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Dnepropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture and Sports

On the topic: "Relay race"

Completed: student of group C-14-2

Shlychkova D.M.

Dnipropetrovsk 2016

Content

Relay race concept
Relay rules
Literature

Relay race concept

Relay running is a type of track and field running in which not one athlete takes part, but a team of runners. The final result of the competition depends on the team's coordination and preparation. The main task of the runners is to run their stage as quickly as possible and pass the baton to a member of their team. The winner will be the team that will run faster than the others and carry the stick from start to finish of the competition. Sometimes a relay tape is used instead of a stick.

Relay racing was first seen as a type of athletics competition in the early 19th century. He was included in the program of the 4 Olympic Games.

Todayrelaycross-countrycompetitionsspendhowvOlympicgames,Soandvschools,sportsinstitutions,onstreetroadsandcross-countrytracksstadiums.

Viewsrelayrunning:

§ Official relay races for women and men: 4 x 100, 4 x 200, 4 x 400, 4 x 800 m;

§ Official relay race for men - 4 x 1500 m;

§ Olympic relay races for women and men: 4 x 100 m and 4 x 400 m;

§ "Swedish Relay" - 800/400/200/100 m or 100/200/400/800 m;

§ Amateur, school relay races - the distance of the stages is chosen by the organizers independently.

In short-distance relay races, teams each run along their own path. At the 1st stage and until the 1st turn of the 2nd stage of the relay race 4 for 400 m, the participants each run along their own paths, and then along the common path. At stadiums, relay race is carried out in a circle of treadmills. Street relay races have stages of different lengths. Such relay races are mostly mixed, that is, participants of different ages and genders. There are relay races where the start is in different places, and the runners finish at one point. In schools, counter relay races are usually held.

The main task of the runners is to pass the baton correctly at high speed. Sticks can be wooden or metal. Their length reaches 30 cm. In relay races for short distances, a stick may not be used. Stage 1 runners start from a low start with a stick in their right hand. Then they pass from their right hand in the 20 meter zone their relay to the next runner in their left hand, etc. There are several ways to transfer the stick: with and without a change of hand. The receiver can shift the stick from one hand to the other, or he can not, and pass it to the next one with the same hand that he took it. If the runner dropped the stick, then he must raise it with the hand in which it was before the fall. The relay is passed strictly in the dedicated area - from 10 m until the end of the 1st stage to 10 m at the beginning of the 2nd stage. Failure to comply with the rules threatens to disqualify the entire team.

The distance between the runners during the transfer of the relay is equal to the length of the outstretched arms of the receiver and the transmitting baton. The stick can be passed either from bottom to top or from top to bottom. The participant taking over the relay starts from a low or high start. The speed, synchronization of steps, the degree of acceleration, the rhythm of the run, the coherence of the transfer of the stick by the participants, all this is the guarantee of the victory of the team.

Relay rules

All athletes take their starting positions - the command "Start!". Command "Attention!" - prepare for the start, stopping all movements in anticipation of the last signal - "March!" - the participants have started! In general, the "attention" command is given only in the sprint.

During the run, the participants are forbidden to interfere with each other, although contacts do occur, sometimes often. When passing the baton, it is forbidden to help one runner to another, for example, to push him in the back to accelerate. The runner who passed the baton and finished his stage must not interfere with the rest of the participants in the relay.

The handover of the baton takes place in the movement of both participants, in a specially designated 20-meter zone.

When running at a distance from 100 to 400 meters, athletes each run along their own path, at distances from 600 to 800 meters, each also starts on its own path, after 200 meters they go to one total. 1000 meters and more begin to start with a common group. the line indicating the start. In a situation where there are many participants, several stages are carried out in order to create more comfortable conditions for running.

The winner was the one who crossed the finish line first. Crossing the finish line is considered to be the transfer of the torso over the line.

The relay race is not counted in cases when:

· The baton is lost;

One of the participants did not run his way

The relay race (4x100 m, 4x200 m) is held on separate tracks, and in the rest of the relay races - along the common track. The first stage or part of it can be run along separate tracks.

Along with the relay race, relay competitions are held on the stadium's treadmill on the streets of the city with stages of different lengths. As a rule, these competitions are held for mixed teams, which include men and women, and sometimes participants from different age groups. Athletes participate in competitions in which cyclists, motorcyclists, rowers on different ships, swimmers, etc. overcome some of the stages.

The most importantfactorseffectivenessrelaycommandsare:

1.indicators of individual results of athletes at the respective distances;

2. Reliability of relay baton transmission;

coordination of actions of team partners;

3. the integrity of a single team.

Short Distance Relay Technique

At the 1st stage, running starts with a low start. The runner holds the baton in his right hand, squeezing its end with three or two fingers, while his thumb and forefinger rests on the ground at the starting line (fig. 46).

Running from the start and the distance does not differ from the usual running of 100 and 200 m. The difficulty of the relay race technique is to transfer the relay at high speed in a limited area. A 20-meter zone has been established for the transfer of the relay. It starts 10 m before the end of one stage and continues 10 m forward from the beginning of the other. The receiver of the relay has the right to start the run 10 m before the start of the transfer zone. This allows a higher speed to be achieved.

There are two ways to pass the baton (fig. 47).

The passing of the baton in stages in the 4x100 m race is carried out as follows. The starter at the 1st stage holds the baton in his right hand and runs as close to the edge as possible. The awaiting second runner stands closer to the outer edge of his track and takes over the baton with his left hand. He runs the straight (second 100 m) on the right side of his lane and passes the baton with his left hand to the right hand of the third participant running on the left side of the lane. The fourth runs on the right side of the track and takes the baton with his left hand. Another method of passing (with the transfer of the accepted relay by the runner from one hand to the other) in the 4x100 m relay is less effective.

Athletes running in stages 2, 3 and 4 use the take-off (10 m) and gear (20 m) zones to get the relay at maximum speed and run their stage in stride. To solve this problem, the runner taking the baton takes a pose close to that of a low start (Fig. 48).

Standing with his right foot at the line indicating the start of the run, he puts his left foot forward, rests his right hand on the track, and takes his left hand up and back. In this position, the athlete looks back under the left shoulder at the approaching runner. The 1st stage runner approaches the transfer zone at maximum speed. When he has 9-11 m before the take-off zone, the runner of the 2nd stage rapidly starts running along the right edge of his track, trying to develop the highest possible speed so that 2-3 m before the end of the zone, the runner catching up with him can pass the baton to him. The distance between the runners during the transfer (1-1.3 m) is equal to the length of the backward hand of the runner receiving the baton and the length of the forward arm of the runner passing it (Fig. 49).

The distance can be increased by tilting the torso of the runner passing the baton.

The runner's speed during the stages of the Sprint Relay must be at the maximum speed, it must not be reduced in the transfer zones. An indicator that characterizes the effectiveness of a technique can be the time it takes a runner with a relay baton to pass a 20-meter transfer zone. For male sprinters of high qualifications, this distance is covered in 2.0 s or less, for women - in 2.2 s or less. Consequently, the starting runner needs to use almost the entire 30-meter distance in order to gain the highest speed. It is best if the speed of the runners at the time of passing the relay is the same.

