The country of origin of modern hockey. A brief history of the origin of ice hockey

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1. The history of hockey

The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested of all sports. Traditionally, the birthplace of hockey has been Montreal, Canada (although more recent research points to the primacy of Kingston, Ontario or Windsor, Nova Scotia). However, some 16th-century Dutch paintings also depict a multitude of people playing a hockey-like game on a frozen canal. But despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.

When Great Britain conquered Canada from France in 1763, the soldiers brought field hockey with them to this land. Since Canadian winters are very harsh and long, this area has always been a welcome winter views sports. By attaching cheese cutters to their boots, English and French-speaking Canadians played the game on frozen rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water. In Nova Scotia and Virginia, there are old paintings of people playing hockey.

March 3, 1875 in Montreal at the Victoria skating rink was held the first hockey match, information about which was recorded in the Montreal Gazette. Each of the teams consisted of nine people. They played with a wooden puck ("shinny"), and the protective equipment was borrowed from baseball. For the first time, a hockey goal was installed on the ice.

In 1877, several students at McGill University in Montreal invented the first seven hockey rules. In 1879, a rubber washer was made. After some time, the game became so popular that in 1883 it was presented at the annual Montreal Winter Carnival. In 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal.

The rules of the game of hockey were improved, streamlined and published in 1886. According to them, the number of field players decreased from nine to seven, there were a goalkeeper, front and rear defenders, a center and two forwards on the ice, and in front of the entire width of the field there was a rover (English rover - a vagabond) - the strongest hockey player, the best throwing the washers. The team played the whole match in the same composition, and by the end of the game the athletes literally crawled on the ice from fatigue, because only the player who was injured was allowed to replace (and then in the last period and only with the consent of the opponents). In the same year, the first international meeting between the Canadian and English teams was held.

In 1890, a four-team championship was held in the province of Ontario. Soon appeared indoor skating rinks with natural ice... To prevent it from melting, narrow slots were cut in the walls and roofs for cold air to enter. The first skating rink with artificial ice built in Montreal in 1899.

The game of hockey became so popular that in 1893 the Governor-General of Canada, Lord Frederick Arthur Stanley, bought for 10 guineas a cup that looked like an inverted pyramid of silver rings to present to the champion of the country. This is how the legendary trophy appeared - the Stanley Cup. At first, amateurs fought for him, and since 1910 - and professionals. Since 1927, the Stanley Cup has been contested by the National Hockey League teams.

In 1900, a net appeared on the gate. Thanks to this new product, the debate about whether a goal is scored or not has stopped. The judge's metal whistle, which stuck to his lips from the cold, was replaced by a bell, and soon a plastic whistle. At the same time, a throw-in of the puck was introduced (earlier the referee pushed the opponents' sticks with his hands to the puck lying on the ice and, blowing a whistle, drove off to the side so as not to get hit with the stick).

The first professional ice hockey team was formed in Canada in 1904. In the same year, hockey players switched to a new game system - "six by six". The standard size of the site was set - 56 x 26 m, which has changed little since then. Four seasons later, there was a complete division into professionals and amateurs. For the latter, the Allan Cup was established, which has been played since 1908. Its owners subsequently represented Canada at the World Championships.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Europeans became interested in Canadian hockey. A congress in Paris in 1908 founded the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), which originally united four countries - Belgium, France, Great Britain and Switzerland. In 1914, the Canadian Hockey Association (KAHA) was formed, and in 1920 it became a member of the International Federation.

To increase the entertainment and speed of the game, in 1910, the replacement of athletes was allowed. In the same year, the National Hockey Association arose, and the famous National Hockey League (NHL) appeared only in 1917.

A lot of innovations belong to the Patrick brothers hockey players - James, Craig and Lester (the latter became a famous hockey figure). On their initiative, the players were assigned numbers, points were awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (goal-plus-pass system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since gone on to last three periods of 20 minutes each.

In 1911, the IIHF officially approved the Canadian rules for the game of hockey, and in 1920 the first world championship took place. In 1929, goalkeeper Clint Benedict of Montreal Maroons donned the mask for the first time. In 1934, a free throw - a bullet was legalized. In 1945, multicolored lanterns were installed behind the gates for more accurate accounting of the goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” - no goal has been scored). In the same year, a triple refereeing was introduced: the head referee and two assistants (linesmen). In 1946, the system of judges' gestures was legalized for specific violations of the rules.

Large arenas in the USA and Canada began to be built back in the 30s. XX century. So, in Chicago in 1938 there was a Palace of Sports with 15 thousand seats.

In 1920, the first meeting took place in an official tournament - at Olympic Games ah - between the teams of the Old and New Worlds. Canadians have reaffirmed their glory as the strongest hockey power in the world. The Canadians also won the Olympic tournaments (at the same time considered world championships) in 1924 and 1928. In 1936, Great Britain won the Olympic title from the Canadians, who had held it for 16 years.

2. The emergence and development of hockey in Russia

Ice hockey was not cultivated in pre-revolutionary Russia. Attempts by some sports clubs join new game led to the fact that in the distant 1911 Russia joined the International Ice Hockey League (LIHG), created three years earlier. However, the puck did not get widespread, and the All-Russian Hockey Union soon left LIHG.

