Diving- Olympic water sport, the essence of which is to perform acrobatic elements in jumping from a tower or springboard into the water. In diving, both the quality of the performance of acrobatic elements and the cleanliness of entering the water are assessed.

The International Swimming Federation (FR. Fédération Internationale de Natation, FINA) is an organization that develops diving, as well as the organization of international competitions.

The history of the emergence and development of diving

People from ancient times, one way or another, were engaged in jumping into the water, they did it from rocks, shores, ships. This activity was prevalent mainly among fishermen, divers and warriors. If we talk about diving as a hobby, then for the first time they started talking about it in Switzerland in the 16th century.

Jumping into the water became widespread in the second half of the 19th century, this was due to the widespread construction of bathing complexes. In parallel with the Swiss school of diving, there was also a German school. The main difference between the German school and the Swiss one is the apparatus from which the jumps are performed - the springboard. The Swiss, on the other hand, performed jumping from towers.

During the ski jump, the athlete's whole body was very tense. Such jumps were distinguished by great precision of execution. The jumps of the Swiss were characterized by freedom and natural body position. Later, American jumpers managed to combine both schools, and got a high reach and entry into the water without splashing.

In 1908, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) was formed, which influenced the further development of diving and contributes to their development at the present time.

Diving rules

Each jump must be marked with 3 or 4 numbers and a letter after them.

First digit denotes the class of the jump:

1 - jumps from the front rack with forward rotation;

2 - jumps from the back rack with backward rotation;

3 - jumps from the front rack with backward rotation;

4 - jumping from the back rack with forward rotation;

5 - jumps with rotation in two planes with screws;

6 - jumping from a handstand.

Second digit can take the value 1 or 0. The number 1 indicates that the jump has a flight phase, and the number 0 indicates that there is no flight phase. In handstand jumps, the second number indicates the class or direction to which the jump belongs:

1 - front;

2 - back;

3 - with backward rotation from the front pillar.

In the class of screw jumps, the second number indicates the class or direction of take-off.

Third digit shows the number of half-turns performed.

Fourth digit in the classes of screw jumps and jumps from the handstand, means the number of half-screws performed.

The letter at the end of the jump number indicates the position in which the jump is performed:

A - straight;

B - bending over;

C - in a group;

D - free.

All competitions in individual and synchronized diving must include six dives. Jumping should not be repeated.

After the signal from the referee, the athlete must take the starting position (free and independent). For example, when jumping from a place, the body should be straight, the head should be straightened, and the arms should be straight in any position.

If a running jump is performed, then it should be smooth, aesthetically pleasing and continuous until the end of the springboard or platform, and the last step should be done with one leg and without jumping before taking off.

The take off from the springboard must be done with both feet at the same time. Take-off in a jump from the front stance in front of the back from the platform can be done with one leg.

During the flight, the jump position should be aesthetically pleasing at all times.

The jump is considered complete when the whole body of the diver is completely below the surface of the water.

Diving pool and equipment

For competitions in diving and swimming, the same pool is used, so their parameters will be identical: a width of 21 meters and a length of 18 to 22 meters. However, FINA rules specify a minimum diving pool depth of 4.5 m and a minimum illumination of 1 m above the water surface of 500 lux.

The platform for diving is equipped with platforms with a width of 0.6 m to 3 m located at a height of 1, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 m. The platforms made of reinforced concrete are covered with hard wood and covered with an anti-slip coating on top.

Springboards are made of duralumin alloy, due to which maximum springing qualities are achieved. The height of the jumps varies from 1 to 3 meters above the water surface, the width is 0.5 m, and the length is 4.8 m. According to FINA rules, the leading edge of the springboard should recede from the edge of the pool by 1.5 m.

In addition, at competitions in diving, a unit is used for mechanical excitement of the water surface. This is necessary for the athlete to better estimate the distance to the water surface.

Many people ask “Why do athletes climb into a small warm pool after a jump?”, All this is done for reasons of hygiene and to maintain muscle tone.

Equipment

Outfit for men's jumpers - swimming trunks with cuffs around the legs, for women - a one-piece swimsuit of the established pattern of swimming companies with which FINA and the European Swimming League cooperate. The material of diving equipment must be more durable than swimmers' clothing.

