The 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro will start on August 5 and run until August 21. More than 10 thousand athletes from 207 countries will take part in the 2016 Games. Fortunately, for the 2016 Olympics - albeit not in full force - whose participation in the Games was questionable until the last moment due to a doping scandal. True, the cut-down composition of the Russian national team is unlikely to be able to count on winning the medal standings of the 2016 Olympics - the athletics team has been suspended from the competition in its entirety, in addition, dozens of representatives of the Russian national team will not go to Rio, who could claim awards in other events Olympic program.

How many sets of medals will be awarded at the 2016 Olympics?

Meanwhile, at the 2016 Olympics, 306 sets of medals will be played in 28 sports. Most of the sets of awards - 47 - will be played by athletes, among whom there is only one representative of Russia - Daria Klishina. Swimmers will compete for 34 sets of awards, 18 sets for wrestling and cycling, 16 for kayaking and canoeing, 14 for gymnastics, judo and rowing, 15 for each in bullet shooting and weightlifting, 13 for boxing , 10 each - in fencing and sailing. We have listed the most medal-intensive types - less than a dozen sets of medals are played in other sports.

Rio medal prediction

Naturally, fans are interested in forecast for the 2016 Olympics - who will win how many medals? The favorites in the fight for victory in the medal standings of the 2016 Olympics are the Chinese team and the US team. Americans are traditionally strong in athletics, where, moreover, there will be no Russians. But for the Russian national team - taking into account the disqualification - it will be a success to get into the top five of the final medal standings of the 2016 Games. Our competitors are Great Britain, Germany, France and South Korea. Recall that at the previous 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the Russian national team took 4th place in the medal standings, having won 23 gold, 25 silver and 32 bronze medals (80 in total). The Americans won in the overall standings (46 + 28 + 29 - 103 medals in total), ahead of the Chinese (38 + 29 + 21 - 88 in total) and the British (29 + 17 + 19 - 65 in total). Note that in the medal standings the teams are distributed according to the number of gold medals, and only when they are equal are silver medals (and only the equality of gold and silver is considered bronze).

Time spending: 12 - 21 August 2016
Number of disciplines: 47
Countries: about 200
Number of athletes: about 2000
men:
women:
Sets of medals played: 141
Youngest member:
Oldest member:
Medal Winning Countries: United States (32)
Medal winners: Usain Bolt (3)

The Games of the XXXI Olympiad (2016 Olympics, Rio 2016) were held from 5 to 21 August in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Olympic football tournament was also held in other cities of the country - Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Salvador and Sao Paulo. These were the first Olympic Games to take place in South America, the second in Latin America after the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, and the first since 2000 to take place in the southern hemisphere. A record number of medal sets (306) and a record number of countries (207) took part in the Olympics. Compared to the previous Games, Kosovo and South Sudan were added to the participants. In March 2016, the IOC officially confirmed that the 207th participant in the Games will be the refugee team, whose athletes will compete under the Olympic flag.

The athletics competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 12 to 21 August.
47 sets of awards were drawn (24 for men and 23 for women). In athletics, the largest number of sets of awards was played at the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. About 2000 athletes from about 200 countries took part in the competition.
Due to the suspension of the ARAF membership in the IAAF from November 13, 2015 due to a doping scandal, Russian athletes did not take part in the Olympics. The only exception was Daria Klishina (long jump), who has been training in the USA since 2013.

3 World Records (WR), 5 Olympic Records (OR) (one repeated) and 9 Continental Records (AR) were set.

Men:
08/14/2016 400 meters 43.03 WR
08/15/2016 Pole vault 6.03 OR
08/17/2016 3000 meters steeplechase 8: 03.28 OR
08/18/2016 Shot put 22.52 OR
08/18/2016 Decathlon 8893 = OR

Women:
08/12/2016 10,000 meters 29: 17.45 WR
08/15/2016 Hammer throw 82.29 WR
08/19/2016 5000 meters 14: 26.17 OR

Rio 2016 Athletics Schedule:
(date according to local time, time according to Moscow time)

7th day of the Olympics.
12 August, Friday
15:30 Men Discus Throw Qualification A
15:35 women, heptathlon 100 m / b
16:05 women's shot put Qualification A + B
16:10 Men's 800m Round I
16:50 Women Heptathlon High Jump, A + B
16:55 Men Discus Throw Qualification B
17:10 Women 10000m Final
17:55 Women's 100m Preliminary
20:30 Men 20 km walk Final
02:30 Women's 1500m Round I
02:35 Women Heptathlon Shot put, A + B
02:40 women hammer throw Qualification A
03:05 Men's 400m Round I
03:20 men long jump Qualification A + B
04:00 Women's Shot Put Final
04:10 women hammer throw Qualification B
04:10 women, 200 m heptathlon
04:40 Women's 100m Round I

8th day of the Olympics
August 13, Saturday
15:30 Men's 100m Preliminary Heats
15:40 Women's Triple Jump Qualification A + B
16:05 Women's 3000m Steeplechase Round I
16:50 Men Discus Throw Final
17:00 Women 400m Round I
17:45 Women Heptathlon Long Jump, A + B
18:00 Men 100m Round I
02:00 Women Heptathlon Javelin Throw Group A
02:20 Men Pole Vault Qualification A + B
02:30 Men 400m 1/2 Finals
02:50 Men's Long Jump Final
03:00 Women 100m 1/2 Finals
03:15 Women Heptathlon Discus Throw Group B
03:25 Men 800m 1/2 Finals
03:55 Men 10000m Final
04:35 Women's 100m Final
04:45 Women's Heptathlon 800m, Final

9th day of the Olympics
August 14, Sunday
15:30 Women Marathon Final
02:30 Men's High Jump Qualification A + B
02:35 Women's 400m 1/2 Finals
02:55 Women's Triple Jump Final
03:00 Men 100m 1/2 Finals
03:30 Women 1500m 1/2 Finals
04:00 Men 400m Final
04:25 Men 100m Final

10th day of the Olympics
August 15, Monday
15:30 Men's Triple Jump Qualification A + B
15:35 Men 3000m Steeplechase Round I
16:25 Women's 3000m Steeplechase Final
16:40 women hammer throw Final
16:45 Men's 400m Hurdles Round I
17:30 Women's 200m Round I
02:30 Women Discus Throw Qualification A
02:35 Men Pole Vault Final
02:40 Men 110m Hurdles Round I
03:30 Women's 400m Hurdles Round I
03:50 Women Discus Throw Qualification B
04:25 Men 800m Final
04:45 Women's 400m Final