After 1917, ball hockey (Russian hockey, aka "bandy") was especially popular in our country. Moreover, there were even women's hockey teams. The puck was played sporadically, mainly by students of physical culture universities who studied this sport as part of the curriculum. Ice hockey did not receive its development in 1932, when hockey players of the German Workers' Sports Union played several matches in the USSR. Our team, which included bandy players, beat the guests from the Fitkhe club with a score of 3: 0.

Here is what the journal "Fizkultura i Sport" (1932, No. 9) wrote about the new game at that time: "The game has a purely individual and primitive character, is very poor in combinations and in this sense does not stand up to any comparison with" bandy ". When asked if we should cultivate canadian hockey, you can answer in the negative ... ".

The starting point in the development of domestic ice hockey is the decision of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports to hold the USSR Championship in the 1946-47 season.

For the first time, the organization of the competition was carried out by the All-Union Hockey Section, and since 1959 - by the Ice Hockey Federation, which united bandy and ice hockey, which in 1967 was divided into the Ice Hockey Federation (ice hockey) and the Bandy and Field Hockey Federation.

April 1, 1952 hockey organization Soviet Union joined LIHG, which since 1978 has been called IIHF.

On December 22, 1946, the first USSR ice hockey championship started in Moscow, Leningrad, Kaunas, Riga and Arkhangelsk. The first goal was scored by the playing coach of the capital "Dynamo" Arkady Chernyshev. Already on January 26, 1947, the country's first ice hockey champion was determined. The gold medals were won by the Dynamo (Moscow) hockey players.

Hockey of those years was not much like the current game. The site was bounded by low, unsecured plywood bumpers that slid to the side at the first touch. There could be no talk of any kind of power struggle on such boards, in its modern sense. Only goalkeepers wore quilted jackets, wadded trousers and shin guards used in bandy. Gloves-traps for them then did not yet exist, as well as helmets and masks. In a match, as a rule, a goalkeeper and five players participated from each side, who could be on the ice all the playing time without substitutions. But that was only the beginning. Hockey players' equipment and equipment have been improved every season.

Domestic hockey developed by leaps and bounds. The big event was in 1948 international matches Soviet hockey players, then under the flag of the Moscow national team, with the Czechoslovakian team LTZ (Prague). The guests included the players who formed the basis of the national team of their country, which won gold medals at the World Championship a year earlier (albeit in the absence of the Canadians, the founders of hockey, at that tournament in Prague). Those distant friendly matches showed that our hockey players can not only oppose the world's leading teams on equal terms, but also outplay them. In the first game on February 28 on the ice of the Central Stadium "Dynamo" the Muscovites won 6: 3. Soviet hockey players were distinguished by their excellent skating technique and high-speed play. And this is not surprising - most of them went through the field hockey school, and some still continued to combine performances in both sports.

In 1949, for the first time, the title of "Honored Master of Sports" was awarded to a hockey player. It was Anatoly Tarasov.

The next season was marked by two events: on February 18, 1951, the Krylia Sovetov team (Moscow) became the first winner of the USSR Cup, in the final defeating the then champion of the country - the Air Force MVO with a score of 4: 3, and readers saw the first Soviet book about hockey called "Hockey". Its author was Anatoly Vladimirovich Tarasov.

In the 1951-52 season. in the USSR, the first television reportage about a hockey match was carried out.

1954 - the phenomenal triumph of Russian hockey in the debut world championship. For the first time participating in competitions of this rank, held on the ice of Sweden, the Soviet Union national team, led by its unsurpassed leader Vsevolod Bobrov, became the champion, defeating the Canadians in the decisive match - 7: 2. Bobrov was the first of our hockey players at tournaments of this level to be recognized as the best striker. The national team was coached by Arkady Ivanovich Chernyshev and Vladimir Kuzmich Egorov.

1956 - the golden debut of Russian hockey at the Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d "Ampezzo (Italy). Together with the gold medals of the Olympics, Soviet hockey players won the highest awards of the World and European Championships. Vladimir Egorov, Anatoly Tarasov and Arkady Chernyshev were awarded the the same year the title of “Honored Trainer of the USSR.” In the same season, the first artificial ice rink in our country, the Sokolniki summer skating rink, was commissioned in Moscow.

On November 3, 1956, the Sports Palace in Luzhniki (Moscow) was opened, which for many years was the main hockey arena Soviet Union. From February 24 to March 5, 1957, the first ice hockey world championship was held in our country. On the Moscow ice, the USSR national team, without losing a single match, won only silver medals. IN decisive meeting with the Swedes, our hockey players only needed a victory. After two periods, the hosts were leading 4: 2. In the third twenty minutes of this dramatic game, the Scandinavians scored two goals, achieved a draw, and with it gold medals.

1957 - the highest state award of that time (the Order of Lenin) was awarded to Vsevolod Bobrov.

In 1961, for the first time, a provincial team won the medals of the USSR championship. The silver was at the Gorky "Torpedo", at the gate of which Viktor Konovalenko shone.

