A winter sport in which athletes skate on ice with additional elements, most often accompanied by music. V official competitions, as a rule, four sets of medals are played: in the women's single skating, in men's single skating, in pair skating, as well as in sports dancing on ice. Figure skating included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.

The most ancient skates were found on the banks of the Southern Bug, not far from Odessa, dating back to the Bronze Age. Such skates were made from the phalanx of the front legs of horses.

It is believed that the homeland figure skating is Holland. It was there, in the XIII - XIV centuries, that the first iron skates appeared. The appearance of a new type of skates gave a powerful impetus to the development of figure skating, which at that time consisted in the ability to draw intricate figures on the ice and maintain a beautiful pose at the same time.

All mandatory figures were created in the UK. This is explained by the fact that it was here that the first skating clubs arose (Edinburgh, 1742). At the same time, the first official rules of the competition were developed.

In 1882, the first international competition in Europe took place in Vienna. The Viennese won a landslide victory.

The very first edition of the rules for figure skating, published in England, dates back to 1772.

The English artillery lieutenant Robert Jones published a Treatise on Skating, in which he described all the main figures that were then known.

It has been known in Russia since the time of Peter I. The Russian Tsar brought the first samples of skates from Europe. It was Peter I who came up with a new way of fastening skates - directly to the boots, and thus created the “protomodel” of today's equipment for skaters.

The name "skates" arose because the front of the wooden "runners" was usually decorated with a horse's head.

In 1838, the first textbook for figure skaters was published in St. Petersburg - “ Winter fun and the art of skating. Its author was G.M. Pauli is a gymnastics teacher in the military schools of St. Petersburg.

A surge of interest in figure skating occurred after the European tour of American figure skater Jackson Gaines. He showed unexpected possibilities of performing swift figures in the most graceful movements of the body.

Russian figure skating, as a separate sport, was born in 1865. Then a public skating rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden on Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the very first days it became a center for the training of figure skaters. On March 5, 1878, the first competition of Russian figure skaters took place on it.

In 1881, the Society of Skating Fans consisted of about 30 people.

One of the most famous sports and public figures was Vecheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky, an honorary member of this society.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Salchow, Lutz, Rittberger, Axel Paulsen invented their own jumps, and the skaters, in gratitude for this, left their names in the names of the elements.

Women's single skating formed later. Officially, this happened at the end of January 1906 in Davos (Switzerland). Compulsory figures for women and men were similar, but women's free skating immediately attracted attention with high artistry, plasticity and musicality of movements.

Official women's world championships began in 1924. Since 1930, the world championships in figure skating for women and men have been held jointly at the same time. Soon pair (mixed) skating appeared. The international championship in pair skating was first played in 1908 in St. Petersburg, the winners were German figure skaters.

The fourth type of figure skating - dance Sport on ice - was born much later in England. Only in 1952 in Paris, the dancers played their awards for the first time, the British were the strongest. Most popular in last years won the synchronized skating competition. This sport has become widespread in Canada, the USA, Sweden, Finland, England, and France.

Beginning in 1983, annual synchronized skating championships began to be held in Canada. And in 1988, these competitions were held together with competitions in the main types of figure skating. Pair skating competitions first took place in Canada in 1914 and were held regularly until 1964, and resumed in 1981. The leaders in this type of figure skating are Canadian and American teams.

The popularity of figure skating grew, and already in 1908 figure skating competitions were included for the first time in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in London.

The first Olympic champions in single skating in 1908 were M. Sayers (Great Britain), U. Salkhov (Sweden), Panin-Kolomenkin (Russia), and the sports couple A. Hubler - G. Burger (Germany). Figure skating was also included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp (1920), subsequently it was presented at all Winter Olympic Games. outstanding success in Olympic competitions achieved Gillis Grafström (Sweden), who won 3 gold and 1 silver medals, three times Olympic champions- Sonya Henie (Norway) and Irina Rodnina (USSR).

At the White Olympics in St. Moritz (1948), the American figure skater Dick Button literally made a revolution. It was from him that jumps in several revolutions and others were “registered” in figure skating. acrobatic elements. Button literally flew over the rink. He was rewarded with a gold Olympic medal in single skating.