Until the handover of the relay, both runners move their arms like in a sprint. But as soon as the runner gets close to the receiver of the relay at the distance necessary for passing, he gives a "hop" signal. At this signal, the person taking the baton, without reducing the pace and without disturbing the rhythm of the run, straightens the left (for runners of the 2nd and 4th stages) hand with the hand down (the abducted thumb forms an angle with the rest of the fingers, open downward). At this moment, the runner passing the baton quickly stretches out his right hand and, with a movement from the bottom forward and slightly upward, precisely puts the baton into the receiver's hand. It is even better if the receiver of the relay throws his hand back not at the signal "hop", but at the moment when he reaches the mark set during the training. Of course, this method requires good consistency in the actions of the runners.

For the accuracy of passing the baton, it is important to determine the moment of the start of the run of the receiver during the course of the session. For this, a mark is made at some distance in front of the take-off line. At the moment when the runner passing the baton reaches this mark, the receiver quickly starts running along the right edge of his track, trying to develop the highest possible speed (Fig. 50).

The distance to the mark must be such that the runner with the relay will catch up with the receiver exactly at the place intended for the transfer (4-5 m before the end of the zone). In the process of training and on estimates, the mark is specified, and this distance can be determined as follows (V. Krivozubov, 1984): first, the place of transfer of the relay is determined (S = 25 m), then the time of running 25 m is determined in the starting acceleration of the person receiving the relay from the position low start with support on one hand (for example, t1 = 3.35 s) and the last 25 m passing the baton when running at 75-100 m (t2 = 2.25 s). Next, we determine the difference in the running time of 25 m by the transmitting and receiving - t (3.25-2.25 = 1.00 s), we calculate the average running speed of the transmitting (25 m: 2.25 s = 11.11 m / s) and the distance that he runs in time t (11.11x1.00 s = 11.11 s). This distance is the optimal value of the "head start" between the receiving and transmitting without taking into account the reaction to the moving object (on average, the delayed reaction of the receiver of the relay is 0.2 s). The total "handicap" value must also include the length of the segment traveled by the sender due to the delayed response time of the receiver.

At the time of the transfer, it is important to run in step. To do this, a well-trained 100m runner achieves a uniformity in all steps that allows him to run into the pass zone almost always in the same place, with the same foot. To make sure of this, you should run the entire stage and zone 2-3 times. If the steps do not match, then the start in the zone needs to adapt to the steps of the other runner.

In relays, where the ratio of the running speed of the receiving and transmitting runners is somewhat different (for example, 4x200 m, 4x400 m, 800 + 400 + 200 + 100 m), appropriate corrections should be made.

In estimations and competitions in running at 200 and 400 meters, it is necessary to determine the speed of the run in the last 10 meters and, on the basis of this, make the appropriate calculations. Naturally, the slower the runner completes his distance, the less must be the distance from the reference mark to the beginning of the transfer zone.

Relay running technique training

It is advisable to teach the relay race technique after the short-distance running technique has been mastered. The main task of training is to teach trainees to clearly pass and receive the baton at a high speed of running. Below is the sequence of teaching the technique of relay race, specific tasks are listed, the means for their solution and methodological instructions are given.

Objectives, means and methods of teaching

Task 1 . Create an idea of the relay race technique.

Funds:

1. Provide information on the types of relay race.

2. Explain and demonstrate the technique of passing the baton in the 20 meter zone at maximum speed.

3. Show the film rings of the transfer of the relay by the strongest runners.

4. Explain the importance of calculation and accuracy of movements in the transfer of the relay.

Task 2 . To teach the technique of passing the baton.

Funds:

1. Explanation and demonstration to create an idea of the way of passing the baton from below.

2. Passing the baton with the right and left hands, standing still, without preliminary imitation and with preliminary imitation of hand movements while running.

3. Passing the baton at the signal of the teacher when moving in stride.

4. The same on the signal of the transmitter.

5. Passing the baton on the signal of the transmitter while moving slowly and then fast. The control mark is set by the teacher (trainer).

6. Passing the baton while running fast on a separate lane.

Methodical instructions. Exercises in passing the baton on the spot are performed in pairs, in two ranks and in a circle. The transmitter is stepped to the opposite side of the hand holding the relay. Exercises in passing the baton in walking and slow running are also performed.

Task 3 . Teach the start of the runner taking over the relay.

Funds:

1. Start on a straight line from a position with support on one hand.

2. Start on a separate lane on a turn (when entering a straight line) with support on one hand.

3. Start on a separate lane on a straight line (when entering a bend).

4. Determination of the distance from the start of the takeoff run to the reference mark.

5. Start on a separate lane at the moment the transmitter reaches the check mark.

Methodical instructions. When mastering the start on the track in the zone, you need to make sure that the receiver runs at the outer line of the track at the 2nd and 4th stages and at the inner line at the 3rd stage. It is advisable to proceed to the study of the start, coordinated with the run of the transmitter, only after a stable skill of start and running on the back side of the track has been achieved.

Task 4 . Achieve the handover at maximum speed in the 20-meter zone.

Funds:

1. Passing the relay at maximum speed in the zone (individual control marks are set for the team in stages).

2. Team relay race full distance with the participation of two or more teams.

Methodical instructions. The passing technique is learned and refined by running at 1 / 2-3 / 4 intensity and at maximum speed at the end of the warm-up or shortly thereafter.

Basically, the improvement in the technique of passing the relay is carried out by pairs (ligaments) who train in their place, i.e. at the beginning or end of a turn. First, the pairs of runners of the 1st and 2nd and 3rd and 4th stages are engaged. After that, the second runner improves the pass with the third, finally all four of them together. Of course, this sequence may change due to tasks. It is very important that the runner who passed the baton leaves his lane only when he slows down, and the participants of other teams who took over the relay run forward.

When composing a team, the participants of the relay should be arranged in stages, taking into account the following circumstances. Due to the fact that the runner starting in the zone always runs slower at the moment of passing than the runner catching up with him, it is advisable to put the weaker one on the 1st stage, the second strongest runner on the next, etc. This will allow you to pass the baton with the best ratio in the speed of both runners. At the same time, it is taken into account that some sprinters know how and love to run from the start, while others have worse results in running from the start, but successfully participate in the relay. We must also not forget those who run well around the bend and the finish line. After all the candidates for the team have been studied in detail, you should distribute them in stages and start training.

Short distance relay training is, first of all, sprint training and improvement of the relay transfer technique. The main conditions for this are the consistency of the composition of the relay team and long-term practice. Relay team training is incorporated as an organic part of sprint training. This should not add much to the workload of the athletes. For example, in the course of a training session, runners should run several times 100 m. Instead, it is better to hold a 4x100 m relay. Running with acceleration, on the move, estimates may end with the transfer of the relay. Acceleration can be started together with the reception of the relay, etc.

Improvement in relay technique while running at maximum intensity, as well as evaluations, should be done as part of the sprint workout in the middle or even at the end of the session, before the final part. It is especially important to run the entire distance of the relay more often: only then is the familiarity of movements and accurate calculation of control marks achieved.

Before the competition, at the end of the warm-up, the relay should be passed in bundles. It is very important in this case to establish, if required, corrections for the distance to the reference marks. This is necessary mainly with the wind - headwind, tailwind.