After a seven-year break in 1963 in Sweden, the Soviet Union team became the world champion. This victory marked the beginning of a nine-year hegemony on the world podium of our team. For the first time, the USSR national team was led by the duet Chernyshev-Tarasov.

The ice hockey tournament as part of the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck (Austria) ended with the victory of Soviet hockey players.

On December 8, 1964, the most popular children's hockey tournament for the prize of the Golden Puck club was born, and in March 1965 their first All-Union final took place in Moscow. It was these competitions that gave the national hockey many "stars" who shone on ice arenas all over the world. The inspirer of these competitions for our kids and the president of the club before last days his life was Anatoly Vladimirovich Tarasov.

On January 1, 1965, the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR of International Class" was established. The first was awarded to the hockey players of the Soviet national team, who once again won the World Championship in Finland.

March 15-24, 1967 in Yaroslavl was for the first time held international tournament national junior teams of eight countries, which became the predecessor of the European Junior Championships (the first of which took place at the turn of 1967 and 1968 in Finland). Our team became the champion for the first time a year later - at the second continental championship in Germany.

November 30, 1967 - the first international tournament for the Prize of the Izvestia newspaper started on the Luzhniki ice.

1968 year. In French Grenoble, the USSR national team wins gold for the third time Olympic medals and at the same time excels in the European Championship.

On October 10-12, 1969, CSKA hockey players in Klagenfurt (Austria) successfully debuted in the final of the 4th European Cup, having won this honorable trophy after victories over the local Klagenfurt (9: 1, 14: 3).

In February 1972, the USSR national team won once again olympic gold in Japanese Sapporo. This was the last competition in which main team our country was headed by Chernyshev and Tarasov. Vitaly Davydov, Viktor Kuzkin, Alexander Ragulin and Anatoly Firsov become three-time Olympic champions.

September 2, 1972. The first Super Series 72 match with Canadian ice hockey professionals. The overwhelming success of the Soviet team led by Vsevolod Bobrov. NHL legends are defeated 7-3.

On March 31 - April 15, 1973, Moscow hosted the Ice Hockey World Championship for the second time. The competition ended with an unconditional victory for the USSR national team.

In the 1973-74 season. For the first time, three referees began to play the national championship matches: the chief referee and two assistants, and the first unofficial world championship among youth teams was held in Leningrad, which ended with the victory of the hosts. In the spring of 1974, a portrait of a foreign specialist was placed in the Hockey Hall of Fame (Toronto, Canada) for the first time. It was Anatoly Vladimirovich Tarasov. Next to the portrait are the words: “Anatoly Tarasov is an outstanding hockey theorist and practitioner who made a huge contribution to the development of world hockey. The world should thank Russia for donating Tarasov to hockey. "

In September-October 1974, the USSR national team successfully played a series of eight matches against the Canadian national team, formed from professional stars of the World Hockey Association (WHA).

In December 1975 - January 1976, the first super series took place between club teams USSR and NHL. CSKA and Krylia Sovetov in a difficult struggle proved to be stronger than the overseas hockey players.

In February 1976, the USSR national team, after winning an exciting and dramatic match with Czechoslovakia, once again became the winner of the hockey tournament as part of the Winter Olympic Games in Innsbruck (Austria). However, at the 76 World Championship in Katowice, Poland, Soviet hockey players were content with only silver medals.

In September 1976 the first international tournament "Canada Cup" was held. Our country was represented by an experimental team led by Viktor Tikhonov, which failed to reach the final.

December 1976 - for the first time overseas professionals, represented by the Winnipeg Jets team, took part in the traditional tournament for the prize of the Izvestia newspaper.

December 27, 1976 - January 2, 1977 the Soviet Union national team won the first official world championship among youth teams.

At the 77 World Championship in Vienna, the USSR national team won only bronze. Organizational conclusions were not long in coming. On the post of her senior coach Boris Kulagin was replaced by Viktor Tikhonov.

1978 year. The USSR national team in a difficult struggle on the Prague ice regains the title of world champions.

November 10, 1978 Vyacheslav Starshinov ("Spartak") was the first of our hockey players to score his 400th goal in the national championships.

February 8-11, 1979 - the USSR national team won the Challenge Cup. In a series of three matches, she emerged victorious over the NHL team, made up of the strongest hockey players in this league. In the decisive match, Soviet hockey players defeated their rivals - 6: 0.

March 14-27, 1979 - Moscow hosted the World Championship for the third time. An enchanting game of the USSR national team and another gold medal.

Misfire of Soviet hockey players at the 1980 Olympics in Lake Placid. In the decisive match, ours unexpectedly lost to the hosts of the competition - the US national team.

September 1981 - victory of the USSR national team at the Canada Cup. In the final, Maple Leaves were defeated with a score of 8: 1.

February 1984 - the victory of Soviet hockey players at the Olympics in Sarajevo (Yugoslavia). Legendary goalkeeper Vladislav Tretyak becomes Olympic champion for the third time.

April 1986 - Moscow hosted the fourth world championship. The national team of the Soviet Union became the strongest on the planet for the twentieth time.

