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The list includes athletes with the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR in the following sports: speed swimming with fins, scuba diving, and underwater orienteering. Contents 1 1975 2 1979 3 1982 4 1985 ... Wikipedia

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Honored Master of Sports, honorary sports title. The standard abbreviation in the sports reference literature for the ZMS. The title "Honored Master of Sports" was established in the USSR in 1934 (since 1983, the official name is "Honored Master ... Wikipedia

Honored Master of Sports, honorary sports title. The standard abbreviation in the sports reference literature for the ZMS. The title "Honored Master of Sports" was established in the USSR in 1934 (since 1983, the official name is "Honored Master ... Wikipedia

In this article we will tell you about the famous swimmers of the USSR.

Swimming in the USSR held its own special place among other sports. It was actively developing, as a poet the swimmers of the USSR often won prizes at the Olympic Games.

Great swimmers of the USSR

Galina Prozumenshchikova

Galina Prozumenshchikova is a Soviet swimmer. She is the first athlete in the history of the USSR to receive gold at the Olympic Games in Tokyo (1964) at a distance of 200 m breaststroke. Galina is a 6-time world champion and a 27-time USSR champion.

I got into the national team at the age of 13! At the Olympics, she was represented by SKF, and later by CSKA. She took part in three Olympics: Tokyo (1964), Mexico City (1968), Munich (1972). In Mexico City and Munich, she took second place for the 100m breaststroke and third place for the 200m breaststroke.

The total number of Galina's medals is 10:

• 4 gold
• 4 silver;
• 2 bronze;

• Order of Friendship of Peoples;
• two medals for "Labor Distinction";
• the title of Honored Master of Sports;

Vladimir Salnikov

Vladimir Salnikov - 4-time Olympic champion, multiple champion the world, Europe and the Soviet Union. Represented by Zenit (Peter), after marriage and moving to Moscow - CSKA. He is the first swimmer in history to cover the 1500m distance in less than 15 minutes (14: 54.76).

He took part in the Olympic Games in Moscow (1980), Seoul (1988). He had to miss the Los Angeles Olympics because of the Friendship-84 competition. in 1983 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. The last swim was held at the Seoul Olympics. Now Vladimir Salnikov is the head of the All-Russian Swimming Federation.

In total, this swimmer has 24 medals:

• 19 gold
• 5 silver;

Vladimir has received many awards:

• The order of Lenin;
• Order of the October Revolution;
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor;
• Order of Honor;

Evgeny Sadovy

Evgeny Sadovy - Soviet swimmer - rabbit, USSR swimming champion, 3-time Olympic champion and European champion. Twice surpassed Olympic records. In 1992 he was recognized best swimmer Russia.

At the Barcelona Olympics (1992) he received 3 gold medals:

200 meters freestyle;

100 meters freestyle;

relay race 4 × 200 m freestyle;

At the Olympic Games he represented the USSR United National Swimming Team.

The total number of Eugene's medals is 8 pieces:

• 7 gold
• 1 silver

Evgeny Sadovy's awards:

• Order of Honor;
• Honored Master of Sports of the USSR;

Denis Pankratov

Denis Pankratov is a famous swimmer - butterfly player of the USSR. He twice became the Olympic champion, the champion of both the world and Europe.

At the Atlanta Olympics (1996) he received 3 medals:

gold for 100 m butterfly;

gold for 200 m butterfly;

silver medal for the combined relay 4 × 100 m;

After the Olympics, he received the nickname "Russian submarine" due to the fact that he swam 40 meters out of 100 under water!

He also took part in the Sydney Olympics (2000), but came only seventh.

Currently working as a sports journalist.

The total number of Denis medals is 13:

• 8 gold
• 4 silver;
• 1 bronze;

List of awards:

• Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree;
• Order of Honor;
• Honored Master of Sports of Russia;

All famous swimmers of the USSR are Olympic champions, whose names are known all over the world.

As is known, since January 1965 the higher sporting title "Master of Sports of the USSR of International Class" has been introduced. For 8 years (on December 31, 1972) 81 swimmers received this title (see the collection "Swimming", 1973, issue two, pp. 61-64). On January 1, 1973, a new sports classification, according to which this highest sporting title began to be awarded when swimmers fulfill one of two conditions:
1) winning a certain place at major international competitions (1st-8th at the Olympic Games and World Championships; 1st-4th at European Championships and Cups; 1st-4th and 1st-2nd in relay races, respectively) or
2) fulfillment during the year of special standards equal to the tenth result of the world over the past year at any individual distance.

Over the past two and a half years after the introduction of the new requirements (as of July 1, 1975), at the suggestion of the All-Union Swimming Federation, the USSR Sports Committee awarded the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR of international class" to 22 more strongest swimmers. Thus, by the middle of 1975, there were already more than 100 international masters of sports in swimming in our country.

In 1973, 8 swimmers received this highest sporting title:
1. Valentin Parinov, 1959, Ashgabat, "Zakhmet". Coach V. N. Peregudov. At the first World Championships in Belgrade, he took 8th place in the 1500m swim at 16.18.24.

2. Igor Potyakin, 1955, Kuibyshev, Dynamo. Trainer V.N. Filatov. In the men's European Cup (Berlin, August 19) took 3rd place in 100m backstroke - 1.00.36.

3. Alexandra Meerson, 1955, Leningrad, "Trud". Coach A.P. Cheremisin. In the women's European Cup (Utrecht, August 18-19), she took two 4th places - in butterfly swimming 100 m (1.07.30) and 200 m (2.25.85).