Types of diving

There are several groups according to which all sports jumps are classified:

• Front (facing the water);
• Back (back to the water);
• Handstand.

The presence of a run

• Standing jump;
• Running jump.

Body position

• Bending over - straight legs are connected together;
• Bent over - the body is bent at the waist, legs are straight;
• In the grouping - the knees brought together are pulled up to the body, the arms clasp the lower part of the legs.

Turns and screws

• Half turn - jump with body rotation around the transverse axis by 180 degrees;
• Turnover - a jump with a rotation of the body around the transverse axis by 360 degrees, there are also jumps of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4.5 turns;
• Half screw - jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 180 degrees;
• Screw - a jump with body rotation around the longitudinal axis by 360 degrees, there are also jumps with 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 screws.

The combination of various elements allows you to perform more than 60 options for jumping from a springboard and more than 90 from a platform.

Refereeing

Diving competitions are regulated by the referee with the assistance of the assistant referees, judges and the secretariat.

The formation of the panel of judges is carried out in accordance with the Qualification requirements for sports judges in the sport of "diving".

In the case where there are eleven judges, five judges will evaluate the timing of the jump, three will evaluate the jump performance of one diver, and three judges for the other.

In all individual and team events, five judges can be used, and in synchronous events, nine judges can be used. Five judges evaluate the synchronization of the jump, two judges evaluate the execution of one jumper, and two judges the other. Jumps into the water are scored on a 10-point system.

Two independent secretaries (first and second) keep and store the minutes of the competition.

Diving competition

The Olympic Games are the most prestigious diving competition.

The World Diving Championship is a competition between the national teams of the countries belonging to the International Swimming Federation (FINA).

The European Championship is a competition between the national teams of the European countries that are members of the International Swimming Federation (FINA).

2016-07-01

We have tried to cover the topic as fully as possible, so this information can be safely used in the preparation of messages, reports on physical education and essays on the topic "Jumping into the water".

Cliff diving is a breathtaking type of diving. Jumping into open water takes place from a great height, so only the most courageous and prepared people decide on them.

This kind of sport is actively developing, experienced swimmers participate in world-class competitions, gathering many fans of this risky and spectacular diving.

Basic concepts

High diving (another name for cliff diving) is a sport that requires a sheer rock (this is how the word “cliff” is translated from English), under which open water spills, with a depth of 5 meters. There are many similar places on earth, each of which captivates with its beauty and risk. It organizes sporting events, during which the most daring and advanced divers compete in skill.

"Cliff" and "high" are two types of diving, differing very conditionally, therefore they are used on equal terms. High diving involves jumping into the water from specially built forests, while cliff diving involves diving directly from the rocks.

History of origin

The history of cliff diving begins in Hawaii, the sheer cliffs of which seem to be made for diving into the water. This entertainment appeared many years ago among the locals, similarly competing in courage and courage. For many decades, this ritual has been used to confirm the maturation of young men.

Such diving was common in the Balkans, where residents jumped into the water from a 20-meter-high bridge.

At the beginning of the 20th century, all mention of cliff diving disappeared to reappear in the 80s. years. At this time, athletes united in interest groups, leaving for picturesque corners to make risky jumps. Significant results were achieved by the American Wardl, who conquered a height of 37 meters, a little later her record was broken by a Swiss citizen who dived into the water from a height of 53.9 meters.

In 1996, this direction of sports takes on official features, the High Diving Federation is created in Switzerland, which brought together professionals and amateurs of this sport under its wing.

For more than ten years this type of diving has not had an official vocation, but in 2009 the first World Series was held under the auspices of Red Bull GmbH. And in 2013, a cliff diving championship was held, with strict rules for the highest diving height: for women - from a 20-meter cliff, for men - from a 27-meter one.

The number of stages carried out increases every year. For instance, in 2015 there were already 8. In 2016, citizens of England, Russia and the USA took prizes.

Differences from jumping from a tower

Tower jumping and cliff diving have no fundamental differences... Both types of sports involve performing a trick in strict accordance with established rules.

The criteria for evaluating jumps are common:

• technical indicators;
• literacy of the executed figures;
• the moment of entering the water.