The Olympic championship was played in singles (men's and women's) and pair skating. In 1976, sports dancing on ice was included in the Olympic program.

Figure skating elements

Before the performance, the skater submits an official form, which describes the approximate content of the program: what elements and in what sequence will be performed.

Steps

In programs, step tracks and steps are performed as connecting elements.

Spirals

Spiral- a spiral is a position with one skate on the ice and a free leg (including the knee and boot) above the level of the thigh. The positions of the spirals are different from each other sliding foot(right, left), edge (outer, inner), direction of sliding (forward, backward) and position of the free leg (back, forward, sideways). The drawing of a sequence of spirals is any combination of arcs (on the edges - spirals along a straight line are ignored and are not counted in the number of positions). Only the first three arcs are considered for Difficulty Levels traits. In order for the spiral to be counted, you need to be in position for at least 3 seconds.

The most common spiral is "Martin". In the "swallow" the free leg can be from 90 degrees relative to the ice to a full split.

Bielman- performed with raising the free leg, grabbing the blade of the skate with the hands and deflecting in the back. Named in honor of Denise Bielman, who first performed the bilman at international competitions as an element of rotation. At perfect performance an almost vertical twine is obtained.

Rotations

1) Simple; 2) With a change of foot or combined; 3) Joint; 4) Dance.

Spin jumps

costal:

Axel

Bounce Axel named after the Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen, who first performed it in 1882. (rib jump)

Rittberger

Rittberger(English loop) - the jump is named after the German figure skater Werner Rittberger, who first performed it in 1910. (rib jump)

Salchov

Salchov(English Salchow) - the jump is named after the Swedish figure skater Ulrich Salchow, who first performed it in 1908. (rib jump)

toothed:

Sheepskin coat

Sheepskin coat(English toe loop) - the jump was first performed by the American figure skater Bruce Mapes in 1920. (tooth jump)

Flip

Flip(eng. flip) - the jump is performed by pushing the prong of the supporting leg while moving backward on the inner edge of the other leg. Departure is carried out on a jogging foot.

Lutz

Bounce Lutz named after the Austrian figure skater Alois Lutz, who first performed it in 1913. (tooth jump)

Athletics competitions became the most massive - 63 athletes from 9 countries took part in 12 events. The largest number of species - 9 - was won by representatives of the United States.

11 events were held at the Marble Stadium, which turned out to be inconvenient for runners. On the ancient games the competitions were not held in a circle, but in a straight line (in the run for more than 1 stage, the participants at the opposite end of the stadium turned back). During the reconstruction, the stadium was not expanded, so the circular track turned out to be elongated with very steep turns, which reduced the speed. In addition, the track was too soft.

100 meters run

American wins 100m and 400m Tom Burke, the only participant who applied low start, which initially caused ridicule from the audience. The 800m and 1500m were won by the only Australian at the Games, while the 100m hurdles by an American Thomas Curtis.

All jump events were won by the Americans - Ellery Clark(high jump and long jump) Wells Hoyt(pole vault) and James Connolly(triple jump). Triple jump competition ended on April 6 before other events Olympic program, and Connolly became the first modern Olympic champion.

The first modern Olympic champion - James Connolly

Connolly jumped a whole meter further than the French Olympic silver medalist Alexander Tuffer. James Connolly, a law student at Harvard University, came to Europe without the permission of his professors, moreover, despite their prohibition. But when he returned home with a gold medal, angry pundits changed their anger to mercy. Subsequently, the first Olympic champion became a well-known journalist and writer. He was also offered an honorary doctorate from Harvard, but Connolly rejected this offer.

In discus throwing, which has ancient roots, the Greeks counted on winning: international competitions on it before the Games of 1896 were not held, and the Greek athletes were preparing for several months in a training camp. However, having taken the lead in the last attempt, the American won, who first saw how the discus was thrown, a few days before the competition. He also won the shot put; taking in addition to this 2nd place in the high jump, he became the most titled athlete of the Games.

