For the time being, they fixed it for sure: on December 13, 1894, a race on the ice of the Neva took place in St. Petersburg for a distance of about a quarter of a kilometer. The result of the winner, Derevitsky, was 1 minute 35 seconds. The first woman-winner at the same distance was T. Yurieva. The competition took place on March 8, 1897, and was organized by the same club "Polar Star", created more than a hundred years ago in Pargolovo, near St. Petersburg.
Similar demonstration starts, which took place not only in the capital, but also in other cities, soon bore fruit. Ski clubs appeared in the country, competitions were regularly held. This list was opened by the Moscow Skiers' Club, which arose in 1894, and by birthday skiing in Russia it is considered to be December 16 (December 29, new style), 1895. This day was spent solemn ceremony opening of the Moscow skiers club. The date of official starts in Russia is considered to be January 28, 1896. On this day, the club organized the first official 3.2 km race on Khodynskoye Pole. The first winner, who covered the distance the fastest - for 18.25, was K. Fogelman.
In just 10 years, cross-country skiing clubs have been created in 30 cities of Russia. The first all-Russian championship was held in Moscow on February 7, 1910. It was attended by 12 people. The distance of 30 km faster than others was overcome by a resident of the capital, Pavel Bychkov, who was called "the best skier in Russia." A year later, the prizes of the second championship were drawn along the same route and at the same distance. He collected 18 riders. P. Bychkov again became the first. In five Russian championships, 4 riders were awarded the title of "best ski runner" of the empire, but, of course, the strongest of them was Pavel Bychkov, who twice became the first, twice - the second and once - the third. He has the most solid collection of honorary prizes on the Russian track.
The first national championship among women was played in 1921, Natalia Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.
In 1924, the first USSR cross-country skiing championship was held. In addition, championships were held in the "super marathon" races: 39 men for 70 km and 26 for women - first for 30, and then for 50 km. In Soviet times, long-distance ski runs became widespread. The first Soviet ultra-long-distance record crossing was the crossing in the winter of 1923-1924 along the Arkhangelsk-Moscow route, 1406 km long, which 4 commanders of the Moscow Military District covered in 27 running days, passing an average of 52 km per day. And in the 1926-1927 season, the first ski race took place across 4 countries along the route Moscow - Leningrad (USSR) - Helsingfors (Finland) - Stockholm (Sweden) - Oslo (Norway).
By the number of victories at the national championships in 1910-1954 the highest rating is occupied by Zoya Bolotova, an 18-time USSR champion. Among men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title "Honored Master of Sports".
Soviet skiers began competing at world championships in the 1950s. They performed brilliantly at the World Championships in Swedish Falun (1954). In 6 numbers of the racing program, they won 4 gold and silver medals. 2 champion titles (in races of 30 and 50 km) were won by Vladimir Kuzin. After 2 years, he achieved the Olympic "gold" in the Italian Cortina-d, Ampezzo in the relay team together with Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev.
Alevtina Kolchina was the first among the Soviet racers. At 3 world championships (from 1958 to 1966), she won 4 individual races for 5 and 10 km and three relay races. She was awarded the Olympic gold medal for the relay in the Austrian Innsbruck (1964). Over the years, Maria Gusakova and Klavdia Boyarskikh have been world and Olympic champions.
And among men, for a long time, no one could repeat Kuzin's success. Only the athletes of the 70s succeeded in this.
Vyacheslav Vedenin proved to be an outstanding racer at the 1968 White Olympics in Grenoble, where he won silver in the 50 km race. In 1970, the next World Championship in Strbske-Pleso, Slovakia, began with his victory at a 30-km distance. Then the Soviet team (Vyacheslav Vedenin, Vladimir Voronkov, Valery Tarakanov and Fedor Simashov) outstripped everyone in the 4x10 km relay. Twice Vedenin triumphed at the winter Olympic Games in Sapporo (1972).
The famous racer Galina Kulakova was in great sport accidentally. At 24, she entered the national championship and a year later, in 1967, she became the champion of the USSR. For 5 years, she won the world champion title 5 times, the Olympic Games 4 times and won the national championships 39 times.
