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How long does the Olympic Games last? History of Olympic Games

It was founded back in 1896. From the very beginning, the games were held both in the summer and in the winter of one year. How the modern Olympic Games are held, we will look at in this article.

Already in the twentieth century, the gap between winter and summer games made up two years. used to be held in Olympia and were of great importance to the locals. Previously, there was only one competition in the games - running on short distance... A little later, they began to hold competitions for horses and running in full uniforms. Only locals and Mediterranean guests. We all know perfectly well how the modern Olympic Games are held today: athletes from all over the world take part in the competitions.

The Olympiad Games are held in a different location each time. A certain country, city is selected and all athletes go to the competition exactly there. There are times when competitions are held repeatedly in certain countries, for example in Greece. Since it was in Greece that such competitions originated, after a certain period the Olympiad is held there again. Athens is fabulous, so the locals have been holding the Olympic Games with pride and dignity since 1896 (it was here that the first competitions were held).

How the modern Olympic Games are held is known to all spectators, but they should know one thing - the current version is very different from the past. The most exciting and largest in the world today are the Olympic Games. Programs are constantly changing, improving and mainly consist of twenty or more different types sports. As a rule, personal records and achievements are set in competitions. The potential of a particular team is rarely assessed, mostly every man for himself. Games are evaluated with three medals: gold, silver and bronze.

As for the comparative characteristics of the games, before, only Greeks and Mediterranean guests took part, and now - all well-established athletes from all over the world. Today, women compete on an equal footing with men and have the right to fight for in Greece, but this was simply impossible. On Olympic Games ah athletes fight for awards, the honor of their country, showing their physical abilities, and in ancient times they were even rewarded for spiritual abilities. Nowadays it is considered a competition, in the past it was not. When games were held in Olympia, all hostilities ceased, all the time was devoted to competitions. As before, the games are held every four years, but the break between the summer and winter games is two years.

Everyone has the opportunity to watch the modern Olympic Games on TV, read the results in the newspaper. To visit the country that hosts them is the dream of every sports fan. We were more fortunate, since in Greece almost everyone knew about the games, but only a few could get there, now the doors of the Olympic Games are open to all interested spectators!

The modern Olympic Games trace their history back to the late 19th century, when, thanks to the initiative and efforts of a French public figure, they were revived sport competitions similar to antique ones. In 1894, the International Sports Congress in Paris approved the decision to organize the Olympic Games and the creation of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and also adopted the foundations of the Olympic Charter, which defines the rules, principles and regulations of the Olympic Games.

The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896 in their historical homeland, the capital of Greece, Athens. Since then, the Olympic Games are held at the beginning of each first year of the Olympiad (a 4-year cycle that determines the interval between games) and have their own serial number.

The Olympic Games are divided into summer and winter and, since 1994, they have been held separately - the winter Olympics were shifted by 2 years in relation to the summer, while maintaining a 4-year gap between games of the same type (i.e. now every 2 years Winter and Summer Olympic Games are held alternately).

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General provisions of the Olympic Games

The modern Olympic Games are held in accordance with the Olympic Charter of September 9, 2013, which describes the procedure and details of the competition:

  • The Olympic Games have their own symbols;
  • The city of the Olympiad is chosen by the IOC;
  • The right to host the Olympics is granted to a city (not a country);
  • The duration of the Olympic Games is no more than 15 days (winter - no more than 10);
  • The host city provides for the construction of an "Olympic village" for the competition participants;
  • The Olympic Games are sports events between athletes, not countries;
  • Any participant in the Olympic Games must be a citizen of the country he represents on the team;
  • There are no age restrictions for participants;
  • The number of athletes participating in the Olympic Games must be no more than 10,500 people, and the number of officials - no more than 5,000 people;
  • The Olympic Games program is approved by the IOC for each event. It only includes sports that comply with the World Anti-Doping Code;
  • Sports and disciplines included in a specific program of the Olympics must be adopted at a meeting of the IOC Executive Board no later than 3 years before the Olympic Games;
  • Sports included in the Competition Program constitute the sports "core". Additional sports may be included at the suggestion of the IOC Executive Board;
  • The total number of sports participating in the Olympics, including core and additional sports, must not exceed 28.