Robert Garrett during discus throw

Having learned that the program of the Games includes discus throwing, Garrett decided to take part in it, but since this sport was unknown in America, he began to make inquiries, and someone told him that at the Olympics they would use the same disc as the ancient throwers used. Acquainted with the technique of throwing, Garrett I ordered a similar disk for myself and calmly trained with it at home. Arriving in Athens Garrett found that the modern disc is much lighter and more comfortable in shape. So much easier and more convenient that it was not difficult for him to beat the favorites. True, after two attempts, the Greek was ahead with a score of 28 meters 95 centimeters. Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos. But in the last attempt, the American threw a projectile weighing 1.923 kilograms at 29 meters 15 centimeters.

Interesting detail: Garrett came from New York to Greece at his own expense and also paid for the trip of three of his teammates.

Another view took place outside the stadium - a race along the legendary route from the city of Marathon to Athens (40 km), called the marathon. The Greek won Spiridon Louis who became a national hero in his homeland.

Spiridon Louis

Before the marathon, a representative of the organizing committee said that tomorrow it would be very hot and there was a high risk of getting sunstroke. Several athletes immediately prudently refuse to participate in the competition and leave the Marathon. The next day, at two o'clock in the afternoon, the athletes gathered at a small bridge, from which in 490 BC. e. started his run Phidipid. After a little solemn ceremony a shot is heard and a group of runners sets off on a forty-kilometer path, surrounded by numerous mounted soldiers, cyclists and gigs. The heat is terrible.

About ten kilometers everyone runs in one group. Women, seeing marathon runners running past, are baptized. In Pekermi, the first checkpoint. Everyone is given water and - surprise - wine! Two faint. At about the tenth kilometer, the French Albin Lermusier rushes forward. Soon he is already thirty meters ahead of the nearest rival - the Australian Flack, Olympic champion in the 800 and 1500 meters. fifty meters Lermusier ahead of the Hungarian waiter and American Black.

In Karvati, at the exit from the Marathon Valley, Lermusier knows he's ahead Flack for a whole kilometer. The Greeks are even further behind, the best of them is three kilometers behind the leader! But on the long climb behind Megalo Revan, the Frenchman's run gets harder. Approaching the plain of Spata, a little further than the thirtieth kilometer of the distance, Lermusier stops on the side of the road. His compatriot Gisel, who rides a bicycle nearby, rubs his legs with a special ointment. He runs again, but his impulse is broken and the rhythm of running is lost. After two thousand meters, the crash: Lermusier falls and loses consciousness.

At the thirty-third kilometer, the race was led by Flack. After some time, a Greek appears a few tens of meters away from him. Spiridon Louis. With long strides he overtakes the Australian. Flack, seeing that he is bypassed, does not withstand the tension of the struggle and falls.

The Marble Stadium is already visible ahead. The fact that the Greek runner was in the lead was reported to the king George I. A gunshot is heard. Eighty thousand hearts beat in unison. The complete silence is broken by a cry of relief: an almost black from the dust ran into the stadium track Louis. The last lap around the stadium is both heaven and hell. The spectators jumped from their seats. The air rang with shouts of jubilation and joy. The judges rushed after the runner and ran to the finish line with him. Two Greeks picked up the winner on their shoulders and carried them to the king.

A contemporary describes this event, which adorned the 1st Olympiad, as follows:

"Thousands of flowers and gifts were thrown at the feet of the winner, the hero of the 1st Games. Thousands of doves flew into the air, carrying ribbons in the color of the Greek flag. People poured onto the field and began to swing the champion. To free Louis, the crown prince and his brother descended from the stands to meet the champion and took him to the royal box. And here, to the unceasing applause of the public, the king embraced the peasant."

From the very beginning of the I Olympic Games, Greece has been waiting for its hero. And so he appeared in the guise of a young clerk from the village of Maroussi near Athens.

Spiridon Louis became a national hero. He was the first modern athlete to receive the highest honors. The awarding of the winners of the Olympiad in all sports took place on the closing day of the Games. Repeating the ancient ceremonial, a laurel wreath was placed on the head of the champion, a medal, a diploma and an olive branch cut in the "sacred grove of Olympia" were presented to him.