Distinctive features of cliff diving from regular diving from a tower:

• the height of the performed jumps, 2 times higher than the maximum possible parameters of the Olympic disciplines: for men from 22 to 27 meters, for women from 18 to 23 meters;
• the speed developed at the moment of entering the water can be from 75 to 100 km / h (for example, from a tower 10 meters high, this speed is only 50 km / h);
• diving depth can reach 4.5 meters, which is 1.5 more than during ski jumping;
• the time a diver is in flight is 3 seconds, which is 2 times longer than a normal dive;
• entering the water with feet down;
• holding competitions only in open spaces;
• the force of impact of the body at the moment of contact with water is 9 times more powerful than during a jump from a tower.

If a swimmer enters the water incorrectly, jumping from a cliff more than 20 meters high, he can receive injuries comparable in severity to falling from 13 meters.

Features of diving

There is a misconception about the simplicity of performing such jumps, but in reality everything is more complicated. Cliff diving adherents include beginners and amateurs, virtuosos and professionals. It is not difficult to isolate them from each other, at least according to the technique of execution (for example, beginners jump exclusively in the pose of a "soldier", without performing additional tricks). Experienced divers always show risky elements, and enter the water head down.

The maximum jumping height depends on the level of the athlete's fitness and can exceed 30 meters.

Difficulty performing tricks :

1. Diving in water with serious overloads, requiring maintaining the vertical position of the diver's body. Otherwise, the person may be seriously injured.
2. Difficulties in calculating the trajectory of the dive arising from the high jump height.
3. Planning acrobatic stunts with no more than 3 seconds to show.

Beginner divers hone their skills without tricks, and professionals can perform from 3 to 7 elements during the flight.

The Cliff Diving Federation has developed a unified list of jumps, which describes 149 of their varieties, as well as the technical characteristics of acrobatics and the peculiarities of athletes entering the water.

The jet from the cannon is used to enable the cliff diver to determine the intended landing point. And for insurance, specially trained divers work, floating nearby and, if necessary, are able to get the diver out of the water.

The best jumping spots

Cliff diving is the leader among other sports in terms of its entertainment. The picturesqueness of the surrounding landscapes adds a special zest to it.

The most spectacular jumps are performed on:

• Jamaica: Rick's Cafe;
• Hawaii: Kahekili's Leap;
• Australia: Ord River;
• USA, Vermont;
• Canada: Horseshoe Lake;
• Ireland: Serpent's Lair.

Of particular interest is the diving, which takes place in the water, with sharp rock formations located under it. The athlete has a high risk of collision with them and instant death.

To enjoy the skill of cliff divers, you can go to the following countries:

• Krabi Island, Thailand: here jumps are performed among picturesque rocks, rugged with caves and rich in waterfalls;
• the vicinity of the city of Kimberley in Australia: this area is distinguished by multi-level heights of rocks and gorges;
• the island of Santorini in Greece: beckoning with the beauty of turquoise waves and mid-rise hills from which divers perform dangerous stunts. Newbies are more common here, because professionals work at more serious heights.

Why is cliff diving so attractive?

A person who chooses cliff diving for himself undergoes many training sessions that prepare his body for this risky event:

• jumping in the pool from towers of different heights;
• acquaintance with the basics of acrobatics, performing twists and somersaults;
• increased personal stamina;
• strengthening the muscle corset.

All these measures are necessary to ensure the safety of the diver entering the water at a speed of 100 km / h, which requires full muscle tension to maintain an even body position. Any mistake can cause serious injury.

In addition to physical training, psychological training is also important. A person diving into the water from a high cliff fights with himself, his own fears and emotions. Control of the latter allows you to fulfill your plans as accurately and safely as possible.

Why is this type of diving so attractive? The jump performed by a diver causes a large amount of adrenaline to be released into his bloodstream and a persistent increase in blood pressure. Moreover, such emotions are experienced not only by the athlete himself, but also by the audience watching his work. One moment that lasts a jump is the result of many years of hard training, allowing you to achieve perfection.

The following dangers lie in wait for a cliff diver:

• gusts of wind that violate the chosen trajectory and provoke the occurrence of traumatic situations;
• loss of coordination, threatening irreversible consequences;
• lengthening the time of performing tricks, preventing the correct entry into the water.