11th day of the Olympics
August 16, Tuesday
15:30 Women's 5000m Round I
15:45 Women's Pole Vault Qualification A + B
15:50 Men Triple Jump Final
16:30 Men's 1500m Round I
17:05 Women's 100m Hurdles Round I
17:20 Women Discus Throw Final
17:50 Men's 200m Round I
02:30 Men's High Jump Final
02:35 women javelin throw Qualification A
02:40 Men 110m Hurdles 1/2 Finals
03:05 Women's long jump Qualification A + B
03:10 Women's 400m Hurdles 1/2 Finals
03:35 Men 400 Hurdles 1/2 Finals
03:50 women javelin throw Qualification B
04:00 Women's 200m 1/2 Finals
04:30 Women's 1500m Final
04:45 Men's 110m Hurdles Final

12th day of the Olympics
August 17, Wednesday
15:30 Men 100m Decathlon
15:40 men hammer throw Qualification A
16:05 Men's 5000m Round I
16:35 Men Decathlon Long Jump, A + B
16:55 Women's 800m Round I
17:05 men hammer throw Qualification B
17:50 Men 3000m Steeplechase Final
18:15 Men Decathlon Shot put, A + B
23:45 Men Decathlon High Jump, A + B
02:30 Men Javelin Throw Qualification A
02:45 Women's 100m Hurdles 1/2 Finals
03:15 Women's Long Jump Final
03:20 Men 400m Decathlon
03:55 Men Javelin Throw Qualification B
04:00 Men 200m 1/2 Finals
04:30 Women's 200m Final
04:55 Women's 100m Hurdles Final

13th day of the Olympics
August 18, Thursday
15:30 men, decathlon 110 m s / b
15:55 men's shot put Qualification A + B
16:00 Women's High Jump Qualification A + B
16:25 Men Decathlon Discus Throw Group A
16:40 Men Decathlon Discus Throw Group B
17:20 women, 4x100m relay Round-I
17:40 men, 4x100 m relay Round-I
18:00 Men's 400m Hurdles Final
19:25 Men Decathlon Pole Vault, A + B
00:35 Men Decathlon Javelin Throw Group A
01:45 Men Decathlon Javelin Throw Group B
02:30 men shot put

Less than a year is left until the opening of the next Summer Olympic Games. The main sporting events of the four years will start on August 5, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro at the Maracanã stadium. For the first time, the Olympics will be held in South America.

Summer Olympic Games 2016were far from the first application for this kind of competition in Brazil. Previously, Rio de Janeiro claimed to host the Olympics in 1936, 1940, 2004 and 2012. Attempts to host the main Games were crowned with success for Rio only for the fifth time. In addition to Brazil, Madrid (Spain), Tokyo (Japan) and Chicago (USA) also fought for the right to host the XXXI Summer Games. Interestingly, at the first stage, St. Petersburg also fought for the possibility of hosting the Summer Olympic Games. However, in the summer of 2007, after the city of Sochi received the right to host the 2014 Winter Games, the northern capital withdrew from this race.

NUMBERS

Summer Olympic Games in sunny Brazil will be held from 5 to 21 August. August in this country is considered a calendar winter. The air temperature at this time is from +18 to +25 degrees. In Rio de Janeiro, August is the "coldest" and windiest month of the year, but at the same time one of the sunniest (22 days of clear weather). The opening ceremony of the XXXI Summer Olympic Games will begin on August 5 at 18:00 local time (in the South Urals - 2 am). According to the tradition that started at the 1996 Games, it will be Friday.

A feature of the upcoming Olympics will return to the official program after a long absence of such sports as rugby-sevens and golf. Summer Games rugby was last held 92 years ago, and golf has not been considered Olympic for the past 112 years.

According to the organizers, in the upcoming competitions over 10 thousand athletes will take part, which will represent 205 countries of the world. Athletes will play 306 sets awards in 42 types. The greatest number of medals - 47 sets (23 for women, 24 for men) - will go to athletes. Almost 5 thousand award and 75 thousand commemorative medals of the Olympics will be produced by the Brazilian Mint.

Over 7.5 million tickets sports events can already be purchased by booking through the National Olympic Committee. The cheapest seats at the opening ceremony will cost viewers $ 86, while the most expensive seats go up to $ 2,000. The average ticket price for the competition is $ 30.

Official cost of preparing the Olympics in Brazil today is $ 2.9 billion. The amount is significantly different from the originally announced - 1.8 billion. The organizers attributed the significant increase to inflation, the addition of new species to the program and an unforeseen increase in the cost of equipping the Olympic village.

SYMBOLS RIO-2016

Emblem of the XXXI Olympic Games, according to its creators, symbolizes Rio de Janeiro itself. The symbol of the future Games is based on the three colors of the national flag of Brazil, and the winding lines represent the sea, sun, mountains and silhouettes of people dancing together.

- Vinicius and Tom- presented back in November 2014. The patrons of the Games received their names in honor of famous Brazilian musicians. The characters are collective images of the richest flora and fauna of a tropical country. The Olympic mascot was depicted in the form of a smiling yellow beast Vinicius, similar to a cat. The volume, which resembles a cross between a flower and a tree, is the mascot of the Paralympic Games, the personification of the Brazilian flora.

OLYMPIC FIRE

Traditional fire lighting will take place on April 21, 2016 in Greece. The flame will be delivered to the capital of the Games by a special flight by air by April 27, and will start on May 3 Olympic torch relay "Rio 2016"... It is planned to use 12 thousand torchbearers in it. The length of the walking route for each of the participants will be about 200 meters. The total length of the route will be 20 and 16 thousand km by land and air, respectively.

The relay will be held almost throughout Brazil, and almost 90% of the country's residents will get the opportunity to see this event. The long journey of the Olympic flame will culminate in the grand opening of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.

OLYMPIC OBJECTS

Sports venues the organizers have divided into four zones: Copacabana, Maracana, Deodoro and Barra.

Copacabana as one of the most famous beaches in the world, it is an area predominantly for aquatic species. Here medals will be awarded in sailing, open water swimming, triathlon, rowing, as well as cycling (highway), walking and marathon.

Maracana zone named after its central sports facility - the famous football stadium. It is at the Maracanã stadium that the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games, as well as football competitions, will take place. Other facilities in this area include the Maracanisinho volleyball arena and the João Havelange stadium, where athletes will perform.

In the past, a military base Deodoro as planned by the organizers, during the Games it will become a competition zone where medals will be competed in equestrian sports, modern pentathlon, fencing, rowing slalom, cycling (BMX, mountain bike) and shooting.

The largest and most competitive area in Rio will be Barra... It will house the Olympic Arena (rhythmic and artistic gymnastics, trampoline jumping), the Olympic Tennis Center, the Maria Lenk swimming pool (water polo, diving), a water sports center (swimming, synchronized swimming), the Riocenter (boxing , badminton, table tennis, weightlifting), Olympic halls 1-4 (taekwondo, judo, wrestling, basketball, handball), golf center, velodrome.

In addition to sports grounds, the Olympic Park and the Olympic Village, as well as press and television centers are located on the territory of Barr.

According to sports standards, it is not so long to wait until the opening of the Olympic Games - less than a year! In some forms, the struggle for tickets to the main starts of the four-year period is already in full swing. It is too early to talk about possible results and make any predictions. However, the fans of the Russian team believe: very soon the next Olympic Games will write new Russian names in the history of world sports.