4. Andrey Smirnov, 1957, Leningrad, Lokomotiv. Trainer V. B. Mitrofanov. At the first World Championships in Belgrade, he took 8th place in the 400 m swimming pool - 4.41.26.

Master of Sports of the USSR of international class, repeated champion and record holder of the country Andrei Smirnov (Leningrad, Lokomotiv)

5. Victor Aboimov, 1949, Karaganda. "Spartacus". Coach L. M. Lazaridi. At the first World Championship in Belgrade, he took 2nd place in the 4 X200 m relay as part of the national team.

6. Vladimir Krivtsov, 1952, Baku, "Neftchi". Coach R. L. Mashuryan. A participant in the same relay.

USSR Master of Sports of international class Vladimir Krivtsov (Baku, "Neftchi"), In 1975 he managed to swim (in the relay) 100 m crawl faster than 52 seconds.

7. Leonid Dragunov, 1958, Kiev, Dynamo, Coach A. A. Drapey. Participant of the same relay (in the preliminary heat).

8. Olga Luskatova, 1959, Voronezh, city department. Coaches V. A. Golovina and I. I. Glebov. Her best achievement year at 200 m breaststroke 2.43.57 exceeded the standard established for 1973 (2.44.72).

During 1973, 11 Soviet swimmers were able to confirm the previously received title of International Master of Sports: Vladimir Bure, Igor Grivennikov, Nina Petrova, Alla Grebennikova and Nikolai Pankin (all - Moscow), Irina Golovanova (Alma-Ata), Sergey Zakharov (Astrakhan) , Igor Cherdakov (Leningrad), Mikhail Khryukin (Voronezh), Lyubov Rusanova and Lyudmila Porubayko (both from Krasnodar).

In 1974, the number of newly trained International Masters of Sports nearly doubled from the previous year:
9. Marina Yurchenya, 1959, Odessa, SKA. Trainer B. D. Zenov. At the XIII European Championships (Vienna, August 18-25), she took 3rd place in the 200 m breaststroke-2.42.04.

10. Irina Fetisova, 1956, Leningrad, SKA. Trainer G.V. Yarotsky. At the same championship she took 3rd place in the complex swimming 200 m - 2.25.04.

11. Andrey Krylov, 1956, Leningrad, "Burevestnik". Trainer G.V. Yarotsky. At the same championship, he took 3rd place in swimming at 400 m high / st - 4.04.32.

12. Anatoly Rybakov, 1954, Moscow region, "Burevestnik". Trainers R. E. Kildisheva and P. N. Ioseliani. At the same championship in Vienna, he played as part of the Soviet team in the final of the relay 4X100 m high / st and took 2nd place, showing at his stage 52.27.

13. Vladimir Mikheev, 1957, Moscow. "Zenith". Trainer L.P. Kreer. At the same championship, he played (in the preliminary heat) for the national team of the country in the 4X200 m relay race, showing 1.56.41 at his stage. In the final, our team took 2nd place
14. Nadezhda Stavko, 1958, Dnepropetrovsk, "Meteor". Coaches O. L. and A. N. Tsvetov. At the same championship she took 4th place in the final 200 m backstroke - 2.22.90.

15. Alla Volkova, 1954, Tashkent, "Mekhnat". Trainers V.S. and R.P. Manin. Her best achievement of the year in swimming 200m breaststroke --2.44.52 exceeded the established standard of 2.44.60.

16. Nadezhda Kuzovleva, 1956, Moscow, "Burevestnik". Coach Yu. P. Lukashin. At the same distance, it showed the result of 2.44.46, exceeding the established standard.

17. Marina Malyutina, 1960, Leningrad, "Trud". Trainer G, G. Petrov. Fulfilled the established standard (5.09.50) in the complex swimming at 400 m, showing the result of 5.07.40.

18. Yuri Spasovkhodsky, 1951, Voronezh. Trainer I. I. Glebov. Fulfilled the established standard (1.06.90) in swimming at 100 m breaststroke, showing 1.06.70.

19. Sergei Chepik, 1954, Minsk, "Burevestnik". Coach A. V. Chuksin. Fulfilled the established standard (2.26.60) in swimming on the 200 m breaststroke, showing a result of 2.25.90.

20. Natalia Popova, 1958, Kharkiv, Dynamo. Trainer N. F. Kozhukh. Her USSR record in swimming 200 m butterfly 2.20.10 exceeded the established standard (2.22.40). She also fulfilled the standard (5.09.50) in the complex swimming at 400 m, showing the result of 5.07.40.

International Master of Sports, five-time champion USSR 1974 Natasha Popova (Kharkiv, Dynamo)

During 1974, 15 athletes confirmed the title of International Master of Sports: Viktor Aboimov (Karaganda), Vladimir Bure (Moscow), Sergey Zakharov (Astrakhan), Igor Evgrafov (Leningrad), Vladimir Krivtsov (Baku), Olga Luskatova (Voronezh), Georgy Kulikov (Riga), Alexandra Meerzon (Leningrad), Nikolay Pankin (Moscow), Alexander Samsonov (Moscow region), Andrey Smirnov (Leningrad), Ilya Starikov (Kislovodsk), Lyubov Rusanova (Krasnodar), Mikhail Khryukin (Voronezh) , Victor Sharygin (Moscow).

During the first half of 1975, the title of international master of sports was received by:
21. Andrey Avtushenko, 1957, Leningrad, Lokomotiv. Trainer V. B. Mitrofanov. His USSR record for 200 m butterfly 2.03.87, set on March 15 in Dresden, exceeded the standard set for 1975 (2.04.14).