In the process of training and competition, the permanent composition of the relay team can achieve very high precision in all movements.

relay race short distance athletics

Literature

1.. E. Arakelyan, V.P. Filin, A.V. Korobiev, A.V. Levchenko selected chapters from the textbook "Athletics"

2. Zhilkin A.I. and others. Athletics: Textbook. manual for stud. higher. ped. study. institutions / A.I. Zhilkin, V.S. Kuzmin, E.V. Sidorchuk. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 464 p. More details.

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What is the popularity of relay racing

First of all, the relay race is interesting. Various game relay races are held at the school for young children, and relay races are used as a training technique and for the preparation of adult athletes. The relay gives rise to a great thirst for victory and a desire to give all the best, since the athlete feels responsibility not only for himself, but also for his result. In addition, with the help of training relays, you can psychologically prepare athletes for single races.

The most popular is the 4x100 meter relay. 4x400 meters gathers no less spectators, but the pace of the 100-meter race still makes the sprint relay much more spectacular. Many people love sprints precisely because of this frantic rhythm and intensity of passions. In relay races, all this is repeated as many as 4 times in a row. Each subsequent athlete is trying to catch up or, conversely, create a larger handicap for his teammate.

Features of relay race

First of all, it is the only team discipline of athletics. The only guarantee of victory here is the well-coordinated and polished work of all members of the relay team. The relay team must train together and hone the moment of passing the relay.

Hence, another feature follows - this is running with a relay baton. The moment of transfer in track and field relay races, unlike other sports, is the transfer of the baton. It cannot be thrown to your comrade and it is highly undesirable to drop it, since it will only have to be lifted by the one who released it from the last hands.

Running with a relay baton requires a number of minor adjustments in running technique. Firstly, the start of the second and subsequent stages is done without pads. On the one hand, this affects the speed and power of acceleration. On the other hand, relaymen are allowed to start accelerating about 10 meters before passing the baton. The whole difficulty lies precisely in the fact that it is very important for a runner to catch the moment when to start accelerating and take the baton. If you start it too early, you will have to slow down at the end of the transfer zone, if it is too late, you will not be able to gain enough speed to successfully complete the stage.

There is one big difference between the 4x100 and 4x400 meter disciplines, and it is not the length of the course. The fact is that the participants of the 4x100 m relay must cover the entire distance only along their own path. While in the 4x400 m relay, only the first stage runs along a separate track, and the subsequent ones strive to take a place on the first track.

Distances in relay race

Despite the fact that the relay races are very spectacular, only 2 relay disciplines are held at the official major competitions - these are 4x100 and 4x400 m.The International Athletics Federation also registers records in other disciplines, such as 4x200 m, 4x800 m and 4x1500 m, but the competition is these distances are not carried out. Either because of the excessive overloading of the athletes, or because of the large number of species in the competition.

In general, the distances in relay race are very different. It all depends only on the imagination of the organizers. It should be noted that we are not talking about official major competitions, where the organizers' imaginations are strictly limited by the regulations. It is very interesting to see the relay race 4x60 or 4x110 meters with hurdles. Records in these disciplines are no longer registered by the Federation, but they do not become boring because of this.

Ekiden is not the most spectacular, but rather interesting. Ekiden is a classic marathon relay. In other words, not 1 person runs, but 6, and the length of the segments alternates between each stage. Accordingly, the world record on ekiden, which, by the way, is also officially registered by the IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations), is faster than the classic marathon record by about 6 minutes.

Recently, relay races are increasingly held in cross disciplines. This is where it all depends only on the organizers. At various amateur or unofficial competitions, you can find any relay race, including Swedish ones, which have been described a lot.

Since the relay race is very entertaining and attracts a lot of spectators, various commercial starts are often started. They may not have exact rules for the formation of a team, but they can be very valuable prizes. For example, at one of these starts in 2015 in Novosibirsk, a brand new car was given for a victory at the first stage.

Relay stages are classically divided into 3 different:

- starting;

- basic;

- finishing.

It is customary to place the strongest athletes in the first and last stages. For example, the Jamaican Usain Bolt basically runs last - the finishing stage.

Relay rules

As for the general rules, they are not very different from the rules for a smooth sprint. The main attention is focused on the moment of the transfer and there are a number of simple rules. First of all, the baton must be passed in a special corridor, the length of which for a relay race 4x100 meters is 20 meters. At the very beginning of the corridor, the athlete can start accelerating, but he must run out of it with a stick in his hands. One of the most common mistakes in competition is passing the relay outside the lineout.

The next rule applies to both the moment of transfer and movement along the course. It is forbidden to interfere with other athletes participating in the relay. In turn, if the process of passing the stick to the opponents was violated during the fall or by accident, the team will not be held liable.

Back in the early twentieth century, one team decided to go for a trick and treated their palms with a sticky substance. Thanks to this, the transfer of the baton was not difficult. Today, it is strictly forbidden to handle your hands in any way, put on gloves on them, and also facilitate the moment of passing the baton in other dishonest ways. After all, this is not just running, but running with a relay baton, the skill of passing which can be honed only through numerous and systematic trainings.

Losing a wand is another gross violation, but unlike others, it can be corrected. This can be done by picking up a wand, and this should be done by the one who dropped it. Most likely, it will threaten 100% loss, but in sports anything can happen.

Relay technique

The technique of running the distance is no different from the technique of smooth running for the corresponding distance. If in hurdles, an athlete must also overcome obstacles along the way, then in relay race there is nothing like that, and he must only rush forward towards victory. The start of the first stage in the relay (we are talking about the classic 4x100 and 4x400 meters) is made from a low start. The latter start after the transfer of the relay with acceleration.

The main feature of the relay race technique, as well as the rules, lies in the moment of passing the baton. Relay running is one of those types of running, in which not only physical training is the key to victory. That is why in training a lot of attention is paid to the moment of transfer of the stick. There are several different ways and techniques for transferring the stick.

The 100 and 400 meter relay has its own stick transfer technique, which is effective only at a certain distance. The competitor starting on the first 100 meters holds the stick in his right hand. When approaching the transfer zone, he must press against the left edge of the treadmill and pass the stick to the left hand of a teammate, who, in turn, begins to move along the right edge of the same track. This participant, at the moment of transferring the stick to the third stage, presses against the right edge of the track and transfers the stick to the right hand to the third stage, and so on.

Some participants shift the stick to the right hand to make it easier to pass it and move with it along the distance. This method is better suited for a relay race of 4x400 m and more, since precious fractions of seconds are lost on it.

Relay running is also the ability to start acceleration on time and at the right time to pick up the wand from the hands of your teammate. The next stage should start accelerating about 10 meters before the approach of the previous stage. During the time until he catches up with him, the next stage should pick up maximum speed. If the start is carried out from a position close to the low start position, then a distance of 2 meters will be enough to gain this speed. The stick must be transmitted at the same speed. This subtlety, which only relay race can boast, is developed in numerous workouts. Relay teams with experience are often more successful than new ones.

Conclusion

Relay running is one of the most spectacular running disciplines. She is loved by both adults and children. When you at least briefly get to know it, you understand that the relay race technique is very specific and complex. It requires the development of not only the individual qualities of the athlete, but also team coherence. Only the combination of all these elements will allow the team to rise to the top of the podium.