February 1987 a series of two matches "Rendezvous-87" between the national teams of the USSR and the NHL. The results are 3: 4, 5: 3.

February 1988 - the victory of the Soviet hockey team at the Olympics in Calgary (Canada).

1989 CSKA under the leadership of Viktor Tikhonov became the country's champion for the 12th time in a row. The beginning of the mass departure of our hockey players overseas.

1990 year. The hegemony of the Moscow army on the hockey throne in the country has been violated, having won 32 times, including 13 seasons in a row. The gold medals of the USSR championship were won by the hockey players of the Moscow Dynamo. CSKA won the European Champions Cup for the 20th time. Based on the results of the overseas season best newbie NHL recognized Sergey Makarov (Calgary Flames). He was the first domestic hockey player to receive the individual prize of this North American league.

1991 year. For the first time since 1951, CSKA found itself outside the prize-winners of the national championship. The USSR championship that started in the fall of 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union in December ended in the spring of 1992 as the CIS championship.

February 1992 - the national team of our country wins the Olympics for the 8th time. She already wins gold medals of Albertville (France) under the name of the CIS national team. Andrey Khomutov becomes a three-time Olympic champion.

Season 1992-93 - the International Hockey League (MHL) was organized. The first national championship under its auspices was held with the participation of 19 clubs representing Russia, 2 - Kazakhstan and 1 each - Belarus, Latvia and Ukraine. Weakened by the endless outflow of players overseas, the flagship of Russian hockey CSKA was 23rd in the final distribution of places.

1993 year. At the World Championships in Germany, the Russian team under the leadership of Boris Mikhailov won gold medals, twenty-third and so far the last in the history of Russian hockey and the first under the tricolor Russian flag.

1994 year. For the first time, the gold medals of the country's champions were won by a non-Moscow club - Lada (Togliatti). By the Olympic Committee Russia made a decision to develop women's hockey in the country. In September, the Russian women's team played its first match.

December 1997 To replace traditional tournament The prize of the Izvestia newspaper was won by the Baltika Brewing Company Cup, which was held for the first time in Moscow.

February 1998 - Professional hockey players from the NHL took part in the Winter Olympic Games in Nagano (Japan) for the first time. The Russian national team led by Vladimir Yurzinov won silver medals.

February 1999 - the first victory of the Russians in the Euroleague. Hockey players of Metallurg (Magnitogorsk) distinguished themselves.

National championships from the 1999-2000 season. began to be held under the auspices of the Professional Hockey League (PHL), which replaced the RHL.

February 2000 - the second victory of Metallurg (Magnitogorsk) in the last Euroleague tournament so far.

April 29 - May 14, 2000 - St. Petersburg hosted the World Championship. The hosts of the tournament, represented mainly by NHL players, took only 11th place.

2001 - the Russian women's ice hockey team won the world championship medals (bronze) for the first time. Only representatives of Canada and the USA were ahead of the Russian girls.

April 24 - May 9, 2004 - World Championship in the Czech Republic (Ostrava, Prague). The Russian national ice hockey team remained outside the prize-winners of the world championship, taking 7th place.

August 30 - September 14, 2004 - World Cup. The Russian national team, led by Zinetula Bilyaletdinov, stopped one step away from the semifinals, losing to the US team in the ј final.

January 2006 - Dynamo Moscow for the first time in its history became the winner of the European Champions Cup in St. Petersburg.

January 2006 - HC Lada (Togliatti) won the Continental Cup for the first time in the history of Russian hockey.

February 10 - 26, 2006 - Olympic Games in Italy (Turin). The Russian national team under the leadership of Vladimir Krikunov took fourth place in the main hockey tournament of the four years, losing in the match for third place to the Czech hockey players.

April 2006 - Kazan "AkBars" under the leadership of Zinetula Bilyaletdinov became the champion of Russia in hockey.

May 2006 - Having become the winners of the "Swedish hockey games», Russian hockey players defended the title strongest team Erohokkeytura.

May 5 - 21, 2006 - Ice Hockey World Championship in Latvia (Riga). After the bronze world championship in Austria, the Russian national team remained only in fifth place.

Forward of the Russian national team Alexander Ovechkin became the first player in the history of world hockey, who was included in the symbolic teams at Olympic tournament(Italy) and the World Championship (Latvia).

3. The current stage of development of hockey in the country and the world

In the 1990s, a lack of stability prompted many top players to seek their fortune in wealthy foreign clubs. Domestic hockey has lost its stars, and the only consolation is the fact that most of them did not get lost in someone else's hockey, but, on the contrary, are leaders, including in NHL clubs, and thereby support the high brand of the Soviet hockey school.

