Figure skating Is a popular and beautiful sport widespread in Russia. There is a lot of snow and ice in this country, so there is nothing surprising in the victories of the Russian team. It's probably impossible to tell everything about figure skating and its origins. It has a long, eventful history. This art has gone through many changes.
There are many interesting facts about figure skating. The sport begins its history in the Bronze Age. During archaeological excavations, prototypes of modern skates were found. They were made from animal bones.
More familiar to contemporaries, art appeared in the XII-XIV centuries on the territory of Holland. Then, the blades for skates began to be made of metal. The sport quickly found followers and eventually spread to the United States, Britain, Canada, and then to the whole world.
The first society of fans of this sport was formed in the middle of the 18th century in Edinburgh (Britain). This society was the first to create the first rules for the conduct of competitions.
At the end of the 19th century, figure skating was recognized as a sports discipline. Several years later, the first sporting event was held.
At the beginning of the 20th century, this art became part of the Olympic Games. The time difference between the first and second competitions during the games was 12 years. Both times it was summer games... It was only in 1924 that this art entered the program of the Winter Games.
At first, the competitions were held exclusively among men, but after 10 years they began to be held among women as well.
History of origin in Russia
The sport discipline in Russia was introduced by Peter 1. He delivered the first prototypes of modern skates.
At the end of the 19th century, the famous skating rink in Yusupov Park was opened for public use. From this moment, figure skating ceases to be just entertainment, sports discipline begins to form.
A moment significant for the history of sports discipline took place at this skating rink. Previously, the competitions were amateur, but the high level of training of athletes, the complication of the elements performed, led to the fact that the discipline began to acquire a professional character.
Russian athletes are favorites in figure skating. Many victories were achieved during the existence of the USSR. The Russian figure skating school was formed.
Types of figure skating
During the time that this discipline has existed, it has undergone numerous changes. She grew and developed. The schools were being formed. So, modern types of figure skating were formed. Now, they are part of the programs of competitions, championships, and the Olympic Games.
Each type is regulated. Competitions are held in 2 stages. For each type, there is a clear list of mandatory elements. The criteria for evaluating athletes are different, only the quality of the movements' performance remains the same.
Men's and women's single skating
There is only one participant. He shows sports elements... The degree of difficulty, purity and technique of the element are evaluated. There are other criteria as well. The judges evaluate the performer's artistry, aesthetics, plasticity, and completeness of the performance. The more difficult and high-quality the performance is, the more points the athlete gets.
On the first day of the competition, a short program is shown. It must fulfill 7 mandatory elements. The second day is creative. The free program is shown. It should include jumps, steps, spins.
Pair figure skating
In this type of riding, two people take part: a woman and a man. When evaluating the performance of the participants, the synchronization of the performance of the elements is assessed. Athletes should feel each other and move in unison.
There are a number of elements characteristic of this species. Their implementation is the main feature. The competition takes place in the same way as for singles, in 2 stages. The requirements are similar.
Dance Sport
There are two participants. More attention is paid to artistry and staginess of the performance.
A large number of dance steps and positions are present. The choreographer plans the dance in such a way that the athletes can be together for as long as possible during the performance.
The competition consists of 2 dances: short dance and free dance.
During the short dance, one or two of the compulsory elements must be completed. During the free program, attention is paid to the purity of the movements performed, the literacy of the dance positions, the coordination of the work of the companions, and artistry.
This is the only competition in which vocal musical composition can be used.
Synchronized figure skating
A team of 16-20 people is performing. Anyone can participate in such skating, regardless of gender.
The speakers behave as a single organism, performing the program. Group figure skating has specific elements that are characteristic only of synchronized skating. But there are also restrictions on the implementation of the elements: you cannot perform any kind of support, intersections in the form of a spiral, jumps of more than 1 revolution.
The performance includes 2 types of performances: a short program and a demonstration performance.
Rules and equipment
170 seconds are allocated for the performance. During this time, the speaker must show the program. It must comply with the standard, contain certain movements. The complexity of these elements is determined by the coaches, choreographers and the athletes themselves.
Much attention is paid to the skating rink. The ice must be clean and even. High quality ice is achieved through the use of a special technique. The unevenness above the ice surface should not exceed 5 mm.
The standard ice rink area is 30x60m. The sides are plastic, movable.
Sports equipment is very important. Skates are the main part of the costume, on which most of the performance depends. Skaters spend many hours a day in them.
Often times, skates are custom made. Individual measurements of athletes' feet are taken to make the shoes comfortable to wear. Boots are made of thick durable leather and have a tongue. The lacing of the boots is high.
Carbon steel is used to make the blades. The blade consists of two parts:
- teeth on the nose - are necessary for jerking, performing some elements;
- concave beard - needed for maximum glide on ice.
Athletes' costumes are bright. With the help of them, the spirit of the performance is conveyed, it helps to reveal the idea of the program. Suits are made to order. The fabric is elastic and stretches well. Dresses are sewn with a short skirt, trousers are tight enough to avoid accidental injury during performance.
The main elements of figure skating
There are certain elements of performance in figure skating. They have developed historically, their implementation is obligatory in short speeches. They have varying degrees of difficulty.
Steps
This is the main element of skating, it is a push.
Steps are used as a transition from one element to another, linking them together. Used to gain speed before jumping.
There are many types of steps known. They are divided into 4 groups:
- steps without changing legs, direction or rib;
- without changing legs;
- with a change of leg;
- with a change of foot and direction.
When steps follow one another, it is called a "step sequence". It is required for a short presentation.
There are combinations of steps. The steps are performed in exact order. The combinations have names. Popular: "Waltz Troika", "Jackson", "Rittberger Troika".
Spirals
It is a position in which the athlete stands with one foot on the ice and the other above the hip. It is counted if the execution time is more than 7 seconds. The most popular execution is "swallow". Has 4 degrees of difficulty.
Rotations
One of the most spectacular elements. It consists in the rotation of the athlete around its axis. Rotation, skaters perform from different positions: standing, sitting, from the "swallow" spiral.
The element has many types. Usually, the rotation is done counterclockwise. In this case, support on the left leg. When rotating clockwise, the support is made on the right leg.
Jumping
A colorful and spectacular element. Compulsory for all disciplines except ice dancing.
The most common types of steps are:
- Costal - the push is done from the edge of the skate of the supporting leg: salchow, axel, riteberger.
- Serrated - support when jumping on a prong: lutz, sheepskin coat, flip.
The complexity of the element is constantly increasing. Strong athletes perform jumps with 4 turns. Performing a difficult element gives you an advantage over your rivals.
The most difficult jump to perform is the axel.
How to protect yourself from injury
The risk of injury while riding is high. Falls cannot be avoided. First of all, it is necessary to decide for what purpose they are skating. When teaching a child, you need to decide for what purpose he goes to the section: for general development or to be engaged professionally.
Professional sports have a strong effect on overall health: the body experiences increased physical exercise.
For amateurs, it is enough to adhere to safety precautions. Inexperienced and just beginning to ride, can use protective equipment: knee pads, elbow pads and wrist pads.
You need to pay close attention to the skates. Products must be sharpened and free of rust marks on the blades. Before going out on the ice, laces must be tightly tied.
A sharp blade is dangerous. There is no need to perform, learn the elements of riding in a crowd, near other people.
Figure skating is an exciting, spectacular sport. it good way usefully spend time, perform physical activities necessary for the body. The main thing is to enjoy both classes and watching competitions.
Sports. Its essence lies in the fact that athletes move on the ice on skates - slide, performing various curly elements: jumps, spins, partner support, various combinations of steps, etc. All this skaters perform to a certain music provided by the conditions of the tournament.
