Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Injuries in Stoke Mandeville (UK), he organized sports competitions for veterans of the Second World War. By 1953, the number of competitors in Stoke Mandeville had grown to 130, which attracted the attention of representatives of the Olympic Movement. The term " Paralympic" - comes from the Greek preposition " para" - "next to, outside, apart from" and "about, parallel", and the words " Olympics" , those. along with the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games are held in parallel, usually they are held immediately after each other.

The first Paralympic Games took place in Rome in 1960. Then the most numerous was the delegation of Italian athletes. The program of the Roman Games included eight sports, including athletics, swimming, fencing, basketball, archery, and table tennis. The competition was attended by athletes with spinal cord injury.

The official name "Paralympic Games" appeared during the II Paralympics in 1964 in Tokyo. It was attended by 390 athletes from 22 countries. New sports were included in the Games program, in particular, wheelchair riding, weightlifting and discus throwing. Paralympic paraphernalia was used for the first time at these competitions: the flag, anthem and the symbol of the Games.

There are six groups of disabilities in the Paralympic Movement: athletes with amputated limbs, with cerebral palsy, with intellectual disabilities, withviolationsvision, with a damaged spinal cord, as well as a group that includes other types of disabilities.

The Winter Paralympic Games have been held since 1976. For the first time they took place in the city of Örnsköldsvik (Sweden). Competitions for amputees and visually impaired athletes were organized on the track and in the field. For the first time, a sled racing competition was held there. Russia first took part in the 1988 Paralympic Games in Seoul.

Sports that exist in the Paralympic Games

Summer sports

· Academic rowing;

· Basketball in wheelchairs;

· Bocce;

· Cycling;

· Dressage;

· Goalball;

· Rowing in kayaks (this game for the disabled will be included in the games program from 2016);

· Judo;

· Athletics;

· Table tennis;

· Paratriathlon;

· Sailing;

· Swimming;

· Bullet shooting;

· Rugby in wheelchairs;

· Sitting volleyball;

· Archery;

· Wheelchair tennis;

· Weightlifting;

· Wheelchair fencing;

· Football 5x5;

· Football 7x7.

Winter views sports

Alpine skiing (includes slalom, giant slalom, super combination, downhill skiing, para-snowboarding);

· Curling on wheelchairs;

· Ski race;

· Biathlon;

· Sledge hockey.

Of the presented, only 9 summer and 2 winter sports are suitable for the participation of people with visual impairment.

Summer sports in the Paralympic Games in which people with visual impairments may participate

1) Adaptive rowing

Rowing is the youngest sport in the Paralympic Games. The rowing competition was introduced to the 2005 Paralympic Program and will be held for the first time at the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. Adaptive rowing, or rowing, is a sport for athletes whose physical ability meets the criteria set by the rules. The term "adaptive" means that the corresponding equipment is "adapted" for the athletes, and not the sport itself is "adapted" for the athletes. The International Rowing Federation (FISA) is the main regulatory body.

Both men and women take part in the competition. The classification includes four classes of boats: LTA4 +, TA2x, AW1x and AM1x. Classes LTA4 + and TA2x are mixed (male and female) boats. The races are held at distances over 1000 meters for all four classes (despite the fact that the LTA4 + class competed at distances over 2000 meters before the 2005 World Rowing Championships).

Rowers with visual impairments may compete in the LTA4 + class. In this case, the command flags should be voiced (approx. "Red flag"). At the same time, the control commission is instructed to pay Special attention safety of visually impaired rowers.

2) Cycling

Cycling is one of the newest competitions in Paralympic history. The first competitions took place in the early eighties. Athletes with visual impairments took part in these cycling competitions. This type of competition was loved in the Paralympic Games. Already in 1984, at the International Games of the Disabled, this type of competition was held among amputee athletes. And already in Barcelona, at the games in cycling competitions, competitions of cyclists of all three groups were held on a special track and also on the track.

