/ 26.08.2021

Commercial sports. The goals of professional sports

Professional sports and the industries around it, especially technology and media, are changing every day: new partnerships, fresh thoughts, innovations, breakthroughs and updated models are changing the world for brands, copyright holders, broadcasters, agencies and in general everyone involved in organizing and commercializing professional sports. ...
Wading through this changing commercial landscape can be difficult, so Repucom has gathered expertise, insights and data from around the world to identify ten global sports trends from 2016 onward.
From ROI to fast-growing sporting events, from digital revenues to fan engagement, Repucom believes these are the issues that will continue to be vital to sport - and predicted for each one based on expertise and data from around the world.

1. The world of sports is growing and expanding

Worldwide sponsorship spending will surpass $ 62 billion by 2017 - 1.8 times more than in 2010. Moreover, there is potential for further growth as new media platforms emerge - and more sponsorship opportunities. Other growth drivers: Continued growth in Asia, South America and Africa, Pay TV and broadband penetration in key emerging markets is increasing, technological developments are emerging, consumer habits are changing, and aggressive new players are entering the market. The chart below shows the growth and projection of sponsorship spending.

Conclusions for the future:

Sponsorship and value of rights will grow at a steady pace.
Digital, betting and gambling will grow even faster, despite legislative problems regarding fantasy sports in the United States.
Asian and Middle Eastern stakeholders will continue to invest, but growth will depend on economic and political factors.
The tech sector will continue to be one of the fastest growing sponsorship categories.

2. Partnerships will become more multidimensional and rewarding

The understanding came to the market that a partnership is not just about placing a logo and transferring funds. Brands demand more from copyright holders. The best partnerships are created together based on understanding the business and marketing goals.
Copyright holders are looking for unique value and marketing elements from commercial relationships, and brands are looking for effective ways to improve brand perception and opportunities to demonstrate positive impact on society.

Conclusions for the future:

Integrated partnerships will become the norm and provide more value to the sports industry.
Brands will continue to demand more from copyright holders and move the industry towards more value.
As a result, copyright holders will continue to invest in more sophisticated partnerships - driving innovation and added value.

3. The struggle for a new audience has become fierce

Audience attention is blurring - people are superficially interested in big things, but deeply in smaller things, and this puts pressure on watching and attending many sports. The focus is on two groups - women and millennials. Both have huge purchasing power. Millennials represent opportunities and challenges for brands, and women are the largest audience of potential new fans. Women are a significant part of the sports economy, but large investments are required in amateur and professional women's sports. The graph shows the purchasing power of both groups.

Conclusions for the future:

The challenge of attracting and engaging millennials will remain with every copyright holder and sponsor.
It is understood that women have an influence on the purchase of merchandising.
Investments and innovations will increase in women's sports, from children's to professional levels.

4. TV broadcasters are more valuable than ever, but the future is at stake

Live broadcasts remain premium content for broadcasters looking for longer lasting contacts and wanting rights for digital platforms. Competition is fierce, raising the cost of rights, and broadcasters are getting into disputes with sports as they develop their own media products.
The gap in the cost of rights between premium and niche sports is growing, prompting a search for alternative broadcasting models. Live streaming is especially important for broadcasters as the pace of Pay TV growth is slowing in developed markets. The map below shows the rise in the value of rights acquired by broadcasters for premium sporting events.

Conclusions for the future:

The value of premium sports content rights will grow exponentially as competition intensifies.
The best copyright holders will develop more sophisticated rights enforcement models to maintain high TV revenues and control over their own media assets and digital broadcast platforms.
OTT may become a major player in the sports market - broadcasters must prepare a response.

5. Expanding the Impact of Rapidly Growing Sports and Events

There are four types of fast-growing sports and events: esports, new formats for existing leagues and events, fitness and martial arts. The audience for esports is comparable to some of the biggest sporting events, although the industry is highly fragmented. New formats and leagues are giving new life to traditional sports and creating new audiences - from Twenty20 in cricket to outdoor games in the NHL. The fitness movement is growing around the world and new technologies are allowing people to connect, share and compare data. People are moving away from traditional clubs to less formal gatherings organized on digital platforms.

Conclusions for the future:

Esports will continue to grow and consolidate as the main sports platform.
New formats and events in traditional sports (cricket, tennis, golf) will continue to emerge and may replace older formats and events.
Formal and informal fitness events, gatherings, and interest will continue to grow with technology and the ability to share information.
Martial arts will continue to grow, and new formats will capture audiences - wherever legislation allows.

6. Sports are closely monitored by society, the key to success is good governance

Professional sports are under intense public scrutiny, and the transparency of sports and governing bodies has become a major topic. The choice of venues for major events, corruption, doping, athletic behavior and match-fixing have all led to the fact that sponsors have become louder and more demanding. Rightholders are responding with governance reforms and the introduction of corporate structures. The International Olympic Committee, meanwhile, is seeking to reduce financial pressure on host cities for the Olympics through the Agenda 2020 reforms adopted in December 2014.

Conclusions for the future:

More sponsors will demand a change in sports management.
More rights holders and federations are reforming their structures and governance models for greater transparency.
More socially responsible approaches to betting and gambling will emerge.
The costs of hosting major events will decrease as copyright holders adapt existing models to the needs of applicants and host cities.

7. Digital and social media: the road to monetization is open

In the sports industry, the focus is now on digital monetization as social media platforms are strengthening and digital teams at sports teams and brands are growing. All stakeholders - platform, copyright holder and brand - are discovering ways to monetize digitally in ways that the fan can benefit from - primarily through rich content. Three key ways to realize value through social media assets - Fan Stories, new asset creation (emoji and sticker packs), and video content - all create new opportunities for branding and sponsorship. The best copyright holders are already working with key partners to integrate their content.