All winners:

Running, 100 m (18 participants, 9 countries)

1. T. Burke (USA) - 12.0.
2. F. Hoffman (Germany) - 12.2.
3. A. Sokoji (Hungary) - 12.6.

Running, 400 m (11 participants, 6 countries)

1. T. Burke (USA) - 54.2 (RR).
2. X. Jamison (USA) - 55.2.
3. F. Hofmann (Germany).

Running, 800 m (9 participants, 5 countries)

1. E. Flack (Australia) - 2.11.0.
2. N. Dani (Hungary) - 2:11.8.
3. D. Golemis (Greece).

Running, 1500m (8 participants, 5 countries)

1. E. Flack (Australia) - 4.33.2 (RR).
2. A. Vlenk (USA) - 4.34.0.
3. A. Lermusio (France) - 4.36.0.

Marathon run, 42,195 m (17 participants, 5 countries)

1. S. Louis (Greece) - 2.58.50.
2. X. Vasilakos (Greece) - 3.06.03.
3. D. Kelner (Hungary) - 3.06.35.

Running, 100 & Hurdles (7 participants, 5 countries)

1. T. Curtis (USA) - 17.6 (RR).
2. G. Goulding (Great Britain) - 17.7.

High jump (5 participants, 3 countries)

1. E. Clark (USA) - 1.81 (OR).
2. J. Connolly (USA), R. Garrett (USA) - 1.65.

Pole vault (5 participants, 2 countries)

1. W. Hoyt (USA) - 3.30, (RR).
2. A. Tyler (USA) - 3.25.
3. E. Damascos (Greece) - 2.85.

Long jump (9 participants, 5 countries)

1. E. Clark (USA) - 6.35 (OR).
2. R. Garrett (USA) -6.18.
3. J. Connolly (USA) - 6.11.

Triple jump (7 participants, 5 countries)

1. J. Connolly (USA) - 13.71 (OR).
2. A. Tuffeli (France) - 12.70.
3. Ya. I. Persakis (Greece) - 12.52.

Shot put (7 participants, 5 countries)

1. R. Garrett (USA) - 11.22 (RR).
2. M. Guskos (Greece) - 11.20.
3. G. Papasideris (Greece) - 10.36.

Discus throw (9 participants, 6 countries)

1. R. Garrett (USA) - 29.15 (RR).
2. P. Paraskevopoulos (Greece) - 28.955.
3. S. Versns (Greece) - 28.78.

(one). Position synchronized swimming: on the back at some angle to the surface of the water, one leg is raised vertically up to an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the surface of the hearth, the other is bent at the hip and knee joint(shin parallel to the surface of the water and pressed against inside lower legs of the "vertical" leg).
- F. in immersion. Position of synchronized swimming. Similar to the flamingo position, but the water level is at the ankle of the "vertical" leg.

(Source: Sports terminology. Dictionary sports terms, 2001)

FLAMINGO

(2). The figure of synchronized swimming consists of the following basic positions: on the back, angle up, flamingo, angle up with two, vertical.
- F., screw-rotation. Similar to the "flamingo, half-twist" figure, but in the "vertical" position, a half-twist and a rotation of 180 degrees to the "vertical in immersion" position are performed.
- F., whirlwind. Similar to the "flamingo" figure, but in the "vertical" position, a whirlwind is performed.
- F., 180 degree rotation (360 degrees). Similar to the "flamingo" figure, but in the "vertical" position, a rotation of 180 degrees (360 degrees) is performed to the "vertical in immersion" position.
- F., half screw (screw). Similar to the "flamingo" figure, but in the "vertical" position, a half-screw (screw) is performed.
- F., continuous rotation. Similar to the "flamingo" figure, but with vertical immersion, maximum amount rotations.
- F. with bent knee . The figure of synchronized swimming consists of the following basic positions: on the back, angle up, flamingo, vertical with bent knee, vertical.
- F. with bent knee, screw - rotation. Similar to the figure "flamingo with bent knee", but in the position "vertical" a half-twist is performed, then a rotation of 180 degrees to the position "vertical in immersion".
- F. with bent knee, whirlwind. Similar to the "flamingo with bent knee" figure, but in the "vertical with bent knee" position, a whirlwind is performed.
- F. knee bent, 180 degree rotation (360 degrees). Similar to the bent-knee flamingo figure, but in the vertical position, a 180-degree (360-degree) rotation is performed to the submerged vertical position.
- F. with bent knee, half screw (screw). Similar to the "flamingo with bent knee" figure, but in the "vertical" position, a half-screw (screw) is performed.
- F. with bent knee, continuous rotation. Similar to the "flamingo with bent knee" figure, but in the "vertical" position, the maximum number of rotations is performed.