During this period, the Russian national team, having won the 1993 World Cup, remained without medals for a long time. And only in recent times the Russian team began to regain its former strength. And if at the 2007 World Championship in Moscow the Russians stumbled in the semifinals, then in 2008, the year of the official 100th anniversary of hockey, they regained the title of world champions, beating the Canadians in Quebec, and on May 10, 2009 they confirmed their title by beating the Canadian national team in the final of the 2009 World Cup, held in Switzerland, with a score of 2: 1. However, despite the positive trend, in February 2010 in the quarterfinal match of the Olympic hockey tournament, the Russian team lost to the Canadians 3: 7. In the same year, the Russian national team lost in the World Cup final to the Czech national team with a score of 2: 1. In 2011, the Russian national team was able to take only 4th place, losing in the dispute for the bronze to the Czech national team with a score of 4: 7. In 2012, the Russian national team again climbed to the highest step of the podium, beating the Slovak national team with a score of 6: 2 and not suffering a single defeat during the entire course of the championship. The 2013 championship ended for the Russian national team in the quarterfinals with a 3: 8 defeat from the US national team. In 2014, the Russian national team lost in the quarterfinals of the Olympics in Sochi to the Finnish national team (1: 3).

On May 26, 2014, the Russian national ice hockey team became the winner of the World Ice Hockey Championship, which was held in Minsk. In the final match, the Russians beat the Finnish team with a score of 5: 2 (1: 1, 2: 1, 2: 0).

Bibliography

hockey puck championship

1. "Sports games". A textbook for students of pedagogical institutes, edited by V.D. Kovalev. Moscow, "Education" 2002, pp. 102-114.

2. Geek E.Ya. Gupalo E.Yu. Popular sports history. M., ed. Academy, 2006, pp. 44-52.

3. Tarasov A.V., Hockey of the coming, 4th ed., M., 2009 S. 8-24.

4. Steinbach V.L. Great Olympic Encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. Volume 2: O - Ya. Olympia-Press, M. 2006, pp. 345-349.

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The emergence of hockey

The history of this game dates back to Canada, although some 16th century Dutch paintings depict a group of people playing a hockey-like game on ice. Some sources say that it originated in Montreal. Others argue that Ontario is considered the birthplace of hockey. The exact year of the appearance of this sport remains unknown.

In the middle of the 18th century, the British Empire conquered Canada from France and brought field hockey to the continent, which did not take root due to the cold weather. From time immemorial, residents of Canada have preferred winter sports. On March 3, 1875, the first hockey match took place in Montreal.

Ice hockey world championships

World championships hold a special place in the history of hockey. The tournament was first held in 1920. The event was organized The International Federation ice hockey. In 1920, 1924 and 1928, the world championship was held only as part of the Olympics, but since 1930 the tournament has become an annual event. The exception was the period from 1940 to 1946, when the Second World War took place.

The Ice Hockey World Championship is held in two stages. Teams first play in the group stage to determine who will make it to the playoffs. A total of 16 national teams take part in the tournament. They are divided into two groups of 8 teams. Four teams from each group pass into the second stage of the competition.

In a group, the national team meets each other once. In the entire history of the World Hockey Championships, the competition regulations have changed only once. It happened in 2007, when it was decided to spend a five-minute overtime before the puck was thrown, if the regular time of the match ends in a draw. If, after overtime, the winner is not revealed, shootouts are made. Until then, a draw was acceptable.

The play-off round consists of three stages: the quarterfinals, the semi-finals and the match for the 3rd place (final). There is only one meeting at each stage. In the match for the 3rd place, the teams that lost in the ½ finals converge. If the score is tied, an overtime of 20 minutes is played in the final. If a draw was called on early stages playoffs, overtime is 10 minutes.

Pre-World War II World Cup Winners

The first world ice hockey champion in history was the Canadian national team, which beat the United States of America in the 1920 final. Four years later, the same national teams became the protagonists of the decisive match, and again the Canadians were able to win. In 1928, Canada won its third gold, beating Sweden.

From 1930 to 1932, the Wedge Leaf team won 3 tournaments in a row, winning final matches Germans and twice Americans. In 1933, the US national team managed to take revenge on their northern neighbors and won their first gold medals. And the Canadians failed to become world champions for the first time.

Between 1934 and 1939, Canada won 5 of 6 tournaments. First, the "red-whites" returned the debt to the US national team, then they beat the Swiss. In 1936, Great Britain took the title of world champions from Canada, but the founders of hockey mods took it back after a season, defeating the very British in the final.

World Championships from 1947 to 1954

The first post-war world ice hockey champion was the national team of Czechoslovakia, who beat Sweden at the home tournament. The competition took place in 1947 and became the first championship in the history of hockey, in the final of which Canadian hockey players did not play. The next two finals were played by Canadians and Czechoslovakians. In 1948 the representatives of North America won, and in 1949 - the Europeans.

In 1950, 1951 and 1952, only the Canadians won again, beating the USA, Sweden and again the USA, respectively. In 1953, the Swedish national team won the tournament for the first time, defeating the Germans in the final.

The appearance at the World Cup of the USSR national team

In 1954, one of the most important events in the history of hockey took place. The world championship was won by the Soviet Union national team, defeating the founders of hockey in the final. From that moment on, the hockey players of the USSR began to occupy high places in the world championships every year.

A year later, Soviet athletes took second place, in 1956 they again became world champions. Since 1957, for three years, the USSR national team became the silver medalist three times, and then the Soviet Union took third places in two more world championships. In those years, Americans and Canadians became champions. In 1962, the tournament was won by the Swedes, who became three-time world champions.