Conclusions for the future:

Digital monetization can become the main source of income in sports.
Rightholders and brands will work together in fan microsegments to ensure optimal ad-hoc content and engagement for maximum impact.
Rightholders will invest in in-house digital content production (especially video) and become digital activation agencies to realize more digital value.

8. New technologies are changing fan experience at the stadium and at home

A multitude of technologies at various stages of development are revolutionizing the sport and fan experience. The potential for all stakeholders in sports is enormous, not least because sports fans are more inclined to try new technologies - the explosion in wearable devices is an example. New technologies are improving and in many ways personalizing the experience both in the arena and at home - from virtual reality to drones, from LED screens to projection onto the playground. Initiatives like 'Fan Boost' Formula E allow viewers to directly influence the action, opening up new discussions about how far new technology will invade the "scene."

Conclusions for the future:

Virtual reality will become a must for fan engagement rights holders.
Stadiums will continue to invest in a home-like environment.
Fan experience will become more versatile and personalized wherever the fan is - as a result, there will be new opportunities for generating income.
Something new and revolutionary, which we have not even thought about yet, is bound to appear.

9. The emphasis on building strong relationships with fans pays off

Strong relationships are characterized by quality, not quantity, of engagement and value creation - identifying and understanding fan types with different behavioral triggers is key to successful engagement and activation. Copyright holders continue to grow their fan base in other geographic regions through events - the NBA's Global Games and the NFL International Series, for example - and through partnerships with international brands. FIFA's proposed regional sponsorship strategy is a perfect example of how copyright holders are trying to monetize their fan base around the world. CRM is a powerful tool for building closer and personalized relationships with fans.

Conclusions for the future:

Relationships with fans will become more direct and more customized based on behavioral segmentation.
Rightholders will compete for a global fan base based on their expert understanding and how to activate it for partners. She will be her most valuable asset.
CRM, and digital CRM, will become the central tool for attracting partners and working with the fan base - they will be at the center of the commercial activities of copyright holders.

10. Everything is measurable and accountability is more important than ever

Demand for ROI is on the rise - although the decision making according to the "wish of the chairman of the board" principle still takes place, feedback and support can be provided through data tracking. Board members, CMOs, and financial analysts demand ROI measurement. The industry is entering a phase of Big Data dominance, and brands are starting to implement comprehensive measurement models that enable quantitative tracking and build analytic models to measure relative asset performance. Copyright holders are beginning to predict ROI before sales, which is becoming mandatory for some of the biggest deals in the industry, such as T-Mobile's naming agreement for the new Las Vegas Arena.

Conclusions for the future:

ROI will become more complex and imperative - both before and after a trade.
Brands will continue to demand data and justification for results from copyright holders.
Data for ROI models will be collected from more sources - internal and external; own and third-party.

The functions of sport are understood as the objectively inherent properties of it to influence a person and human relations, to satisfy and develop certain needs of an individual and society.

Sports functions: 1) specific (competitive-reference and heuristic-achievement); 2) general(personality-oriented education, training and development, recreational, emotional, entertainment, social integration and socialization, communicative, economic).

1. Specific functions: 1) competitive reference function it is expressed in the fact that the level of sports achievements serves as a kind of measure (standard), an example of the maximum development of a person's sports abilities in a particular sport, and at the same time a guideline on the way to further disclosure and improvement of the potential psychophysical reserves of the body; 2) heuristic-achievement function. This function is closely related to the reference function and is expressed in the fact that sport is a type of heuristic activity, i.e. activities ( creative search), including moments of discovery, discovery of a new one. In this respect, especially super-achievement sport is a gigantic natural creative laboratory in which unknown paths to the heights of human achievement are sought.

2.General functions. The function of personality-oriented education, training and development. Sport presents great opportunities not only for physical and sports improvement, but also for moral, aesthetic, intellectual and labor education.

Recreational and recreational function manifests itself in the positive influence of sports on the state and functional capabilities of the human body. The role of sports is essential in improving and maintaining the physical condition of a person, in preparing him for labor and military activities, in organizing leisure and recreation, in strengthening and maintaining the health of the nation.

Emotionally s religious function. Sports competitions attract the attention of a huge number of spectators. They influence the collective mood, interests, allow one to participate in sports wrestling, and unite large groups of people.

The function of social integration and socialization of the individual. Sport is one of the most powerful factors in involving people in public life, familiarity with it and the formation of the experience of social relations in students. This is the basis of its important role in the process of socialization of the individual.

Aesthetic function. Sport has a huge aesthetic impact on the athlete and spectator. In the process of sports activities, athletes develop certain aesthetic feelings, tastes, ideals, and aesthetic abilities. This is expressed in the beauty of the physique, in the beauty of performance, artistry and expressiveness of technical and tactical techniques and combinations, etc. Communicative function. The humanization of society in the present period of human development makes sport a factor in the development of international relations, mutual understanding and cultural cooperation of peoples, and the consolidation of peace on earth.

Economic functions of sports... The financial investments of society in the development of sports are repaid many times over, thanks to the improvement of the health and capacity of its members, and the increase in the duration of the highly active life of people. Income received from sports shows, the operation of sports facilities, the sale of sports equipment and inventory, sports advertising bring a good profit.

The main directions in the development of the sports movement. Sports all over the world are developing mainly in two directions:

1) public sports (mass); 2) elite sport. 1. Public sports includes: 1) school-student sports; 2) professionally applied sports; 3) physical training and conditioning sports; 4) health-improving and recreational sports.

1. Mass sports (public) - a means of improving physical condition (condition), maintaining the required level of performance, achieving sports results of a mass level.