Current page: 2 (total of the book has 7 pages) [available passage for reading: 2 pages]

Chapter III
Relay technique

The relay race 4 × 100 m, as a rule, is of the greatest interest to the audience. It is held on separate tracks of the stadium from the beginning to the end of the distance. The team nature of this type of competition, the responsibility of each sprinter for the outcome of the sports fight, the need to calculate your movements at high running speed with an accuracy of a hundredth of a second and coordinate them with the movements of your partner in a limited transmission zone - all this makes running this distance one of the most emotional rich, exciting spectacles. In the 4 × 100 m relay, there is more than in any other type of relay race, the result depends on the coordination of the athletes' actions, which ensures an effective and reliable transfer of the baton at an extremely high running speed.

Rational technique, special training methods, a system for selecting athletes and psychological preparation - all this must be taken into account when preparing a team for a relay race. And the most important factors of its effectiveness are not only the level of individual results of athletes at a distance of 100 m, but also their ability to reliably and quickly pass the baton, since at each stage of the relay, when passing and receiving a baton, you can lose from 0.1 to 0.3 s. The significance of such a gain in time is well illustrated by the results of eight men's teams in the final race of the 4 × 100 m relay race at the XII World Championships 2007 (Osaka, Japan) - the time range of teams that took from 1 to 5 places was just 0.25 s. This allows you to understand how coordinated the actions of each member of the relay team in the process of passing the baton.

There are many examples when teams made up of sprinters with very high personal results in the 100 meters sprint were inferior to quartets with lower individual achievements. This is due to the fact that the final result in the 4 × 100 m relay race depends not only on the speed capabilities of individual runners, but also on their correct interaction when passing and receiving the relay baton in the “zone” established by the rules.

So, the history of sprint running knows many cases when the lack of harmony nullified the advantage of "fast legs", and when a well-tuned team won a team made up of outstanding sprinters. In the first case, let's remember the US teams (men and women), which consisted of excellent sprinters, but were often disqualified at the largest competitions; secondly, the USSR men's national team, which did not have such fast athletes in its composition, but has repeatedly become a medalist and winner of the Olympic Games.

Rice. 6. Position of the athlete at the first stage of the relay race

As the density of results in major competitions has increased in recent years, the decisive moment in the relay is the perfect technique of passing the baton at the highest possible speed. In this case, the transfer itself occurs as close as possible to the end of the “transfer zone” (“corridor”), and the athlete taking over the baton leaves this zone at a higher speed.

In order to analyze the technique of relay race, we will reveal the components and elements of this athletics discipline.

At the first stage the athlete starts running from a low start position using starting blocks. The actions of the runner in the first stage are similar to those of the athlete starting a run on a corner. Starting blocks are placed closer to the outer edge of the track to start running on a straight section of the track, allowing the sprinter to reach top speed more quickly. Another feature of the start in relay race is that it is performed by a runner with a relay baton in his hand (Fig. 6).

In the specialized literature, the authors offer several options for holding the baton at the start. The position when the starter holds it with the middle, ring and little fingers, and the thumb and forefinger serve as a support, has become the most widespread among domestic athletes (Fig. 7 b).

Rice. 7. Variants of holding the baton at a low start at the first stage (J. Kolpher, 1975)

Variants of holding the baton at a low start are analyzed by the American J. Kolpher (37) (Fig. 7 a-e).

1st option: the athlete holds the stick in the normal starting position. This method, according to the author, does not provide reliable holding of the stick at the moment of start (see Fig. 7, a).

2nd option: the wand is held with three fingers, while the thumb and forefinger serve as support. The stick is held securely, but this method does not guarantee balance at the moment of start (see Fig. 7, b).

3rd option: you should hold the stick with your thumb and middle fingers, the rest serve as a support, and the body weight is evenly distributed on them. However, with this method, as emphasized by J. Kolpher, reliable fixation of the rod is not provided (see Fig. 7, c).

Rice. 8. The position of the runner receiving the relay baton at the 2nd and 4th stages (with support on the hand)

4th option: the wand is compressed by the thumb, middle and ring fingers, which also contributes to an even distribution of body weight on the fingers. In addition, the stick is securely held in the hand and is slightly higher above the ground than with other methods. According to the author, the majority of US athletes consider this option very convenient and the most natural for holding the stick at a low start (see Fig. 7, d).

5th option: the runner holds the baton with his thumb and forefinger. This method, as in the second variant (see Fig. 7 b), does not provide sufficient balance to the athlete (see Fig. 7, e).

The proposed options are taken from the practice of their use by American athletes, but the decisive factor in determining the way of holding the baton, as follows from the author's research, should be the opinion of the coach and the athlete. In all cases, the baton is held by one end and the other end is outside the starting line. It takes very little time to work out the optimal way of holding the baton, and if the athlete holds the baton securely and naturally at the start, we can assume that the time is not wasted.

Rice. 9. The position of the runner receiving the relay baton at the 2nd and 4th stages (without support on the hand)

On the shot of the starter, the athlete running in the first stage begins the run, adhering closer to the inner edge of the track. Athletes in subsequent stages will also take the starting position for a faster start to the run.

At the same time, due to the fact that the runners of the 2nd and 4th stages take the baton from athletes running along a bend closer to the inner line of the track, the starting position at these stages will be the same - closer to the outer line of their track ( fig. 8 and 9). Since he leaves the left side of the track for the relay baton.

Analyzing the starting position of runners at the 2nd and 4th stages, most experts (6, 10, 29, 43) come to the conclusion that an athlete should take a position close to a low start on the outside of the track, leaning (or without support) with his right hand on the track. In this case, either the right leg (see Fig. 8) or the left leg can be in front (see Fig. 9).

The athlete's head is turned towards the inner part of the track, i.e. to the left, which makes it possible to more clearly see the runner of his team and the control mark. At the moment when the relay started running with a stick, the athlete taking over the relay takes the starting position. As the partner approaches, the left hand rises to the level of the belt, the body turns with the left shoulder to the left and up, the head turns so that the gaze at the reference mark is directed from above, and not from the side. This moment is very important, as it guides the runner well on the accuracy of care. For comfort, the heels are turned slightly towards the outside line of the track.

At the moment the transmitting projection crosses the control mark, the receiver starts as quickly as possible, and then turns his head in the direction of running. Before receiving the stick, the runners in the 2nd and 4th stages keep to the outside of the track.

In the third stage there is a second transfer of the baton. The analysis of competitive activity shows that at this stage the following position of the runner taking the baton is most widespread (Table 2). The athlete is in a position close to the low start; on the inner side of the track with or without support on the arm (fig. 10, 11). Some athletes, starting at stage 3, stand on the outside of the track, leaning on their right hand (Fig. 12). There are also cases when athletes take a position on the outside track, close to a high start without support on the arm (Fig. 13). In this case, the first phase of acceleration is performed tangentially to the inner line of the treadmill.