Typically, such competitions are held both individually and in groups. Three cyclists from one country take part in the group classification. For disabled athletes with visual impairments, special bicycles are used paired with a seeing teammate. They can also race on the track. But amputees and cyclists with motor impairments take part in individual competitions. For this, specially equipped bicycles are also used.

Cycling is characterized as movement on the ground for which vehicles driven by the muscular strength of a person. This sport includes track, highway, cross country, mountain bike racing. There are also competitions in figure riding and playing ball on bicycles - cycling polo and cycling ball. The main goal in this competition is to cover the distance as quickly as possible. The sport of cycling is administered by the International Cycling Union. This cycling union is based in Switzerland. But in Russia, exactly the same functions are performed by such an organization as the Russian Cycling Federation.

3) Dressage

Disabled persons of various groups can take part in equestrian competitions: paralytic disabled, amputees, blind and visually impaired, mentally retarded and many others, the main desire is. Equestrian competitions are held individually, as well as group competitions. In this event, players must demonstrate to the judges their skills in passing a short segment, where the pace and direction of movement alternate. At the Paralympic Games, athletes are grouped according to a separate classification, and the winners who have been able to demonstrate the best results are determined within the selected groups.

In these individual competitions, athletes demonstrate their skills in two types of riding - the compulsory program and the cur. The compulsory program includes tests that have been specially selected and approved by the rules. Kur is a free style, it is an individually prepared choreographic performance to music, including the movements prescribed by the rules.

During the team competition, teams of three to four people demonstrate their abilities, in addition, one of the team members must have qualification level 1 or 2. The result in the team competition is determined by the sum of the three best performances in the test. If the team consists of four people, then the performance with the lowest number of points is not taken into account.

The main thing in this competition is individuality. This activity brings a sense of fullness of life to people with physical disabilities. The most important thing is that the horse and the person feel each other subtly, be a single whole. That's when the performances turn out to be excellent. Russian athletes for the first time were able to take part in this competition in 1999 at the World Championships in Denmark.

4) Goalball

Goalball is a sports game in which two teams compete. The main task of both teams is to throw the ball with a built-in bell into the opponent's goal.

This sport was opened in 1946, and the main purpose of its creation was humane incentives to help the rehabilitation of veterans of the Second World War, namely, the visually impaired. Goalball is part of the Paralympic Games program. This sport made its debut in 1976 in the city of Toronto, and it appeared in the official program only in 1980. In 1978, the world's first official world championship was organized.

At its core, Goalball is an adaptive team game that resembles football in some way. The goal of creating the game was really achieved, since the players could quickly adapt to their not so joyful situation. New game gradually began to win more and more fans, it acquired the status of an interesting and gambling game and soon almost completely lost its purely therapeutic value. Now, goalball is a real hobby of thousands of visually impaired and blind people around the world.

This sport came to Russia only in the 60s of the last century. Then in boarding schools for the blind or visually impaired people began to open the first sections. Our compatriots fell in love with the game, and already at the beginning of the 70s, enthusiasts began to hold friendly matches between the teams.

5) Paralympic Judo

The Paralympic Games boast the presence of such a sport as judo in the program. It is, however, slightly different from judo, which is included in the program of the Olympic Games. The main difference is the textures on the mats, they are made in order to indicate the area of the competition and the area where it will take place. Athletes - Paralympians are fighting among themselves for the main prize, which is a gold medal. The texture of the mats is the only difference between traditional and Paralympic, but the rules of the game are identical to the rules International Federation Judo. Judo entered the Paralympic Games in 1988. And four years later, 53 disabled athletes, who represented 16 countries of the world, took part in the games in Barcelona.

In translation from Japanese "judo" means "soft path". This sport combines both spiritual and physical principles. It is he who reflects the "soft" attitude of the judoka to the opponent and to life. With a bow, the competition begins and also ends. During the competition, the athlete must show his respect to the opponent 7 times, in addition, the duration of each bow is about 4 seconds. When bowing, the waist bends 30 degrees.