Figure skating is usually divided into: single skating (male and female), pair skating(female-male) and dance Sport(female-husband).
Olympic competitions in singles and pair skating held since 1908 (in 1908 and 1920 - in the framework of the Olympic Games, since 1924 - in the ZOG program), in sports ice dancing - since 1976. In each form Olympic competitions a country can enter one participant or a pair; a country, whose athletes in the pre-Olympic year took 1 - 5 places in this form at the World Championship, can be represented by three participants (pairs), 6 - 10 - by two participants (pairs).
Figure skating has its origins in the distant past. Archaeological finds indicate that it originated in the Bronze Age. Excavated items were found both on the territory of European states and in other places. The most ancient skates were found near Odessa.
However, earlier it was hardly figure skating, especially since it was hardly classified as a sport. Figure skating became a sport in Holland in the 12-14th centuries. But again, its essence was slightly different - the athletes had to draw various figures on the ice, maintaining a beautiful pose.
Figure skating clubs only appeared in the 18th century. It happened in the city of Edinburgh in 1742. It was in this place that the first figure skating club was founded. The first rules and obligations for figure skaters were also introduced there.
After a while, other parts of the Earth also became interested in figure skating. So, for example, this sport came from Europe to the USA and Canada. Figure skating began to spread rapidly throughout the world.
The first official competitions in Europe figure skating took place in Vienna in 1882. And in 1891 the first European Championship was held. It happened in the German city of Hamburg. The European Championship was followed by the World Championship, which took place in 1896 in the second capital of our country - St. Petersburg. Here, something like this, this sport has gradually come down to our days.
If we are dealing with single or pair skating, then these disciplines may include:
1. Short program. Participants need to complete 8 generally accepted elements, supplemented by connecting or connecting steps, within 2 minutes 40 seconds;
2. Free program.
For ice dancing, athletes must:
1. Show two compulsory dances, which represent a certain sequence of steps;
2. Perform an original dance in a predetermined rhythm. This dance must include 8 compulsory elements;
3. Perform a free dance. It must also include 8 required elements, but the music can be anything.
The development of this sport is led by the International Skating Union (ISU), which was founded in 1892 and unites national federations 71 countries (1998).
Figure skating is a sport for true connoisseurs of beauty.
Find a figure skating section in
The history of figure skating counts many centuries.
The essence of this sport is movement of an athlete or a pair of athletes on ice and performing various elements showing the agility and grace of the skaters.
And although the first official figure skating competition took place in the century before last Historical science finds much earlier evidence of the use of skates for sporting purposes.
The history of figure skating
The first devices for moving on ice were invented during the Bronze Age (IV-I millennium BC)... They were made from animal bones, or rather, from phalanges. Similar products are found during excavations in many places. Europe including in Ukraine, in the area of Odessa, where the nomadic people of the Cimmerians lived.
Photo 1. The first prototype of skates made from animal bone. The products are fixed on the shoes with straps.
Hardly such bone "skates" were suitable for performing elements during sports competitions, but they are definitely gave primitive people an advantage when moving on ice.
How old is this sport? Origin in Europe in the 16th-19th centuries
The origin of this sport is associated with the moment when skates were made not of bone, but of metal. At first they were made from iron or bronze, and then from steel. For the first time, such products were released in Holland in the twelfth century. There, while skating, people moved on the ice, drawing various figures on it, while maintaining balance and a beautiful pose.
The first clubs of figure skating fans appeared in the British Empire in the middle of the 17th century (Edinburgh, 1742)... There were developed the rules of the competition, published lists of mandatory figures, agreed standards. In 1772 Robert Jones published A Treatise on Ice Skating, in which he described all the figures known at that time.
Appearance in the USA and Canada
From Europe, figure skating quickly came to the American continent.
In the USA and Canada numerous skating clubs were created, new models of skates were designed, new styles and directions developed.
In the 19th century almost all modern techniques and technical aspects were already known, as evidenced by the literature published at that time ( D. Anderson, "The Art of Ice Skating").
In those days, skiing was unhurried and slow. US resident Jackson Heinz combined prim English style with dance elements, added music and various "tops". Puritan America did not like such an invention, but Heinz gained popularity in Europe. The skates fastened with straps to the shoe could not withstand intense loads, and the American for the first time combined shoes and skates into one product.
First championships, participation of women and men
Recognition of figure skating as a sport happened in 1871 during the Speed Skating Congress.
In 1882 the first competition took place in Vienna. But according to the notes of eyewitnesses, only a few athletes took part in the competition.
In 1890 to St. Petersburg in honor of the 25th anniversary of the ice rink the best skaters from all over the world were invited to the Yusupov Garden: from the USA, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Holland and other countries.
The competition received the status of an “unofficial world championship”. The winner in all disciplines was a member of the St. Petersburg Society of Ice Skating Fans Alexey Lebedev.
In 1891 the first European figure skating championship was held, where the winner was a German athlete Oscar Uhlig.
In 1892 was the International Skating Union was created.
Four years after the creation of this organization, the first world figure skating championship was held in St. Petersburg. In 1903, in honor of the 200th anniversary of the city Petersburg was given the right to host the world championship again, in which the Swede was the winner Ulrich Salchow.
At first, the competitions were held only among men, women were not allowed to the championships. But in 1901 under public pressure, a woman was allowed to participate in men's competitions: an Englishwoman Madge Sayers.
Reference. It is not known who improved the design of the skates so that they had prong.
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Further development: jumping, pair skating
In 1906 the first world championship was held in Davos among single women. They had to perform the same figures as men.
Important! Pair skating has been officially listed as a sport in 1897, but the first official competitions on it were held only in 1908 in St. Petersburg. The first champions in pair skating were German figure skaters Anna Hubler and Heinrich Burger.
Most awarded figure skater the first decade of the 20th century was Sonya Henie from Norway. Her free programs were very difficult and reminiscent of ballet. She won ten championships and three Olympics.
Photo 2. Performance by the Norwegian figure skater Sonia Heni. She is one of the first women in this sport.
In the 20s-30s in pair skating there was a struggle between schools "Stuntmen" and "Antitrustists"... The first ones amazed the audience with a variety of supports that did not require advanced figure skating skills from a woman. The latter insisted that the pair skaters should keep up with each other in skill. Ultimately, the school of "anti-trickers" won.
Before the war jumping was considered aerobatics. The most titled athletes did not more than two or three jumps during the performance. The revolution in this direction was made Dick Button, which the at the 1948 championship presented a free program with a large number of jumps, including a double axel.
Sports ice dancing as a separate discipline emerged in 1930s. They were first recognized in the UK and then, in 1952 were included in the program of all world championships. Part winter olympic games ice dancing steel since 1976.
Flourishing
In the 1960s the Czechs revolutionized ice dancing Eva Romanova and Pavel Roman.
They danced not to classical music, but to hot Latin American tunes.
Although part of the public was outraged, the couple managed to defend their views, the skaters became 4-time world champions.
Important! In 1961 the entire US team was killed in the plane crash. This put an end to American figure skating dominance for a long time.
The advent of television has made its own adjustments to figure skating. For TV viewers, the obligatory program looked uninteresting, their attention was more attracted free program... The favorites of the audience, who performed well in free dances, lost to the professionals, who emphasized the compulsory program. In 1968 a measure was taken: the cost of compulsory figures was reduced from 60 to 50%... Later, another short free program was added, giving 20%.
Reference. In the heyday of figure skating, the complexity of the programs increased very quickly. Triple jumps and jumps have become standard techniques. In 1988 to Kurt Browning the first was counted quadruple jump- sheepskin coat.