Rice. 10. The position of the runner of the third stage, standing on the inner side of the track (with support on the hand)

Rice. 11. The position of the runner of the third stage, standing on the inner side of the track (without support)

Rice. 12. The position of the runner of the third stage, standing on the outside of the track (with support on the hand)

Rice. 13. The position of the runner of the third stage, standing on the outside of the track (without support on the hand)

table 2

The starting position of the team members in the relay race 4 × 100 m at the third stage (XII World Championship, Osaka, Japan, 2007; final race)

(quoted by O. M. Mirzoev, V. M. Maslakov, E. P. Vrublevsky, 18)

It should be borne in mind that the farther the track is from the inner edge, the less direct acceleration section remains for the starting run for the participants of the 3rd stage. Therefore, it is advisable for an athlete starting at this stage when choosing a start place to take into account the sequence of the lane and how his approaching teammate will be seen at the moment of crossing the control mark. In this case, you should individually choose the most rational version of the posture at the start. Further actions of the athlete are similar to those when performing the start and starting acceleration at the 2nd and 4th stages, but he spends his run in the same way as the runner of the first stage, that is, closer to the inner edge.

Currently, in the practice of relay race 4 X100 m, there are two most common methods of passing the baton without shifting - transferring "bottom-up" and "top-down". This means that the baton is accepted and passed to the runner of the next stage with the same hand, and the athlete receiving the baton does not shift it from one hand to another while running. In this variant, the baton is passed by the runners at the stages in the following sequence:

- from the right hand to the left hand (at the 2nd stage);

- from the left hand to the right hand (at the 3rd stage);

- from the right hand to the left hand (at the 4th stage).

Thus, on a bend, it is advisable for an athlete to run closer to the inner part of the track and carry the baton in his right hand, and on a straight line, hold the baton in his left hand and when running in the "transfer zone" stick to the outer side of the track.

Repeatedly, various specialists (29, 31, 41, 43) conducted a study of the effectiveness of two methods of passing the baton - "top-down" and "bottom-up". The overall assessment of the effectiveness of a particular method consisted of an assessment of the following factors: simplicity, reliability and speed of transmission. Both methods were used under the same conditions: transmission "bottom-up" and transmission "top-down" were investigated with the participation of the same subjects; in all experiments, the relay was passed from the right hand to the left; the transmitting and receiving used a sprint start, etc. Research results have shown that the "top-down" transmission method allows for faster relay baton transmission than the "bottom-up" method.

Rice. 14. Passing the baton in the "bottom-up" way

Nevertheless, many years of relay race practice shows that the “bottom-up” method is simpler and more reliable. Therefore, in the training of novice athletes, where the factors of simplicity and reliability of passing the baton are of the greatest importance, the “bottom-up” method of passing should be practiced. Highly skilled athletes may prefer top-down transmission as the fastest. In general, the following main points should be noted in the two modes of transmission.

1. Transmission "bottom-up". The runner taking over the relay holds his hand in the "V" position (palm open) at hip level. The baton is inserted “bottom-up” into the hand of the runner receiving the baton so that he can take it close to the hand of the runner passing the baton. For this, at the moment of transfer of the stick, the back of the transmitting hand rushes into the receiver's palm, which eliminates the possibility of slippage. This also provides the necessary space on the relay baton for the next capture of it, subsequently, by the rest of the team's sprinters (Fig. 14).

Advantage... Easy to teach beginners. It is more natural under the "nature" of running, since the movement "from bottom to top" does not break the running rhythm.

disadvantages... You have to save "distance on the stick", because with each gear there is less space left on it for subsequent gripping, and at the last stage there is often no place at the front end of the stick, which can be grasped with confidence, which can lead to its loss.

To solve the problem of free grip, it is proposed to move the sticks forward along the hand by moving the fingers while running (29). In addition, when transferring the stick from below, the transmitting brush must touch the receiver's hand.

Rice. 15. Passing the baton in the "top-down" way

2. Top-down transmission... The runner taking over the baton extends his hand back, palm up (thumb towards the body). The athlete passing the baton, holding the stick, places its free end in the hand of the athlete receiving the baton in a “top-down” movement (Fig. 15).

Advantage... The maximum distance between the runners and the position of the baton after the transfer does not require adjustment (it is ready for the next gear!).

disadvantages... It is difficult to accurately put the baton in the moving, higher raised, in comparison with the previous gear, hand of the runner taking over the baton.

In the question of the comparative effectiveness of methods of passing the baton, the most significant practical research was carried out by Czech specialists (30, 31). It was revealed that in all analyzed competitions in the relay teams of 1972-1988. bottom-up transmissions achieved more effective interaction than top-down transmissions. However, most teams nowadays use top-down transmission. Moreover, men transfer mainly in the second half of the “transfer zone”, and women - in the first.

It is also noted that with a relatively homogeneous morphological profile of sprinters, the transmission "bottom-up" is used more often and better. If the athletes are heterogeneous in height (over 5–8 cm) - “top-down”. A more detailed video analysis showed (29) a clear predisposition of the type of transmission from the anthropometric data of sprinters, which, ultimately, affect its length and cadence.

Some teams use a mixed bottom and top transmission without transferring. The essence of this method is as follows. The transfer of the baton from the 1st stage to the 2nd and from the 3rd stage to the 4th is done with a "bottom-up" movement, and the transfer from the 2nd stage to the 3rd is done with a "top-down" movement. This is one of the solutions to the problem of free grip on the stick.

Reception of the relay baton is carried out by the sound signal of the transmitter. Moreover, this signal is given at such a distance at which it is possible to transmit and receive the baton with outstretched arms (the distance between the transmitting and receiving is approximately 1.20-1.50 m) and at the moment when the transmitting hand with the baton moves back. The latter is done with the aim of, when moving forward, to put the stick to the partner, who is already ready to accept it.

It is noted (22) that American coaches experimented a lot with sound signals when passing the baton and found out that it is better to shout out the name of the runner taking the baton. The runner of the previous stage thus gives a command one step before the movement of his hand, with which he passes the stick to the runner of the next stage. When the receiving runner hears his name, he leans forward slightly (compensating for the abduction of the arm) and makes a swing with a hand that is fixed and parallel to the treadmill, and its palm is turned up. Here the focus is on keeping the receiver's arm fully extended and the palm open to receive the wand. At the same time, it is necessary to strive to ensure that during the transfer between the athletes there was as much distance as possible ("free space").

It is quite possible for highly skilled athletes to transmit without a sound signal. The condition for such a transmission is a strict correspondence of the speeds of the receiving and transmitting in the "transmission zone". This will allow the hand to be thrown out at a predetermined mark and pass in one running cycle. This method of transmission is perfect and makes athletes a requirement of high coherence in interaction, which can be achieved if the speeds of the receiving and transmitting are equal. This is an extremely important factor in determining the high technical skill and reliability of the transmission. In turn, the optimal ratio of the runners' speeds in the "transfer zone" can be achieved by means of a precisely calculated distance to the reference mark - the value of the "handicap", which is the key moments of the relay race technique.

Thus, as a result of a long joint training, a certain distance is established from the transmitter to the receiver at the moment when the latter starts running. The magnitude of this distance, which is individual for a pair of runners, determines the moment and the place of their subsequent convergence at which it is possible to pass the baton at a time when the athletes' running speeds become equal. According to the majority of experts, this is achieved when the transfer of the baton is carried out three to four meters before the end of the "transfer zone" and takes no more than two steps, which makes it possible for the athlete taking the baton to gain a higher speed. More accurate data is provided by H. Kraauenhof (38), who, analyzing the process of passing the baton at the competition, comes to the conclusion that the most optimal place for passing it, taking into account the combination of athletes' speeds, is at the 17th meter of the “transfer zone”.