Symbols of the Olympic Games

Olympic symbols, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913, gained fame and popularity all over the world:

  • Olympic rings - five interlocking rings symbolize the convergence of five continents. The colors of these rings have their own meaning (blue symbolizes Europe, black Africa, red America, yellow Asia and green - Australia);
  • Olympic motto - "Citius, Altius, Fortius" means "faster, higher, stronger";
  • Olympic Flag - The flag is a white canvas with Olympic rings in the center, used since 1920.

One of the brightest and most massive events on the planet is the Olympic Games. Any athlete who managed to take the podium at the Olympic competitions receives the status of an Olympic champion for life and his achievements remain in the world history of sports for centuries. Where and how did the Olympic Games originate and what is their history? Let's try to make a short excursion into the history of the origin and holding of the Olympic Games.

History

The Olympic Games originated in Ancient Greece, where they represented not only a sports, but also a religious holiday. Information about the very first games and their origin has not been preserved, but there are several legends that describe this event. The first documented date for the celebration of the Olympic Games is 776 BC. NS. Despite the fact that the games were held before, it is believed that they were founded by Hercules. In 394 AD, with the advent of Christianity as an official religion, the Olympic Games were banned by Emperor Theodosius I, since they began to be considered as a kind of pagan phenomenon. And yet, despite the ban on games, they have not completely disappeared. In Europe, competitions were held locally, somewhat reminiscent of the Olympic Games. After a while, the games resumed thanks to Panagiotis Sutsos, who proposed this idea, and thanks to the public figure Evangelis Zappas, who brought it to life.

The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896 in the country where they originated - in Greece, in Athens. To organize the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was created, the first president of which was Demetrius Vikelas. Despite the fact that only 241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the first Games of our time, they were a great success, becoming a significant sporting event Greece. Initially, it was meant to always hold the Games in their homeland, but the Olympic Committee has introduced a decision that the venue will change every 4 years.

The II Olympic Games of 1900, held in France, in Paris, and the III Olympic Games of 1904, held in the USA, in St. Louis (Missouri), were less successful, as a result of which the Olympic movement as a whole experienced its first crisis after a significant success. Since the Games were combined with the World Exhibitions, they did not generate much interest from the audience, and the sports competitions lasted for months.

In 1906, again in Athens (Greece), the so-called "intermediate" Olympic Games were held. At first, the IOC supported the holding of these Games, but now they are not recognized as Olympic. There is an opinion of some sports historians that the 1906 Games were a kind of salvation. Olympic idea, which did not allow the Games to lose their meaning and become "unnecessary".

All rules, principles and regulations are determined by the Charter of the Olympic Games, approved in Paris in 1894 by the International Sports Congress. The countdown of the Olympiads has been going on since the first Games (I Olympiad - 1896-99). Even if there are no games, the Olympiad gets its own serial number, for example, the VI Games in 1916-19, the XII Games in 1940-43 and the XIII in 1944-47. The Olympic Games are symbolized by five rings of different colors fastened together (Olympic rings), denoting the unification of the five parts of the world - the top row: blue - Europe, black - Africa, red - America, and the bottom row: yellow - Asia, green - Australia. The choice of venues for the Olympiads is carried out by the IOC. All organizational issues related to the Games are decided not by the selected country, but by the city. The duration of the Games is approximately 16-18 days.