22. Vladimir Dementyev, 1957, Lipetsk, "Spartak". Trainer E. V. Timofeev. At the match between the FRG-USSR swimmers in Mongheim (June 15, 1975), he won 1st place in the 200 m breaststroke swimming - 2.24.90, exceeding the established standard (2.25.29).

In the first half of 1975, the title of International Master of Sports was confirmed by Vladimir Bure (Moscow), Alla Volkova (Tashkent), Sergey Zakharov (Astrakhan), Olga Luskatova (Voronezh), Marina Malyutina (Leningrad), Nikolai Pankin (Moscow), Natalia Popova ( Kharkov), Lyubov Rusanova (Krasnodar), Andrey Smirnov (Leningrad), Ilya Starikov (Moscow), Marina Yurchenya (Odessa).

The content of the article

SWIMMING (ON SPORTS DISTANCES), one of oldest species sports. It includes competitions in overcoming water distances from 50 to 1500 m (in the pool) in freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke, as well as in combined swimming and in the team relay. The winner is the swimmer (team) who is the first to finish.

Since 1896 it has been included in the program of the Olympic Games. Currently, the Olympic swimming competition is one of the most ambitious in terms of the number of awards played.

Swimming is included in the program of modern pentathlon and sea all-around, is the technical basis for the game of water polo, as well as required element training water jumpers and representatives of sailing and powerboat. In addition to swimming for sports distances, there are applied, underwater, synchronized, therapeutic, domestic and other types of swimming.

Regular swimming exercises train all major muscle groups, heart and lungs, develop endurance and coordination of movements, temper the body, strengthen nervous system, develop correct posture, improve metabolism.

Swimming styles.

In modern sports swimming are distinguished: freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly.

Freestyle.

According to the rules, when freestyle swimming, athletes can use any method (with the exception of combined swimming and team relay races, in which case freestyle is defined as other than breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke). Swimmers traditionally prefer crawl, the fastest of modern styles swimming, therefore, the concepts of "free style" and "crawl" are often perceived as synonyms.

It is believed that the crawl as a style was formed by modifying swimming on the side - hand by hand. It has been used in competitions since the beginning of the last century. One of the founders of the modern rabbit is the Olympic champion Zoltan Halmai. Great contribution to further development Duke Kahanamoku and Johnny Weissmuller, who shone on the Olympic tracks, also contributed to the style. Kahanamoku on OI-1912, instead of a two-stroke (for each stroke of the hand, one movement of the leg), he used a four-stroke crawl. Later, Weissmüller began to use a six-stroke crawl.

The main driving force when crawling is created by the hands. The athlete alternately plunges into the water slightly bent at the elbow in front of the shoulders, makes a long powerful stroke, gradually straightening the arm, and brings it out of the water at the thigh. The work of the hands is accompanied by alternate up and down movements of the legs, which at the same time slightly bend and unbend at the knees.

Backstroke.

Backstroke was once used exclusively for water recreation. Over time, it began to be used to overcome water distances - and entered the competition program. At first, athletes used breaststroke, i.e. without taking your hands out of the water, technique. Modern (sometimes called "shock") swimming on the back, in fact, is an inverted crawl: alternate swinging movements of the arms are accompanied by "fluttering" kicks on the water.

At the Olympic Games-1912, the American Harry Hebner was the first to demonstrate an inverted crawl, who, thanks to his know-how, was able to noticeably outstrip his rivals. And at the Games of 1936, his compatriot Adolf Kiefer achieved an impressive advantage thanks to another technical innovation: a somersault when performing a turn, which was eventually adopted by all swimmers.

Breaststroke.

The slowest of all the styles of sports swimming, primarily due to the braking moment when the arms are extended forward (French brasse literally means "shrug your hands"). Nevertheless, breaststroke has long been the main swimming style in Europe, and all the first records were set in this particular technique. Swimmers in the competition tried to increase their speed in various ways: including through the movement of their hands, as in butterfly... To preserve breaststroke as an independent form of swimming, International Federation amateur swimming (FINA) finally decided to split breaststroke and butterfly.

When swimming breaststroke, the legs should be in a horizontal position and move in sync, just like the arms performing wide strokes at the same time. According to the rules, after the start and the U-turn, athletes are allowed to make only one full vertical movement with each leg while under water. The athlete's head can periodically hide under water, but the so-called diving breaststroke(when the swimmer covers most of the distance underwater) is now prohibited.

Butterfly.

The second fastest style. At one time it was considered a type of breaststroke, but since 1952 it has become a separate swimming style. It got its name (eng. Butterfly - butterfly) due to the fact that the movements of the swimmer's hands really resemble the flapping of the wings of a butterfly.

Born in the 1930s. At first it was used only in certain sections of the breaststroke distance, then throughout the entire distance. The first in official competitions it was demonstrated in 1935 by Jimmy Higgins. The footwork borrowed from the breaststroke was eventually replaced by a synchronized up and down movement, in which the swimmer kicks the water with his feet. Both arms should also move in sync.

Allocate a high-speed type of butterfly - Dolphin: the athlete makes a wave-like movement with the whole body.

Rules.

Types of the program.

Freestyle - distances 50, 100, 200, 400, as well as 800 m (women only) and 1500 m (men only); breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke - at distances of 100 and 200 m; individual combined heats of 200 and 400 m; relay races 4x100, 4x200 m freestyle and combined relay 4x100.

Participants in individual combined swims swim in different styles in the following sequence: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle. In the mixed team relay, the sequence is as follows: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle.