Mass sports includes : 1) school-student sports, focused on achieving basic physical fitness and optimizing general physical capacity in the education and training system (educational institutions, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, vocational schools, institutes, etc.). School-student sports provides general physical training and the achievement of sports results of a mass level; 2) professionally applied sports- a means of training for a certain profession in the air force, airborne troops, internal troops, etc.; 3) physical fitness sports- a means of maintaining the required level of performance, increasing the physical fitness of people who take part in massive official competitions (for example, "Cross of Nations", "Ski Track of Russia", etc.); 4) wellness and recreational sport is a means of healthy recreation, recovery, recovery of the body and maintaining a certain level of performance (for example, fishing, hunting, tourism, etc.).

2. Sports of the highest achievements includes: 1) super-achievement (amateur) sport- activities aimed at satisfying interest in a particular sport, at achieving high sports results that are recognized by society, at increasing both their own prestige and the prestige of the team, and at the highest level - the prestige of the Motherland.

Super-achievement (amateur) sports acquires the signs of professional sports in that part of it, which concerns the load requirements, the organization of training and competitive activities. Amateur athletes almost always build their training with an eye to the main competitions: the Olympic Games, world championships, Europe, Russia;

2) Professional sports - entrepreneurial activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the interests of professional sports organizations, athletes who have chosen sports as their profession, and spectators. Professional sports: a) professional and commercial sports; b) achievement-commercial sports; c) entertainment and commercial sports. The system of competitions of professional athletes is influenced by certain goals, which consist in successful performance in a long series of starts, following one after another, which is associated with material rewards for each start in accordance with the "value" of the athlete in the "sports market" (tennis, golf etc.). Professional athletes can be divided into groups: 1) the first- athletes who successfully perform both at the Olympic Games, world championships, and in a series of cup and commercial starts (e.g. tennis);second - athletes participating in various cups, commercial competitions and starts by invitation (e.g. golf); third- veteran athletes specializing in sports games, martial arts, figure skating.

Professional and commercial sports- develops both according to the laws of business and the laws of sports.

Similar information.

Professional sports

Professional sports- sports and business activities, which, due to the high entertainment of the competition, provides commercial benefits for television, sports organizations (leagues, teams, etc.) and the athletes themselves. This allows athletes to play sports and nothing else, improving their skills and keeping fit.

In the USSR, top-class athletes trained on a professional basis, receiving a salary for this, but there was no full commercial cycle "spectacle - profit - payment". This kind of sport is traditionally not considered professional. It is also not customary to consider popular trade as a professional sport - the participation of an athlete for money in advertising campaigns and shows (except for those that are close to a sports specialty - for example, ice shows for figure skaters).

According to the Russian law on physical culture and sports, "professional sport is an entrepreneurial activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the interests of professional sports organizations, athletes who have chosen sport as their profession, and spectators"; "A professional athlete is an athlete for whom sports are the main activity and who, in accordance with the contract, receives wages and other monetary remuneration for preparing for and participating in sports competitions."

The commercial side of professional sports

By the end of the 20th century, three categories of sports emerged: mass (physical education), elite sports (Olympic) and professional. Unlike the other two categories, the main indicator of the success of professional sports is commercial benefit. For 2008, the average salary for an English Premier League footballer was £ 1.2 million. Such high costs for athletes, coaches and support personnel in professional sports are compensated from various sources:

Ticket selling.
Sale of broadcasting rights.
Income from the rental of sports facilities.
Sale of souvenirs - the so-called "symbols".
Advertising in the stadium and sportswear.
Proceeds from the central league funds.
Investing free money.

For most of these items of income, the sports team is, in fact, a monopoly.

The characteristic features of professional sports are transfers (transfer of an athlete from team to team, usually for money) and drafts (selection of athletes from amateur teams).

Positive feedback is inherent in professional sports: if a team wins a lot, it becomes commercially successful, this gives it the opportunity to buy more skilled athletes, etc. But such conditions wash out the outsiders from the league, and the intrigue of matches disappears, which is fraught with the collapse of the entire league. Therefore, the sports federation often imposes additional rules that prevent wealthy teams from inflating their budgets.

The social significance of professional sports

There are three social functions of sport: the release of negative emotions, a role model and ritual (a set of routine actions, whether it is going to the gym after work or to the stadium on the weekend). These functions have intensified with the professionalization of sports: matches have become more spectacular, athletes are constantly in full view of the press, and there are not so many professional leagues and teams.

There is a belief that sport brings up only the best moral qualities in a person. To some extent, this is so - an athlete needs good physical shape, the ability to make quick decisions, team play and much more. However, many athletes learn to “competently” break the rules, disregard the norms of behavior, etc. This is especially common in professional sports. According to sociologists, sport is a mirror of the real way of life: if rudeness and violence are widespread in a society, the same will be in sport. If politicians and businessmen strive for victory at any cost, there will be doping, "undercover games" and bribery in sport.

Relationship with other sports activities

Professional sports are similar to elite sports (Olympic): they are brought together by the cost and full employment of an athlete. Although artistic gymnastics, figure skating, athletics and many other sports are poorly professionalized, successful performance at a major competition requires full dedication, with virtually no time for other activities.

Traditionally, professional sports are considered a hindrance, an antagonist to amateur sports.

The danger of professionalism in sport is that it turns sport into "show business." The athlete loses his freedom and becomes a tool in the hands of a commercial agent who determines where he or she should compete and against whom, with particular attention to the proceeds from the sale of tickets and TV rights. I personally have nothing against professional sports. But if professionals are admitted to the Olympic Games, the Olympic movement will fall into the hands of managers and impresario.

However, the period of an athlete's active life is short, and one still has to become a good athlete - therefore, professional sports are usually successful where there is "support" in the form of mass sports. On the other hand, professional sport itself gives impetus to mass sports.