Pakharenko Kirill Vladimirovich

Download:

Preview:

Pakharenko Kirill. "Athletics. The main types of athletics "

Physical education report:

"Athletics. The main types of athletics "

Prepared by:

Pakharenko Kirill Vladimirovich

student of grade 8 "A"

MBOU "Secondary school p. Pionersky"

Supervisor:

Physical education teacher:

Zhuravleva Tatiana Anatolievna

MBOU "Secondary school p. Pionersky"

Pgt. Pioneer

2016 year

1. Project passport …………………………………………………………… 3
2. Introduction ………………………………………………………………… .3
3. Types of athletics and their characteristics ……………… …………… ..4
4. Calendar of competitions and the Form of their holding …… .. ……………… ... 8
5. World and Olympic records in athletics. Outstanding Athletes ……………………………………………………………… .10
6. The development of athletics in Russia …………………………………… ... 13
7. The Huge Challenges of Athletics ………………………………… ..18
8. Conclusion …………………………………………………………… ..22
9. Used Literature ………………………………………… ..22

Introduction

1. Writer of the report:Pakharenko Kirill.
2. Purpose of the report:

• Studying the history of athletics andits development in Russia;
• Inquire about types of athletics and their characteristics;
• Understand the problems of athletics in our time;

1. Objectives of the report:

• make a list of questions of interest;
• study theoretical material on this topic;
• make a selection based on the read data and display the result;
• to compare the received data and analyze them;
• raise a problem on a given topic;
• present your report.

Athletics is a complex sport that includes various disciplines. She is rightfully considered the queen of sports, not without reason, two of the three appeals in the motto "Faster, higher, stronger" can be attributed to the athletics disciplines without hesitation. Athletics formed the basis of the sports program of the first Olympic Games. This is one of the main and most popular sports.

Athletics was able to gain its popularity due to the fact that it does not require expensive equipment. Due to this, athletics was able to become popular even in countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin America. It was in connection with the wide development that she received the title of "Queen of Sports". Athletics really rules the sports world, it is loved and revered in the most remote corners of the planet.

Types of athletics and their characteristics

Athletics is a multidisciplinary sport. One of the main and most popular sports.Athletics is a very conservative sport. So the program of men's disciplines in the program of the Olympic Games (24 types) has not changed since 1956. The female species program includes 23 species. The only difference is walking 50 km, which is not on the women's list. Thus, athletics is the most medal-intensive sport among all Olympic sports.

The indoor championship program consists of 26 types (13 for men and 13 for women). In official competitions, men and women do not participate in joint starts.

The types of athletics are usually divided into five sections: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around. Each of them, in turn, is subdivided into varieties.

Race walking - 20 km (men and women) and 50 km (men). Race walking is a cyclic locomotor movement of moderate intensity, which consists of alternating steps, in which the athlete must constantly make contact with the ground and at the same time the forward leg must be fully extended from the moment of touching the ground until the moment of vertical.

Running is one of the oldest sports with official competition rules and has been included in the program since the very first Olympic Games in 1896. For runners, the most important qualities are: the ability to maintain high speed over a distance, endurance and tactical thinking.

Cross-country sports are included both in the disciplines of athletics and in many popular sports in separate stages (in relay races, all-around). Running competitions are held at special athletics stadiums with equipped tracks. In summer stadiums there are usually 8-9 lanes, in winter 4-6 lanes. The width of the track is 1.22 m, the line dividing the tracks is 5 cm. Special markings are applied to the tracks indicating the start and finish of all distances, and the corridors for passing the baton. As footwear, athletes use special running shoes - spikes that provide good grip on the surface. Running competitions are held in almost any weather. In hot weather, long distance running can also provide food outlets. During the run, athletes should not interfere with each other, although when running, especially for long and medium distances, contact between runners is possible. At distances from 100 m to 400 m, athletes each run along their own path. At distances from 600 m - 800 m, they start on different paths and after 200 m they go to a common path. 1000 m and more start the start with a common group at the start line. The athlete who crosses the finish line first wins. At the same time, in case of controversial situations, a photo finish is involved and the first athlete is considered the athlete whose part of the body first crossed the finish line. Since the 1966 European Championships and the 1968 Olympic Games, electronic timing has been used to record running results at major events, measuring results to the nearest hundredth of a second. But even in modern athletics, the electronics are duplicated by the judges with a hand-held stopwatch. World records and lower level records are recorded in accordance with the IAAF rules.

The results in running disciplines in the stadium are measured with an accuracy of 1/100 sec., In road running with an accuracy of 1/10 sec.

Jumping is divided into vertical (high jump and pole vault) and horizontal (long jump and triple jump).

The high jump with a running start is an athletics discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the take-off run, preparation for take-off, take-off, transition over the bar and landing. Requires athletes to jump and coordinate movements. Held in the summer and winter seasons. It is an Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928. An athlete can start jumping from any height, having previously notified the judges about this. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The landing area is 3 x 5 meters. When trying, the athlete must push off with one leg. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete has touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located behind the vertical plane of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the stanchions with any part of his body, before he clears the bar.

The judge shall mark a successful attempt by raising the white flag. If the plank falls off the racks after raising the white flag, the attempt is scored. Usually, the judge fixes the ascent not earlier than the athlete left the place of landing, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.

Pole vault is a discipline related to the vertical jumping of the technical types of the athletics program. Requires athletes to jump, sprint, coordination of movements. The men's pole vault has been an Olympic sport since the First Summer Olympics in 1896, and the women's pole vault has been since the 2000 Sydney Olympics. It is part of the all-around track and field events. The athlete at the preliminary stage and the final is given three attempts at each height. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, it cannot be less than 5 centimeters. Usually, at low altitudes, the bar is raised in 10-15 cm steps and then the step goes to 5 cm. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing site are 5 x 5 meters. The length of the runway is at least 40 meters and the width is 1.22 meters. The athlete has the right to ask the judges to adjust the position of the plank racks from 40 cm in front of the rear surface of the pole support box, to 80 cm towards the takeoff run. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete touches the surface of the sector, including the landing site located behind the vertical plane passing through the far edge of the support box, with any part of the body or with a pole; the athlete in the flight phase with his hands tried to keep the bar from falling. The judge shall mark a successful attempt by raising the white flag. If the bar fell off the racks after raising the white flag, it doesn't matter anymore - the attempt is valid. If the pole breaks during the attempt, the athlete has the right to try again.