In the second half of the century in women's skating dominated Jutta Miller School, which opened the world to such athletes as Seifert and Witt. In pair skating, representatives of the USSR were entrenched on the podium: Belousova - Protopopov, Gordeeva - Grinkov and other couples won gold and silver medals. In the early 90s in male single skating dominated again by American athletes.
Modernity
The ever-growing competition between athletes led to the fact that often the winner was subjectively chosen by one or two judges.
This situation predisposes to conspiracies. One of the conspiracies was revealed at the Salt Lake City Olympics (2002)... This led to the emergence of a new judicial system: on the one hand, the programs became more intensive technical elements on the other hand, there is less theatricality and creativity in the performances.
In men's single skating he won the first places Evgeny Plushenko, at the Olympics 2010 year American won Evan Lysacek, in women's skating - Irina Slutskaya.
Attention! World-class figure skating still retains amateur status. The participation of professionals in the Olympic Games and World Championships is prohibited.
History in the USSR and Russia, features of women's skating
Figure skating is famous in Russia since the time of Peter I. The tsar brought the first models of skates to the country from Europe, which he attached directly to his boots.
The first textbook for skaters was published in 1838 " Winter fun and the art of skating ”(by GM Pauli, gymnastics teacher).
How the sport of Russian figure skating was born in 1865. In the same year, a skating rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden. He was the most comfortable in Russia and immediately became a center for training figure skaters. March 5, 1878 it took place the first competition in the country skaters. By 1881 The Ice Skating Society numbered 30 people.
After the revolution, figure skating began to gain popularity again, but at first it was in isolation from the rest of the world.
In 1924 the first USSR championship was held, where the winners were Alexandra Bykovskaya and Yuri Zeldovich.
1930-1940s outstanding couples performed in the USSR: Novozhilova - Gandelsman(won the championships 1937 and 1939) and Bykovskaya - Zeldovich(won the championships 1941, 1952 and etc.).
60s marked the exit of Soviet figure skating from international isolation. On the world stage, the first of the domestic athletes was a couple Belousova - Protopopov. The entire second half of the century was marked by the dominance of the USSR and Russia in pair skating.
At all Olympiads from 1964 to 2006 Russian athletes received "gold" in this discipline. But in women's skating, Soviet skaters were not so strong, not a single gold medal was won for 1960-1990s... In post-Soviet Russia, they won the women's world championship Maria Butyrskaya and Irina Slutskaya.
Towards the end of the 2000s Russia began to lose ground, losing to China and Japan. Olympiad 2010 year was shamefully lost. But later it turned out that it was only a temporary setback associated with the reshuffle of personnel. At the 2014 Olympics the coveted gold in women's skating was won Adelina Sotnikova.
Photo 3. Performance of Adelina Sotnikova at the 2014 Olympics. The athlete won gold.
Useful video
Watch the video, which tells about the history of the development of single figure skating in the USSR.
The origins of speed skating lie in the distant past, and go back to the Bronze Age (late 4th - early 1st millennium BC), as evidenced by the finds of archaeologists - bone skates made from phalanges of the limbs of large animals. Similar finds are found in many European countries, and the most ancient "skates" were found on the banks of the Southern Bug
The invention of skates (prehistoric times)
The origins of speed skating lie in the distant past, and are rooted in bronze age (the end of the 4th - the beginning of the 1st millennium BC), this is evidenced by the finds of archaeologists - bone ridge made from the phalanges of the limbs of large animals. Similar finds are found in many countries. Europe , and the most ancient " skates "Were discovered on the shore Southern Bug not far from Odessa. Even such primitive designs gave the traveler or hunter a gain in speed, but they were not yet suitable for figure riding.
Origin (XVI-XIX century)
The birth of figure skating as a sport is associated with the moment when skates began to be made from iron, not bone ... According to research, this happened for the first time in Holland, in the XII - XIV century ... Initially, figure skating was a competition for the skill of drawing a variety of shapes on the ice, while maintaining a beautiful pose.
The first clubs of figure skating fans appeared in the 18th century in British Empire v Edinburgh (1742 G.). There was also developed a list of compulsory figures in competitions, and the first official rules of the competition. Artillery Lieutenant Robert Jones published A Treatise on Ice Skating ( 1772 g.), in which he described all the main figures that were then known .
From Europe figure skating hit USA and Canada , where it received tremendous development. Numerous ice skating clubs were created here, new models of skates were developed, and its own school of technology was created. TO mid XIX century in figure skating, almost all moderncompulsory figures and the main technique for their execution, as evidenced by the books "The Art of Ice Skating" by D. Anderson, President of the city's speed skating club Glasgow , and the work of H. Vandervel and T. Maxwell Whitman from London ... These books contain descriptions of alleights, threes, hooks and other simple maneuvers figure skating.
At that time, figure skating was performed in a prim "English" style. American Jackson Haynes (in another transcription Heinz; 1840 — 1875 ), dancer and skater, combined both and got his own style skating: riding to music, dance moves and " spinning tops " on ice. The skates, which were attached by straps to the shoes, could not withstand such loads, then he was one of the first to screw them tightly to the boots. However, in puritanical America, this style was not adopted, and in the 60s XIX century he went on tour to Europe. The tour went "with a bang"Nikolay Alexandrovich Panin-Kolomenkin wrote:
First championships (late 19th century)
At the I Congress of Speed Skating in 1871 year figure skating has been recognized as a sport.
In 1882 in Vienna the first official figure skating competition in Europe took place. True, initially, as A. N. Mishin notes, “it was a kind of backstage competition,” since only a few athletes took part in them.
But the approach to the competition changed after the best figure skaters from all over the world were invited to the competition in St. Petersburg in 1890, dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the skating rink in the Yusupov Garden. In St. Petersburg came: the US champion L. Rubenstein, the German champion F. Kaiser, the best skaters of Sweden, Austria, Finland, England, Holland, Sweden, Norway. The competition acquired the status of an "unofficial world championship"; the winner of these competitions in all types of the program was an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Society of Ice Skating FansAlexey Pavlovich Lebedev .
The next year in 1891 in Hamburg, held first European championship in men's single skating (German figure skater won Oskar Uhlig).
But the demonstration of the international scope and potential of figure skating, shown at the competitions in St. Petersburg, haunted. Therefore, already in 1892 was created International Skating Union (ISU), which was supposed to lead the organization of international competitions.
4 years later, in 1896, in St. Petersburg took place first world championship figure skating (winner - Gilbert Fuchs, German empire). In 1903, in honor of the 200th anniversary St. Petersburg The St. Petersburg Society of Ice Skating Fans was granted the right to host the 8th World Championship (1st place - Swede Ulrich Salchow, 2nd place - Nikolay Panin-Kolomenkin ).
It is not known for certain who first equipped figure skates with a prong. Haynes's skates had a rounded toe (similar skates were known in the USSR under the name "Snow Maidens"), Salkhov had a tooth, and in the skates of the Panin system there was a sharp stop, reminiscent of a compass needle.
The first figure skating competitions were held only amongsingle male , female figure skaters got the opportunity to participate in the world championships only after 10 years. True, in 1901, under public pressure, ISU as an exception, allowed an English woman to participate in men's competitions Madge Sayers.
Development (1900-1960)
Officially the first world championship among single women took place at the end of January 1906 in Davos (Switzerland). Mandatory shapes women and men were similar, but women's free skating immediately attracted attention with high artistry, plasticity and musicality of movements.
Obviously, pair figure skating appeared immediately after Haynes demonstrated how to dance on ice; already in 1897 year it has been codified as a sport. But officially, the first competitions were held only in 1908 in St. Petersburg ... German skaters Anna Hubler and Heinrich Burger went down in history as the first Olympic champions in pair skating.