The team relay participants (and the order of their performance) are determined in advance and entered into the competition protocol. Each swimmer can only perform at one stage.

Pool.

Swimming competitions are held in pools with a length of 25 m ("short water") and 50 m ("long water"). Since 1924 Olympic tournaments take place only in 50-meter swimming pools.

OI-1924 was marked by another innovation: continuous floating markings in the form of cords with floats separating one track from another. The width of the track is 2.5 m. The tracks are numbered from right to left (when looking from the start in the direction of the distance). Contrasting dark lines are applied at the bottom of the pool - in the center of each lane - as well as on the bends of the walls, allowing the swimmer to maintain an accurate direction of movement during the swim. When swimming on their backs, athletes are guided by special direction indicators - a rope with flags, which is stretched on both sides of the pool.

When distributing tracks between participants in the swim, the so-called wedge rule. With an odd number of lanes in the pool, the swimmer (team) who showed in the previous stage the best time, floats along the central track, with an even track - along the 3rd (if there are 6 tracks) or along the 4th (if there are 8 of them). On the track to the left of the leader, the athlete who showed the second time starts, on the track to the right - the third, etc.

The rules prohibit "leaning" on the markings, as well as swimming on someone else's path (and in general in any way to interfere with the rivals in passing the distance).

Equipment.

Swimming trunks (for women - a bathing suit), as well as - at the request of the athlete - a bathing cap and special glasses. Sometimes male athletes cut their hair to zero to improve hydrodynamics. At the end of the century, the fashion of a century ago returned, when male swimmers, like women, performed in bathing suits. Some male swimmers are experimenting with specialty wetsuits created with the latest technology, and swimmers are experimenting with asymmetrical swimsuits.

The rules prohibit the use at competitions of devices that can increase the speed, buoyancy and endurance of an athlete - fins, webbed gloves, etc.

Judging.

At major international competitions, the panel of judges includes: the chief judge (referee), starters, timekeepers, corner and finish judges, assistants who control the athletes' entry to the start, judges monitoring the observance of swimming techniques, an informant judge and secretaries. Another assistant, in the event of a false start, lowers a special false start cable into the water.

Start, U-turn, Finish.

In breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle and individual combined swimming, athletes start from a starting position with a special starting bollard... (In addition to the classic version of the start, in which the athlete's arms are extended forward and down or laid back, the so-called "start with a grip" is also allowed: the swimmer's hands grab the edge of the bedside table from the front or from the sides.) In backstroke and mixed team relay competitions, the start accepted out of the water: holding the handrails of the starting bedside table with their hands and facing it, the athletes rest their feet against the pool wall (below the water level) and - on the command "Ready to start!" - swimmers should fix their starting position, slightly pulling themselves up to the handrails.

The start is made on the shot of the starter. Now on major competitions acts " one start rule": The swimmer who allowed false start is disqualified.

The moment of start and finish is recorded by electronic sensors located on the starting bollards and on the walls of the pool. If a swimmer participating in the relay kicks off the starting bollard 0.03 seconds before his teammate from the previous stage touches the wall, the team will be disqualified.

In all types of the program, the athlete, when turning, must touch the pool wall. Freestyle and back swimmers can touch the wall with any part of the body, so they use somersault forward turn, pushing off the wall with your feet. When swimming breaststroke and butterfly, the swimmer must definitely touch the wall with his hands, therefore it is used here swing "pendulum". Twists similar in technique are also used in individual combined swimming during the transition from butterfly to backstroke and from breaststroke to freestyle. In the transition from the "back" to the breaststroke, a forward roll is used (in this case, swimmers, according to the rules, must remain on their backs until they touch the pool wall).

A part of the swimmer's body must always remain above the water, except for the start and turn, when it is allowed to cover part of the distance (no more than 15 m) under water.

In freestyle competitions and on their backs, athletes, finishing, can touch the pool wall with one hand, while swimming with butterfly and breaststroke - always with two.

Formula of the competition.

FINA sets the qualifying times for standard A and B for each type of competition. To present two athletes in the competition ( maximum amount participants from one country in each type of program), both of them must meet the A standard. If one or both athletes meet the B standard, then national federation can only enter one participant.

Major competitions start with qualifying heats and then go through a knockout system until the finals. An athlete's exit to the next stage does not depend on the place taken by him in his "own" swim, but on the time shown.

Athlete training.

The basis of the fundamentals is the general physical training of the swimmer, which contributes to the development of endurance, and the setting of breathing (errors in breathing, ultimately, affect the technique). When working out the technique great attention is paid not only to mastering its individual elements, but also to the coordination of movements and the ability to accurately calculate them (which is extremely important, for example, when performing a turn), as well as a sense of rhythm.

With the development of sports swimming, the organization of training process... This is what contributed, for example, to the considerable success of Japanese swimmers in the game. 20-30th. Noticeably inferior to rivals from Europe and America in physical strength and physique power, they compensated for this by the frequency of movements performed during the swim (which, in turn, was achieved by increasing training loads). Likewise, the rise of Australian swimming in the mid-1950s has a lot to do with the introduction of so-called interval training - with a simultaneous increase in overall volume and intensity.

Recently, much attention has been paid to funds special training swimmers using latest achievements science and technology, individual approach, recovery programs for athletes, etc.

Experiments with swimming pool equipment also contribute to the growth of swimmers' technical performance. So, the participants of the Olympic Games-1976, who put 24 Olympic record- in 26 types of programs, - 21 of which became world at the same time, they competed in a “pool without waves”: turbulent water flows generated by the movement of athletes were neutralized due to the special design and size of the pool. And in the pool built for the Games-96, the problem of turbulence is solved due to its great depth, a special drainage system and track markers that absorb the wave.