Long jump is a discipline related to horizontal jumping of technical types of track and field athletics program. Requires jumping ability, sprint qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competitive program of the ancient Olympic Games. It is a modern Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896, for women since 1948. It is part of the all-around track and field events. The athlete's task is to achieve the longest horizontal run-up jump length. When performing a jump, athletes in the first stage take a run down the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a pit with sand. The jump distance is calculated as the distance from a special mark on the take-off board to the beginning of the hole from a landing in the sand. The distance from the take-off board to the far edge of the landing pit must be at least 10 m. The take-off line itself must be located at a distance of up to 5 m from the near edge of the landing pit. For male athletes of the world class, the initial speed when taking off from the board reaches 9.4 - 9.8 m / s. The optimal angle of departure of the center of mass of an athlete to the horizon is 20-22 degrees and the height of the center of mass relative to the usual position when walking is 50-70 cm. Athletes usually reach the highest speed in the last three or four steps of the takeoff run. The jump consists of four phases: takeoff, takeoff, flight and landing. The biggest differences, from a technical point of view, affect the flight phase of the jump.

Throwing - shot put, javelin throw, discus throw and hammer throw. In 1896, the program of the Games included discus throwing and shot put; in 1900 - hammer throw, in 1906 - javelin throw.

All-around - decathlon (male) and heptathlon (female), which are held for two days in a row in the following order. Decathlon - the first day: 100 m running, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400 m running; the second day: running in hurdles, throwing a discus, pole vault, javelin throwing and running 1500 m. Heptathlon - first day: running 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 m running; second day: long jump, javelin throw, 800 m run. For each type of athletes receive a certain number of points, which are awarded either according to special tables or according to empirical formulas. There must be an interval for rest between the species (usually at least 30 minutes). When conducting certain types of events, there are amendments characteristic of all-round events: in cross-country events it is allowed to make two false starts (instead of one as in ordinary cross-country events); in the long jump and in throwing, the participant is given only three attempts.

In addition to the listed Olympic types, running and walking competitions are held at other distances, over rough terrain, in an athletics arena; in throwing for young men, lightweight shells are used; the all-around is carried out in five and seven types (men) and five (women).

The rules in athletics are quite simple: the winner is the athlete or team who has shown the best results in the final race or final attempt in technical disciplines.

The first place in all types of athletics, except for all-around, marathon and walking, is held in several stages: qualification, ½ final, ¼ final. Then the final is held, in which the participants who won prizes are determined. The number of participants is determined by the rules of the competition.

Competition calendar and form

Non-profit competition.

Summer Olympic Games - athletics in the Games program since 1896.

World Championship in open stadiums - held since 1983, every two years on odd years. The next world championship in 2011 will be held in Daegu (Republic of Korea).

Indoor World Championships - held since 1985, every two years on even years. The next championship will be held in 2010 in Istanbul (Turkey).

The European Open Stadium Championship has been held every four years since 1934. The next European Championship was held in 2010 in Barcelona (Spain).

European Indoor Championships - held since 1966, every two years on odd years.

World Cup in open stadiums (team competition) - held every four years. The next World Cup will be held in 2010.

Commercial competitions:

Grand Prix is ​​a cycle of summer competitions held annually and ending with the Grand Prix finals (a special Jackpot prize of $ 1 million).

Gold league.

Diamond League - a cycle of competitions has been held annually since 2010.

The difference between commercial and non-commercial competitions is mainly in the approach to the selection of athletes and the different interpretations of the rules. At the commercial starts of the competition

are usually carried out in one circle; any number of participants from a country, including a wildcard, can be received by participants from the host country; the use of pacemakers in running disciplines is allowed; it is allowed to reduce the number of attempts in technical disciplines to 4 (instead of 6); men and women can participate in the same race; non-standard selection of types in athletics all-around.

Competitions, warm-ups and trainings can be held outdoors and indoors. In this regard, the two seasons of athletics differ, in the regions where this sports discipline is most popular: in Europe and in the USA. Competitions:

The summer season, as a rule, April - October (including the Olympic Games and the World and European Championships) are held in open stadiums. The winter season, as a rule, January - March (including the Winter World and European Championships) are held indoors.

Race walking and running (cross-country) competitions on the highway have their own calendar. So the most prestigious marathon races are held in spring and autumn.

In most cases, an athletics stadium is combined with a football (American football or lacrosse in the USA) stadium and field (for example, the Luzhniki stadium). It includes an oval 400 meter track as standard, which usually consists of 8 or 9 separate tracks, as well as sectors for competitions in jumping and throwing. The track for running on 3000 meters with obstacles has a special markings, and the obstacle with water is brought to a special bend.

It is customary to measure distances in stadiums in meters (for example, running 10,000 meters), and on a highway or open area in kilometers (for example, a cross of 10 kilometers). The tracks in the stadiums have special markings marking the start of all running disciplines, and corridors for passing relay races.

Sometimes throwing competitions (usually hammer throwing) are singled out in a separate program, or even taken out of the stadium, since potentially a projectile that accidentally flew out of the sector can injure other participants in the competition or spectators.

The indoor stadium (arena) as a standard includes an oval 200-meter track, consisting of 4-6 separate tracks, a 60-meter run track and sectors for jumping sports. The only type of throwing included in the program of the winter season indoors is shot put and, as a rule, it does not have a special sector and is organized separately in the place of other sectors. Official IAAF competitions are held only on a 200 meter track, but there are also stadiums with a non-standard track (140 meters, 300 meters, and others).

In arenas on bends, a certain slope angle (usually up to 18 °) is laid, which makes it easier for runners to cover the distance on turns with a small radius of curvature. For the first time, these competitions were held in 1985 in Paris, France. True, they were then called "World Indoor Games" (World Indoor Games), but, since 1987, we all received the familiar name "World Indoor Championships" (World Indoor Championships). The world championships are held every two years and only once was an exception made to this rule, when the competitions were held in 2003 and 2004. This was done in order to separate the summer and winter championships in different years.

Starting in 2006, the distance of 200 meters was excluded from the program of the World and European Championships due to reasons that the participants are placed in very unequal conditions, that is, the one who runs on the outer track is in the most favorable conditions. However, in other competitions and in most national championships, competitions in the 200-meter distance are still held.

World and Olympic records in athletics. Outstanding athletes

The concept of world records in athletics means obtaining and achieving the highest results that can be shown either by one individual athlete or by a whole team of several athletes, while the conditions must be comparable and repeatable. New records can also and be set directly during the IAAF world competitions in full accordance with the list of disciplines available for this sport.

The concept of the highest world achievement is also quite widespread. This achievement belongs to the category of those achievements that do not belong to the list of athletics disciplines that are on the list of athletics disciplines. Such athletics sports include such disciplines as running 50 meters and throwing various weights.

In all disciplines that are approved, records are measured in accordance with the metric system, which includes meters and seconds. The only exception to this rule is running a mile.

The first highest world achievements are historically attributed to the middle of the 19th century. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, they first began using a fully automated system for measuring time to the nearest hundredths of a second (Jim Hines, 9.95 seconds in 100 meters). Since 1976, the IAAF has established the use of automatic timing in a sprint as a prerequisite.