Most awarded of the pre-war skaters - single skater Sonya Henie (Norway). Brilliantly trained both as a skater and as a dancer, Sonya raised women's skating to new heights - her free programs at that time were unattainably complex, more like ballet ... Not surprisingly, she won ten world championships and three olympiads before turning pro. Of men highest heights achieved the Austrian Karl Schaefer.
In pair skating, in the 1920s and 1930s, there was a struggle between "trickists" and "anti-trickists". The first ones at first stood out as spectacular, although not difficult to perform, support , which do not require a woman's special ability to skate, the latter - a well-coordinated ride of both partners. In the end, the leading place was taken by the "anti-trickists".
Before the war, jumping was considered "aerobatics", not available to everyone. Even world-class skaters got by with two or three jumps per program. V 1948 Dick Button made a revolution by presenting a free program full of jumps, including a double axel. Since then, jumping has firmly established itself in the arsenal of skaters.
Ice dancing sports originated in the 1930s in Great Britain, and then spread throughout the world. V 1952 year sports dances were included in the programworld championships and Europe ... For the first 10 years, UK figure skaters won in all major international competitions. Into the programwinter olympic games ice dancing was included with 1976 year.
Flourishing (1960-2000)
In 1961 tragedy happened: the entire US teamdied in a plane crash ... This marked the end of US figure skating dominance.
Brother and sister Czechs revolutionized ice dancing Eva Romanova and Pavel Roman ... They preferred to dance to stormy Latin American rhythms; their productions at that time sounded defiant, but they managed to defend their creative views, becoming 4-time world champions ( 1962 — 1965 ).
With the advent of television such a paradox arose.Mandatory shapes were an extremely boring discipline, TV people preferred to showfree program ... Often there was a situation: the skater got a huge gap on the obligatory figures (which gave 60% of the points), rolled back a nondescript free program and became the winner, bypassing the "favorites of the public" (this is known, for example, Beatrice Shuba). In 1968 the first step took place: the cost of compulsory figures was reduced to 50%. V 1972 added short program giving 20%. By 1990 compulsory figures, short program and free program were already evaluated as 20:30:50. WITH 1991 year the obligatory figures were finally abolished.
The complexity of the programs increased rapidly: Belousova and Protopopov demonstrated new options todes ; Rodnina and Ulanov - unusual jump combinations. Triple steel is the standard technique. jumps and throws. In 1988, Kurt Browning the first quadruple jump was scored - sheepskin coat.
Almost the entire podium in pair skating was occupied by the USSR and Russia: Belousova - Protopopov, Rodnina - Ulanov / Zaitsev, Valova - Vasiliev, Gordeeva -Grinkov, Berezhnaya —Sikharulidze ... In dances, the USSR also had no equal: couples Pakhomova - Gorshkov, Linichuk -Karponosov and Bestemyanova - Bukin brought the Soviet country many first places.
In women's skating "rules the ball" school Jutty Müller (GDR ), which gave such athletes as Seifert, Pötsch and Witt ... In the 1990s, they temporarily regained their positions USA ... Most of the men's championship titles were for the USA and Canada: Hamilton, Orser, Boitano, Browning, Stoyko ... In the post-Soviet years, success came to the coach Alexey Mishin who trained athletes such as Urmanov, Yagudin and Plushenko.
Modernity (2000 - present)
According to the arbitrator S. Bianchetti , the time of programs such as " Chaplin »Berezhnoy —Sikharulidze, unfortunately, passed.
Figure skating borders on art and therefore, in principle, cannot have any objective indicators, "who's better". When the strength of the athletes is close, often the fate of the medal is determined by the subjective decision of one or two judges. In such a situation, collusion is not uncommon.One of them was revealed on 2002 Winter Olympics (Salt Lake City). This was the impetus for the emergenceNew judging system ... The effect was twofold: on the one hand, an end was put to sweeping »Across the entire skating rink; the athlete tries to turn even short runs into a small step sequence ... On the other hand, theatricality disappeared, the programs of different participants became more and more similar to each other: athletes prefer to perform not beautiful and unusual figures, but those for which they give more points.
Although there are unofficial estimates in the New Grading System records , they do not make much sense: all the 2000s the system was worked out andbalanced .
In men's skating, the first places were taken byEvgeny Plushenko, Stéphane Lambiel and Brian Joubert. At the 2010 Olympics sensationally won by the American Evan Lysacek. In women - Irina Slutskaya, Miki Ando, Kim Yong Ah and Mao Asada ... In pair skating, the deserved victories were won by a pair Totmianina - Marinin ; the Chinese can also be noted Pan Qing - Tong Jian, Shen Xue —Zhao Hongbo and an international couple Savchenko - The Sholkovs. The most titled dance couple of recent times - Navka - Kostomarov.
Despite the fact that today most of the sportsprofessionalized ISU still retains its amateur competitive skating status. V world championship and Olympic Games professionals are not allowed in. V 2010 year Plushenko was disqualified for professionalism.
The situation in the USSR and Russia
Figure skating in Of Russia has been known since time Peter I ... The Russian tsar brought the first skates from Europe. It was Peter I who invented a new method of attaching skates - directly to the boots and thus created the "prototype" of today's equipment for skaters.
In 1838, the first textbook was published in St. Petersburg for skaters - "Winter fun and the art of ice skating." Its author was G.M. Pauli - teacher gymnastics in the military educational institutions of St. Petersburg.
Russian figure skating, as a sport, originated in 1865 year ... Then a public skating rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden on Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the very first days it became a center for training figure skaters. On him March 5, 1878 the first competition of Russian figure skaters took place. V 1881 year the "Society of Ice Skating Fans" consisted of about 30 people. One of the most famous sports and public figures was the Honorary Member of this society Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky.
When the revolutionary devastation ended, figure skating began to gain strength again - albeit in isolation from the rest of the world. V 1924 at the first championship the USSR won by Alexandra Bykovskaya and Yuri Zeldovich , then the pairs competitions in the championships were held intermittently, however, the Soviet school received great development after the appearance of two outstanding pairs: Raisa Novozhilova - Boris Gandelsman (they won the USSR championship, including in 1937 and 1939) andTatiana Granatkina (Tolmacheva) - Alexander Tolmachev (according to various sources, possibly in 1937-38, 1941, 1945-52).
In the 1960s years - after a half-century hiatus - Russia reappeared on the world stage. The first to write their names in the annals of historyLyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ... However, Soviet books prefer to keep silent about their merits - in In 1979 they became " defectors". Irina Rodnina (with two different partners) repeated the achievement Henie , becoming a 10-time world champion and a 3-time Olympic champion.
The end of the 20th century passed under complete domination USSR and Russia in figure skating. In pair skating, Russia was generally out of competition, having received "gold" in all Olympic Games with 1964 to 2006 However, having a huge advantage over the others in doubles and dance skating and strong men, the USSR never won a single gold medal in women's skating. Came closest to the coveted title Kira Ivanova (silver in the World Championship, bronze in the Olympic Games). Already in post-Soviet Russia, the women's world championship was won Synchronized figure skating - the newest figure skating discipline. V modern form synchronized skating appeared in the 60s in the USA, although the idea of group skating appeared much earlier. For example, in Russia, group skating competitions (pairs, fours, eights) were held in the mid-1920s. last century , but then this type of popularity did not receive. In the United States, this sport began to develop as entertainment for spectators during the breaks of hockey matches. It turned out that synchronized skating is very bright and interesting view sports.