Women have only started taking part in judo competitions in the Paralympic Games since 2004. Now this sport is on international level practice in 30 countries. Paralympic Judo is a sport for blind and visually impaired athletes. The main feature of an athlete is the ability to balance, to feel the opponent well physically and on an intuitive level. The athlete must have the qualities of the blind. There are 13 weight categories. Judo in the Paralympic Games is administered by the International Federation for the Sports of the Blind.

6) Athletics

Athletics entered the Paralympic Games program in 1960. Athletics has a very large spectrum different types competitions. Disabled people of almost all groups with various health disorders can take part in these competitions. Wheelchair users, prosthetists, blind people, etc. can act as athletes. Interestingly, blind athletes participate in conjunction with the suggestive. Competitions in the athletics category include track, throw, jumping, pentathlon and marathon. Competitions between athletes are held in accordance with the functional classifications of the participants.

Athletics is characterized as a set of sports that include: running, walking, jumping and throwing. She can combine running types sports, race walking, technical sports, that is, jumping and throwing, as well as all-around, highway running and cross-country running. Athletics is recognized as one of the main and most popular sports.

Usually, athletics-related exercises are conducted for the purpose of physical fitness. In addition, it was them that our ancestors used to hold competitions in the distant past. It is generally accepted that the history of athletics began with running at the Olympic Games. Ancient Greece... These competitions took place in 776 BC. Even in ancient times they knew a lot about competitions, even then many exercises were very common. Ancient people knew a lot about physical exercise, their benefit and necessity.

Modern athletics began its journey with separate attempts in different countries to hold competitions in running, jumping and throwing. A little later, the program began to include running on short distances, obstacle course, gravity throwing, and even later - long and high jumps from a run. So gradually the arsenal of sports included in athletics increased and strengthened.

7) Swimming

Initially, swimming was part of the physical therapy and rehabilitation program for the disabled. And now it is a very common sport. Nowadays, the swimming competition among disabled people is one of the most interesting and popular events of the Paralympic Games. Disabled persons of any group of functional limitations can take part in this competition. There is only one single condition, it is that you cannot use prostheses and other assistive devices in the competition.

Swimming is a sport that involves swimming in the shortest time, various distances. There are limitations in this sport. For example, in a submerged position, it is allowed to swim no more than 15 m after the start or turn. However, in breaststroke competition, the bath restriction is reformulated differently. And here speed views scuba diving is no longer swimming, but underwater sports.

Swimming is also an integral part of modern pentathlon - a 200-meter swim, triathlon, that is, various distances in open water and part of some applied all-round events. Our ancestors in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Phenicia and other countries knew how to swim, and all the swimming methods known to them are very reminiscent of modern crawl and breaststroke. At that time, smooth had only an applied character. It was used during fishing, in the hunt for waterfowl, underwater fishing, as well as in military affairs. And only in Ancient Greece, swimming began to be used as a means of physical education.

In 1896, swimming was added to the list of competitions in the Olympic Games, after which this competition is held constantly and is very popular. Despite their physical disabilities, athletes with disabilities have made great strides in this area of competition.

8) Weightlifting

In the Paralympic Games, this type of competition was first included in the program in 1992, competitions were held in Barcelona. Then, for the first time, 25 different countries demonstrated their sports delegations to weightlifting competitions. After this event, weightlifting became widespread in the Paralympic Games, it began to be included in the program of each competition. Even more country representatives took part in this type of competition at the 1996 Atlanta Games. It was attended by 58 participants from various countries. However, 68 participating countries were announced, but ten of them were let down by funding.

Since this year 1996, the number of applications for participation in weightlifting competitions has grown exponentially. This sport aroused great interest in itself. Everyone wanted to show themselves. Currently, approximately 109 countries on five continents regularly participate in the Paralympic Weightlifting Program.