This is also confirmed by competitive practice: the best time to “pass” the baton of the “transfer zone” is observed among the strongest relay teams in the world (both male and female) when the transfer is carried out in the second half of the “transfer zone” (Table 3).

Table 3

The running time of the "transfer zone" (s) and the place of passing the baton in it

(III World Championships in Athletics, 1991, Tokyo, Japan) (cited by Y. Sugira, H. Numazawa, M. Ae, 42)

Note to table. 3:

I - the first half of the "transmission zone" (0-10 m);

II - the second half of the "transfer zone" (10–20 m).

This is the ideal case that requires the utmost coordination of the actions of all team members: In this case, it is important to correctly determine the starting moment for the start of the run.

Thus, in order to start running with the expectation of taking a stick at 16-18 m of the "transfer zone" at the same speed as the runner transmitting it, you must first of all correctly set the reference mark ("handicap", "handicap") - the line, the moment of crossing which the runner passing the baton is the signal for the receiver to start running.

The optimally chosen "handicap" allows you to save 0.10-0.12 s due to outstretched arms during transmission, which gives a fairly significant value in three gears from 0.30 to 0.39 s - the range in which commands can be distributed from the first 6-7 places each.

The method of determining the size of the handicap begins with establishing the place of passing the baton, which, as already noted, should occur at the 26-27th meter of the beginning of the run of the athlete receiving the baton (taking into account the 10 m “run zone”). Therefore, between the control mark and the beginning of the "acceleration zone" depends on the speed and speed endurance of the runner passing the baton, as well as the ability to accelerate the person taking the baton.

For runners running a distance of 100 m in the range of 11.0-13.0 s, the values of "handicaps" have been developed (Table 4), where, depending on the running speed of the sprinters, the transmitting of the recipient (running 25 meters from the start), the necessary "handicaps" for passing the baton on the 15th meter of the "transfer zone" have been determined.

For example, an athlete passing the baton has a time on the 35 m move of 3.8 s, and the receiver has a time of 25 m from a low start of 4.0 s. At the intersection of the corresponding column and row values, we find the handicap length equal to 12.8 m.

Table 4

The value of "handicaps" (m) in the relay race 4 × 100 m

(quoted by A. Kudinov, 8)

Using the optimal "handicap" allows highly qualified athletes to run the "transfer zone" better than 1.80 s for men and 2.05 s for women, and when running on the move, overcome their 100-meter segment, about a second faster than from the start.

In our opinion, interesting data are presented in table 5, which reflects the time the athletes run their stages. For comparison, let us recall that in 1976 at the Olympic Games in Montreal (Canada), Soviet athletes, having won bronze medals (38.78 s), ran their stages as follows (24):

- 1st stage: A. Aksinin - 10.75 s;

- 2nd stage: N. Kolesnikov - 9.32 s;

- 3rd stage: Yu. Silovs - 9.57 s;

- 4th stage: V. Borzov - 9.14 s.

Ten years later (1986) at the European Championship in Stuttgart (Germany), when our team became the winner (38.42 s), its participants showed the following time at their stages:

- 1st stage: A. Evgeniev - 10.43 s;

- 2nd stage: V. Bryzgin - 9.36 s;

- 3rd stage: V. Muravyov - 9.47 s;

- 4th stage: V. Krylov - 9.16 s.

In this case, the time spent by the stick in the "transmission zone" was, respectively, 1.84 s; 1.94 s and 1.89 s (23).

Thus, the fast running of both the entire distance of 4 × 100 m and its individual stages is influenced not only by individual speed capabilities, but also by a number of other factors. Among them, it is important how the distance from the start of the "take-off zone" to the reference mark is calculated, which can be approximately 8-10 m for men; for women and boys - 6.50-7.50 m; for girls - 67 m. For highly qualified athletes, the "handicap" can be calculated more accurately as follows.

When calculating the handicap value, the time taken by the receiver to run 25 m from the start, the time to run by the transmitter of the last 25 m of the stage, and the reaction time to a moving object are taken into account.

1. Determine the running time of the athlete passing the baton, the last 25 meters of his stage: 105 m for the first stage and 125 for the second and third. For example, it is equal to 2.56 s.

2. Determine how long it will take to run 25 m from the starting position (low start with support on one hand and turn the head towards the sender) the athlete who at this stage will take the baton (for example, the time is 3.48 s).

Table 5

Time of running stages by participants of relay race 4 × 100 m (s)

(III World Championships in Athletics, Tokyo, Japan, 1991) (quoted by Y Sugira, H. Numazawa, M. Ae, 42)

3. Find the difference in running time between one and the other athlete.

3.48s-2.56s = 0.92s

4. Calculate the average speed of running the final 25 meters of the stage by the first athlete:

25 m: 2.56s = 9.77 m / s

5. Find the preliminary length of the "handicap":

9.77 m / s × 0.92s = 8.99m

6. We calculate the "handicap" required, due to the time spent by the receiver of the baton, to the reaction of a moving object (transmitting the baton). Since the delayed reaction to a moving object is, on average, 0.20 s, we multiply this value by the final speed of the athlete passing the stick:

0.20 s × 9.77 m / s = 1.95 m

7. Determine the final handicap length:

8.99 m + 1.95 m = 10.94 m

Using the above methodology for calculating the "handicap" allows you to quickly achieve successful interaction of qualified runners in the "transfer zone" and significantly increase the effectiveness of relay teams. However, for the effective use of the technique, it is necessary to take into account and observe the main provisions:

- when calculating the "handicap" value, it is imperative to take into account the reaction time to a moving object;

- the value of the "handicap" established in the training conditions, when using segments of 50-60 m length, cannot be adequate competitive, but only allows to improve the training interactions of athletes in the "transfer zone" of the relay baton (transfer at the planned place, realization of the running speed of the transmitting in the "transfer zone", the use of the distance between the athletes at the time of passing the relay, the speed of the transfer itself, etc.);

- the calculation of the "handicap" value for competitive conditions should be checked separately for the first (105-107 m), second and third stages (125-127 m) using the results obtained at the maximum running speeds of athletes.

As practical experience and the above calculations show, only when using the length of the competitive relay distances, it is possible to obtain the value of the true "handicap", as close as possible to the real competitive conditions.

Having determined the optimal distance to the reference mark, it is necessary to accurately measure it with feet (tape measure). In competitions and trainings, when calculating the "handicap", it is advisable to measure it twice - from the starting point and back. This eliminates the possibility of error, the cost of which in the relay is very high.

The results of a questionnaire survey conducted by V.V. Krivozubov (7) indicate a difference of opinion among coaches on the size of the "handicap". To the question: “Should the“ handicap ”be the same for passing the baton in training sessions and in competitions? most of the respondents (52%) answered that the “handicap” should be the same both in training and in competitions. 25% of respondents reduce the "head start" in competitions, and 23% tend to increase it for athletes in competitions. At the same time, the overwhelming majority (86% of the respondents) consider it necessary in the preparation process to use 50-60 meters to accelerate the transmission.