Hegemony of the USSR

Since 1963, for 9 years, the Soviet Union national team won all world championships without exception. During all this time, only the Swedes and Czechoslovakians were the rivals of the Soviet national team in the final matches. For 9 years there were only four teams on the podium: the USSR, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and Canada. The North American squad won three bronze medals between 1966 and 1968.

In 1972, Czechoslovakian hockey players were able to break the hegemony of the Soviet Union by beating them in the final of their home world championship. But they managed to move the USSR from the first place only by one year. Already at the 1973 World Cup in Moscow, Soviet hockey players again became world champions. They repeated their achievement in 1974 and 1975, beating the national team of Czechoslovakia twice.

After that, the Czechoslovakians triumphed twice at the world championships. But since 1978, the USSR has not given anyone the gold of the World Championships for 5 years. From 1985 to 1992, the USSR national team managed to win gold medals twice, the Swedes won three times and the Czechoslovakian hockey players celebrated the victory once.

World Championships of the last 25 years

After the collapse of the USSR, the first world championship for Russians was the 1992 tournament, in which they lost at the quarterfinals stage. A year later, the Russian national team became the world champion, beating Sweden in the final.

A year later, the Canadian national team was able to win their first gold in 33 years. In 1995, the Finns became champions for the first time. In 1996, as well as in the period from 1999 to 2001, the Czechs won the tournaments. Between their first and second triumphs, the Canadians and Swedes managed to win gold medals. In 2002, the Slovaks won the first title in their history.

Over the past 15 years, the Canadians have won the world championship 5 times, the Russians have become the winners of the tournament 4 times, the Finns and the Czechs celebrated the victory once, and the Swedish hockey players returned home three times with gold. It is the Swedish national team that is reigning champion hockey world.

World Cup statistics

The national teams of the Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia and Sweden are the most frequent participants in the tournament in the entire history of hockey. They took part in 75 championships. In second place are Canadians with 70 visits to the hockey world championship. 3-4 places are shared by the national teams of the USA and Finland, which have played in 68 championships.

The most number of times the world champion in hockey in the history of the competition was the Russian national team (taking into account the performances of the USSR) - 27 first places. The second place is taken by the Canadian national team with 26 gold medals in the asset. But the North Americans have more medals in total - 49 versus 46 for Russia (taking into account the medals of the USSR).

Ice hockey world championships: history of meetings between the USSR and Canada

The matches between the national teams of Canada and the Soviet Union have become classics not only of world hockey, but of the whole sport. They first met at the 1954 World Cup in the final match. Soviet hockey players defeated their eminent rivals with a score of 7-2.

In 1972, against the USSR national team, the Canadians put up a team that consisted only of professional hockey players. It was from this year that the irreconcilable enmity between these hockey teams began. Unfortunately, Canada stopped showing good results when the Soviet Union began to dominate world hockey. Since 1954, these teams have met in the finals only 5 times. The Canadians won three times and the USSR hockey players enjoyed the success twice.

Ice hockey world championships: history of meetings between Russia and Canada

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia became the legal successor of the USSR, and the confrontation between the two hockey states moved to a new level. For the first time, the teams came together on the ice at the World Cup in 1992, when the Russians won with a score of 6-4. A year later, the Canadians got even by beating the Russian national team 3-1 in the group, but lost in the semifinals. At the 1994 World Cup, Canada won again, and the score was again recorded 3-1.

In 1995 and 1996, the Russians won the world championships, but after that the next victory of the fan of the Russian national team had to wait until 2008. In 2015, in the final of the world championship, held in Prague, the Canadians beat the Russian national team in the final with a score of 6-1. At the 2017 World Cup, the “red-whites” met with the Russian national team at the semi-final stage and beat them 4-2.

Hockeywith washer Is a sports team game on ice in which the goal is to throw the puck into the opponent's goal more times than the opposing team will do at the set time. The puck is passed from player to player on the ice court by special hockey sticks... The team that scored the most goals into the opponent's goal wins.

International Ice Hockey Federation - international organization, which is engaged in the development of ice hockey and unites national federations.

The history of the emergence and development of ice hockey

Disputes about where and when hockey appeared do not stop to this day. Official place the emergence of modern hockey is considered to be Montreal (Canada). Another popular point of view is that hockey originated in Holland. There are paintings by Dutch masters dating from the 16th century that depict people playing a hockey-like game. But whatever it was in Holland, in Montreal at the Victoria skating rink, on March 3, 1875, the first officially recorded hockey match was played.

Where and when did ice hockey originate?

In Canada in the middle of the 19th century.

Two years later, the first seven rules of the game of hockey were invented. In 1879, the wooden washer was replaced by a rubber alternative. In 1886, improved rules of the game were ordered and printed:

the number of players was reduced to seven;
the whole match from start to finish was played by one squad;
it was only allowed to replace injured players and after the consent of the opposing team.

The first professional ice hockey team was formed in Canada in 1904. In the same year, the teams were reduced to six players. The standard size of the site was set - 56 × 26 m, which has changed little since then. It became possible to replace players not only because of injuries.

Later, the Patrick brothers introduced a system for assigning a number to each player, a new scoring system, marking the site for certain zones. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the gates for more accurate counting of the goals scored.