Following Kulakova, the outstanding leader of the national team, Raisa Smetanina, entered the world track. She participated in 7 world championships and 5 winter Olympics, among her awards - 8 gold, 8 silver and 5 bronze medals. She has won national championships more than 20 times. As part of the USSR national team of the 70s, along with Kulakova and Smetanina, there were world champions in individual races - Alevtina Olyunina (1970) and Zinaida Amosova (1978)
By the mid-70s. a new galaxy of strong male racers has grown up. In 1976 Nikolai Bazhukov and Sergei Savelyev won individual races at the Olympic Games in Innsbruck. At the next Winter Games in Lake Placid (1980), Nikolai Zimyatov won the 30, 50 km races and took silver in the relay.
This generation of riders remained among the world leaders until the late 1980s. At the 1982 World Championships in Oslo, they won the relay again; at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo, Zimyatov won his fourth Olympic gold medal in the 30 km race; in 1988, in Calgary, Canada, Mikhail Devyatyarov and Aleksey Prokurorov became world champions, which ended the "golden age" of Soviet skiers.
And in the women's team, things were a little different. In the mid-80s, after a slight decline, new wonderful skiers appeared. The last decade of the twentieth century. passed under the signs of leadership and rivalry of Lyubov Egorova, Larisa Lazutina and Elena Vyalbe. These athletes have taken the first places in various major competitions in turn. At the 1989 and 1991 World Championships, Vyalbe won 2 individual races each. Egorova won two golds each in individual races (plus gold for the relay) at the 1992-1994 Winter Olympics. Then Lazutina came to the fore, having already won three races and the relay at the 1995 World Championship, but she was also surpassed by Vyalbe, who established absolute record: Received all 5 gold medals (including relay) at the 1997 World Championships. A year later, Lazutina won 3 gold medals (for 2 individual races and a relay) at the Nagano Winter Olympics. And these are only gold medals and only three female skiers! It is worth mentioning the two-time Olympic champion in 1998 and three-time world champion in relay races Olga Danilova, Olympic champion in 1998 Yulia Chepalova and the unyielding Nina Gavrylyuk, who won the relay in 1987-1999. 8 gold medals, of which 3 are Olympic. The finish of the twentieth century turned out to be so difficult and, at the same time, fruitful and happy for Russian racers.
In the meantime, other flags were flying over the world arena of men's racing. Since the mid-80s. at the world championships and the Games the name of the Swedish athlete Gundé Svan was thundering. The tall, long-armed rider, like no one, had a skating course. For 8 seasons, he became the world and Olympic champion 11 times, won many stages of the World Cup.
After Gundé Svan left the sport, the Swedes' leadership in cross-country skiing ended. Excellent results were achieved by the Norwegians led by Vegard Ulvang and the unsurpassed Bjorn Daly. In the history of cross-country skiing, no one else has managed for 9 seasons (from 1991 to 1999) to win a total of 17 victories at the World Championships and Winter Games (of which 11 in individual races). Daly was equally proficient in the technique of classical and free track running. "Under the sign of Daly" took place in men's races the last decade of the twentieth century. and the beginning of the next century. Hitherto unprecedented honor did him sports world: Bjorn Daly was named the best skier of the century!
So, at the 12 Winter Olympics of the XX century, Soviet and Russian racers won 8 individual races and 3 relay races, racers - 18 and 8, respectively. And 16 world championships brought men 6 personal gold awards and 2 in relay races, women - 29 and 13. At the 2001 World Championships in Lahti (Finland), Russian skiers won the 14th relay.
Ski race began to be held in Scandinavian countries in the second half of the 18th century, and the first official competitions in this sport took place in Norway in 1767.
At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, skiing was massively developed in various countries. Ski clubs began to be created: in Norway - in 1874, in Finland - in 1886, in Germany - in 1891, in Austria and Sweden - in 1892, in Russia - in 1895, in the USA - in 1900.
Since the 80s and 90s of the XIX century, various international skiing competitions have been held in Scandinavia. Some of the most popular are the Holmenkollen Games in Norway, named after their venue since 1883. Cross-country skiing became the basis of the program of the Northern Games, which began to be held in 1901, every four years, with the participation of athletes from Finland and Sweden, and since 1913 - and Norway.
In Russia, the first skiers' competition took place in St. Petersburg in 1894. The track was laid along the snow-covered Neva.
In 1910, at the International Congress held in Christian, later renamed Oslo, the International Ski Commission was established.
In 1910, the first Russian championship was held.