The first official synchronized figure skating competition was held in 1976 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. V 1994 year
Figure skating history
Since ancient times, figure skating has been a popular form of recreation. They usually rode on frozen rivers, lakes, ponds. In the second half of the 19th century, in such largest cities of Russia as Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Voronezh, for these purposes, they began to fence off the sites and specially fill them. The first such skating rink appeared in St. Petersburg in 1865 The ponds of the Yusupov garden (now the garden of the Oktyabrsky district) were adapted for it. It was there that the first Russian athletes began to systematically engage in figure skating. in 1877 to the St. Petersburg Society of Ice Skating Lovers.
In 1890the first unofficial world championship was played on the ice of the Yusupov Garden, in which the strongest skaters of Russia, the USA, Austria, Germany, and Sweden took part. In all sections of skating, A.P. Lebedev. The skating of this outstanding Russian athlete was distinguished by high technique, precision of movements, amazing grace.
A.P. Lebedev's speeches, his pedagogical and social activities influenced the formation of the so-called international style of skating. Representatives of the Austrian school, figure skaters from Norway, Sweden, Germany, England and the USA have contributed to the development of figure skating as a sport. Organizationally, it took shape in 1892, the International Skating Union (ISU) was created. At the same time, at the ISU Congress, the rules for holding international competitions were approved, and the order of the European championship was determined.
In 1896ISU decided to hold the world championships. The right to organize the first competitions at such a high level was given to the St. Petersburg Ice Skating Society. The competition took place on the ice of the Yusupov Garden. The bronze medalist of the European Championship German G. Fuchs, “Yusupovtsy” G. Sanders and N. Poduskov went to the start. G. Fuchs became the winner, G. Sanders and N. Poduskov lost both in the “school” and in free skating. G. Sanders was the first to perform spiral figures - a special section of figure skating. His figures were considered the most beautiful and most complex.
The 1896 World Championship became a kind of stimulus for the deployment of educational work at the skating rink of the Yusupov Garden. It was continued by Panin, relying on the traditions laid down by A.P. Lebedev. Systematic and hard work soon bore fruit. Panin himself participated in the first Russian figure skating championships and in 1901 replaced the first Russian champion A.N. Panshin, who won this title in 1897-1900 The winner performed excellent school figures, demonstrated high artistic skill and plasticity in free skating. His style of skating was in many ways reminiscent of the style of the “grandfather of Russian figure skaters” A.P. Lebedev. Panin won the title of champion of Russia and in 1902, and in 1903... They started talking about him abroad.
In 1903 g.the 200th anniversary of St. Petersburg was celebrated and the committee of the International Union of Skaters instructed the St. Petersburg Society of Ice Skating Lovers to hold the drawing of the next world championship. A school of skaters was created at the skating rink of the Yusupov Garden. The famous coach V. Seibert was invited from Austria. Under his leadership, N.A. Panin, F.I. Dattin, K.A. Ollo and other St. Petersburg figure skaters.
The 1903 World Championship brought together a strong line-up of participants. I arrived two-time champion World Swede U. Salchow, ex-world champion German G. Fuchs, Austrian champion M. Bogach and German champion E. Lassan. N.A. was declared from Russia. Panin. The first place was then taken by U. Salkhov, the second - by N.A. Panin.
Three more times N. Panin was the champion of Russia, repeatedly took high places at the European and world championships. In 1908 g. he decided to stop performing and devote himself coaching... And yet he had to go out on the ice. In February, in the competition for the prize of A.N. Panshin on the ice of the Yusupov Garden, he entered into single combat with the seven-time world champion U. Salkhov. In the overall standings, N. Panin was ahead of the renowned figure skater and took first place.
Fate brought them together again in the same year in London at the IV Olympic Games. Due to fuzzy refereeing compulsory exercises ON. Panin had to give up free skating. In competitions in special figures, he demonstrated amazing skill, flawlessly executed all the drawings he invented on the ice and became the first Russian Olympic champion.
After the Olympic Games N.A. Panin switched to teaching and coaching. Soon his students also achieved great success: K.A. Ollo won the Russian championship in 1910, 1911, 1912; K.G. Caesar won all national championships from 1911 to 1915.
The Yusupov team also achieved serious success at the European Championship 1911 g., which was played out on their ice. K.A. Ollo then took second place. In competitions among women K.G. Caesar was second, L.P. Popova - the third.
Petersburg has become one of the centers of the formation of the international style of figure skating. The success of A.P. Lebedeva, the first in Russia gold Olympic medal N.A. Panin and the successes of a group of skaters who became coaches after the Great October Socialist Revolution, these are the main milestones in the development of skating at that time.
It is important to note the appearance in 1910 labor of N.A. Panin "Figure skating (international style)", in which the author summarized the material accumulated by the end of the first decade of the 20th century in the field of technique and technique of figure skating. This work laid the foundation for the theory of figure skating.
The Great October Socialist Revolution determined further development figure skating as part physical culture country. In general, figure skating has gone through a difficult path of development, becoming one of the most popular sports.
In the first years after the victory of the Great October Revolution, all work on physical culture and sports was subordinated to main task training soldiers for the fronts of the civil war. But even in a terrible time, according to N.A. Panina, figure skating lovers found an opportunity to allocate time for classes.
In 1920the first figure skating competitions were organized at the skating rink of the Semenovsky parade ground.
In 1923-1924.took place demonstration performances figure skaters at the skating rink of the Yusupov Garden. They were attended by L.P. Popov K.G. Caesar, A.D. Konopatova, I.I. Epiphany.
In 1926 g.in Leningrad and Moscow, figure skating sections were created, new areas for figure skaters appeared. A special role in the development of this sport was played by the figure skating school - the so-called Seminary of figure skating instructors.
The names of such skaters as Y. Zel'dovich, I. Bogoyavlensky, P. Chernyshev, M. Petrova, E. Oborina, A. Bykovskaya, T. Kuznetsova, M. Stankevich, R. and A. Gandelsman were widely known in the pre-war years ...
After the Great Patriotic War, the sections of the voluntary sports societies "Dynamo", "Spartak: DSO of trade unions in Moscow, Leningrad and Tallinn began to work actively. A group of specialization in figure skating was organized at the Institute of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft (Leningrad). A talented group of skaters appeared, mastering more and more complex programs, especially in pair skating.
The champions of the country in these years among women were V. Paduri, Y. Nikolaeva, N. Kartavenko, T. Likhareva, in men I. Mitrushchenkov, V. Zakharov, I. Persians, in pair skating - T. Granatkina and A. Tolmachev, M. Granatkia and V. Zakharov, M. Belenkaya and I. Moskvin.
In the 50s.a well-known experience of training work has already been accumulated, especially in pair skating. The Soviet skaters had the opportunity to try their hand at the international arena.
In 1956 g.Soviet skaters first entered the European ice, but the first big success was achieved in Bratislava in 1958- N. and S. Zhuk won the first medals and immediately the silver dignity! Another Soviet couple, L. Belousova and O. Protopopov, demonstrated a lyrical, graceful program and took 10th place. For the first time participating in the same year at the world championship in Paris, N. and S. Zhuk took 8th, and L. Belousova and O. Protopopov 13th. A good school for Soviet skaters was their participation in the VIII Olympic Games in Squaw Valley in 1960 Our first pair - N. and S. Zhuk took 6th place, L. Belousova and O. Protopopov - 9th.
During these years, among the country's strongest skaters were: Bogdanova, E. Osipova (Tchaikovskaya), T. Likhareva, T. Nemtsova, T. Bratus (Moskvina), L. Mikhailov, V. Meshkov and A. Vedenin, L. Gerasimova and Yu. Kiselev.
The 9th Olympic Games were a real triumph of the Soviet figure skating school, where L. Belousova and O. Protopopov won gold medals, and the young debutants of the Olympics T. Zhuk and A. Gavrilov took 5th place.