History

Professional sports got a rebirth with the development of television. Circular car races, mostly ignored by the public due to the difficulties of access and lack of entertainment, have gained unprecedented popularity. In 1968, the wings of racing cars began to carry tobacco advertisements. Bernie Ecclestone's business acumen helped commercialize European racing. Around the same time, professional tennis flourished. In 1973, the World Professional Figure Skating Championships opened, hosted by Dick Button as a TV show.

Due to the fact that the highest achievements require a professional approach from the athlete, since 1981 amateurism has been excluded from the Olympic Charter. In the 1980s, tennis entered the Olympic program - by that time it was completely professional. Either those sports that have a well-organized world championship that cannot be reproduced in the Olympic format (football), or those that have not become professional on an international scale (athletics, figure skating) remained poorly professionalized.

Most professional sports

International

National

Notes (edit)

see also

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what "Professional Sports" is in other dictionaries:

Legal Dictionary

PROFESSIONAL SPORT- entrepreneurial activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the interests of professional sports organizations, athletes who have chosen sports as their profession, and spectators. In accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on physical ... ... Legal encyclopedia

Professional sports- 11) professional sports - a part of sports aimed at organizing and holding sports competitions, for participation in which and preparation for which, as their main activity, athletes receive remuneration from the organizers ... ... Official terminology

professional sports- profesionalų sportas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Industrinė sistema, verslas - visuma susivienijusių firmų (klubų), kurių darbo santykiai tarp klubų savininkų ir sportininkų yra komercinavrinis…

professional sports- profesionalų sportas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Sportinė veikla, kurios pagrindinis tikslas siekti pačių geriausių rezultatų. Intensyvaus sportinio rengimosi vyksme remiamasi mokslo ir technikos laimėjimais. Už ... ... Sporto terminų žodynas

professional sports- entrepreneurial activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the interests of professional sports organizations, athletes who have chosen sport as their profession, and spectators (Federal Law On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation of 29 ... Big Law Dictionary

Commercial sports activity, providing for economic efficiency and high information and entertainment value of sports and entertainment events. In accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports from ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Professional sports- commercial sports activity, providing for economic efficiency and high information and entertainment value of sports and entertainment events. Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports from 27 ... Dictionary of Legal Concepts

SPORT PROFESSIONAL- PROFESSIONAL SPORTS ... Legal encyclopedia

Sports in the Republic of Bashkortostan is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Youth Policy and Sports of the Republic of Belarus ... Wikipedia

Books

Physical culture and sports as reflected in the philosophical and sociological sciences. Sociology of sport, Peredelskiy A.A.

Introduction

The development of professional commercial sports in the country, despite its relevance, has practically not become the subject of scientific research. If earlier (70-90s) domestic scientists turned to the study of professional sports as a social phenomenon, the object of this study was foreign sport (A.V. Serebryakov, 1976; S.I. Guskov, 1992, etc. ), and even then mainly as an object of criticism.

The problem is the establishment of patterns and trends in the development of professional commercial sports. The issues related to solving this problem are not easy and require special research. According to S.I. Guskov and V.N. Platonov, is the lack of a rational methodology for the development of professional sports. The discrepancy between the previously accumulated knowledge about the object of research with the modern features of its functioning and development determines the essence of the problem situation.

PROFESSIONAL COMMERCIAL SPORT IN RUSSIA: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

Reforms in Russia had a great impact on professional sports, radically changed its pedagogical, organizational, economic, and legal foundations, gave great impetus to the change of priorities in the structure of the sports movement, contributed to the creation of prerequisites for the transformation of professional sports into a branch of the entertainment industry, living according to the laws of business. Over the past 15 years, an active process of formation and development of professional commercial sports has been observed in the Russian Federation, which is rapidly strengthening its position in society.

The origins of professional domestic sports, which received official recognition in the late 80s. Of the 20th century, are in the middle of the 19th century, when capitalist relations are beginning to actively form in Russia and interest in various aspects of physical education and sports is awakening in society. Professional sports emerged with the beginning of bourgeois reforms in the country. Unlike other states, where the emergence of professional sports preceded the development of amateur sports (USA, England, etc.), in Russia it begins to develop almost simultaneously with the emergence of the first amateur sports organizations.

The development of professional sports was facilitated by the activities of scientists and sports enthusiasts, as well as the influence of Western culture. By the end of the XIX century. along with other areas of sports, entrepreneurial professional sports began to function. He relied on the people's love for sports games, which demonstrated heroic strength, daring, and dexterity. Therefore, it is no coincidence that entrepreneurs initially began to cultivate professional wrestling and athletics. In the future, equestrian sports were developed, and somewhat later and to a lesser extent, cycling and motor sports.

A characteristic feature of the development of sports in Russia at that time was the joint training of amateurs and professionals. Amateurs did not try to distance themselves from professionals, as they did abroad. Competitions of professional athletes, demonstration of strength exercises in the arenas of Russian circuses have played a significant role in the popularization of sports in general. Professionals were respected by the people, supported by representatives of the wealthy strata of society. By the beginning of the twentieth century. Russian professional sports have taken a strong position in the system of social values. But in comparison with the advanced countries, despite all its popularity, by 1917 professional sports were at the initial stage of development and therefore did not receive the same organizational form as abroad.