From the history of swimming.

Swimming in ancient times.

Swimming, known to man from time immemorial, at first it was of an applied nature: in connection with economic activities, etc. Over time, it began to be used as a means of "active recreation". The earliest images of swimmers that have come down to us date back to 4–3 millennia BC: rock paintings in the Libyan desert, bas-reliefs of ancient Babylon, etc.

It is known that swimming was extremely revered by the ancient Greeks. It was not included in the program of the Olympic Games, but it was a mandatory part of some other competitions: for example, the Games on Isthm. Even the expression "He can neither read nor swim" entered the speech use of the Greeks, as evidence of the complete worthlessness of man. Swimming was considered important element not only the general physical training of the younger generation, but education in general.

Swimming was no less popular among the ancient Romans. It was included in the training program for legionnaires. Julius Caesar and some other Roman generals were excellent swimmers. At the beginning of our era. under the Roman baths, swimming pools with heated water began to be built.

Much attention was paid to swimming in ancient Egypt and India. In Japan, even BC. competitions were held.

The origin of modern sports swimming.

In medieval Europe, swimming was even included in the rite of knighting, although there was a period when it actually fell into decay.

At 15 - early. 16th century swimming began to acquire a sporting character: it is known, for example, that in 1515 competitions were held in Venice. In 1538, the first written instruction on swimming known to us was published - by the Dane N. Vinman. The first amateur swimming school was opened in Paris at the end of the 18th century. A little later, similar schools appear in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia.

In the 1830s, the first ever Swimming Sports Association was established in England. In 1844 a swimming competition was held in London. (At the initiative of the organizers, several North American Indians took part in the competition, confidently winning - thanks to the "sapling" swimming technique unknown to Europeans, nevertheless, the British did not change their usual "breaststroke" technique after that.) In 1875 Matthew Webb overcame the swimming pool. The English Channel, thus putting the beginning of swimming over marathon distances.

V mid XIX in in different countries construction of artificial (closed) swimming pools began (the first such structure was opened in 1842 in Vienna). By the end of the century, swimming became incredibly popular. In 1889, the first international competition took place in Budapest. A year later, the European Championship was played for the first time. (From 1926 to 1981, it was held every 4 years, now it is once every 2 years.)

1908 created International Amateur Swimming Federation(FINA), which contributed to the streamlining of competitive practice and the registration of records, and in 1924 - European Swimming League(LINEN). Currently, FINA has 181 national federations, and LEN - 50.

The first ever world swimming championship took place only in 1973 - in Belgrade (Yugoslavia). The next world championships were played at intervals of two to five years. In July 2003, in Barcelona (Spain), the jubilee, tenth, championship was held - but not as a separate competition for swimmers, but as part of the FINA World Championship. aquatic species sports (its program also includes water polo, synchronized swimming and jumping into the water). The famous swimmer from the German Democratic Republic Michael Gross has the most world awards - 13 (5 + 5 + 3). His compatriot Cornelia Ender has 10 medals, 8 of which are gold. Among men, American James Montgomery won the world "gold" most often (6 times).

In the first half of the 20th century, sailing was most developed in England, Germany, Hungary, the USA, Australia, the Netherlands, and Japan. Over time, Soviet (Russian) swimmers entered the world elite, and at the end of the 20th century, Chinese athletes.

Swimming at the Olympic Games.

Included in Olympic program from the first Games (1896), where athletes competed - without dividing into swimming styles - at distances of 100, 500 and 1200 m. There was also a swim for sailors - at a hundred-meter race in clothes. The swimmers performed in difficult conditions: in the open sea, in the cool April water and in unfavorable weather. The Hungarian Alfred Hayos distinguished himself. Having won "gold" in swimming at 100 m, he became the first Olympic champion among swimmers in history, and then repeated his success at a distance of 1200 m. In the total number of awards, Greek swimmers took the lead: 8 medals (but their delegation was also the most representative, and only three Greeks took part in the sailors' swim.)

At OI-1900, backstroke (200 m) was singled out as a separate type of program, which included only seven numbers. The victory was won by the German Ernst Hoppenberg, who won gold in the team relay. At the Paris Olympics, a swim of 60 m under water and 200 m with obstacles was also arranged. These disciplines aroused considerable interest among the audience, but they were no longer included in the Olympic program. Another unusual by modern standards type of program is the 4000m freestyle swim. Here, as in the 1000 m swim, there was no equal to the Englishman John Jarvis. The hosts of the Games have collected the largest harvest of awards in swimming (5), but lost in the number of gold medals to Germany, Great Britain and Australia, who won two gold medals each.

The vast majority of the participants in the St. Louis Games (1904) were Americans, and only four American teams participated in the swimming relay. Competition to the hosts who won 14 medals (among them Charles Daniels stood out, who won all 3 American “gold” - including the relay - as well as “silver” and “bronze”), were athletes from Germany and Hungary: first of all, who won two higher awards Emil Rausch and Zoltan Halmai. On OI-1904 as Olympic discipline debuted breaststroke - at a distance of 440 yards (distances in all nine numbers in St. Louis were measured in yards).

Daniels and Halmai repeated their success at the intermediate Olympic Games (1906): the first - in the 100-meter freestyle, the second - in the 4x250 m team relay. They also led the main fight in the 100-meter “freestyle” distance at the 1908 Olympic Games in London: Halmai lost only 0.6 seconds to his opponent. Englishman Henry Taylor became the "gold" record holder among swimmers: 3 championship titles (including the relay) - exactly half of the total "gold". And this time the home team turned out to be the strongest among the swimming teams.