The oldest world record in the track and field disciplines of the Olympic Games is the record for 800 meters in open stadiums for women (1: 53.28), set on July 26, 1983 by Jaromila Kratokhvilova (Czechoslovakia).

The oldest world record registered in the disciplines included in the program of the World Championships is the winter record in the shot put for women (22.50 m), set on February 19, 1977 by Helena Fibingerova (Czechoslovakia).

The IAAF practices the payment of bonuses for setting a world record. So, in 2007 the prize money was 50,000 USD. Commercial start organizers can set additional prizes for breaking the world record, which attracts spectators and sponsors.

Athletics enthusiasts often debate records in vertical jumping, especially pole vaulting. In this discipline, athletes have the opportunity to add one centimeter to the previous result, which is impossible in other events. The record holder for the number of records is the pole vaulter Sergei Bubka (USSR, Ukraine), who set during the periodfrom 1984 to 1994 35 world records.

Yelena Isinbayeva - the owner of 27 world records, for the first time in the world in 2005 she conquered a height of 5 meters.

American Dick Fosbury won in 1968 in Mexico City, jumping in an unprecedented way (flying over the bar with his back, not his stomach), the world record in this event was broken only in 1973 by efforts Dwight Stones , which took 2 meters 30 centimeters. Then only one person beat the world record in the old flip-flop method - the phenomenally talented Vladimir Yashchenko ... Undoubtedly, the technique of pole vaulters has improved, in throwers of all four types - hammer, cannonball, spear and disc. But the technique of the long and triple jumpers has improved to a lesser extent over the past 20-40 years, and even less so among the runners. For example, Michael Johnson held the world record at a distance of 200 meters for 12 years ( Usain Bolt in Beijing in 2008 broke his world record at 200 m), and at 400 meters his unrivaled achievement is already 10 years old.

On the one hand, more and more countries and athletes are being involved in athletics at a high level. In pre-war times, more than 80 percent of world records in sprint, jumping, and throwing were held by Americans. And only in the endurance race they were crowded by the Europeans. Moreover, the Americans themselves thought some 40 years ago: short-distance running is the lot of blacks, middle and long-distance running is for whites. In those years, the world records for 800 meters were held by a blond New Zealander. Peter Snell , at 1500 - a phenomenal record for an Australian Herb Elliott lasted 7 years until he was beaten by a white American Jim Ryan.

At 5000 and 10000 meters, world records first passed from the British to the RussiansVladimir Kuts and Peter Bolotnikov, and then - to the Australian Ron Clark ... But now the natives of Africa have taken over the records, where physical culture and modern training methods are gradually penetrating. What is surprising: the champions are not supplied by all the countries of the Black Continent, but only by a few. Moreover, in that multinational Kenya with a population of 30 million, all famous runners, including numerous champions and Olympic winners, represent only one Kalenjin people. There are less than 10% of the population of this kind in the country, although 70% of Kenyans live in the middle and high mountains. Even more interesting, the majority of Kenyan record holders were born in the high mountain town of Eldoret with a population of 80 thousand people, or in the villages closest to it. And many of them are related to each other. As the Olympic champion of Beijing in the 800 race told our correspondent Wilfred Bungei , cousins ​​he is the world record holder Wilson Kipketer and multiple world record holder Henry Rono, by distant relatives Capy Keino, Pamela Jelimo ... Moroccan record holders and ex-world record holdersKhalid Skah, Said Auita and El Gherujalso hails from the same small mountainous province.

The world's elite endurance running also includes young people from Sudan. Well, our Yuri Borzakovsky, contrary to all logic, has been defeating talented natives of Africa (more precisely, some of its regions) for 10 years now, who also take citizenship of the United States, Denmark, Turkey, Emirates, France, Sweden.

The situation is similar for sprinters. In the 100m race, the last white world record holder was a German Armin Hari half a century ago. After him (plus another 30 years before him), only black Americans invariably improved the record at the fastest distance. Recently, they have been increasingly competing with the black inhabitants of the islands near the American continent - mainly Jamaica. Usain Bolt confirmation of this. He covered 100m in 9.58 seconds. This is a phenomenal result. Athletes who have won the most gold medals in Olympic history:Karl Lewis (USA) and Paavo Nurmi (Finland)- 9 gold medals.

Outstanding results in the history of world sports were shown by such athletes as:

• Robert Korzheniewski (Poland)
• Jesse Owens (USA)
• Valery Brumel (USSR)
• Al Orter (USA)
• Sergey Bubka (USSR-Ukraine)
• Michael Johnson (USA)
• Hisham El Guerrouj (Morocco)
• Haile Gebreselassie (Ethiopia)
• Kenenisa Bekele (Ethiopia)
• Usain Bolt (Jamaica)
• Nina Ponomareva-Romashkova (USSR)
• Tatiana Kazankina (USSR)
• Irena Shewinska (Poland)
• Heike Drechsler (GDR)
• Wilma Rudolph (USA)
• Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria)
• Jackie Joyner-Kersey (USA)
• Meseret Defar (Ethiopia)
• Tirunesh Dibaba (Ethiopia)
• Elena Isinbaeva (Russia)

The development of athletics in Russia

The beginning of the development of athletics in Russia is associated with the organization in 1888 of a sports club in the village of Tyarlevo near St. Petersburg. The organizer of the circle was P.P. Moskvin. The members of the circle were mainly young students who spent their summer holidays in Tyarlevo. In the 90s of the XIX century, the circle held a number of major competitions for that time.

The following year the circle received the name "The Society of Running Fans", and since 1893. - "Petersburg circle of sports fans". The members of the circle began jogging in early spring on Petrovsky Island, and with the onset of summer - in Tyarlevo. The competition program was supplemented in 1893 by long jumps with a running start, since 1895 by shot put, high jump, hurdles and steeplechase running. A little later, there are competitions in cross-country and pole vaulting, discus throwing and javelin throw.

The program of a large sports festival organized by the circle in 1895, which, thanks to free admission, was attended by about 10,000 spectators, in addition to cycling races, included running at different distances, running long jumps, hurdling, hurdling and throwing a ball and a cast-iron cannonball.

For the first time, the Russian athletics championship, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the founding of the sports club in Tyarlevo, was held in 1908. This championship, despite the fact that it was attended by about 50 athletes from St. Petersburg and Riga, served as an incentive for the further development of light athletics. Sports clubs appeared in Moscow, Kiev, Samara, Odessa.

In 1911, the All-Russian Union of Athletics Amateurs was created, uniting about 20 sports clubs from different cities. In 1912, a team of Russian track and field athletes (47 people) for the first time took part in the V Olympic Games, which were held in Stockholm (Sweden). The low level of track and field sports in Russia in comparison with other countries, poor preparatory work, shortcomings in the recruitment of the team affected the unsuccessful performance of Russian athletes - none of them won a prize. An unsuccessful performance at the Stockholm Olympics forced the organizers of Russian sports to take measures to identify capable athletes and attract them to training.