In 1924 was founded International Federation skiing FIS - FIS. To this day, it is in charge of the development of this sport, which includes not only cross-country skiing, but also ski jumping, ski nordic combined, alpine skiing, and freestyle.
In 1924, the first USSR championship was held.
In 1925, the first world skiing championship was held. The championship took place in Czechoslovakia in Janske Lazne. At the World Championships, medals were played in cross-country skiing for 18 and 50 km, as well as in ski jumping and Nordic combined.
In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet racers repeatedly performed at international competitions.
At the I Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, simultaneously with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded the medals of the World Championship, which later became a tradition for all Olympic ski competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then, starting in 1950, FIS established a four-year cycle - even "non-Olympic" years, and from 1985 - a two-year cycle - odd years.
In 1954, for the first time, they took part in the World Championship in Falun, Sweden, where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and relay.
The greatest successes in cross-country skiing were achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia).
Among Russian skiers: two-time champion world, 1970, and two-time Olympic champion, 1972, Vyacheslav Vedenin, four times Olympic champion, 1972 and 1976, and five-time champion world, 1970 and 1974, Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion, 1976, 1980 and 1992, and four-time world champion, 1974, 1982, 1985 and 1991, Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion, 1976, and world champion, 1978, Sergei Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion, 1980 and 1984, Nikolay Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion, 1992 and 1994, and three-time world champion, 1991 and 1993, Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic champion in the relay, 1992, 1994 and 1998, and fourteen-time world champion from 1989-1997, Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994 and 1998, and nine-time world champion, period 1993-1999, Larisa Lazutin.
Among foreign riders the highest results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen - three-time Olympic champion, 1952 and 1956, Ero Mäntyranta - three-time Olympic champion, 1960 and 1964, his compatriot Marya-Liisa Hämäläinen-Kirvesniemi - three-time Olympic champion, 1984 , Swede Gunde Svan - four-time Olympic champion, 1984 and 1988, Norwegian Bjorn Daly - eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994 and 1998, in 1999 awarded the title "Best Skier of the 20th Century".
Over the entire period of its development, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid-1980s, due to the emergence new technology running - "skating", or "free style", the way to overcome each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, the program now includes "pursuit races", the order of the start in which is determined by the results of the competitions held the day before - according to the so-called "Gundersen system", which entered the practice of Nordic combined a little earlier.
According to the rules of the competition, if the first races - 30 km, men, and 15 km, women, are held in the classic style, then the last - 50 km, men, and 30 km, women - free and vice versa. According to the "Gundersen system" on the first day skiers run in the classical style - 10 km, men, and 5 km, women, the next day - free - 15 km, men, and 10 km, women. In relay races, the first two stages are overcome by the classical style, the third and fourth - by the free style.
A special place in cross-country skiing is occupied by the so-called super marathons. They began with the 90-kilometer run "Vasa-lopet", held in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selene and Moro, named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this transition at the beginning of the 16th century during the liberation war with the Danes.
Supermarathons have been held in many countries of the world, including Russia, under the name "Ski Track of Russia" since 1983.
14 supermarathons are united in the permanent competition system "World Loppet" - "World Supermarathon", created in 1978.
Over the entire period of its development, skiing has also improved the technical side of training and competitions.
Significant changes have occurred in the technology of preparing skis before training sessions and competitions. Special devices have been created and are successfully used, which make it possible to better lubricate skis, taking into account the individual characteristics of athletes, weather conditions, the state of ski tracks and some other factors. Widespread use of new ski wax and paraffins - with fluoride additives, silicone and special powders, significantly improves the quality of ski glide.
In skiing - in the training of athletes, including skiers-racers - the role of training carried out in mountain conditions has significantly increased. IN different countries modern, well-equipped sports facilities in the mountains. Ski slopes, laid in the highlands, allow athletes in the summer and autumn periods to significantly increase the number of training sessions held in the snow.
The wider popularization of cross-country skiing in various countries, among other measures taken by FIS, is also facilitated by the fact that, in addition to competitions in this sport at the Winter Olympic Games and World Championships, multi-stage cross-country skiing competitions have begun to be regularly held throughout the season. to the World Cup, the stages of which are organized in different places.