The names of our skaters I. Rodnina and A. Ulanov, and then Zaitsev, T. Moskvina and A. Mishin, T. Zhuk and A. Gorelik, Smirnova and A. Suraikin, T. Karelina and G. Proskurin in pair skating, And Grishkova and V. Ryzhkina, L. Pakhomova and Gorshkova in ice dancing, S. Chetverukhina in single skating firmly entered the lists of the strongest in the world.
The construction of indoor ice rinks, the unusually expanded geography of figure skating, extensive information on television and in the cinema contributed to the great popularity of all types of figure skating. Along with the mass character, the skill of the skaters has greatly increased. Independence from weather conditions helped to significantly intensify the learning process, to devote more time to creative searches. Modern sound recording, creative contacts between the trainer and the choreographer made it possible to increase the musical and choreographic culture of classes, played crucial role in the growth of skaters' skill.
A special role in this process belongs to coaches S. Zhuk, E. Tchaikovskaya, I. Moskvin and others.
Figure skating
Figure skating is a winter sport in which athletes skate on ice performing additional elements, most often to music.
Refers to complex coordination sports.
In official competitions, as a rule, four sets of medals are played: in women's single skating, in men's singles, in pair skating, as well as in ice dancing. Figure skating is included in the Winter Olympics program.
Managing figure skating - The International Speed Skating Union (ISU) was founded in 1892 and unites more than 60 national federations.
Figure Skaters of 1908 Figure Skaters of 1980 (Irina Rodnina with Alexander Zaitsev)
Often, skaters take part in various shows, in which their skills are judged not by the judges, but by the audience.
Figure skating at the olympic games
History
The oldest skates were discovered on the banks of the Southern Bug, near Odessa, dating back to the Bronze Age. These skates were made from the phalanx of the front legs of horses.It is believed that the birthplace of figure skating is Holland. It was there, in the XIII-XIV centuries, that the first iron skates appeared. The emergence of skates of a new type gave a powerful impetus to the development of figure skating, which at that time consisted in the ability to draw intricate figures on the ice and at the same time maintain a beautiful pose.
All required figures were created in the UK. This is explained by the fact that it was here that the first ice skating clubs arose (Edinburgh, 1742). At the same time, the first official rules of the competition were developed.
For the first time, information about competitions in iron skating with wooden blades appeared in England by 1763. These competitions were held in the middle of the 13th century in the Netherlands. Later, speed skating races were held in the Fence area of south-central England in the first half of the 19th century. These competitions were held quite regularly, if the weather conditions allowed.
The first international figure skating competition was organized ice club Vienna, founded in 1867, and held in Austria (Vienna) in 1882. Leopold Frein from Austria won this competition. 2nd place went to Eduard Engelmann, also from Austria, and 3rd place was taken by the legendary Axel Paulsen from Norway, who performed as special figure his famous jump, which received his name and made him famous. The success of the Viennese skaters was explained by the fact that three members of the Vienna Ice Club: Karl Korper, Demeter Diamantidi and Max Wirth systematically improved their figures, borrowing the experience and knowledge from Jackson Heinz and then published them in the book "Footprints on Ice", which can be considered one of the earliest publications on figure skating.
The very first edition of the figure skating rules, published in England, dates back to 1772.
The English lieutenant of artillery Robert Jones published A Treatise on Ice Skating, in which he described all the major figures that were then known.
Figure skating in Russia has been known since the time of Peter I. The Russian tsar brought the first skates from Europe. It was Peter I who invented a new method of attaching skates - directly to the boots and thus created the "prototype" of today's equipment for skaters.
The name "skates" arose because the front of the wooden "runners" was usually decorated with a horse's head.
In 1838, the first textbook for figure skaters was published in St. Petersburg - "Winter fun and the art of ice skating." Its author was G.M. Pauli is a gymnastics teacher at the military educational institutions of St. Petersburg.
A surge of interest in figure skating came after the European tour of American figure skater Jackson Gaines. He showed unexpected possibilities of performing impetuous figures in the most graceful body movements.
Russian figure skating, as a separate sport, originated in 1865. Then a public skating rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden on Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the very first days it became a center for training figure skaters. On it on March 5, 1878, the first competition of Russian figure skaters took place.
The development of figure skating in the period 1870-1880 caused the need to create national associations: among the first one can be considered the associations of Great Britain in 1879, in the Netherlands in 1882, in Canada in 1887 and the united association of Germany-Austria in 1888. Associations and clubs organized international competitions, world championships and Europe, however, at that time there were no specific rules and competition program. In this regard, in 1892, at the initiative of the German association, a meeting of representatives of all countries interested in international ice skating competitions was organized, which took place in July in Scheveningen. It was the first International Congress attended by three national associations and two clubs from the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany-Austria, Sweden and Hungary. This Congress developed and adopted firm rules for competition in speed skating on skates. With regard to figure skating, Congress did not take action to adopt specific rules, but only appointed a committee of representatives of the German-Austrian Association (O. Bon), Hungary (L. Stuler) and Sweden (V. Bolk), which was tasked with developing the rules and align the table of required figures. From this moment on, all championships and international competitions began to be held under the auspices of ISU - International Skating Union.
In 1881, about 30 people belonged to the "Society of Ice Skating Fans".
One of the most famous sports and public figures was the Honorary Member of this society Vecheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Salchow, Lutz, Rittberger, Axel Paulsen invented their elements, and the skaters, in gratitude for this, left their names in the names of the elements.
Rules and elements
Figure skating includes singles (men and women), pair skating and sport dancing. Olympic competitions in single and pair skating have been held since 1908. In each type of competition, a country can enter one participant or a pair; a country, whose athletes in the pre-Olympic year took 1-5 places in this form at the World Championship, can be represented by three participants (pairs), 6-10 - by two participants (pairs). Performances are evaluated on a six-point system: in the short program, the technique of the eight prescribed elements and the presented program are evaluated; in the free program - technique and artistry; in free dance - technical skill and artistic impression. The place of each participant (pair) is determined by an absolute majority of the judges (odd number).Short program
The short program is a kind of test of the level of technical, tactical, moral and volitional preparedness, the ability of skaters to reveal their creative potential within a relatively strict framework of a mandatory set of elements. The pair skating short program was introduced at the 1963 European Championships. In subsequent years, it has changed and improved, reflecting the development of pair skating.When drawing up a short program, and especially when performing it, skaters face a number of specific difficulties.
The difficulty of a psychological order lies in the fact that it is with short program athletes start to compete. Therefore, the final result of the performance largely depends on how the couple will show themselves in the first round. Difficulty of a different order is related to the significance of each element. A failure or an error in the execution of one of them by at least one of the partners leads to a significant decrease in estimates. This circumstance has an additional psychological effect on the skaters and at the same time increases the requirements for the technical and moral-strong-willed training of the couple.
In the short program, all pairs perform the same elements. If you can shine in an arbitrary program difficult jump, original support, spiral, rotation, etc., then in a short program the decisive factors are high skating culture, completeness of composition, excellent technique, accuracy and synchronization of performance, high tempo of movements and sliding speed, organic connection of movements with music, originality of connecting steps etc.
It is very important for athletes to be able to see the standard elements of a short program in their own way and give their performance an individual color in accordance with the nature of the music and the pair's riding style. That is why the short program forces the skaters to look for their own style, their own manner of skating, the nuances in the performance of each element.
At the ISU Congress in the summer of 1980, a new system for calculating the results of figure skaters was adopted. A feature of this system is the use of coefficients. The main now is the place occupied by the athlete in each type of program, taking into account the coefficients in percentage terms. The coefficient for the compulsory pieces is 0.6, for the short program - 0.4, for the free program - 1. The place received by the skater in each event is multiplied by the corresponding coefficient. The amount received in the end determines the final result of the skater in the competition.