Before the First World War, two All-Russian Olympiads were held. The results shown by athletes at these Olympiads testified that there were many gifted athletes in Russia. At the same time, in pre-revolutionary Russia, sports were the privilege of the possessing classes. The broad masses of the people did not have access to them. Therefore, although there was a certain rise in athletics, it was not massive.

In 1913, the First All-Russian Olympiad was held in Kiev, for the first time the marathon race and the women's championship in athletics were played. The second All-Russian Olympiad took place in 1914 in Riga. The hero of this Olympiad was a young runner from Moscow Vasily Arkhipov. On the sand-covered track of the Riga Hippodrome, he showed an outstanding result for that time in the 100 m race - 10.8. It must be said that with the same result in 1912 the American sprinter R. Craig won the title of champion of the V Olympic Games.

The outbreak of the First World War, then the Revolution, postponed sports competitions for many years. The first national championship in track and field athletics was held in Moscow in 1922, 200 athletes from 16 cities and regions of the country participated. The following fact speaks about the state of sports at that time: at the Moscow individual championship in track and field athletics in 1921, one of the participants broke a spear, the competition had to be stopped, since there was no second spear in Moscow.

Beginning in 1924, the official registration of records in athletics began in the USSR, which stimulated the growth of sports achievements.

The All-Union Spartakiad of 1928 was of great importance for the development of athletics, in which athletes from all regions and republics of the country and representatives of workers' sports unions of 15 foreign countries took part. About 1300 athletes took part in the track and field competitions, 38 all-Union records were set. In the team competition, the first place was taken by the athletes of the Russian Federation, the second - from Ukraine and the third - from Belarus.

The development of athletics was largely facilitated by the introduction in 1931 of the All-Union GTO complex, in which athletics was most widely represented of all sports. The introduction of the TRP complex contributed to a significant improvement in sports performance, an increase in mass participation. Millions of people began to engage in athletics, who were preparing to pass the standards of the TRP complex. During the preparation and in the process of passing the norms, many gifted athletes were revealed, who subsequently, systematically engaged in athletics sections, became popularly known. For example, the brothers Seraphim and Georgy Znamensky.

In the 1930s, the development of the theory and methodology of athletics advanced significantly. A number of tutorials and tutorials have appeared. In 1936, with the joint efforts of the Moscow and Leningrad institutes of physical culture, the first Soviet textbook on athletics was created, which reflected the experience of practical work of leading coaches, teachers, as well as the results of scientific work.

In 1938, one of the prominent theorists and practitioners of athletics G.V. Vasiliev defended the first candidate dissertation in our country in this sport ("Throwing in athletics") ..

In 1941, a unified All-Union sports classification was introduced, which, due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, could not become widespread.

For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the European Championship in 1946 in Norway, and in 1948 the All-Union Athletics Section became a member of the International Athletics Federation. Two years later, the athletes of the USSR at the European Championship in Brussels won the largest number of points for prizes. In 1952, for the first time after the 1917 revolution, the USSR national team took part in the Olympic Games. The debut turned out to be successful: 2 gold, 10 silver and 7 bronze Olympic medals ..

A golden shower of medals fell on Soviet athletes at the Rome Olympics (1960). Vera Krepkina (long jump), sisters Tamara and Irina Press, Lyudmila Shevtsova (800 m), Pyotr Bolotnikov (10,000 m), Vladimir Gopubnichy (20 km walk), Robert Shavlakadze (high jump), Vasily Rudenkov ( hammer throwing), Viktor Tsybulenko (spear), Nina Ponomarev a (disc), Elvir a Ozolina (spear). Record number of gold medals.

At the subsequent Games, there were also some bright performances (Viktor Saneev, Svetlana Masterkov oh, Valery Borzov, Tatiana Kazankina, Sergei Bubka, etc.), but the Roman achievement remains unsurpassed to this day. Since 1996 Russia has been an independent team. At the Games in Sydney (2000), Russian athletes won three gold medals (Sergey Kpyugin - high jump, Irina Privalova - 400 m hurdles and Elena Epesina - high jump).

At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Russian athletes won six gold medals. Valery Borchin, Olga Kaniskina, Andrey Silnov, Elena Isinbaeva, Gulnara Galkina-Samitova and the women's relay team in the 4x100 meters race became champions. In addition, the athletes brought the Russian national team five silver and six bronze medals. In terms of the number of medals in this sport, only the United States could compete with Russia. In general, performance at the Olympics for our team can be considered quite successful.

In the team event at the 2010 World Championships in Barcelona, ​​the Russians took first place. This result is inferior to the Russian triumph in Gothenburg-2006 (12 gold and 34 medals of all merits). In gold (10), the Russians repeated their second result in modern history (since the European Championship in 1994) after Helsinki-1994. In terms of the total number of medals (24), the current result is the third after Gothenburg-2006 (34) and Helsinki-1994 (25). The same number of total awards was in Munich 2002 (24).

If we analyze the preparation of the Russian national team in terms of athletics, the results will be far from equal.

As for women, it is worth noting the remarkable performance of the "weak" half of the Russian national team at the largest competitions of the four years. Even in the absence of famous athletes: Elena Soboleva, Daria Pishchalnikova, Gulfiya Khanafeeva, Tatyana Tomashova, Yulia Fomenko and Svetlana Cherkasova, who were disqualified due to a DNA mismatch in doping tests taken back in 2007 and claiming prize money based on the results of the current season places, our women showed an excellent "medal" result according to the results of the Olympic athletics forum.

Of course, there is some lag of Russian athletes in the sprint (100 and 200m), but given their performance in the 4x100m relay, in which they took first place, we can say that only American and Jamaican athletes can compete in a team fight with our girls.

A different picture is observed when analyzing the preparation for these competitions of the men's team. At the moment, in such events as 100, 200 and 400 meters, it is quite difficult for our runners to compete with the strongest athletes from other countries and show results that allow them to get into the final races, where the fight for the top eight is being fought. The same situation is observed in the following events: 1500m, 3000m with obstacles, 5000m, 10000m and marathon. But if in the first four of the listed types we really lag behind other countries, then the situation with the marathon is somewhat different.

If we analyze the results of the performances of Russian runners at a distance of 42 195 m, then it is worth noting the fact that they quite successfully compete with the masters of ultra-long distances and often take prizes at commercial starts. In addition, in terms of time, the results themselves are quite high. So, in 2007, Alexei Sokolov set a new record in Russia, which previously belonged to Leonid Shvetsov and held out for about ten years. But when it comes time to perform at major competitions (European or World Championships, as well as the Olympic Games), Russian athletes cannot always show decent results.

As for the above-described running types of athletics, the lag of Russian athletes behind runners from other countries can also be explained by an ineffective training system. The point is not that we have bad coaching staff who are unable to cope with the assigned tasks. In fact, there are currently qualified trainers whose names are known throughout the world. However, most of the traditions have been lost. This applies to both the men's sprint and middle and long distance running. For example, at present, Russian athletes are performing at the level at which they have been for more than 50 years.back our strongest runners competed: Vladimir Kuts, Petr Bolotnikov and others.