Professional commercial sports turned out to be alien to the new (socialist) system and therefore was practically eliminated. But its roots were so strong that, despite the ideological canons, the championships of professional athletes (circus artists) in weightlifting and wrestling continued for a number of years. For example, in 1939 there were several absolute championships in heavyweight wrestling with the participation of professionals. The last such championship in the circus was held already in 1971. In the 50-60s. of the last century, these competitions were so popular that any circus considered it an honor to include performances of wrestlers in its program. Therefore, it is no coincidence that world and Olympic champions S. Parfenov, M. Mekokishvili, R. Bogdan, national champions S. Pustynnikov, A. Strizhak, N. Gurin became professionals. The first Soviet world champion G. Novak (weightlifting, 1946), after finishing his sports career in amateur sports, performed for a long time in the circus and was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Russian Federation. Under the influence of professional boxing in the 30s, the rules of the competition and the methodology of training Soviet boxers were formed. The final matches of the national championships until 1945 were conducted according to the rules of professionals: 6 rounds of 3 minutes each, 10 rounds were allowed in match meetings.

The country's emergence from international isolation had a significant impact on the nature of the development of sports. Since 1945, measures prohibited by the statutes of international federations and the IOC (training camps, awards for national and world records, for victories in national championships) have been used. They, being a gross violation of the status of an amateur athlete, played a significant role in the development of sports. But the country's sports leadership strictly followed the formal rules regarding amateurism, and the representatives of the USSR in international sports organizations pursued an active offensive policy.

The ideological dogmas that existed in the USSR did not allow individual "stars" to take advantage of the invitation from foreign professional clubs, although such invitations were received by individual Soviet athletes back in the 70s. (for example, A. Firsov received an invitation from several NHL clubs at once). The lack of official status made athletes, despite the honor and glory won in sports arenas, largely disenfranchised. The state policy in relation to professional sports did not allow at that time to create a legislative base that would guarantee its development and social protection to athletes.

At the end of the 80s, during the period of the so-called perestroika, the prerequisites for the formation of the legal foundations of professional sports were created. The impetus for the beginning of this process was both the socio-political events in the country and the decision of the IOC (1986), allowing professionals to participate in the Olympic Games. The socio-political reforms that began some time later (since 1991) gave new, powerful impulses to the formation and development of professional commercial sports.

Since 1991, the process of formation of professional sports associations began. The first to be registered were the professional boxing federation, the professional kickboxing league, the professional football league, and the professional chess federation. The transition to market relations in sports was expressed in the development and adoption of relevant charters, constituent agreements, in the establishment of professional rules for holding competitions, in joining international professional sports federations.

The changes have affected the value orientations of athletes and the system of remuneration for their work. The general trend of the entry of Russian sports into world professional sports in the 90s. was the complexity of its adaptation to professional world sports. By the end of the 90s. the painful process of reforming the foundations of professional sports has been largely completed. The reason for the painful changes was mainly in the fact that professional commercial sport has serious differences from the high-performance sport that developed in the USSR. The main thing is that commercial sport functions and develops not only according to the laws of sports, but also according to the laws of business. The very concept of "professional commercial sport" presupposes the presence of certain essential characteristics that distinguish it from other types of modern sports. In the literature, there are attempts at such an analysis. The criteria for the differentiation of various "types" of sports are: the purpose of the competition, the purpose of an athlete's participation in them, funding sources, social functions performed by this or that type (section) of sports, the subject of management, the conditions of sports activity, the level of sports achievements, the motivation of athletes, etc. Using different criteria, the authors distinguish different gradations of modern sports: mass, Olympic, commercial (R.A. Piloyan), recreational, competitive, entertainment (S.I. , amateur and professional (Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sports), folk, amateur, professional (commercial) (NI Ponomarev). There are both different points of view (LP Matveev, YA Fomin, etc.) and different terms ("big" sport, elite sport, super-achievement, professional-commercial sport, etc.).

In general, agreeing with the existing approaches to the gradation of modern sports, we will try to highlight the differences between professional commercial sports and the so-called elite sports (Olympic). These differences can be divided into two groups, conventionally designating the first as "general", and the second as "specific". The former include:

Pronounced commercial nature of both sports and competition technology.

Legal support (availability of special legislation governing management and labor relations).

Organizational and managerial differences, manifested in the desire of professional clubs to create associations (leagues, unions, etc.), whose task is not only to hold competitions, but also to defend the common economic interests of partners.

A different functional orientation, primarily to entertainment and advertising, a pleasant pastime and leisure for the audience.

Sources of financing.

The legal status of athletes (social and health insurance, pensions, contracts, their content, the possibility of creating trade unions).

Remuneration for athletes (quantitative indicators and forms of remuneration).

The second group includes:

Differences in the competition calendars with an emphasis on the overall duration and intensity of the competition.

Differences in the classification of athletes: commercial relations in sports imply different criteria than sports categories and titles. Rankings of athletes, cost indicators, the amount of money earned per season, place in the draft system, etc. are highlighted.

Differences in the rules of the competition, aimed primarily at enhancing the entertainment and contact of rivals.

Features of the training regime arising from the originality of sports activity and the conditions stipulated in the athlete's contract.

The process of formation and development of professional commercial sports in Russia, which began after 1991, required the formation of fundamentally new organizational and economic foundations and the search for legal forms of functioning of its subjects. The deep processes taking place in the domestic sport were outwardly expressed in the replacement of owners by clubs.

For the new owners of clubs in the initial period of the formation of professional commercial sports (the first half of the 90s), the main areas of activity were: reforming the forms of ownership; search for sources of funding, attempts to generate income. At the level of federations and leagues, this process proceeded towards the creation of an effective system for managing teams and the national championship; development of a calendar and a system for holding competitions, focused on attracting a viewer, television. The process of changing owners and changing the forms of ownership of professional clubs continues to this day. Since the late 90s. the practice of active participation in the fate of professional teams of high-level officials of the regional and federal scale is developing.