Required elements
The compulsory program includes 17 figures: a circle, a paragraph, a triplet, a double triplet, a loop, a bracket, a hook, a hook, an eight, a paragraph with triplets, a paragraph with double triplets, a paragraph with loops, a paragraph with brackets, an eight with a triplet, an eight with a double three, figure eight with loops, figure eight with bracket (see table).Mandatory figures have imaginary longitudinal, transverse and minor axes. These axes divide the drawing of the figure into equal and symmetrical parts.
The international rules of judging establish a certain outline of each figure as a whole and its individual elements. Geometric features, or features of the pattern of a whole figure, constitute the so-called macrogeometry, and the geometric features of its microelements - microgeometry.
These concepts should be strictly distinguished. The macrogeometry of the figure allows one to judge the level of visual orientation and mastery of body control in a limited area of ice. The microgeometry of the track characterizes the skill of skating balancing during the performance of individual elements of this exercise.
Elements of single skating, free program
Free exercises that figure skaters perform - spins, jumps, jumps in rotation, spirals, compasses.Rotations
Pirouettes. In the free program, skaters usually perform pirouettes from a certain approach, sometimes they do it without an approach, right from the arc. The execution of the pirouette itself and the impression of the whole combination largely depend on entering the pirouette.The technique for performing the upper pirouettes is extremely varied. There is a lot of room for the skater's creativity.
Bends - a kind of upper pirouettes. They are performed mainly by women. Both in the standing pirouette and in the prone, you can take a variety of poses. The approach and centering of the axis of rotation here are similar to ordinary upper pirouettes.
When starting to learn a particular incline, you must first master it in the gym and only after that go to the ice.
Libela - swallow rotation. The technique of its execution is different from the technique of entering a regular pirouette. When bending the supporting leg, the center of balance of the body is transferred to the tooth of the skate, and the upper belt is sharply turned in the direction of rotation, taking a horizontal position. Skate tooth centering should be instantaneous. Once the axis of rotation is found, the center of balance of the body is moved to the front of the blade. In this case, the supporting leg is straightened, and the body takes a horizontal position.
Spinning tops - lower pirouettes. Spinning in a top is much easier to perform than spinning in a camel. In the lower rotations, it is easier to maintain balance, since the body's GCT is very close to the support. And despite this, the top is always performed well: they often lose the centering of the axis of rotation.
The transition from the top to the top rotation must be performed gradually, without jerking, without disturbing the stability of rotation. When straightening your supporting leg, you need to ensure that the fulcrum is on the front of the skate.
Spin Jumping
Spin jump very enliven the skaters program. High, powerful, high-speed and multi-turn jumps always meet with warm approval from the audience. Spin jumps are a combination of jumps and spins, so they must be learned in accordance with the rules for performing both jumps and spins. But before you start learning this combination, you need to master the corresponding rotations and swing jumps.Leap into camel ... On an arc in, it is necessary to sharply turn the arms and shoulders in the direction of rotation, while simultaneously bending the knee of the supporting leg. The swing with the free leg should be strong and forward-upward. Moving the free leg and pushing off the supporting leg allows you to take a position with your face and chest to the ice. When tilting, the supporting leg rises to the level of the free one and the skater goes into the unsupported position. At the moment of lowering the free leg, the supporting leg continues in a circular swing, and the shoulders turn at a certain angle to the ice. Having touched the ice with the tip of the skate, they transfer the center of gravity to the front of the skate without changing the position of the body. With the correct execution of the jump, the skater makes at least 4-5 full revolutions on the ice. It must be remembered that an insufficient horizontal inclination of the body in a jump in camel breaks the stability of rotation and makes it difficult to land.
Libela. With a change of leg can be performed without a jump, the usual substitution of the free leg next to the pivot leg. This element is much simpler than camel with changing legs in a jump.
Jump to the top on the swing leg ... From the jerk to landing on the pivot leg, the technique of this element is similar to a normal camel jump. At the moment the skate tooth touches the ice, the body takes a horizontal position. Then, the supporting leg is bent and the center of balance of the body is transferred to the front of the skate, while simultaneously bringing the free leg forward and straightening the body somewhat. The jump ends with a spin in the top.
Chinyan - jump into the top on the jogging leg. On a jogging arc with a strong swing of the free leg and a sharp turn of the shoulders in the direction of rotation, further sliding forward is suspended. Repulsion is performed at the end of the arc due to a sharp straightening of the supporting leg. In this case, it is important that the skater's body moves upward strictly above the place of take-off. In order for the jump to turn out to be high, in one effort the swing of the free leg, the push of the supporting leg and the swing of the arms upward must be connected. Immediately after the take-off, the supporting leg is pulled up and at the highest point of the jump, the body assumes a position. Before landing, the supporting leg is straightened without disturbing the grouping of the body, they are lowered onto the ice on the front of the skate. The jump ends with a spin in a spinning top
Leap from camel to spinning top with change of legs ... During the rotation in the swallow, the skater bends the supporting leg and pushes off the ice. In this case, it is necessary to turn the upper belt around the free leg with a sharp movement. It is important to maintain a horizontal body position when turning. At the highest point of the unsupported phase, the jump is adopted. Landing is performed on the toe of the supporting leg, followed by grouping the body into downward rotation.
Jumping
High athleticism is characteristic of the modern style of figure skating, and no other elements allow such a vivid emphasis on this quality as jumping. Therefore, skaters try to include them more in their programs.Axel Paulsen's jump (single), named for the Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen, who first performed it in 1882.
Despite the fact that the skaters perform this jump in a different manner, the basis of it remains unchanged. To make it easier to understand the technique of performing this jump, let's break it down into separate phases: approach, push, flight and landing. An approach. Usually, the skater slides back and forth before placing his pivot foot on the ice from the HV move. When switching to the jogging leg with a "three-step step", they make a mistake that prevents them from performing the jump correctly: they put the jogging leg on the ice with the front part of the skate. The skater loses control over the edge of the skate and the area of support decreases, as a result of this, premature twisting of the body in the direction of rotation occurs. On the ice there is a "ragged" and wavy track from the toothed skate, reminiscent of a steep arc. The skater can no longer maintain the direction of the take off after switching to the take off leg. On the ice, you can see that the direction of the approach arc and the arc of the push is different. All this makes it difficult to effectively repulse.
Push . The jogging arc also has its own pattern on the ice. At a distance, it is sometimes very difficult to determine whether the take-off is performed correctly, and the drawing allows a more detailed analysis of the jump phase. The jogging arc in all cases, in particular when performing the Axel Paulsen jump, must have an even curvature. At the moment of take-off and swing with the free leg, it is important to maintain glide on the edge of the skate in order to avoid turning the body in the direction of movement even before pushing off. If, during the repulsion, the direction of the body, which took place before the transition to the pushing leg, is preserved, then the directions of the inertia force and the pushing force coincide, which allows a strong and high takeoff.
Flight. The skater is in the air for a split second, and, of course, it is difficult to have time to analyze his movements during this time. Nevertheless, this must be done in order to improve the jumping technique.
In flight, the skater must maintain an upright body position. The severity of the body at this moment is transferred to the side of the swing leg, which, upon landing, will be the supporting leg.
When performing single, double and triple Axel Paulsen, the degree of body grouping is different, and this must be monitored. It is clear that when performing a single jump, it is necessary to strain the muscles when grouping the body less than when performing a double and triple Axel Paulsen. Grouping can be performed with fixation of various positions of the arms and legs, but in all cases, stoop, excessive stiffness and tension should be avoided.