The Olympic Games, like any strictly organized event, have their own specific traditions and rituals

Here is some of them:

Before the opening and closing of the games, theatrical performances are held, presenting to the audience the appearance and culture of the country and the city in which they are held;

The ceremonial passage through the central stadium of athletes and members of delegations. Athletes from each country go in separate groups in alphabetical order of country names in the language of the country in which the Games are held, or in the official language of the IOC (English or French). In front of each group is a representative of the host country who carries a plaque with the name of the country concerned. The standard bearer follows him, carrying flag their country. This highly honorable mission is usually given to the most respected and titled athletes;

V mandatory President of the International Olympic Committee delivers welcoming speeches. Also, the speech is delivered by the head of state where the Games are held;

The flag of Greece is hoisted as the country in which the Olympic Games originated. Her national anthem is being sung;

The flag of the country in which the Games are held is hoisted and the performance of its national anthem follows; - one of the outstanding athletes of the host country of the Games takes an oath on behalf of all participants about fair fight and competitions that will comply with all the principles and rules of sports;

The opening ceremony ends with the lighting and relay race of the Olympic flame. The initial part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece, the final part - through the cities of the country in which the games are held. The torch with fire is delivered to the city, which organizes the Games on the day of their opening. The fire burns until the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games;

The closing ceremony is also accompanied by theatrical performances, the speech of the President of the IOC, the passage of participants, etc. The President of the IOC announces the closure of the Olympics, followed by the performance of the national anthem, the anthem of the Olympic Games, and the descent of flags. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame goes out.

Each country participating in the Olympic Games develops its own official emblem and mascot of the Games, which become part of the souvenir products.

The following sports are included in the program of the Olympic Games

A: Crossbow sport

B: Badminton, Basketball, Running, Skating, Bobsleigh, Biathlon, Billiards, Boxing, Freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling

V: Cycling, Water polo, Volleyball

G: Handball, Sports gymnastics, Artistic gymnastics, Alpine skiing, Academic rowing, Kayaking and canoeing

D: Judo

TO: Curling, Equestrian

L: Athletics ,Ski race , skiing

H: Table tennis

NS: Sailing,Swimming, Diving , ,Ski jumping

WITH: Luge sports,

The Olympic Games, Games of the Olympics are the largest international complex sports competitions of our time, which are held every four years. The tradition that existed in ancient Greece was revived by a French public figure at the end of the 19th century Pierre de Coubertin... The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, have been held every four years since 1896, with the exception of the years during the World Wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympics were established and were originally held in the same year as the summer ones. However, since 1994, the time of the Olympic Winter Games has been shifted by two years from the time of the Summer Games.

Antique olympic games

The Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were religious and sports festival held at Olympia. Information about the origin of the games is lost, but several legends have survived that describe this event. The first documented celebration dates back to 776 BC. e., although it is known that the games were held earlier. At the time of the games, a sacred truce was declared, at this time it was impossible to wage a war, although this was repeatedly violated.

The Olympic Games lost their significance significantly with the arrival of the Romans. After Christianity became the official religion, games began to be seen as a manifestation of paganism and in 394 AD. NS. they were banned by the emperor Theodosius I.

The revival of the Olympic idea

The Olympic idea did not disappear for good even after the prohibition of ancient competitions. For example, in England during the 17th century, "Olympic" competitions and competitions were held several times. Later, similar competitions were organized in France and Greece. However, these were small events that were, at best, regional in nature. The first true predecessors of the modern Olympic Games are the Olympias, which were held regularly between 1859-1888. The idea of ​​reviving the Olympic Games in Greece belonged to the poet Panayotis Sutsos, brought it to life by a public figure Evangelis Zappas.

In 1766, as a result of archaeological excavations at Olympia, sports and temple structures were discovered. In 1875, archaeological research and excavations continued under German leadership. At that time, romantic-idealistic ideas about antiquity were in vogue in Europe. The desire to revive the Olympic mindset and culture spread rather quickly throughout Europe. French baron Pierre de Coubertin (French Pierre de Coubertin) said then: “Germany has unearthed what remains of ancient Olympia. Why can't France restore the old greatness? "

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

According to Coubertin, it is the weak the physical state French soldiers was one of the reasons for the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. He seeks to change the situation through improvement physical culture French. At the same time, he wanted to overcome national selfishness and contribute to the struggle for peace and international understanding. The "youth of the world" were supposed to measure their strength in sports, not on the battlefield. The revival of the Olympic Games seemed in his eyes the best solution to achieve both goals.