By the mid-90s. most of the professional clubs were able to build their financial policies, not focusing on income from sports activities, but relying on sponsors, budgetary allocations or income in areas far from sports. The financing structure of foreign and Russian clubs turned out to be qualitatively different: if for foreign teams the most important sources were the sale of tickets and rights to broadcast games, for Russian clubs such sources were sponsor money, state budget funds, and income from the sale of players. In contrast to the developed Western countries, 22% of football clubs in the mid-90s. continued to enjoy financial support from law enforcement agencies (Ministry of Internal Affairs, FSB, Ministry of Defense). A small number of professional football teams (17%) had income from commercial and licensing activities. At that time, Russian clubs practically did not receive income from cooperation with television, partly because the system of partnerships between clubs participating in the joint sports business, worked out in a number of other countries, did not develop. Organizational associations of Russian professional teams practically did not deal with issues of economic protection and support of clubs.

A comparative analysis of the forms of ownership and ownership of football clubs from 1996 to 2001, carried out in 3 divisions of the Professional Football League, showed that there have been changes in this issue over this period of time. Basically, they are associated with the gradual loss of government influence on professional commercial sports. 89 clubs (69.5%) chose the form of a non-profit organization, 39 clubs (30.5%) became commercial organizations of various forms of ownership. The most widespread form of ownership has become a "public organization", which refers to non-profit organizations. The share of this form was 25% both in general for all PFL clubs and for Premier League clubs.

Teams classified as non-profit organizations by their form of ownership have chosen a large number of legal forms of existence. In addition to public organizations, these include such forms as: non-profit partnerships (11%), autonomous non-profit organizations (8%), institutions (23.5%), foundations (2%). By 2002, about a third of football clubs in Russia had chosen a commercial form of ownership, and most of the clubs in the top division (56%) belonged to these forms. The most common commercial forms of ownership were joint stock companies (13%) and limited liability companies (14%). Only 3% of football clubs participating in the 2002 Russian Championship were municipal or state enterprises. Despite the significant weakening of the positions of state structures in the management of professional commercial sports, a feature of its development at the present time is the preservation of a large role of the public sector, although in dynamics this role tends to decrease.

Towards the end of the 90s. professional clubs began to implement financial and marketing policies aimed at finding main and additional sources of funding. Although a significant share of the budgetary allocation remained in the funding of teams, the income of clubs directly related to sports activities increased. These include: ticket sales (with an increase in ticket prices, the average attendance at matches of the Premier League teams from 1998 to 2001 increased by 18.5%, the first league by 50.4%, the second league by 46.7%), income from commercial and licensed activities, from lotteries, from participation in commercial tournaments, from the sale of team shares, from advertising of goods, from the sale of players. Additional receipts to the treasury of clubs were associated with a change in legal form (for example, the transition to a joint-stock form of ownership with the involvement of large commercial structures or wealthy individuals as shareholders), with the opening of shops, restaurants, and the strengthening of publishing activities. By 2000, the average budget of a Premier League football club had grown to $ 5-6 million. At the same time, the role of sources previously received by clubs from activities unrelated to sports decreased. The use of sports facilities for other purposes has decreased. The power structures (Ministry of Defense, FSB, Ministry of Internal Affairs) began to play a much smaller role in financing professional clubs. Many clubs have abandoned commercial organizations that were previously part of their structure (sausage shops, repair shops, printing houses, etc.). The growth of the budgets of professional clubs in Russia has a steady progressive trend throughout the entire period under review. By 2005, individual football and hockey clubs in Russia had already surpassed the $ 20 million mark. The union of big business and government agencies became the basis for successful management of professional sports in Russia. The transformation of economic relations in society, the transition of domestic sports to the market objectively contributed to the development of sports sponsorship. Sponsors of domestic sports in the first half of the 90s. there were mainly foreign companies, which at that time, on the one hand, were actively conquering the Russian market, and on the other, were well acquainted with the practice of sports sponsorship. Since the mid-90s. large Russian companies, as a rule, monopolists in their market, began to provide sponsorship support to professional clubs and federations for commercial sports. Sports sponsorship has now become an integral part of professional sports, and sponsorship investments make up a significant part of the teams' budget. But at the same time, this is evidence of the financial weakness of professional clubs (and hence the most professional commercial sport in Russia).

By now, there have been several ways of financial support for professional sports. The first (traditional for Russia) is the emphasis on budgetary sources. The second is the use of sponsors, patrons of the arts. The third is a combination of the first two options. The fourth way is to rely on your own sports activities with significant support from other sources. The development of professional commercial sports in Russia is accompanied by a gradual transition from the first path to the second and third, with the increasing role of the fourth. Reforming the socio-political foundations in the country, changing the economic foundations of sports significantly affected the financial situation of the federations, the well-being of which is greatly influenced by the "commercial value" of the sport. There was a significant numerical growth of new sports for the country (by 2003 there were 223 of them, and this is more than 1,500 sports disciplines) and federations, the number of which reached 114 by 2005. If in the first years of reforms, most of the federations, having received financial independence, could not ensure the development of sports without state support, then by the end of the last century, along with an active process of searching for and using new sources of funding, a search began for ways to increase the economic efficiency of federations and leagues. In sports that have embarked on a commercial path of development, such a direction has become an increase in the commercial return of the competition. In these sports (football, basketball, hockey), the established management relations have their own characteristics in comparison with the federations of non-profit sports. They are due to the economic situation of the sport.

The development of professional commercial sports in Russia is actively influenced not only by national environmental factors, but also by others. Among these factors, a certain role is played by the models of professional sports that have developed earlier and existing in the world. One cannot but take into account the process of internationalization of world sport, in which the leading role is played by the sport of the United States.

The current state of equestrian sports in Russia.

Soviet and post-Soviet period

The Soviet period of development of equestrian sports was characterized by the following factors:

Statehood
- strong centralization

Almost unlimited funding for the leaders of equestrian sports in the country.