Ice hockey rules (briefly)

IN modern rules ice hockey games identified the following important points:

an ice hockey match consists of three periods, each period lasting 20 minutes;
each period begins with a throw-in of the puck and ends with a whistle from the referee;
the throwing in of the puck is carried out by the referee;
there are 15 minute breaks between periods, which are accompanied by a gate change;
six players can be on the field at the same time, a full hockey team at the same time consists of 20-25 people;
replacement of players occurs both during pauses and during the game;
power wrestling is allowed in hockey;
in case of power struggle, the following are prohibited: tripping, holding an opponent, elbow strikes, as well as attacking a player who does not own the puck;
the main time of the game may end in a draw and extra time will be appointed, after which a series of shootouts may follow;
for violations, athletes are sent to the penalty box.

Hockey field

Hockey rink sizes vary depending on the rules (NHL or IIHF). According to the IIHF, the size of the site can vary from 56 - 60 meters in length and 26 - 30 meters in width. In the NHL, the size of the site is strictly fixed at 60.96 meters in dyne and 25.90 meters in width. It is believed that a smaller area leads to more colorful play, namely power wrestling, shots on goal and playing at the boards.

The corners of the court must be rounded with an arc of a circle with a radius of 7 m to 8.5 m according to the IIHF rules and 8.53 m in the NHL.

The site must be fenced with a side with a height of 1.20 - 1.22 meters. On the front boards behind the gates, along the entire width of the field (including rounding), a safety glass fence with a height of 1.6-2 m is attached.

The ice hockey rink is marked as follows:

end lines (goal lines) are drawn at a distance of 3-4 meters from the boards;
at a distance of 17.23 meters from the goal line, the blue lines of the zones are drawn, thanks to which the site is divided into 3 zones: the central and two zones of the opponents;
in the center of the field there is a red line dividing the court in half, and a throw-in point located in the middle of the red line;
on both sides of the goal at a distance of 6 meters are drawn throw-in points with a throw-in zone with a radius of 4.5 meters.

In total, there are nine face-off points on the hockey rink:

center point;
four endpoints of faceoff (two in each zone);
four face-off points in the neutral zone.

The hockey rink is equipped with two benches for penalized players.

Hockey goal size

The goal in ice hockey consists of two bars (vertical posts), which are located on the goal line at an equal distance from the boards and connected at the top horizontal bar... The distance between the rods (width) is 1.83 m, and the distance from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ice surface (height) is 1.22 m.The diameter of the crossbar and both rods is no more than 5 cm.

Hockey equipment

Hockey is a very traumatic sport, therefore great attention paid to protective equipment.

Hockey equipment consists of:

Ice hockey stick - sports equipment, with the help of which the athletes move the puck around the site. The size of the hockey stick is about 150-200 cm.
Ice hockey skates are boots with metal blades attached to them. Used to move on ice.
Helmet for head protection.
Knee pads and elbow pads. Knee pads are designed to protect knee joint and hockey player's shins, elbow pads for protection elbow joint player.
The bib provides protection chest and the entire back of the player.
Gloves protect the hands, wrist joints and the lower part of the forearms of the player when hitting the hands or hitting the puck with the stick.
Mouthguard to prevent tooth injury.
Hockey shorts are designed to prevent injury to the hockey player in the event of falls, collisions, puck hits and other cases.
Throat Guard - A semi-rigid piece of plastic or Kevlar that protects the player's throat, neck (front and back) and collarbone.
Sweater is a must sports equipment ice hockey player, put on over protection.
Leggings.
Hockey puck. The maximum recorded speed of a puck in hockey is over 180 km / h. Dimensions (edit) hockey puck: thickness 2.54 cm, diameter 7.62 cm, weight 156-170 g.

The goalkeeper's equipment consists of:

Goalkeeper stick.
Goalkeeper skates. They have a long, wide blade; plastic shockproof outer structure; shortened back; special holes in the glass of the ridge for attaching the shields.
Helmet and mask.
Throat protection.
Bib.
Sink to protect the groin area from washers and other injuries.
Hockey shorts.
Blocker (Pancake) - a wide goalkeeper glove with places for the fingers on the inside.
Trap - A glove similar to a baseball trap, but designed specifically for catching the puck, taking into account the hockey specifics.
Shields.
The upper uniform and helmets of the players of the same team must be the same color (the goalkeeper is allowed to have a helmet that is different in color from the helmets of other players).
Washer.

Ice hockey judges

Good afternoon, my dear curious! Glad to see you on the blog page. Do you like hockey? Maybe you are ardent fans of our national team or you yourself are not averse to skating with a stick? Winter is ahead, and this means that soon a crowd of children will fall out onto the flooded skating rinks of courtyards and huge stadiums, happily driving the puck on the ice.

Have you ever thought about who invented hockey? And when this winter sport came to our sports life as an organized game with rules and attributes? Let's look for answers to our questions, so that we can tell about this later in the next research project.

Lesson plan:

Who started playing first?

The emergence of ice hockey has been in the center of controversy for a long time, no one is ready to give up the parental palm, so in which country and in what year this game appeared - versions will probably still circulate about this for a long time.