At the Olympic Games in Stockholm (1912), a swimming competition among women was held for the first time. Fanny Durek of Australasia (a combined team of Australia and New Zealand) excelled in the 100m freestyle. British athletes won the 4x100 team relay. In the men's competition, which included seven numbers, the German Walter Bath and the Canadian George Hodgson won two gold medals each. In the team event, swimmers from Germany performed most successfully: 7 medals (2 + 3 + 2). Athletes from Australasia had one silver medal less.

The heroine of the Olympic Games-1920 was the American swimmer Ethelda Bleibtroy, who won three - out of three possible in women - gold medals (2 + 1), while setting three world records and each time finishing with a solid advantage. Three "gold" was won by her compatriot Norman Ross. Duke Kahanamoku scored twice: in his crown 100-meter freestyle and in the relay. In the team event, the US swimmers were out of competition, having received more than half of all awards: including eight (out of ten) gold medals. The Swedes, who took two golds in breaststroke thanks to Hakan Malmroth, were second.

At the Paris Olympics (1924), the Americans won 9 top awards. The legendary Johnny Weissmuller became the first in the 100 and 400 m freestyle (with an Olympic record), as well as in the 4x200 relay (world record). He went down in history as the first swimmer to swim the 100m freestyle in less than 1 minute and the 400m in less than 5 minutes (thanks to an innovation: the six-stroke crawl). At the Olympic Games-1924, 3 world swimming records and 9 Olympic records were set. And the Olympic swimming program presented in Paris (11 numbers) remained unchanged until the mid-1950s.

At OI-1928, Weissmüller added two more gold medals to his collection (1 + 1). His teammates George Coyach, Albina Osipovich and Marta Norelius received two golds each. In the overall standings, swimmers from the USA were again the best, although this time their advantage was not so convincing, and the geography of the winners turned out to be extensive: the USA, Sweden, Germany, Argentina, the Netherlands, and Japan.

The Japanese, in 1928 for the first time among the prize-winners, on next Games became the best in the overall standings, although in women's swimming the Americans still dominated, and Helen Madison managed to win three golds. Japanese swimmers have excelled in five (out of six) types of men's swimming. At the same time, the result shown by 14-year-old Kusuo Kitamura (the youngest in the history of male Olympic swimming champion) at a distance of 1500 m freestyle (19 minutes 12.4 seconds), will be surpassed at the Olympic Games only 20 years later, and in the relay, Japanese swimmers improved the Olympic record four years ago (updating the world one) by almost 40 seconds!

Swimmers from Japan also distinguished themselves at the Olympic Games-1936 in Berlin: out of 11 medals they won, 4 were of the highest standard. The same amount of "gold" was in the treasury of the Netherlands national team, and all of it was mined female team, and Rie Mastenbrook became a three-time champion of the Games (2 + 1).

In the first post-war Olympics, Japanese and German athletes did not participate, which - in part - allowed the US swimming team to regain lost ground. In men's swimming, all six championship titles went to the Americans. The second and third places in the overall standings were taken by the teams of Denmark and the Netherlands - thanks to successful performance women's teams.

The Americans were also the first at the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki. The Hungarian team, which took second place, lost quite a bit to the leaders, and in terms of the number of top awards (4) it was on a par with them. The success of the Hungarian national team was also entirely ensured by women.

The 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne were marked by the first change in the swimming program in many years: the butterfly, recognized as a separate style, was added to it - 100 m for women and 200 m for men. The Americans, who have repeatedly achieved success in new forms, have not changed traditions this time either. Nevertheless, in the overall standings, they were confidently bypassed by the home teams (half of the "women" and almost all of the "men" "gold"), which included a lot of capable swimmers. Murray Rose has excelled in three types of programs, including the relay (Rose and some of his teammates will replenish their "gold reserves" at the next Games). Lorraine Krapp and young Down Fraser won two titles each (Indian and Estonian) (the Australian prodigy will win two more top awards at the Olympic Games in Rome and Tokyo, thus becoming the first swimmer to win three Olympics, she is also the first athletes will "emerge" from the minute at the 100-meter).

In 1960, the men's and women's combined relay 4x100 m was included in the Olympic program. In 1964, three more numbers were added, and in 1968 - 11 at once, bringing their total number to 29. True, in 1976 the program was slightly reduced (26).

At the 1960 Olympics, the USA team took revenge on the Australians for the loss in Melbourne. In Olympic swimming, another era of American domination began, which lasted for almost 20 years. At the Olympic Games-1964 four gold medals (2 + 2) were won by the young American swimmer Donald Schollander (he will receive another "gold" at the next Games). His teammate Steve Clarke received all three of his "gold" for the relay, Sharon Stauder's indicators, respectively, 1 + 2.

A noticeable "increase" in swimming disciplines at the Olympic Games led to the fact that two or three "gold" of one swimmer was no longer perceived as an exceptional achievement. So, at the OI-1968 Americans Charles Hickcox and Debbie Meyer won three titles, and 12 swimmers became twice champions. Among them are the legendary Mark Spitz (USA) and Roland Mattes (GDR), for whom this was the beginning of great Olympic success.

Having won 7 more titles (4 + 3) in Munich (1972), and having set seven world records, Spitz became the absolute "gold" champion among Olympic swimmers. Shane Gould and Melissa Belote received 3 titles each. At the 1976 Olympic Games, Jim Montgomery (USA), who was the first in history to swim out of 50 seconds in 100 m freestyle, received three golds, and his teammate John Naber - four.