At the moment, all groups of disabled people can participate in these competitions. They compete with each other at ten weight categories... Moreover, both men and women take part. For the first time, a weightlifting competition among the weaker sex was held only in 2000 at the Paralympic Games in Sydney. The ships were attended by 48 women from different countries of the world. After this event, women became regular participants in the Paralympic weightlifting competitions.

At the moment, the weightlifting competition is divided into two exercises - the snatch and the clean and jerk. Snatch is an exercise in which the athlete lifts the barbell over his head with one continuous movement from the platform to fully extended arms. The clean and jerk is an exercise that consists of two separate movements. One is that at the moment of taking on the chest, the athlete tears the barbell off the platform and raises it to the chest. The second - with a sharp movement, sends the bar up to straight arms.

9) Football 5x5

Football 5x5 is an adapted version of the traditional mini-football, which is played by blind or visually impaired athletes (people with cerebral palsy or other neurological diseases take part in 7x7 football). The International Sports Federation of the Blind (IBSA) oversees and administers matches. The competitions themselves provide for the use of adapted FIFA rules.

The playground is slightly smaller than the standard one; it has small fences one meter high. This factor removes the offside position, and, accordingly, throwing the ball out of the sideline, which makes the game more dynamic.

The team consists of four field players with poor vision and a sighted goalkeeper. There can be five people in the reserve (spare).

In order to ensure balance in the game itself, all field players wear special armbands in order to equalize the level of visibility for everyone present on the field. You can remove these masks only during the break of the game. In addition, each team can have its own guide, who is usually located outside the gates of the opposing team. Using his voice, he directs the attacker to the opponent's goal. The ball has sound effects that it emits during its movement, the diameter of the ball is 20cm. The goalkeeper is allowed to give commands to his players, but only when the game is taking place in the area of his goal. Only the goalkeeper is allowed to handle the ball.

Free kicks involve three possible violations:

· Violations of the location of the dressing;

· The goalkeeper leaves his zone;

· Excessive physical contact of one player to another.

The match consists of two halves of 25 minutes each, and has one 10-minute break. The team with the most goals wins. In the event of an equal number of goals, the winner, as in the traditional version of football, is determined by a penalty kick.

Winter sports in the Paralympic Games in which people with visual impairments may participate

1) Alpine skiing

Alpine skiing first entered the 1976 Winter Paralympic Games in Sweden. At the moment, disabled people from more than 35 countries compete in this sport. This sport is similar to traditional alpine skiing. There is also a competition in four disciplines - downhill, super giant, giant slalom and slalom. Athletes are divided into classes depending on their physical limitations. Amputees, visually impaired, with cerebral palsy and PADA can take part in alpine skiing. Depending on the class of physical disability, they are given special equipment: monoski, ski or orthopedic aids. Visually impaired participants are guided by the voice commands of the leaders.

The end of the Second World War is considered to be the beginning of the development of alpine skiing among disabled people. At that time, the soldiers who returned with injuries did not give up the desire to do what they loved. In 1948, the first courses were held to teach the technique of skiing for these same people with disabilities.

For a relatively long time, only two groups of disabled people could do this sport - these are athletes with impaired musculoskeletal system, while they rode standing and with visual impairment. It was only in the 1970s that monoskis were invented, which provided the opportunity to practice this sport for athletes with a violation of ODA while sitting.

This transport is equipped with special poles with shortened skis at the end. They are used to control and maintain balance. And already in 1976, slalom and giant slalom competitions were included in the Paralympic Games program. Downhill competitions were first held in 1984 at the Paralympic Games in Innsbruck. It was only in 1994 that the supergiant was added to everything else. A sedentary competition for athletes with musculoskeletal disorders on a monoski was included in the 1998 Paralympics program in Nagano.