Unavailability of equestrian sports (limited admission)
- inability to have a horse in private ownership
- lack of confidence in maintaining a sports pair
- voluntaristic method of forming a sports pair rider-horse

The current state of equestrian sports in Russia

Official statistics defy any criticism. Thus, in the Program for the Development of Horse Breeding of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, the data differ from the actual ones by 10 times.

It is easy to calculate that in Russia there is 1 horse per 100 people, and in the developed countries of Western Europe and the USA there is 1 horse per 10 people. Thus, the specific number of horses per capita in developed countries is 10 times higher than in Russia.
First of all, this suggests that the number of horses in Russia will grow in the near future. Obviously, horses are not used as labor in Western Europe and the United States. The modern role of the horse is to satisfy the growing human need for communication with nature and, as one of the options, to play sports.
One more positive factor should be noted - if earlier, 4-5 years ago, the export of horses from Russia was observed as a dominant factor, then in the last 2 years the import of horses from Western Europe has become dominant. This speaks of the beginning, of a real market revival of sports horse breeding.

The social significance of the development of equestrian sports.

The development of equestrian sports in Russia is important not only as a "sport", but also as a locomotive for the entire equestrian industry of the country. The presence of each sports horse opens up the following jobs:

Athlete
- trainer
- horse breeder
- groom
- veterinarian
- blacksmith
- horse carrier driver
- sports events manager
- sports judge

Farms receive additional orders for the supply of fodder and hay indirectly, construction companies receive contracts for stables and clubs. According to statistics, each sports horse "opens" two jobs. On average, it costs $ 1,000 a month to maintain a sports horse.

Conclusion

Radical transformations in the socio-economic life and the state-political organization of the country have led to significant changes in the field of physical culture, sports, in the national system of physical education. The transformation of the organizational structure of professional sports was expressed in the creation of professional sports associations, legally independent federations, leagues for sports. The status of professional clubs has changed. Changes in society and industry have served as objective prerequisites for the transformation of professional sports into a business sphere, have affected all aspects of the activities of professional clubs: the organizational structure, legal status, labor relations with athletes, have changed the place of professional sports in the system of social values.

Professional commercial sports in Russia are actively developing on the basis of emerging market relations. Competitions, athletes, coaches received a high market value. The changes affected the system of managerial and legal relations of the subjects of commercial sports, the remuneration of athletes, influenced their value orientations. The clubs have changed owners. Fundamentally new was the emergence of sponsorship from large, including foreign companies. The functions of sports have also changed.

Bibliography

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L.P. Matveev Reflections on sports // Sports management. 2004, no. 1, p. 16-21.

Http://www.equestrian.ru/files/razvitie.htm

RUSSIAN STATE TRADE AND ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY

Specialty: 100101 Discipline:

Physical education

ESSAY
on the topic:
"Professional and Elite Sports in Russia and the Economic Substantiation of the Need for Their Development."

Completed by: student of KIM
groups 22d
Astakhova Natalia.

MOSCOW - 2010

Table of contents

Introduction.

What we call "modern sports" acquired familiar forms at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Its appearance is associated with the development of urban culture. Its origins lie not in the needs of physical improvement and not in traditional forms of holidays, but in new opportunities for leisure: if the athletes of antiquity approached the gods with their perfection, then the sport of the new time was born, rather, by boredom and excitement.

From the first steps in the development of modern sports, the so-called "sport of gentlemen", from which amateur sports grew, and professional sports, presented initially in the circus and at fairs, emerged and separated in it. There are many names for professional sports: it is a big sport, and a sport of the highest achievements, international, Olympic, elite, but its essence and goal is the same - a record and victory at the same price. This kind of sport became a policy long ago, more precisely, since 1936, especially in the post-war years. In the "big", i.e. elite sports involve thousands of people: athletes, coaches, organizers, people who provide maintenance, food, accommodation, transportation, equipment, protection of athletes, etc. They spend on sports and earn hundreds of millions of dollars on sports. The sports programs are headed by the highest officials of the states. Mass sports: school, student, work, army are relegated to the background.

Professional and commercial sports.