At a congress held on June 16-23, 1894 at the Sorbonne (University of Paris), he presented his thoughts and ideas to the international public. On the last day of the Congress (June 23), it was decided that the first Olympic Games of our time should be held in 1896 in Athens, in the country that was the ancestor of the Games - Greece. To organize the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded. The first president of the Committee was a Greek Demetrius Vikelas, who was president until the end of the I Olympic Games in 1896. Baron became General Secretary Pierre de Coubertin.

The first Games of our time were really a great success. Despite the fact that only 241 athletes (14 countries) took part in the Games, the Games became the largest sporting event ever since the days of Ancient Greece. Greek officials were so pleased that they put forward a proposal to host the Olympics "forever" in their homeland, Greece. But the IOC introduced a rotation between different states so that every 4 years the Games would change the venue.

After the first success, the Olympic movement experienced the first crisis in its history. The 1900 Games in Paris (France) and the 1904 Games in St. Louis (Missouri, USA) were combined with the World Exhibitions. Sports competitions dragged on for months and almost did not enjoy the interest of the audience. Almost only American athletes participated in the Games in St. Louis, since it was very difficult to get from Europe across the ocean in those years for technical reasons.

At the 1906 Olympic Games in Athens (Greece), sports competitions and results again took first place. Although the IOC initially recognized and supported the holding of these "intermediate Games" (just two years after the previous ones), these Games are now not recognized as Olympic Games. Some sports historians consider the 1906 Games to be the salvation of the Olympic idea, as they prevented the games from becoming "meaningless and unnecessary."

Modern Olympic Games

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

According to the charter of the Games of the Olympics, “... unite amateur athletes from all countries in fair and equal competitions. In relation to countries and individuals, no discrimination on racial, religious or political grounds is allowed ... ”. Games are held in the first year of the Olympiad (4-year period between games). The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Olympiad also gets its number in those cases when the games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII-1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). The symbol of the Olympic Games is five interconnected rings, symbolizing the unification of the five parts of the world into Olympic movement, t. n. Olympic rings. The color of the rings in the top row is blue for Europe, black for Africa, red for America, in the bottom row, yellow for Asia, green for Australia. In addition to Olympic species sports, the organizing committee has the right, at its choice, to include in the program demonstration competitions in 1-2 sports not recognized by the IOC. In the same year as the Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games have been held since 1924, which have their own numbering. Since 1994, the dates for the Winter Olympic Games have been shifted by 2 years relative to the summer. The venue of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC, the right to organize them is given to the city, not the country. Duration no more than 15 days ( winter games- no more than 10).

The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. The motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger). The flag is a white cloth with Olympic rings, since 1920 it has been raised at all Games.

Among the traditional rituals of the Games:

* lighting the Olympic flame at the opening ceremony (the fire is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia and delivered by the torch relay of athletes to the host city of the Games);
* pronouncement by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics take place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games;
* taking an oath of impartial judging on behalf of the judges;
* presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition;
* raising the national flag and singing the national anthem in honor of the winners.

Since 1932, the host city has been building “ olympic village»- a complex of living quarters for the participants of the games. According to the charter, the Games are competitions between individual athletes, not between national teams. However, since 1908, the so-called. unofficial team scoring - determining the place occupied by teams by the number of medals received and points scored in competitions (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5, 3rd - 4, 4 -e - 3, 5th - 2, 6th - 1). Rank Olympic champion is the most honorable and desirable in the career of an athlete in those sports for which Olympic tournaments... An exception is football, since the title of world champion in this sport is much more prestigious.

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The Olympic Games are the subject of close attention of the whole world. And this year Winter Olympics takes place from 9 to 25 February in Korea. Therefore, we decided to recall the history of the Olympic Games, how it all began in antiquity, and how it continued in our time. Top 10 interesting facts about ancient and modern Olympiads - for you in our article.