One failed jump can, if not kill a person, then forever turn him away from sports. Therefore, there are no more than 100 professionals in their field all over the world.

Cliff diving competition

Real connoisseurs of cliff diving are not stopped by danger, risks or fear. Especially for these people, as well as connoisseurs of spectacular sports, highly popular competitions are held.

In cliff diving, it is difficult to predict the winner. Any athlete can perform a jump with incredible stunt elements and land so accurately that he will become a champion in an instant. Therefore, hundreds and thousands of people tend to the venues of the annual competition.

Cliff jumping competitions are organized under the leadership of the International Federation of this sport, which is completely autonomous. This organization organizes world and European stages called the International Cliff Diving Championship.

In addition, competitions around the world are hosted by Red Bull, they are called the Cliff Diving World Series. Since 2013, there has been a World High Diving Championship. The first took place in Barcelona, ​​the second in Kazan, where a Russian, Artem Silchenko, was awarded a bronze medal.

We should also mention the Cliff Diving World Cup, which gathers only famous athletes, whose jumps are striking in their riskiness and sharpness of movements. In 2015, the representative of the Russian Federation took first place, beating well-known favorites.

How are jumps scored?

Cliff diving competitions are held in strict accordance with the developed standards and requirements for the performance of jumps and trick elements.

The marks are given in this way:

• the competition is judged by five people, each of whom represents their own country;
• the technique and the complexity of the performed elements are assessed separately;
• the rating system has 10 points;
• the step can be 0.5 and 0.25 points;
• in the course of counting, the smallest and largest indicators are not taken, the remaining points are summed up with the multiplication of the resulting result by a coefficient that determines the difficulty of the jump.

The judges evaluate diving according to the following criteria:

1. Jump quality: the analysis of the height of its implementation, the initial position of the athlete, strength and angle of the jump, body position at the moment of push
2. Completed figures: coups, rotations, somersaults and other acrobatic elements, as well as the placement of limbs at the time of its implementation.
3. Entering the water: the verticality of the body, the position of the hands, deviation from the original trajectory and the amount of spray created.

If the athlete commits mistakes, penalty points are assigned to him. Difficulty is assessed by means of a coefficient that is made up of several components. Its basis is the height of the rock from which the jump is made. The judges are repelled from it, evaluating the duration of the flight and the number of figures performed by the diver.

Cliff diving is still in the amateur niche, so its development is taking small steps. High diving can only become a mass sport if it is classified as an Olympic discipline. But people who jump from steep cliffs are real professionals who get adrenaline and give the audience a storm of emotions and a spectacle indescribable in its beauty. We also remind you that in St. Petersburg you can pass and receive a real full-fledged NDL diver certificate. We also carry out

Summer is just around the corner, which means that the time will come when you can spend time on the beach, sunbathe and swim. Well, in order to have a fun and varied time, it is not enough just to swim, you also need to learn how to jump into the water. This skill will be useful to you many times later. We will tell you how to jump into the water correctly, and give you practical tips that will allow you to learn how to jump into the water without negative consequences.

Experienced athletes jump from towers and jumps, doing various acrobatic stunts during the flight, however, if you are a beginner or an amateur, then start at low altitudes. There are several simple types of diving, the technique of performing which always consists of four phases: approach, push, flight and entry into the water.

• Leap "soldier". Starting position: the body is straightened, the arms are along the body, the legs are together, the chin is raised. Next, you need to push off. To do this, you need to bend your knees a little and push off the surface forward and up. During flight, your body should always remain upright and your head should remain slightly elevated. The last phase - entering the water occurs at right angles to the water;

• Bomb jump it is also performed, but after you have pushed off, you need to bend your legs at the knee joints and bend your knees under you, wrapping your hands around them;
• A fish jump is a jump with your head down. Starting position: the body is straightened, the arms are straightened and extended upward, the palms are connected. Push off with your feet and dive vertically head downward with your arms outstretched. It is very important to jump into the water with an even body so that your stomach does not hit the water. Also bring your legs together so that they resemble the tail of a fish.

Safety precautions.