The origins of professional domestic sports, which received official recognition in the late 80s. Of the 20th century, are in the middle of the 19th century, when capitalist relations are beginning to actively form in Russia and interest in various aspects of physical education and sports is awakening in society. Professional sports emerged with the beginning of bourgeois reforms in the country. Unlike other states, where the emergence of professional sports preceded the development of amateur sports (USA, England, etc.), in Russia it begins to develop almost simultaneously with the emergence of the first amateur sports organizations.
The development of professional sports was facilitated by the activities of scientists and sports enthusiasts, as well as the impact of Western culture. By the end of the XIX century. along with other areas of sports, entrepreneurial professional sports began to function. He relied on the people's love for sports games, which demonstrated heroic strength, daring, and dexterity. Therefore, it is no coincidence that entrepreneurs initially began to cultivate professional wrestling and athletics. In the future, equestrian sports were developed, and somewhat later and to a lesser extent, cycling and motor sports.
Competitions of professional athletes, demonstration of strength exercises in the arenas of Russian circuses have played a significant role in the popularization of sports in general. Professionals were respected by the people, supported by representatives of the wealthy strata of society. By the beginning of the twentieth century. Russian professional sports have taken a strong position in the system of social values.
Professional commercial sports turned out to be alien to the new (socialist) system and therefore was practically liquidated. But its roots were so strong that, despite the ideological canons, the championships of professional athletes (circus artists) in weightlifting and wrestling continued for a number of years.
The education process began in 1991 professional from portable associations. The first to be registered were the professional boxing federation, the professional kickboxing league, the professional football league, and the professional chess federation. The transition to market relations in sports was expressed in the development and adoption of relevant charters, constituent agreements, in the establishment of professional rules for holding competitions, in joining international professional sports federations.
The changes have affected the value orientations of athletes and the system of remuneration for their work. The general trend of the entry of Russian sports into world professional sports in the 90s. was the complexity of its adaptation to professional world sports. By the end of the 90s. the painful process of reforming the foundations of professional sports has been largely completed.
The reason for the painful changes was mainly in the fact that professional commercial sport has serious differences from the high-performance sport that developed in the USSR. The main thing is that commercial sport functions and develops not only according to the laws of sports, but also according to the laws of business. .
The very concept of "professional commercial sport" presupposes the presence of certain essential characteristics that distinguish it from other types of modern sports. In the literature, there are attempts at such an analysis. The criteria for the differentiation of various "types" of sports are: the purpose of the competition, the purpose of an athlete's participation in them, funding sources, social functions performed by this or that type (section) of sports, the subject of management, the conditions of sports activity, the level of sports achievements, the motivation of athletes, etc. ...
In general, agreeing with the existing approaches to the gradation of modern sports, we will try to highlight the differences between professional commercial sports and the so-called elite sports (Olympic). These differences can be divided into two groups, conventionally designating the first as "general", and the second as "specific". The former include:
Pronounced commercial nature of both sports and competition technology.
Legal support (availability of special legislation governing management and labor relations).
A different functional orientation, primarily to entertainment and advertising, a pleasant pastime and leisure for the audience.
Sources of financing.
The legal status of athletes (social and health insurance, pensions, contracts, their content, the possibility of creating trade unions).
Remuneration for athletes (quantitative indicators and forms of remuneration).
The second group includes:
Differences in the competition calendars with an emphasis on the overall duration and intensity of the competition.
Differences in the classification of athletes: commercial relations in sports imply different criteria than sports categories and titles. Rankings of athletes, cost indicators, the amount of money earned per season, place in the draft system, etc. are highlighted.
Differences in the rules of the competition, aimed primarily at enhancing the entertainment and contact of rivals.
Features of the training regime arising from the originality of sports activity and the conditions stipulated in the athlete's contract.
The process of formation and development of professional commercial sports in Russia, which began after 1991, required the formation of fundamentally new organizational and economic foundations and the search for legal forms of functioning of its subjects. The deep processes taking place in the domestic sport were outwardly expressed in the replacement of owners by clubs.
For the new owners of clubs in the initial period of the formation of professional commercial sports (the first half of the 90s), the main areas of activity were: reforming the forms of ownership; search for sources of funding, attempts to generate income. At the level of federations and leagues, this process proceeded towards the creation of an effective system for managing teams and the national championship; development of a calendar and a system for holding competitions, focused on attracting a viewer, television. The process of changing owners and changing the forms of ownership of professional clubs continues to this day. Since the late 90s. the practice of active participation in the fate of professional teams of high-level officials of the regional and federal scale is developing.
By the mid-90s. most of the professional clubs were able to build a financial policy without being guided for income from sports activities, while making the calculation on sponsors, budget allocations or revenues in areas other than sports. The funding structure of foreign and Russian clubs turned out to be qualitatively different: if for foreign teams the most important sources were the sale of tickets and rights to broadcast games, then for Russian clubs such sources were money sponsors, state budget funds, income from the sale of players... In contrast to the developed Western countries, 22% of football clubs in the mid-90s. continued to enjoy financial support from law enforcement agencies (Ministry of Internal Affairs, FSB, Ministry of Defense). A small number of professional football teams (17%) had income from commercial and licensing activities.
By 2002, about a third of football clubs in Russia had chosen a commercial form of ownership, and most of the clubs in the top division (56%) belonged to these forms. The most common commercial forms of ownership have become joint stock companies(13%) and limited liability companies (14%). Only 3% of football clubs participating in the 2002 Russian Championship were municipal or state enterprises.
Towards the end of the 90s. professional clubs began to implement financial and marketing policies aimed at finding primary and secondary sources of funding. Although a significant share of the budgetary allocation remained in the funding of the teams, increased income of clubs directly related to sports activities.
These include: ticket sales (with an increase in ticket prices, the average attendance of matches of the Premier League teams from 1998 to 2001 increased by 18.5%, the first league by 50.4%, the second league by 46.7%), income from commercial and licensed activities, from lotteries, from participation in commercial tournaments, from the sale of team shares, from advertising of goods, from the sale of players. Additional receipts to the treasury of clubs were associated with a change in legal form (for example, the transition to a joint-stock form of ownership with the involvement of large commercial structures or wealthy individuals as shareholders), with the opening of shops, restaurants, and the strengthening of publishing activities.
By 2000, the average budget of a Premier League football club had grown to $ 5-6 million. The growth of the budgets of professional clubs in Russia has a steady progressive trend throughout the period under review. By 2005, individual football and hockey clubs in Russia had already surpassed the $ 20 million mark. The union of big business and government agencies has become the basis for the successful management of professional sports in Russia.
Since the mid-90s. large Russian companies began to provide sponsorship support to professional clubs and federations for commercial sports, as a rule, monopolists in their market.
By now, there have been several ways of financial support for professional sports. The first (traditional for Russia) is the emphasis on budgetary sources. The second is the use of sponsors, patrons of the arts. The third is a combination of the first two options. The fourth way is to rely on your own sports activities with significant support from other sources. The development of professional commercial sports in Russia is accompanied by a gradual transition from the first path to the second and third, with the increasing role of the fourth.

Elite sports.

There are several sports that are traditionally considered elite. There are several reasons for this, but the main one is undoubtedly economic. Sports such as golf or yachting are so expensive that they automatically become the prerogative of the financial elite. So, in Japan there are golf clubs, the entrance fee to which exceeds 5 million dollars (!), And membership fees - not less than five hundred thousand a year, and the queue of those wishing to pay such a considerable amount is scheduled for decades ahead.
etc.................