2) Cross-country skiing

Cross-country skiing and biathlon are among the oldest species sports. They originated in northern Europe a long time ago. Now this sport is practiced at the Paralympic Games. Competitions between athletes in classic and freestyle riding are held here. In this sport, there are both individual and team offsets. The skiing distance ranges from 2.5 to 20 kilometers. A racing device is characterized by the functional limitation of the athlete. It can be traditional skis, or a chair specially equipped with a pair of skis. Blind athletes ride in conjunction with the leader.

Cross-country skiing and biathlon entered the program of the Paralympic Games back in 1976 at the Winter Games in Sweden. Both men and women took part in the competition. They used a cue running style at all distances. But already in 1984 in Innsbruck, at the Winter Paralympic Games, skating style competitions were held for the first time. From that moment on, all competitions are divided into two separate races - classic and skating style. However, this new technique was not used in Albertville in France. All athletes are divided into several classes, depending on their physical limitations. The following classes exist. LW 2-9 refers to athletes with physical disabilities, LW 10-12 refers to seated athletes, and B 1-3 includes athletes with visual impairments.

Medals are awarded to athletes in each category separately for each distance. The biathlon distance is 1.5 kilometers and includes two firing lines. There is also a distance of 12 kilometers with four firing lines. Athletes belonging to the visually impaired category are issued with shotguns equipped with electronic acoustic glasses.

Classification of athletes with visual impairment

International sports association blind - IBSA:

The sports classification of blind athletes is universal for all sports, and its application for different competitions may depend on the sport. For example, for judo wrestling, athletes perform without taking into account the sports class, there are only features of refereeing for class B1, and for swimming and cross-country skiing, strict compliance with the sports class is important. The classification takes into account the state of two main visual functions of the organ of vision: visual acuity and peripheral boundaries of the visual field.

Criteria for the sports medical classification of the International Association for Sports of the Blind:

Class B1 Lack of light projection, or in the presence of light projection, inability to determine the shadow of the hand at any distance and in any direction.

Class B2 From the ability to determine the shadow of a hand at any distance, to visual acuity below 2 \ 60 (0.03), or with a concentric narrowing of the field of view to 5 degrees.

Class B3 From visual acuity above 2 \ 60, but below 6 \ 60 (0.03-0.1), and / or with concentric narrowing of the field of view more than 5 degrees, but less than 20 degrees.

In this case, the classification is carried out according to the best eye in conditions with the best optical correction. Finger counting is defined against a contrasting background. The boundaries of the field of view are determined with a mark that is maximum for a given perimeter.

Athletes who have a visual acuity above 0.1 and the peripheral boundaries of the field of vision are wider than 20 degrees from the fixation point are not allowed to participate in international competitions for the visually impaired. According to the accepted rules IBSA Class B1 athletes must wear opaque goggles during the competition, which are monitored by the judges.

Ophthalmologists should classify blind and visually impaired athletes. Conduct sports classification Visually impaired people are rational even at the stage of education in schools for the blind and visually impaired, since it is easier to solve issues of both coaching work (occupancy in groups, the choice of appropriate equipment, etc.), and to monitor the dynamics of the state of visual functions.

paralympic sport impaired vision

Conclusion

To ensure a fair competition between athletes with different deviations and impairments in each international sports organization athletes with disabilities are categorized according to their functional capabilities, not disability groups. This functional classification is based primarily on the athlete's ability to compete in a specific sports discipline, as well as on medical data. This means that athletes belonging to different nosological groups (for example, an athlete with cerebral palsy and an athlete with a spinal cord injury) may be in the same functional class in a discipline such as 100m freestyle swimming, since they have the same functional capabilities. This is done to enable the Athlete to compete with other Athletes of equal or similar functionality.

Sometimes, for example, in competitions in marathon running, athletes from different functional classes compete together. However, the places they occupy are determined according to their functional classes.

It is functional classes that ensure equal, fair and interesting competition between athletes.

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