The 1993 World Ski Championships was held in Falun (Sweden) from 19 February to 28 February. Competition results Women 15 km (classic style) 19 February 1993. Medal Athlete ... Wikipedia
Emblem of the championship The World Ski Championships 2007 was held from February 22 to March 4, 2007 in the Japanese city of Sapporo. National teams from 49 countries took part in the championship. 18 sets of awards were played. Contents 1 Participating countries ... Wikipedia
Emblem of the championship The World Ski Championships 2009 was held from February 18 to March 1, 2009 in the Czech city of Liberec. The championship was attended by 589 athletes from 61 countries. 20 sets of awards were played. Contents 1 Results of the competition ... Wikipedia
The 1991 World Ski Championships was held from February 7 to February 21 in Val di Fiemme (Italy). Included competitions in cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined. The 1991 World Ski Championships logo ... ... Wikipedia
The year passed from February 7 to February 21 in Val di Fiemme (Italy). It was the second ever World Cup in Italy, the first held 64 years ago in Cortina d Ampezzo. Included competitions in cross-country skiing, ski jumping and north ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see World Cup. For the current competition, see the article Cross-Country Skiing World Cup 2012/2013. World Cup in cross-country skiing (English FIS Cross ... Wikipedia
Vladimir Semyonovich Kuzin was born in 1930 in the village of Lampozhnya, Mezensky district of the Northern Territory (now in the Mezensky urban settlement of the Mezensky district of the Arkhangelsk region).
Honored Master of Sports (1972). Champion of the Olympic Games (1972, 1976), world (1970, 1974), multiple champion of the USSR (1969-81) in cross-country skiing. Chevalier of the Orders of Lenin and the "Badge of Honor", Honored Worker of Culture of the Udmurt Republic.
Sports star Mikhail Petrovich lit up in 1996 at the junior world championship in Italian Asiajo, where he is fourth in the 10 km race. On the next year Ivanov is connected to the centralized training in the Russian national cross-country skiing team.
Danilova Olga Valerievna was born on June 10, 1970 in the city of Bugulma of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. At the age of 12, she started skiing at the local sports school in the city of Almetyevsk.She made her debut at international competitions in 1995 - the world championship in the Canadian city of Thunder Bay, where Olga Danilova won her first gold medal in the 4x5 km relay, as well as bronze in the 5 km + 10 km pursuit.
Vyacheslav Petrovich's resounding success was brought by the XI Olympic winter Games in the city of Sapporo (Japan). At a distance of 30 km Vedenin wins gold and becomes the first Soviet skier who won first place in this discipline. In the 4x10 km relay, Vedenin performs a real sporting feat, having played more than a minute against the Norwegian skier Jos Harviken. Long-term training and inexhaustible hard work allowed us to win back a minute at the last stage of the relay - to do, as it seemed to many, the impossible.
From the age of 10, she began to get involved in sports, mainly game types- basketball, volleyball, table tennis... At the age of 17, she seriously took up cross-country skiing under the guidance of the factory coach Alexei Mukhachev. A year later, having won the competition on the Kavgolovskaya ski track, she fulfilled the norm of a master of sports.
Three-time Olympic champion (1998 - 30 km freestyle, 2002 - freestyle sprint, 2006 - 4x5 km relay), two-time champion world (2001 - in the 4x5 km relay, 2005 - in the duathlon), the silver medalist of the 2006 Olympic Games in the 30 km free style race and the 2002 Olympic silver medalist in the classic 10 km race, the 2002 Olympic bronze medalist in 15 km freestyle race, 2001 World Cup winner.