The Australian swimmers were second in four Games in a row (1960-1972). But in Montreal-76 they were pushed aside by the athletes of the GDR national team (18 out of 19 of its awards were won by women: Cornelia Ender was especially distinguished: four "gold" and "silver" - and Ulrike Richter: three "gold"). At the Moscow Olympics (1980), swimmers from the GDR - in the absence of their main rivals, the Americans - took first place. And again, in many respects, thanks to the swimmers who set 6 world records. Some of them won three "gold" each, and in six types of the program the entire pedestal belonged to the representatives of the GDR. Three "gold" (in freestyle swimming at 400 and 1500 m and in the 4x200 relay) was won by the outstanding Soviet swimmer Vladimir Salnikov, who in the final 1500 m swim for the first time in history "swam" out of 15 minutes.

Due to the "retaliatory" boycott of the countries of the Eastern Bloc, the athletes of the GDR did not get to the Olympic Games 1984. The Americans again became the best in the Olympic pool. The program was again increased to 29 numbers, and a significant clarification was made to the rules: from now on, no more than two athletes could represent one country in each swimming discipline.

At the 1988 Olympic Games, swimmers (or rather swimmers) of the GDR became the leaders again, in 1992 our swimmers were the strongest, and the next two Olympics were again behind the Americans. Noticeably added to the game. 80 - early. 90s athletes from Hungary, the USSR (Russia) and China. In 2000, the Australian swimmers, who became the second in the team competition in Sydney, were again forced to talk about themselves.

In the individual competition in Seoul (1988), Matt Biondi was out of competition, adding 5 more top awards to the "gold" of the previous Olympics (2 + 3), while setting five records (four of them are world records), and a swimmer from the GDR Christine Otto - 6 gold medals (2 + 4) and four Olympic records. American Janet Evans (whose three world records have not yet been surpassed) received her first three "golds". Two champions of the past Olympics also distinguished themselves: our Vladimir Salnikov and Michael Gross (Germany).

At the 1992 Olympic Games, athletes from China won four gold medals, confirming that their success in Seoul was not accidental. Another "gold" was won by Evans, two - by Biondi, Hungarian Christina Egerzhegi (3 titles) continued her "championship initiative" of the past Olympic Games - the Olympics in Atlanta will bring her another highest award (her record in backstroke at 200 m is also unshakable ). Her compatriot Tamas Darnyi also distinguished himself, who also repeated his Olympic success in the combined swimming of 200 and 400 meters. The Russian men's national team performed powerfully in Barcelona ( see below).

One of the sensations in Atlanta-96 was a swimmer from Ireland Michelle Smith (3 "gold" and 1 "bronze"), who was not among the favorites before the Games. American Amy van Dyken received four top honors (2 + 2). I replenished my gold collection Russian Alexander Popov.

The last Games of the XX century. swimmers celebrated many records: 15 world, 38 Olympic and 74 continental. Dutch Inge de Bruijn, who won three gold and silver medals, and her compatriot Peter van den Hugenband (2 gold medals and 2 bronze medals) each have three world records. Three times became the first (and once - the third) American Jenny Thompson, who twice set a world record. USA veteran Dara Torres has won the most medals in the Olympic pool: 5 (2 gold and 3 bronze). And the hosts won the 21st century swimmer Ian Thorpe: three top awards and two world records.

At the 1988 and 1992 Games, the program grew again: 31 numbers. In Atlanta and Sydney, swimmers have already competed for 32 sets of awards: 16 for men and women, and at OI-04 there will be even more of them: 40!

In the entire history of Olympic swimming (up to 2000 inclusive), the US team won the largest number of awards: 439 (195 + 140 + 104), noticeably ahead of the second-ranked Australians, who have 140 medals (44 + 46 + 50). In the “individual competition” in terms of the amount of Olympic “gold”, Spitz is still out of competition: 9 medals (7 of them were won at one Olympics - also a record). Egerzhegi has won the most titles in individual types programs (5). And according to the total number of Olympic awards, Spitz and Biondi have the same indicator - 11 (eight of Biondi's eleven awards are gold).

World records.

The progress of world swimming is clearly confirmed by the dynamics of record indicators in its various types. For example, Hungarian Alfred Hayos won the 100m freestyle at the 1896 Games with a time of 1 minute 22.2 seconds. The 2000 Olympic champion Dutchman Peter van den Hoogenband covered the same distance almost twice as fast: in 47.84 seconds (a new Olympic and world record).

Most world records (42) have been set today by the Danish woman Ragnhilda Hweger - in the period from 1936 to 1942. Among male swimmers, the Swede Arne Borg remains the most prolific record holder: 32 records (from 1921 to 1929).

World records in modern swimming are recorded separately in the 25 and 50 m pools.

Swimming in Russia.

Pre-revolutionary period.

Our ancestors practiced different ways swimming: frog (analogue of the modern breaststroke), on the side, like a dog, saplings, etc. In the 18-19th centuries. swimming in Russia was cultivated primarily in the army environment. It is known that Peter I and A. Suvorov paid great attention to teaching soldiers swimming skills, and in the 19th century. even competitions were held in the sapper units of the Russian army.

The first swimming school in Russia was opened in 1825 in St. Petersburg. And the first Russian-language printed manual for teaching swimming was Tevenot's book. In 1891, the country's first indoor pool was opened in Moscow. Three years later, the first competition took place in St. Petersburg, on the Slavyanka River.