According to the established tradition, Canada is considered the homeland of hockey. Undoubtedly, the country of the maple leaf has made a huge contribution to the development of this popular today winter sports This is where hockey formed as a game. However, many are not ready to consider Canada as the ancestor. And that's why.

Historians say that the origins of hockey go far back in the days of ancient Hellas, when they played the ball on the grass. A similar game was captured on the walls at the home of the Olympic Games in Athens.

Something reminiscent of modern hockey existed in Ancient China as early as 4500 years ago. Indians from the American continent were also not averse to free time passing the ball to each other with the help of curved sticks, as evidenced by the frescoes with drawings that have survived to our times.

The Dutch are ready to call themselves the birthplace of hockey, as some of their artists' paintings dating back to the 16th century depict people skating and playing on the ice of river channels.

They also have in their piggy bank an engraving of the 18th century, on which the nobleman froze on skates, and in his hands he has a stick like the modern one that hockey players play.

Many argue that similar games on ice appeared by the 18th century in both England and Scandinavia. So, after the British conquest of Canada in the country of the maple leaf, many began to observe the soldiers attaching knives to their shoes for cutting cheeses, driving a wooden ball along frozen rivers and lakes. Sometimes the ball was replaced with ordinary stones.

In the archives of court documents in Canada for 1847, there are complaints from Montreal residents about the actions of young people who “drove flat stones with sticks” at a public skating rink. This is the first documentary evidence of the birth of hockey.

The ice squad is leading a fierce battle,

We trust the courage of desperate guys.

Real men play hockey.

Coward does not play hockey.

Hockey started playing: what's next?

As it is now clear, ordinary amateurs in Canada began to actively play the game on ice in the middle of the 19th century. What happened next? How from frozen reservoirs, hockey stepped over to huge ice arenas and grew up in professional sports? A small marathon over the years.

There was one more discrepancy in that old hockey. Have you ever stuck to iron in the cold? I do not advise, it hurts a lot. And the referee had a metal whistle in the then hockey! So he stuck, poor, with his lips at every violation or hammered puck. The referee's torment ended with the replacement of the iron assistant with a bell, and only then they made a plastic whistle.

By the way, by this year the first ice rink with artificial ice has already been built in Montreal for playing hockey.

It is interesting! At first, the judges did not throw in the puck, but put it on the ice, as a result of which impatient players often got them on their hands with clubs. Only in 1914 did the rules change, making it easier for referees to work in a traumatic manner.

How did the puck come about?

Did you know that the usual hockey puck for us owes its appearance on the ice to an ordinary ball? At first, the wooden ball was an attribute of the game of field hockey, then it smoothly passed for playing on ice, but was soon changed to a wooden disc. But wood is an inelastic material and impractical for this purpose.

In 1879, the round bumps were cut off the rubber ball, and since then the hockey puck has a rubber base and a flat shape.

The very first shells did not have clear dimensions and weight requirements. Only later, by trial and error, did the characteristics of the hockey puck appear, which it corresponds to today. Rubber or plastic is used as the main material for it, which can withstand the onslaught of the game and exorbitant loads.

To make the puck visible to hockey players during the game, soot is used in its manufacture. But it turns out that it can be of different colors. We are all used to seeing the projectile black. However, in training can be used:

Colored - of course, they can still be seen on the ice, but why do we need white? It's simple: they are designed exclusively for training goalkeepers to increase their concentration.

It is interesting! A standard sports equipment should be 2.54 cm thick, 7.62 cm in diameter, and can weigh from 150 to 170 grams. Of course, there are shells that are lighter and heavier. And before the game, the puck is frozen so that it does not bounce on the ice like a spring. By the way, the speed of the puck launched from the club reaches 160 km / h and more.

How did the hockey uniform come about?

We figured out the appearance of the puck. How did the hockey players come to the form in which they represent their teams today? After all, as we said earlier, in the first match they "rented" the uniform from baseball.

At first, Canadian hockey players wore ordinary knitted sweaters for matches, which differed only in color.

Over time, each team tried to be remembered not only by the game, but also by its appearance... To do this, they began to invent and apply different emblems, so that the players "knew by sight", they wrote numbers and surnames on their backs.

And the material from which the uniform for hockey players was made has changed. Today it is a well-known polyester, which is able to pass air, at the same time lightweight and durable.

Each hockey team has at least two kits - home and away. As a rule, a home suit is chosen in dark colors, but on departure, as on a holiday, in a light uniform.

It is interesting! Professional hockey players are superstitious: many of them don't shave before playing. This tradition was introduced by the Americans from New York, who, being unkempt and not shaved, won 4 Stanley Cups in a row in 1980. In such lucky omen began to believe, only now it does not always help ...

Well, we have our own signs on the blog! For example, such

If you prepare well for the lesson, you will definitely get an A!

And yes, I almost forgot, would you like to decorate the defense of your project about the invention of hockey with the release of the Yeralash newsreel? I think this will greatly delight your classmates, and the teacher will be interested)

That's it for today!

Academic success

Evgenia Klimkovich.