Olyunina-Panarina Alevtina Sergeevna was born on August 15, 1942 in the village of Pchelkino, Sudislavsky district, Kostroma region. Alevtina Olyunina graduated from high school in the village of Sudislavl, where the future Olympic champion performs her first sports standard- I adult category in cross-country skiing
Nikolai Semyonovich Zimyatov was born on June 28, 1955 in the village of Rumyantsevo, Istra District, Moscow Region. The first steps on the track were made at the Novo-Petrovsk ski school
14 Skiers of all times and peoples. 1. Mika Myllylä (Finland) One of the most talented Finnish skiers Mika Müllülä opens our list. Throughout the 90s of the last century, he was invariably among the leaders of the world ski track, and the peak of his career, of course, was the World Championships in Ramsau in 1999, in which Mika won 3 gold medals. Unfortunately, his career was overshadowed by a doping scandal in 2001, after which Myllyula was never able to return to his previous level and ended his career. 2. Juha Mieto (Finland) Another skier from Suomi Juha Mieto continues the list. The Finnish giant with a memorable appearance (huge beard) was one of the leaders of his national team and was part of the cohort of elite skiers in the 70s of the 20th century. The most memorable moment of his career was not even the victory at the Olympic Games in Lake Placid, but his loss to Thomas Wassberg in the 50 km race. on OI-80 with a lag of one hundredth of a second. 3. Eddie Sixten Jernberg (Sweden) Next came the legendary Swede Sixten Jernberg. One of the best athletes in Swedish history specialized in long distances and was famous for his immense endurance and brutal training, the methodology of which formed the basis for the training of the next generations of Swedish skiers. Also worth noting interesting fact: Jernberg became the first athlete in the history of the Winter Olympics to win 9 medals. 4. Vegard Ulvang (Norway) We turn to the famous Norwegian Vegard Ulvang. The culmination of this remarkable skier's career was the 1992 Olympics in Albertville, where he won 3 gold medals. After Ulwang left the track, he did not retire from the sport, becoming a FIS functionary. And in his post, Vegard achieved success, because it was he who became one of the initiators and organizers of one of the most prestigious ski competitions Tour de Ski. 5. Thomas Wassberg (Sweden) The outstanding Swedish skier Thomas Wassberg continues the list. One of the leaders of the world ski track of the late 70s - 80s of the last century rose to the highest step of the podium at 3 (!) Olympiads in a row. And his victory in 1980 over the Finn Mieto went down in sports history as one of the most dramatic moments. 6. Thomas Alsgård (Norway) Next came the amazing Norwegian athlete Thomas Alsgård. Winner of five gold Olympic medals and the 6-time world champion is considered to be one of the greatest skiers in history, which he has repeatedly proved throughout his brilliant career. 7. Petter Nortug (Norway) The next representative of the Norwegian ski school Petter Nortug continues our rating. The only two-time holder of the unofficial title of the King of Ski in history. Known for his very powerful finishing acceleration, especially his skating style. He is the holder of the World Championships record for the number of gold medals won, of which he has already accumulated 13. 8. Vladimir Smirnov (USSR / Kazakhstan) The only representative of a non-Scandinavian country belongs to the most titled skiers in history - the famous Soviet and Kazakh athlete Vladimir Smirnov. Throughout his career, he won a great many awards, including the World Cup, but Lillehammer's gold and the triumphant 1995 World Cup, in which Smirnov won 3 gold, stand apart. 9. Gundé Svan (Sweden) The outstanding Swede Gundé Svan is next in line. Undoubtedly the best skier of the 80s of the XX century, during which he won many different medals at the World Championships, the Olympics, and, of course, one cannot fail to note the magnificent collection of 5 won World Cups. The youngest Olympic champion in cross-country skiing quite unexpectedly ended his career in 1991 at the age of 29. 10. Bjorn Daly (Norway) And, finally, the famous World Ski Legend - Norwegian Bjorn Daly! An absolutely incredible athlete who owns a huge number of records, among which the largest number of won World Cups stand out, of which 6 (!), 9 victories at the world championships stand out, and the most monumental, in my opinion, achievement - 8 Olympic gold medals, which he did not achieve not only not a single skier, but none of the athletes who took part in the winter Olympic Games. 11. Raisa Smetanina (USSR) We turn to women. Raisa Smetanina is the first female and male athlete to win medals at 5 Winter Olympics in a row. Although her career did not start so smoothly and simply: at her first republican competitions, Raisa had to put on her coach's huge boots. 12. Stefania Belmondo (Italy) Stefania Belmondo is a famous Italian skier. Participant of five Olympics, in which she won 10 medals, two of which are of the highest standard, four-time world champion. She said about her achievements: "I learned to see the goal and achieve it with a sacrifice." 13. Lyubov Egorova (USSR / Russia) Lyubov Egorova is a famous Soviet and Russian skier. Shares with Lydia Skoblikova and Marit Björgen the record among women for the number of gold medals at the Winter Olympics (6 each). True, Yegorova's career ended when she was disqualified for doping. Gold medal, which Egorova received for the first place, it was decided to give to Elena Vyalba, who came second. 14. Marit Bjørgen (Norway) The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi inscribed another name in the history of skiing. Among a whole galaxy of star skiers, Marit Bjørgen appeared, to whose piggy bank three Olympic gold medals were added at once. At the moment, it is she who is the most titled skier.