When you are learning to jump into the water, it is very important to follow the safety rules. First, don't be afraid. Fear of water and heights is the main reason people lose orientation when jumping. Second, you need to know exactly how much time you can spend underwater. Third, do acrobatic exercises to train the vestibular apparatus. For example, jump over a gymnastic horse or do somersaults on the mat. And of course, if you decide to jump into the water, it's worth it or to master it - it's not the style of swimming that is important, but your ability to stay on the water.

The main rule of safety when diving is correct grouping. When entering the water, your body should be straight, as long as possible. You need to enter the water either with your feet or head down. Otherwise, you may injure body parts. And one more thing: in order to avoid, choose proven reservoirs where you are sure of sufficient depth and bottom topography.

Tips: how to learn to jump into the water.

• To oxygenate your blood before jumping, take a few deep and quick breaths and exits;
• You must be convinced that the water is deep enough for diving;
• Do not be afraid and do not be discouraged if you did not manage to jump into the water beautifully the first time;
• Learn to group in the air.

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Jumping into the water from great heights is becoming more and more popular. Many spectators are ready for the sake of such extreme to gather near the TV screens and watch the Olympic competitions

In addition, against this background, there is a lot of controversy about whether there are many such daredevils who can engage in this sport at various Olympics and so on. This all arises due to the fact that many people love extreme and are ready to do crazy things for this.

Games jumping into the water from a springboard or tower

Jumping into the water for girls - a special approach to classes

In the last two seasons, the girls began to compete in diving. Such jumps are performed from a height that reaches twenty meters. In height, this corresponds to jumping from a bridge. If the jumps are performed by men, then another seven-meter extension towers can be installed to such a bridge.

Jumping into the water for girls

A lot of people argue about whether diving can be called a sport? Differences arise here, since on the one hand, high diving is a sport, and on the other, the opposite can be argued. On average, they are pure extreme.

And if we compare the jumps that are performed from the bungee and the jumps that are performed from the towers, then the jumping from the towers is more difficult. Also, to perform jumps from a height of ten meters, many try to enter the water with their heads down, since such an entrance is difficult than you just enter with your feet down.

Spin - this will be your success when jumping into the water

Gary Hunt is the leader in diving. Every time he tries to make the jumps harder. He makes great and very difficult combinations. He managed to turn around in a jump three times, performing 4, 5 screws. But his record was recently broken by another American - Steve Lobu. He performed a jump, the cost of which reached 5, 1, and his second jump was 5, 4.

Spin - Success while diving

• Hunt was always respected as he always tried to invent something new and new. These were both easy and difficult combinations in which he performed amazing spins. It is very difficult to do such tricks when diving into the water, as you can lose control. That is, for such combinations you need to be not only brave and courageous, but also have a "cool head".

As for Lobu, he followed a more primitive path. First, he managed to master jumping from a height of twenty-seven meters, while performing turns. It is also important to make half screws as they will only lighten the combination. By doing everything correctly, you will be able to avoid “blind” entrances into the water. Only when Lob managed to perform the jumps perfectly and such a height no longer seemed terrible for him, he tried to complete five revolutions with the same jump, but at the same time he used the back stance.

The whole fear here is that these combinations and their implementation take too much time, and there may simply not be enough time for the correct entry into the water. But, based on practice, no matter how difficult the combinations of athletes are, the one who has easier jumps wins the competition. This is reported by articles diving games.

Diving championships are held by FINA. Since one thousand nine hundred and four years, such a sport as diving began to appear at the Olympic Games, and to this day, World Championships are held in this sport.

The memorable event was Olympic Games 1988 diving... As for synchronized jumps, they were first included in the games program in the year 2000. Judging is carried out by nine judges. Four judges are engaged in assessing the technique of the elements, and how difficult it is to perform this combination.

Diving from towers and trampolines

As for the rest of the Judges, they were evaluating exactly the synchronicity. The judges give marks, starting from zero and ending with ten points. Then the best and worst marks are screened out. Thus, the average score is displayed.

Olympic and diving game from towers- What's the Difference? Jumping can be performed both from trampolines and from towers. But what is the difference between ski jumping and platform jumping? With regard to jumping from a springboard, the athlete first performs the swing before jumping, and only then does the jump into the water, while jumping from the platform does not require any swinging. Such a tower is strictly fixed.