A legitimate question arises: “Can there be the same“ handicap ”if in training sessions the passing of the baton is improved at intervals of 70-80 m (acceleration of the transmitter, plus the“ transfer zone ”), while at competitions athletes need to run 115-125 m (depending on the stages) "? In addition, with a relatively stable speed of the receiver in the starting acceleration, one cannot ignore the significant decrease in the speed of the transmitter's running on the last 25 m of longer competitive stages. Especially in this case, the danger of leaving the "transfer zone" increases in the second and third stages (up to 130 m long), where the decrease in the speed of the relay baton in the last meters is greater than in the short first stage (110 m).

In this regard, the athlete taking the baton, in order not to run away from the transmitter, is forced to slow down his run in the starting acceleration, which is extremely ineffective and leads to a deterioration in the overall result. From this it follows that the value of the "handicap" calculated from a short (50-60 m) segment for training will always differ from the competitive one.

An analysis of the starting positions used by the receiver, carried out by specialists from Czechoslovakia (31), showed that the number of options for a single-support (semi-low) starting position and a high start is approximately the same, that is, the starting position does not determine the effectiveness of speed gain in the “acceleration zone”. However, according to the indicators of the group of finalists of the II World Championship in Rome (Italy, 1987), there are obvious differences. So, the finalists of the men's relay teams prefer unsupported positions and consider them more natural for a smooth set of speed, but among the women's teams there is a predisposition to low single-support positions (Tables 6 and 7).

Table 6

Average distance "handicap" when passing the baton among the participants of the II World Championship

Table 7

Variants of starting positions of the receiver of the baton in the relay race 4 × 100 m (II World Championship)

(quoted by E. Dostal E., R. Moravec, 31)

With both transmission options, the choice of the initial start position is associated with the task of achieving speed and is itself regulated by the "handicap". So, if the "handicap" is shortened and you need a quick set of optimal speed, the option of a single-support low start is more suitable, the exit from which to the running rhythm of steps requires active movements (4-6 steps). If the acceleration is more monotonous and smooth, it is advisable to use a high start, in which control of the approaching partner begins from the first meters of acceleration, and a normal running rhythm can be achieved at 2-3 steps.

It is known that no runner can reach his maximum speed in the 30-meter take-off and relay zone. It is achieved at more distant marks - 40-50 m and even 60-70 m. In addition, the speed of the runner passing the baton decreases noticeably towards the end of the distance. And this ratio of speeds should, first of all, be taken into account when selecting a pair of athletes at adjacent stages. In addition, taking into account the "take-off zones" (10 m) and gear (20 m), athletes run a maximum of 110 meters at the first stage, 130 at the second and third, and 120 meters at the fourth. Therefore, when placing the participants in the relay team by stages, it is necessary to take into account their individual characteristics (motor reaction time, the ability to maximize acceleration, the level of maximum speed, special endurance, the ability to run along a turn, etc.).

To ensure effective handover, it is important for runners to have a "sense of space" so that when receiving the baton, they can accurately and timely start the takeoff run (at the moment the sender crosses the control mark), and a "sense of time" so that when passing the relay, maintain the maximum available speed in the "pass zone ”, And upon reception - steadily and as quickly as possible to increase the running speed to the place of the next transfer of the baton.

Attention! This is an introductory excerpt from the book.

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Page 27 of 29

Relay technique

Relay running is very popular with spectators. In athletics, the following types of relay race are distinguished:

- relay race held at the stadium. These include: 4x100 m, 4x400 m - these are classic types;

– relay races for any distance and with any number of stages, as well as "Swedish" relay-fetas, for example: 800 + 400 + 200 + 100 m (or in reverse order);

– relay races outside the stadium, for example, on city streets. They differ in different lengths and number of stages, participants (only men can run, or mixed, where both men and women run).

Rational technique, special training methodology, athlete selection system and psychological preparation- all of these are the main criteria for building a good relay team. The distance running technique in relay races does not differ from the running technique of the corresponding types. A feature of the relay race technique is the technique of passing the baton at high speed in accordance with the type of relay.

The most important factors in the performance of a relay team are:

– indicators of individual results of athletes at the respective distances;

– Reliability of relay baton transfer;

– coordination of actions of team partners;

– the integrity of a single team.

In accordance with the rules of relay racing, the baton must be passed in a 20 m long corridor.In a 4 × 100 m relay, runners of stages II, III and IV are given an additional take-off run from the beginning of the corridor within 10 m, which allows them to gain a higher speed to the place of transfer relay baton.

Taking into account the zones of the takeoff run and the transfer of the stick, athletes run 110 m at the first stage,
on II - 130 m, on III - 130 m, on IV - 120 m. Therefore, when placing the team members in stages, their individual characteristics must be taken into account.

In relay race 4? 400 m and in all other relay races no additional run is given, and participants must start from a 20-meter corridor. Running speed in these relays is lower and therefore no additional take-off run is given.

The relay race can be carried out: 1) without shifting the relay baton; 2) with the transfer of the baton. Typically the first method is used in short relays where transmission occurs at high speeds, the second method is used in all other relays.

To ensure effective transmission, it is important for runners to have sense of space, so that when the relay baton is received, the starting run can be started accurately and in time (at the moment the transmitting runner crosses the control mark), and sense of speed, in order to maintain the maximum available speed in the transfer zone during the transfer of the relay, and during reception, stably and as quickly as possible to increase the running speed to the 15-meter mark of the transfer zone.

The criterion for the effectiveness of the technique of passing the baton is the time it is in the corridor. For high-class sprinters, this indicator averages 1.80-1.90 s for men and 2.05-2.15 s for women. Athletes reach the highest running speed at the 15-16th meter of the transfer zone. With an irrational technique of passing the baton, the loss of time at the stage is 0.1–0.3 s on average.

Consider a relay race technique 4? 100 m. At the first stage, the runner starts from a low start in a turn, as at the start at 200 m. The relay baton is held by three fingers of his right hand, and the index and thumb are straightened and rest against the track at the start line (Fig. 34).

Rice. 34. Holding the baton at a low start

In order for a stage I runner to run at the edge of the track, he must always hold the stick in his right hand, and pass it to his partner in his left hand. Distance running is carried out at maximum speed. The difficulty lies in passing the baton in a limited area at high speed.

There are two ways to pass the baton: bottom-up and top-down. In the first method, the runner taking the baton pulls the hand (opposite to the transmitting runner's) back slightly to the side, the thumb is pulled towards the plane of the palm, four fingers are closed, the palm looks straight back. The passing runner inserts the baton in a bottom-up motion between thumb and palm. Feeling the touch of the baton, the receiving runner grabs it, squeezing the hand (Fig. 35).

Rice. 35. Passing the baton from below

In the second method, the hand is also pulled back a little to the side, but the plane of the palm looks up. The relay runner inserts the baton in a top-down motion, lowering it into the palm of his hand. When the stick touches the palm, the receiving runner grabs it, squeezing the hand (Fig. 36).

Rice. 36. Passing the baton from above

When the passing runner reaches the reference mark, the receiving runner begins the starting acceleration. Running into the relay transfer zone, both runners approach each other, the first catches up with the second, the transmitting runner for 2 running steps must give a short voice command in order for the receiving runner to straighten and move his hand back to transfer the relay. After completing the transfer, the runner who took the baton performs a fast run in his stage, and the runner who passed the baton, gradually slowing down the run, stops, but does not go beyond the lateral boundaries of his track. Only after running through the transmission zone by other teams does he leave the track.