  1. Antique olympic games
    The first major competitions of athletes of antiquity took place in Ancient Greece around the 770s BC. Since then, they have lasted for over a millennium, and were banned from holding in 394 AD. The motive was that this is the worship of pagan gods, while from the end of the 4th century Christianity began to be actively promoted in Greece. Over the entire millennium, more than 300 games have been played, they were considered major competitions in Greece, historians and philosophers wrote about them, games were known outside the country.
  2. At the Olympics, everyone was naked.
    Yes, indeed, in antiquity, no particular importance was attached to the presence or absence of clothing on the body. Moreover, there was a cult in Greece beautiful body... And who will have the most beautiful, muscular and relief, if not the athletes. Running, javelin throwing, and wrestling - absolutely everything was carried out by naked athletes. By the way, the word "gymnast" comes from the ancient Greek word "gymos" - "naked, naked."
  3. There was no place for women at the Olympics
    Yes, they were not allowed not only as athletes, but even as spectators. If in some historical film you see a woman on the podium, say, the wife of an emperor or some aristocrat, you should know that this does not correspond to historical reality. The Olympic Games were exclusively for men. For women, the Gerey Games were held - named after Hera, the wife of the supreme god of Olympus Zeus.
  4. Records were not measured in antiquity
    Much has been written about the Olympic Games, both by historians of that time and by philosophers. There was also a separate chronicle dedicated to the Olympics itself. So, not a single source contained a census of records, as is done now. Nobody measured the time during which the athlete ran a distance or completed a specific task. The judges were judging solely on the basis of "faster, higher, stronger" - this, by the way, is the official motto of the Olympic Games today.
  5. Modern Olympic Games
    The first modern Olympiad was held at the end of the 19th century, in 1896 in Athens, the homeland of the games. At that time, the organization was at a very low level, there were no worthy professionals either among the athletes or among the organizers themselves. The process began to improve only after 10-12 years. The first Winter Olympics took place in 1924 in France.
  6. The youngest athletes
    The youngest athlete who took part in the games was 10-year-old Dimitrios Lundras (the very first Olympics in Athens), a gymnast who then won bronze. The first Winter Olympics were also marked by the participation of 12-year-old figure skater Sonya Henie, who after that achieved unprecedented heights in figure skating... Since then, such young athletes were no longer allowed to participate.

  7. Olympic Games Symbol
    Everyone knows the symbol of the Olympics - five rings. What they mean, everyone probably also knows - these are the five continents of our planet - three rings at the top and two at the bottom. The symbolism of such a union and interweaving of rings is quite understandable - this is a union of all mankind for the sake of sport and peace. Olympic symbol was invented at the very beginning of the 20th century, at about the same time when the organizational aspects of the competition were being established.
  8. Olympic flame
    But the Olympic flame, which is traditionally lit with the beginning of each game, is by no means modern, but ancient symbolism. It was in Ancient Greece that the ignition of a huge torch, which was located on a dais, from where it was visible to everyone, and marked the beginning of sports games. Previously, the fire was lit in the city where, in fact, the games were held. But now it is being passed by relay race - from the very Olympia, where the first Olympic Games were once held in ancient times.
  9. Olympic mascot
    And yes, every game has its own mascot. It has always existed, but it was invented by the people or the athletes themselves, rather for entertainment. And since the beginning of the 70s, the presence of a mascot is mandatory and approved the Olympic Committee officially. Usually the mascot is closely related to the culture and traditions of the country in which the Olympics are held. Now, during the Winter Olympics in Korea, there are two symbols - a white tiger (a symbol of strength and wisdom) and a black bear (a symbol of courage and unbroken willpower - this is for the Paralympians).
  10. Winter Olympics 2018
    And by the way, it doesn't hurt to say a few words in the end about the current Winter Olympics. It is held in Korea, in a very small town Pyeongchang - this is the second smallest city after Lillehammer, where the games were held. 94 countries take part in the sports program, of which 6 are present at the games for the first time in history. The total number of qualified athletes is approximately 3,000.

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