Landing. Poorly mastered landing technique can cause breakdowns when performing jumps. Landing begins in the flight phase with the arms and free leg abducted to the sides to slow down the rotation of the body. It must be remembered that the rotation should be slowed down in flight, not on ice. Landing is done on a leg slightly bent at the knee, touching the ice with the tip of the skate and then moving onto the plane of the skate.
All of the above applies to the execution of a double Axel Paulsen with the only difference that the push force, sliding speed and the degree of body grouping in this jump are much stronger than in a single jump.
Jump of Salchow (double), named for the Swedish figure skater Ulrich Salchow, who first performed it in 1908.
This jump has a lot in common with Axel Paulsen's jump, the difference between them is in the repulsion technique and the number of revolutions. Repulsion occurs from sliding along the HB arc. The skater makes two full turns in the air. Possession of the single Axel Paulsen technique allows you to quickly master the double Salchow technique. The most difficult phases in jumping are approach and take off.
The approach to the jump is carried out by turning a three-piece on the supporting leg, while the approach to the Axel Paulsen's jump is carried out with a "three-piece step" with a change of legs. Obviously, only the specifics of the approach can explain the fact that Axel Paulsen achieves such a long span that is impossible in Salchow.
A significant mistake is made by skaters, prematurely starting to rotate the body. This makes it difficult to perform a confident push from the arc. After moving to the inner edge, the body turns towards the center of the described arc so that it does not twist in the direction of rotation earlier than it should. At this time, a squatting on the supporting leg is performed. At the moment of take-off and swing with the free leg, the main effort falls on the middle of the skate. Premature movement of the center of balance to the front of the skate is a big mistake that even experienced skaters have, since the area of support decreases and the rotation of the body increases even before the moment of repulsion.
Jump triple Rittberger (loop), named for the German figure skater Werner Rittberger, who first performed it in 1910.
When performing this jump, after a sufficient sliding speed has been gained, they switch to sliding. Before pushing off, the line of the shoulders and arms is parallel to the glide arc. In order to prepare for the take-off, you need to perform a squat on the supporting leg. The push begins with the extension of the supporting leg and movement of the body in the direction of the future rotation. Moreover, before this, the body is slightly tilted towards the center of the described arc. During push-off, the shoulders rotate faster than the hips; free leg and arms move side-up. The jerk is performed from a clean edge. The center of gravity is located on the middle of the skate.
In flight, the arms approach the axis of rotation of the body. The free leg is crossed in front with the supporting leg. Landing occurs on the front of the skate, followed by a transition to the middle. Upon landing, the body must maintain an upright position.
Split jump ... This jump is usually performed by skaters. The push is made from both legs: the ribs of the supporting leg and the toe of the other leg. After a sufficient sliding speed has been obtained, an energetic turn is performed, so that, turning the supporting leg, leave the shoulders in the same position. After changing the sliding front, the supporting leg bends, and the body deviates slightly back. Then the free leg is put toe on the ice.
Very often, skaters make a mistake in the clean and jerk, substituting the jerk leg close to the pivot leg. Here, the take-off pattern resembles the take-off in a pole vault. At the moment of repulsion, the body begins to turn in the direction of the jump. Having reached the highest point of the jump, the position of the "split" is fixed. They land, changing the position of their legs, simultaneously on the edge of one and the toe of the other leg.
Split jump ... This jump is performed only by men. It is similar to a normal split jump, the difference in body position that the skater takes in flight. The technique of approach and repulsion is similar to the jump discussed above. Before practicing this jump on the ice, it is advisable to learn to take the "split" position in the gym. Landing is the same as when performing a split jump.
Jump Flipp ... The entry to the jump begins with three VNV. On the HB jogging arc, it is necessary to ensure that there is no excessive inclination of the body into the inside of the circle. Before the push, the body is deflected back and then transferred to a vertical position so that the direction of the jump is strictly vertical. Take-off is performed with the subsequent rotation of the body in the direction of rotation and reduction of the legs.
The grouping of the body in flight is no different from the previously considered jumps-Axel Paulsen and Salchow. The landing is the same as in these jumps.
Jump outdoor Lutz (double), named for the Austrian figure skater Alois Lutz, who first performed it in 1913.
In recent years, this jump has become very popular and is rated higher in difficulty than the usual Axel Paulsen and Salchow.
The approach is carried out from the usual spiral НН (long arc), when moving along which it is necessary to balance the body and focus on the execution of the jump. Many skaters underestimate the value of the long approach to the jump and perform it from a short arc. It is not right. Outdoor Lutz Jump requires high sliding speed and strong repulsion. Therefore, several steps should be taken before stepping on the outer arc back to obtain sufficient sliding speed. When switching to the outer arc in the first seconds of movement, it is necessary to balance the body so that the resulting acceleration does not interfere with stability on the edge of the ridge.
The jump begins with significant flexion of the supporting leg and an almost straight free leg back. Simultaneously, the shoulders and arms are turned in the direction of the slip line. The rotation of the upper body in the direction of rotation begins even before the moment the jogging leg hits the ice. Completing the repulsion, the legs are grouped, the trunk grouping is carried out by joining the arms. Landing is usually done back-out, as in the previously discussed jumps.
Lutz's split jump. Although this jump is a reversible one, it can be considered as a joint combination of two jumps: "split" and internal single Lutz. When performed correctly, it is rated very highly as a difficult double jumps.
The approach, push and landing technique is similar to the inner Lutz jump technique. At the beginning, the flight phase is performed in the same way as in the split jump, and at the end, as the usual turnover, which is available in many jumps. After that, the legs are sharply brought together and at the same time they turn the body in the direction of rotation, taking an upright position. It is advisable to learn this jump only after you have mastered the technique of the split jump, first in the hall, then on the ice.
Leap Lutz in a swing. The peculiarity of this jump is that the skaters perform it in a cascade, in several jumps in a row.
The approach to the jump is carried out from the inner arc with a triple VBNN. The jump begins with a sharp straightening of the supporting leg and turning the body in the direction of rotation. Together with the body, the shoulders and arms are turned to failure in the same direction. Having pushed off, they group the legs and arms at the same time. Ungrouping and landing are normal.
Jump Tulupp (double). In this jump, the approach from the VBNN triplet does not differ from the approach to the Lutz swing considered above. Together with the supporting leg, the body turns in the direction of natural rotation and the free leg is pulled back with a wide movement. Having sharply put the toe of the free leg on the ice, the trunk is grouped, keeping the vertical position. Placing the jogging foot on the ice, they stop sliding, while the body continues to turn in the direction of rotation. The subsequent phases of this jump have no peculiarities in the technique of execution.
The modern free skating program for senior figure skaters is full of not only jumps and spins. In it, I also have other elements, such as spirals, boats, compasses, steps and others. Therefore, you should not focus on learning only jumps and rotations, neglecting the rest of the elements.
Pair skating
Pair skating is very diverse and rich in content, it also includes elements of single skating, such as jumps, spins, stops, and specific pair skating - strokes, supports and others. This enables skaters to create striking, impressive programs.A significant place in the compositions of couples is given to the so-called "shadow" performance of elements, when the skaters simultaneously perform the same movements at a certain distance from each other. Usually these are run-ups, combinations of various steps or jumps, spins, etc. When performing "shadow" elements, one must pay attention to the fact that when sliding, the same distance between the performers is maintained, the speed is the same and all movements are synchronous, that is, that the impression of the unity of actions of the partners was not lost for a moment.
The partners perform a number of elements of free skating together: paired spirals, boats and all kinds of poses. These figures are very spectacular, they allow partners to create a certain image, to reveal the inner meaning of a musical phrase, to give a peculiar character to the entire program.
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