In 1908, in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, the Shuvalov swimming school was opened, which became the most famous of such institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia. Soon the “Moscow Society of Swimming Lovers” began to operate in Moscow. In 1913, a competition between swimmers from Moscow and St. Petersburg took place on Lake Shuvalovskoye. In the same year, in Kiev (within the framework of the first Russian Olympiad), the country's swimming championship was played for the first time with the participation of several dozen athletes.

In general, in pre-revolutionary Russia sports swimming was not very developed. The swimming season was limited by the warm season (there were not many indoor pools), respectively, the athletes trained in the summer and could not maintain their shape at the proper level, which is also confirmed by the experience of our swimmers participating in the Olympic Games-1912.

Swimming in the USSR.

The first swimming competitions in the USSR were held in 1918 in Moscow. In 1920, the Dolphin sports society was created in Petrograd, which had an outdoor pool and became one of the centers for the development of Russian swimming. A little later in Moscow, and then in other cities, their own swimming schools began to open. The first Soviet swimmers were also actively involved in diving and water polo).

In 1923, the first USSR championship was held in Moscow between teams from different cities, in which the athletes of Petrograd won. The All-Russian Spartakiad of 1928 contributed to the further popularization of swimming in the country (after that the USSR championships were regularly held). Great importance had the fact that swimming was included in the general education program and in the TRP (Ready for Labor and Defense) complex. In 1927, the country's first winter (25-meter) swimming pool was opened in Leningrad. In the early 30s, several indoor swimming pools were being built in Moscow.

Some of the results shown by our swimmers in the 30s surpassed record European and world records. The first to achieve this was the multiple champion of the USSR Klavdia Aleshina, who in 1935 set the all-Union record in backstroke swimming at 400 m (in total, Alyosha had 180 country records) - 6 minutes 7.2 seconds, which was more than 5 seconds higher than the then world record. Semyon Boychenko exceeded world records 8 times at distances of 100 and 200 m with breaststroke and butterfly stroke. Leonid Meshkov improved world records 13 times.

A new stage in the history of Soviet navigation begins after the Great Patriotic War. The competition is resumed. Winter and summer pools are under construction. In 1947, the All-Union Swimming Section of the USSR (since 1959 - the All-Union Swimming Federation) joined FINA, and two years later - to LEN. In 1952 our swimmers made their debut at the Olympic Games, and in 1954 at the European Championship.

The first Olympic success came to us in 1956, when Haris Yunichev became the third in the 200 m breaststroke, and our team won bronze medals in the 4x200 freestyle relay. In the team event, the Soviet swimmers' team took 7th place.

The true take-off of domestic swimming in the international arena began in the 60s. Galina Stepanova-Prozumenshchikova in 1964 received our first Olympic "gold" in swimming - at a distance of 200 m breaststroke, bronze went to Svetlana Babanina. In men Georgy Prokopenko was the second at the same distance. Soviet swimmers were also third in the combined 4x100 freestyle relay.

Prozumenshchikova will add two silver and two bronze medals to her collection at the next two Olympics. Twice was the second in Mexico City-68 - in breaststroke distances - Vladimir Kossinsky. Nikolay Pankin received the "bronze". In addition, the men's swimming team received a silver and two bronze medals in the relay races in Mexico City, as well as silver and bronze medals in Munich. Another success of the 1972 Olympic Games - the third place of Vladimir Bure in the 100-meter freestyle.

In 1976, our women's trio Marina Koshevaya, Marina Yurchenya and Lyubov Rusanova, who took the first three places in the 200 m breaststroke distance, confidently performed at the Olympic Games, while Koshevaya set a new world record. Rusanova and Koshevaya also received silver and bronze medals in the 100-meter breaststroke. The overall result of the performance of our swimmers in Montreal is 9 medals (1 + 3 + 5) and the third place in the team event in swimming.

Eight victories were won by Soviet swimmers at the Moscow Olympics. First of all - the success of Vladimir Salnikov, who became a three-time champion of the Games (twice in ind. Forms and once in relay) and set a world record in swimming 1500 m freestyle. At the 1988 Olympic Games, he won another "gold". Igor Polyansky excelled in Seoul in the 200m backstroke.

The modern stage in the development of domestic swimming.

The All-Russian Swimming Federation was created in 1993. It is headed by G.P. Aleshin (he is also the vice-president of Leningrad Oblast and a member of the FINA Bureau). The Federation holds a national championship, open water swimming competitions (including marathon distances), competes for the championship among universities, the championship of the Russian Armed Forces and among veterans, the Cup of Russia among federal districts, etc. Many international competitions are held in Russia.

In the 1990s, our swimmers achieved considerable success in the international arena, including at the Olympics. In Barcelona-92, where we played as the United Team of the CIS countries, Evgeny Sadovy, who became the first three times (including the relay), and Alexander Popov, who won 2 gold medals, distinguished themselves. At the same time, Sadovy set two world records. In total, our swimmers won 10 medals (6 + 3 + 1) and took first place in the team competition.

Popov repeated his success at the same distances at the Games in Atlanta-96. His teammate Denis Pankratov put an end to American hegemony in two more types of the program: 100 and 200 m butterfly. With a total of 8 medals (4 + 2 + 2), the Russian swimming team came in second.

The performance of the Russians in Sydney 2000 was unsuccessful: only Popov's silver and Roman Sludnov's bronze.

The most titled of the current Russian swimmers is Popov, who, in addition to the Olympic Games, more than once won European and world championships and set many world records (his achievement in the 100-meter freestyle on "short course", established in March 1994, has not yet been succeeded surpass).

Konstantin Petrov