The runner of the II stage carries the baton in his left hand and will carry out the transfer to the runner of the III stage in his right hand. At stage III, the runner runs along a bend, as close to the edge as possible, and passes the baton at stage IV from the right hand to the left hand. The transfer of the baton is carried out in the above described ways.

In the pass zone, runners must run without interfering with each other, i.e. along the edges of the treadmill depending on the hand transmitting (fig. 37).

Rice. 37. Running in the relay zone

With a rational technique of passing the baton, the runner receiving the baton must run and receive the baton without looking back, while maintaining high speed. Usually the runner taking over the relay starts from either a high start or a low start with one arm support. At a high start, the runner turns his head slightly back to see the reference mark and the runner running up to it. When starting with support on one hand, the runner looks back over the shoulder of the unsupported hand, or, lowering his head, looks back under the unsupported hand (Fig. 38).

Rice. 38. Position of the runners taking over the relay at the start

A very important element of technique at the time of transmission is running in one rhythm, i.e. you have to run in step. It is also important to find the optimal "handicap" for the start of the run, that is, to start running with such a "head start" length, when the coincidence of the speeds of the transmitting and receiving occurs in the middle of the transmission zone.

In other types of relay races, but with the transfer rate of the baton less than the maximum, the same transfer methods are used, but the runner who has taken the baton can shift it into a convenient hand when running at a distance. The lower the speed of the transfer, the worse the training of the athlete. The main task when passing the baton is to pass it as quickly as possible without wasting time on the transfer itself.

The distance between the runners at the moment of passing is equal to the sum of the lengths of the backward hand of the runner taking the baton and the extended arm of the runner passing the baton. This distance can be slightly increased by leaning forward when passing the transmitting runner (fig. 39). Such a distance can be maintained only with a rational technique of passing the baton at an appropriate running speed. If the distance is reduced, then it is possible to overtake the receiving runner by the transmitting, and vice versa, with an increase in the distance between the runners, the transfer may not take place or will be performed outside the corridor.

Rice. 39. Distance between runners at the time of handover

Table of contents
Fundamentals of Athletics as a Sport
DIDACTIC PLAN
FOREWORD
Classification and general characteristics of athletics sports
The place and importance of athletics in the system of physical culture
Objectives and content of the course "Athletics"

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Relay race concept

Relay racing was first seen as a type of athletics competition in the early 19th century. He was included in the program of the 4 Olympic Games.

Todayrelaycross-countrycompetitionsspendhowvOlympicgames,Soandvschools,sportsinstitutions,onstreetroadsandcross-countrytracksstadiums.

Viewsrelayrunning:

§ Official relay races for women and men: 4 x 100, 4 x 200, 4 x 400, 4 x 800 m;

§ Official relay race for men - 4 x 1500 m;

§ Olympic relay races for women and men: 4 x 100 m and 4 x 400 m;

§ "Swedish Relay" - 800/400/200/100 m or 100/200/400/800 m;

§ Amateur, school relay races - the distance of the stages is chosen by the organizers independently.

Relay rules

All athletes take their starting positions - the command "Start!". Command "Attention!" - prepare for the start, stopping all movements in anticipation of the last signal - "March!" - the participants have started! In general, the "attention" command is given only in the sprint.

The handover of the baton takes place in the movement of both participants, in a specially designated 20-meter zone.

The winner was the one who crossed the finish line first. Crossing the finish line is considered to be the transfer of the torso over the line.

The relay race is not counted in cases when:

· The baton is lost;

One of the participants did not run his way

The relay race (4x100 m, 4x200 m) is held on separate tracks, and in the rest of the relay races - along the common track. The first stage or part of it can be run along separate tracks.

The most importantfactorseffectivenessrelaycommandsare:

1.indicators of individual results of athletes at the respective distances;

2. Reliability of relay baton transmission;

coordination of actions of team partners;

3. the integrity of a single team.

Short Distance Relay Technique

At the 1st stage, running starts with a low start. The runner holds the baton in his right hand, squeezing its end with three or two fingers, while his thumb and forefinger rests on the ground at the starting line (fig. 46).

There are two ways to pass the baton (fig. 47).

Athletes running in stages 2, 3 and 4 use the take-off (10 m) and gear (20 m) zones to get the relay at maximum speed and run their stage in stride. To solve this problem, the runner taking the baton takes a pose close to that of a low start (Fig. 48).

The distance can be increased by tilting the torso of the runner passing the baton.

In relays, where the ratio of the running speed of the receiving and transmitting runners is somewhat different (for example, 4x200 m, 4x400 m, 800 + 400 + 200 + 100 m), appropriate corrections should be made.

Relay running technique training

Objectives, means and methods of teaching

Task 1 . Create an idea of ​​the relay race technique.

Funds:

1. Provide information on the types of relay race.

2. Explain and demonstrate the technique of passing the baton in the 20 meter zone at maximum speed.

3. Show the film rings of the transfer of the relay by the strongest runners.

4. Explain the importance of calculation and accuracy of movements in the transfer of the relay.

Task 2 . To teach the technique of passing the baton.

Funds:

1. Explanation and demonstration to create an idea of ​​the way of passing the baton from below.

2. Passing the baton with the right and left hands, standing still, without preliminary imitation and with preliminary imitation of hand movements while running.

3. Passing the baton at the signal of the teacher when moving in stride.

4. The same on the signal of the transmitter.

5. Passing the baton on the signal of the transmitter while moving slowly and then fast. The control mark is set by the teacher (trainer).

6. Passing the baton while running fast on a separate lane.

Methodical instructions. Exercises in passing the baton on the spot are performed in pairs, in two ranks and in a circle. The transmitter is stepped to the opposite side of the hand holding the relay. Exercises in passing the baton in walking and slow running are also performed.

Task 3 . Teach the start of the runner taking over the relay.

Funds:

1. Start on a straight line from a position with support on one hand.

2. Start on a separate lane on a turn (when entering a straight line) with support on one hand.

3. Start on a separate lane on a straight line (when entering a bend).

4. Determination of the distance from the start of the takeoff run to the reference mark.

5. Start on a separate lane at the moment the transmitter reaches the check mark.

Task 4 . Achieve the handover at maximum speed in the 20-meter zone.

Funds:

1. Passing the relay at maximum speed in the zone (individual control marks are set for the team in stages).

2. Team relay race full distance with the participation of two or more teams.

Methodical instructions. The passing technique is learned and refined by running at 1 / 2-3 / 4 intensity and at maximum speed at the end of the warm-up or shortly thereafter.

Before the competition, at the end of the warm-up, the relay should be passed in bundles. It is very important in this case to establish, if required, corrections for the distance to the reference marks. This is necessary mainly with the wind - headwind, tailwind.

In the process of training and competition, the permanent composition of the relay team can achieve very high precision in all movements.

Literature

1.. E. Arakelyan, V.P. Filin, A.V. Korobiev, A.V. Levchenko selected chapters from the textbook "Athletics"

2. Zhilkin A.I. and others. Athletics: Textbook. manual for stud. higher. ped. study. institutions / A.I. Zhilkin, V.S. Kuzmin, E.V. Sidorchuk. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 464 p. More details.

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Chapter III Relay technique

Task 1 . Create an idea of the relay race technique.

1. Explanation and demonstration to create an idea of the way of passing the baton from below.

Chapter III
Relay technique