• Springboards for diving are installed at a height of 1 meter or 3 meters. As for the tower, it is installed at a height of 5 meters, 7.5 meters and 10 meters.
• When performing a jump, the athlete must be turned towards the water with his face. There are also jumps performed with your back to the pool. There are also jumps that require a preliminary run.

Jumping correctly into the water from a springboard - Olympic Games

Sections for children jumping into the water

In order to achieve results in this sport, it takes quite a few years, so if you are interested in this sport, then no one bothers to send your child there or start practicing for you personally.

It would seem that there is little interest in watching people jump into the water. Almost all of us have jumped from a tower or dived at least once in our lives. But diving is what it is - a kind of sport where there are both elements.

Athletes train for years before appearing in front of spectators and judges. children's and youth schools have been opened, in which they are taught the basics, and subsequently hone their technique.

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Having achieved excellence in the art of jumping into the water, the former pupils participate in international competitions. During the competition, the judges assess the quality of the performance of the elements and the purity of the entrance to the water surface.

Who was the first to jump into the water

Archaeologists cannot determine exactly when people began to show an increased interest in high jumping, but it is reliably known that this happened long before the onset of our era.

Just look at the Etruscan wall fresco depicting a young man jumping off a cliff into the sea. His posture - with a strongly elongated body and outstretched arms - is somewhat reminiscent of modern jumpers.

In any case, the ancient Greeks, fellow tribesmen of the famous Homer, paid great attention to physical culture.

This generation practiced diving, seeking to develop such a constellation of beautiful qualities in their children:

1. courage;
2. perseverance;
3. self-discipline;
4. desire to overcome complexes.

The last point alludes to the fear of heights that manifests itself in many boys in early childhood. By jumping, they got rid of fear. By and large, jumping can teach a person to control his body in conditions of being in the water element and the ability to concentrate as much as possible.

You can remember the legendary Icarus, who really wanted to fly. Probably, the majority of living people wanted to contribute to the realization of this desire at least once.

Jumping, a person experiences a completely incomparable sensation of flight, so it is not surprising that ancient people tried to feel how birds fly at least in this way.

As for Russia, its inhabitants have always been distinguished by courage and determination, especially when drunk. According to eyewitness accounts, many Russians proved their courage to others by jumping into the water from piles and bridges.

What are the features of this sport

Athletes have to jump from towers and trampolines. Of course, the venue for the competition must be appropriately equipped. As Wikipedia testifies, the trampoline board has a length of 4, 8 m, and an anti-slip coating is laid over its entire surface.

In addition, the springboard has other features:

• it is made of duralumin to achieve maximum spring properties;
• its leading edge recedes from the edge of the pool by one and a half meters;
• its width is about, 5m.

Recently, it has been customary to use a special unit in competitions, which mechanically creates a slight excitement on the surface of the water in order for an athlete standing on a tower or springboard to easily calculate the distance to the water.

What is sport without classifications?

Individual and synchronized jumps are divided into groups according to the following parameters:

• on the racks. There are rear, front and handstands;
• on the run. You can jump at a run, or you can just right off the bat;
• by body position. An athlete can start a jump, having previously assumed a bent, bent position or grouped;
• by screws and revolutions. There are also half-turns and half-screws.

Immediately after the demonstration, athletes - both men and women - enter a small pool of warm water in order to relax the muscles that were overly tense during the performance. In addition, this is done according to hygiene requirements.

Before the competition, men wear swimming trunks with cuffs encircling their legs, and swimsuits are provided for the fairer sex. At the same time, the material from which these accessories are made is more durable than the material for ordinary equipment. This is natural, because with a sharp contact with water, strong friction arises.

When performing a jump, an athlete goes through three phases:

• the quality of rotation of the body around the axis, as well as the departure and direction, depends on how the repulsion phase is performed;
• in the flight phase, the athlete controls the speed and has to rotate along the transverse and longitudinal axes;
• in the immersion phase, the main thing is to enter the water, creating the least amount of splashes.

Jumping into the water is, undoubtedly, a duel between the most courageous, stubborn and physically enduring athletes. In addition to that, do not discount the aesthetic component. Athletes performing in pairs look especially beautiful during performances.

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