1. What is the motto of the modern Olympics? ("Faster, higher, stronger")

2. Why sports called the Olympic Games? (Many centuries ago, in the valley of the Alpheus River in Olympia, competitions of Greek athletes began to be held, which were called the Olympic Games)

3. Why did the ancient Greeks call the Olympic Games holidays of peace? (For the duration of the games, hostilities ceased in all Greek states, a ban was introduced on carrying weapons on the territory of Hellas)

4. What did the winner of the Olympic Games receive as a reward? (A wreath from the branches of the sacred olive tree growing in Olympia. In honor of the victorious athletes in their hometowns, coins with his image came out and marble statues were erected)

5. What is the maximum duration of the Olympic Games? (Fifteen days including opening day, ten days for the Winter Olympics)

6. When did the competitions of athletes in Olympia begin? (The first Olympic Games known to us took place in 776 BC)

7. Who was eligible to participate in the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece? (Free Greek citizens, provided that during the ten months preceding the competitions, they prepared for them by practicing daily)

8. Did women take part in the ancient Olympic competitions? (Women were not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games. Once every four years, festivities were held in Olympia in honor of the goddess Hera, the patroness of marriage. The program of these festivities included girls running competitions)

9. Does the Olympus mountain range in northern Greece have anything to do with the Olympic Games? (The Olympic Games were held in Olympia in southern Greece. Mount Olympus in northern Greece, according to legend, the abode of the ancient Greek gods, has nothing to do with the Olympic Games)

10. Which of the most famous ancient scientists won the Olympic Games? (Pythagoras repeatedly won the Olympic competitions of fist fighters)

11. What is called a cross? ( Sports running cross-country)

12. Which of the great Russian commanders was hardening his body and in winter could stand all day in the cold in one uniform? (Alexander Suvorov)

13. Young athlete. (Junior)

14. Which of the Russian writers founded the "Russian Gymnastic Society" in Moscow in 1882? (Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Gilyarovsky)

15. Which of the Russian writers, despite his advanced age, was fond of horse riding, skating, gymnastics, cycling? (Lev Tolstoy)

16. What kind of sport can be called exclusively female? (Synchronized swimming)

17. What it looks like olympic flag? (A cloth with five intertwined rings of blue, yellow, black, green and red in the center)

18. When was the Olympic flag first raised? (In 1914, in Paris, at a celebration in honor of the twentieth anniversary of the revival of the Olympic Games)

19. What awards are established for athletes who have achieved success in Olympic competition? (Athletes who take 1-3 places in competitions are awarded with medals and diplomas. Those who take 4-6 places receive diplomas)

20. When and in what sports did women first take part in the Olympic Games? (At the 1900 Olympic Games - in golf and tennis competitions)

21. In which sport do women compete for the most gold medals? (V athletics and swimming - fourteen gold medals each)

22. When and where was the first Olympic Village? (In 1932, in Los Angeles, where the games of the X Olympiad were held)

23. At what games did athletes from all five continents compete for the first time? (At the 1908 Olympics)

24. What great Italian artist, scientist and engineer pointed out the healing power of running? (Leonardo da Vinci)

25. When and where did such a sport as running originate? (About two and a half thousand years ago in Ancient Greece)

26. When did running competitions begin to be held in Russia? (In 1888, in Tyarlovo, near St. Petersburg, a sports Club and the first running competitions in Russia were held)

27. How old is chess? (Approximately 1500 years old)

28. What is the name of the sport: sledding in the prone position, which was common among the Canadian Indians? (Skeleton)

29. Which Danish Nobel Prize-winning physicist was an excellent goalkeeper? (Niels Bohr)

30. How many squares is the chessboard divided into? ( Chess board divided into 64 equal-sized fields - 32 white and 32 black)

31. A sports facility that got its name from the ancient Greek measure of length. (Stadium - from "stage")

32. What is the name of a pole with a paddle for rowing? (Paddle)

33. From which Olympics did competitions begin between young men under the age of eighteen? (Starting from the XXXVII Olympiad)