The "trampling" of runners from Russia, when there is no increase in sports results from year to year, makes us think about the effectiveness of modern training in a number of athletics events. In addition to the training system, there are also other reasons that hinder the development of athletics in our country. The question concerns young personnel, the inability of coaches to interest children and involve them in athletics, the lack of modern equipment, etc. In most cases, everything, in one way or another, is associated with insufficient funding.

Another problem that hinders the development of athletics in Russia is the lack of specialized training centers for athletes or their poor equipment with inventory and equipment. At the moment, the Russian national athletics team has only two sports bases, which are intended to prepare for the largest competitions: Adler and Kislovodsk. Nevertheless, these bases have long failed to meet modern requirements, which should provide full-fledged training. For example, at the Olympic base in Kislovodsk there is still a "track" that was laid and was intended to prepare Soviet athletes for the Olympics - 80. But the shelf life of such a track is only 5 years, so at the moment it is so traumatic that many prefer not to train at the "Upper Stadium" of the city of Kislovodsk. In this regard, Russian athletes were forced to train abroad.

Athletics' huge challenges

Currently, the world athletics is in a dual position - on the one hand, successful development, on the other, fire of criticism. In sports, many problems arise, the solution of which does not seem entirely realistic. Originally held in Europe and North America, athletics has become a world sport. This, in addition to success, is what causes obvious skepticism. Moreover, if originally the expansion of the influence of athletics was seen as an undeniable success, it is now the subject of emerging problems.

It is important that spectators usually pay for the upcoming pleasure and thus finance, directly or indirectly, the athletics competition. In order to highlight the problem in this matter, it is necessary to consider the different categories of viewers.First category- these are those who purchase tickets in order to be present at the competition. The second - TV viewers who indirectly pay for watching the competition. Third group , which calls itself the "athletics family", tries to attend all competitions, but for free.Fourth groupis present at the competition, as it is the sponsor of the competition. They may not be very interested in the course of the competition, but it is their job to be in the competition. Fifth group - guests and their presence - a gift from sponsors who, showing hospitality, do their own business. Sixth group consists of schoolchildren who naturally watch the competition for free, their function is to fill the stadium and thus show interest in athletics.

Considering in more detail the audience at the athletics competitions, it can be seen that the first two groups of spectators are decisive in promoting the sport. However, the ratio between paying and "free" viewers begins to grow catastrophically in favor of the latter. Even at events such as the World Athletics Championships, the number of spectators who paid for tickets was 60%. Excluding the Olympic Games and World Championships, other athletics competitions attract a fairly modest number of spectators. The live show of the Grand Prix by Eurosport attracts 80,000 to 200,000 spectators, which is not considered to be effective enough.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the structure of high-end results. Athletes are trying to extend their careers as long as possible in order to make more money, so now many of them are showing good results, reaching 30 years of age. However, the presence of a significant number of high-class athletes may hinder the development of the sport. Careers can go on for a long time, but at the very top of the list of the most outstanding athletes there is a constant change. New stars appear regularly from various regions, but their life as idols is usually short. Experienced stars tend to plan their performances, focusing on the highest possible income, which often conflicts with the planning of competition programs. In such a semi-professional situation, the role of managers increases significantly to resolve conflicts.

Turning to the future of today's coaches, we can note their insignificant role. Coaches should be self-reliant, fully dependent on the success of their students, and be prepared to generate income in exceptional circumstances. Athletes are still semi-professional and there is no organizational structure for coaches. Athletics is a particularly problematic area and we can easily identify problems in the overall structure and rules of the competition. Many spectators complain of boredom during the competition. There are many reasons for which they complain - unequal competition conditions, poor information, the information board is too far away and often breaks, too many different views are taking place at the same time, many views are too far from the audience. And the list is endless.

Next, the hierarchy of our competitions. Many athletes can compete in the Gold League and then take part in the Grand Prix II for several days. In other sports, it is not possible to compete in the amateur league on Wednesday and then in the professional league on Sunday. And only in athletics this is possible. It is also difficult to compare one competition to another. Some are guided by running sports, others by throwing, it is also possible to combine different types of athletics in one competition. It is not surprising that it is often impossible to assess the rating of the competition and announce it to the audience.

Now about the rules. A special example is the use of leaders or "rabbits" to show high or record results in middle and long distance running. If you look at the rule making process, you will notice that there is a continuous debate at the IAAF Congresses, held every two years, on the issues of changing the rules of the competition. Athletics is perhaps the only sport where competition rules are constantly changing. Perhaps such a change could diminish interest in athletics. Sometimes some change has just been made, and the next one is already being prepared.

The problems of competitions in open stadiums are also quite relevant. Football associations are completely abandoning the coexistence with athletics, which has been in Europe for over 100 years. Modern football stadiums have no room for a treadmill, and the creation of specialized athletics stadiums is not yet being considered.

Interestingly, athletics is moving away from traditional stadiums and into the street. High jumps to music, pole vaulting on beaches or bazaars, shot put in malls. Such competitions are not held under the auspices of the IAAF and often do not follow the rules. This suggests that perhaps the future of athletics will be outside the stadium. This is a very risky path. The whole history of athletics has evolved as a species with many different sports exercises, and pulling it apart into separate types in the interests of individual groups represents a danger and loss of our unity.

The issue of advertising and supporting athletics is very painful, since the situation on this issue is extremely negative. Nowadays sport works very closely with advertising companies. However, advertising distribution often does not achieve the necessary goals and does not lead to increased sales of the advertised products. And new ideas are needed here. There are as yet no long-term advertising programs using multiple media channels. The power of television and the Internet is little used, and we do not learn from our mistakes. It should be noted without regret that the image of great athletes, who have great potential in stimulating the attraction of sponsors to athletics, is underutilized. The IAAF has a number of sponsors: Adidas (contract until 2019), Seiko, Epson, TDK, recently Samsung joined these ranks.

There is a cultural conflict in the athletics system that is rarely discussed at this time. This is, first of all, a question of competitions in the halls. Conflict between Europe and North America and the countries of Asia, South America and Africa. If Africans take part in our summer competitions, then Europeans do not want to do the same during the African summer. It is clear that this issue is primarily of an economic nature, and in the future athletics will increasingly depend on world economic markets for its development. With rare exceptions, such markets are currently located in the regions of Europe and North America. From these positions, holding competitions in the halls is quite productive, but from the standpoint of world culture, it is undoubtedly unprofitable. Usually these issues are not often discussed, but since changes are brewing in the global economy and some of the economic markets are moving to other regions, a discussion is needed on a new regional athletics policy.

Today, the demographic ratio of age categories in some regions poses a real danger to the development of athletics.

Modern athletics faces many challenges. The main headache for the International Athletics Federation (IAAF) remains the problem of doping, which continues to attack athletics from all sides. The use of chemicals and physiological methods of stimulation to artificially increase results in athletics has existed as long as professional sports have existed. The first cases of the use of stimulant drugs are rooted in antiquity. Until the 1980s, cases of doping were isolated, did not find full confirmation and did not attract public opinion, being an exception to the rule. In 1968, world record holders Irina and Tamara Press retired from the sport, after the sex determination of athletes was introduced at the Olympic Games as an additional procedure. Since the 1980s, the IAAF has made the decision to revolutionize the way athletes use doping and sanctions. Anti-doping checks have existed for a long time, but the procedure for conducting them was such that athletes could prepare in advance. In 1984, Tatyana Kazankina, during a competition in Paris, was suddenly invited to a doping test, refused and was disqualified.

After the unification of Germany, a particularly large number of captured and voluntarily confessed athletes and coaches fell on the former representative of the vanguard of athletics, the German Democratic Republic. Heike Drechsler, Ruth Fuchs, Ilona Slupianek have added voluntary confessions to the list of doping users. Heidi (Andreas) Krieger (1986 European champion in shot put) has become one of the symbols of the struggle for the purity of the sport. In 1997, she underwent sex reassignment surgery, as the use of illegal drugs led to a change in sexual characteristics.

A significant number of world records in athletics arouses legitimate suspicions of specialists, although the athletes were not caught and did not confess themselves. This is especially true for women's athletics. These include, for example, the world record at 400 m by Marita Koch (GDR), records at 100 and 200 meters by Florence Griffith-Joyner, records at 3000 m and 10 000 m. The problem is that modern athletes cannot even come close to the results 1970-1980 years. In athletics, the experience of weightlifting is inapplicable, where they introduced a new grid of weight categories and thereby simply canceled all previous world records. The Nordic countries are proposing to cancel the pre-2000 world records in athletics. With this initiative, the athletics federations of these countries intend to speak on August 20 at the congress of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), timed to coincide with the World Championships in Paris.

"The records that were shown in the 1980s and 1990s cannot be surpassed because they were achieved by doping athletes," said Svein Arne Hansen, president of the Norwegian Athletics Federation. He argued that "many world records were shown with doping. It is not a secret, in some cases there have been trials. Now we must cross out all these records set before 2000."

As the Norwegian Telegraph Bureau notes today, Norway and a number of other European countries back in 1999 advocated the elimination of a number of world records. But then this was not done. Now the Nordic countries are entering a new stage of the struggle led by the President of the Athletics Federation of Norway.

"I think this action is extremely urgent," Svein Arne Hansen emphasized. He believes that many European states will support this proposal, but this is not enough. For the proposal to be accepted, it is important that the United States also accedes to it.

Since January 1997, for every athlete who is among the twenty best in the world, a special identification card has been introduced, in which all information about the athlete's out-of-competition doping control is entered. The card was named "IAAF Elite Athletes Club". Only the possession of this document opens the way to receiving cash prizes at the championships. On the card, the athlete also signs a commitment: “As one of the best athletes in the world, I agree to support the governing body of world athletics, the IAAF, in its efforts to promote clean and fair athletics. As a contribution to this noble struggle, I pledge to be governed by the rules and the laws of the IAAF ".

Conclusion

Athletics is a sport that combines physical exercises that are natural for a person: running, jumping and throwing.

Through athletics, a person learns the correct motor skills of walking, running, jumping, overcoming obstacles, etc., which are necessary for him in everyday life. Agility, speed, strength and endurance, accuracy and beauty of movements are developed.
Athletics is one of the main and most popular sports.
Athletics is widely available due to its variety of types, a huge number of easily dosed exercises that can be done anywhere and at any time of the year.

It can be considered that integrated athletics classes are one of the "mechanisms" for the implementation of goals and objectives for the prevention of diseases, bad habits and delinquency, as well as health promotion, maintaining high human performance, establishing a healthy lifestyle, and shaping the needs of the individual in physical and moral improvement, development of strong-willed personality traits.

References

1. "Encyclopedia for Children" T. 20. SPORT / Chapter. ed. E68 V.A. Volodin. - M .: Avanta +, 2001.
2. School of Athletics, ed. A. V. Korobova, 2nd ed., M., 1998
3. Bolsevich V.K. Physical culture for everyone and for everyone: - M: FiS, 2007 - 232 p.
4. Geytsin K.A. Not a day without physical education: - M: Physical education in school, 2009 - 41 p.
5. Athletic sports // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907.
6. Kuznetsov V., Tennov V. Olympic rings of the "Queen of Sports". Moscow, Soviet Russia ", 1979
7. E.A. Malkov. Make friends with the "queen of sports". Moscow, "Education", 1987
8. Popov V., Suslov F., Livado E. Young athlete. Moscow, "Physical culture and sport", 1984

Athletics disciplines

The species are differentiated on the basis of (, and requiring manifestation), but for a clearer classification, it is advisable to combine them into five groups: throwing and all-around.

Of all the variety of athletics exercises, only "classical" disciplines are included in the programs of major competitions (world championships, European championships, etc.). The program of these competitions includes 24 types for men and 23 for women.

Main article:

The technique of movements differs from all other methods of walking. Competitors in race walking are required to adhere to certain rules, the main of which is the constant contact of the athlete with the track (support with one or both feet). When the unsupported position is manifested, when the athlete actually starts running, he is removed from the competition. In contrast to normal walking in race walking, the rules of the competition establish: at the moment of vertical, to fully straighten the supporting leg in the knee joint. Walking in the athletics program is the only activity in which subjective judging is present. If in running athletes are removed from the distance only in exceptional cases, then in the practice of walking distance disqualification is a common phenomenon. There are times when athletes are disqualified after the finish.

Athletes-runners compete at distances of 20 km (women), 20 and 50 km (men).

Main article:

Run- the basis of athletics; not only a special kind, but also an integral part of many athletics exercises, such as jumping, javelin throw, and many other sports.

Running competitions are held at distances from 100 m to 42 km 195 m (marathon). The places occupied in the running competitions are determined by the sequence of the participants crossing the finish line.

Main article:

Jumping... Athletics jumping includes horizontal (length and triple) and vertical (height and pole) jumps.

Certain types of jumps are characterized mainly by the difference in the phase of flight.

Main article:

Throwing... In athletics throwing and shot put, the projectile must be sent as far as possible by throw or push.

There are the following types:, discus throwing, hammer throwing, spears and grenades.

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All-around... Athletics all-around originates from the ancient Greek Olympic Games. At that time, "pentathlon" included one-stage running (192.27 m), long jump, javelin throw and wrestling.

Currently, the main types of all-round events are: decathlon for men and heptathlon for women, included in the program of the Olympic Games. All-around classes provide athletes with versatile physical development. The results shown in the all-around are evaluated according to a special table of points. All-around competitions are one of the most difficult types of athletics sports, as their participants need to perform well in a very diverse range for two days..