In which the participants - athletes need to overcome the competitive distance on skis, while overtaking their rivals.
The first speed race among skiers took place back in 1767 in Norway. Then, the example of the Norwegians was followed by the Finns and Swedes, but that was just the beginning. Already at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the passion for cross-country skiing spread throughout the world, and in 1924 FIS was created - International Federation skiing, which by 2000 numbered 98 national federations.
Cross-country skiing technique
Competent skiing technique presents a system of movements with the help of which an athlete can achieve the maximum efficiency of his actions. It also helps to fully realize the opportunities for achieving desired result... The main indicators of the quality of technology are efficiency, naturalness and economy.If we talk about the actions that the skier performs, then it is worth noting three main ones:
* pushing off with sticks;
* pushing off by skis;
* slip.
There are two main styles of skiing - skating (free) and classic.
Skate (free) style
This style of movement implies that the skier can independently choose the way with which he will move along the distance. It should be noted that classic move significantly inferior to the free one in speed.
Since 1981, skating methods of movement have been actively used by skiers. At that time, Pauli Siitonen, a skier from Finland who had already crossed the 40-year mark, used it for the first time in a competition, in a 55 km race, and won.
Among the free moves, these days, the most common:
* two-step simultaneous (used on ascents of medium and low steepness, as well as on flat areas);
* one-step simultaneous (on gentle sections, not steep ascents, plains, as well as at the starting ascent).
Classic style
This style includes types of movement, during which the skier covers almost the entire intended distance along a previously prepared track, which consists of two tracks located parallel to each other.
"Classic" ski runs are subdivided into simultaneous and alternating, according to the method of pushing off with sticks. According to the number of steps performed in one cycle, they are subdivided into alternately two-step, simultaneously one-step, and also non-step.
The most common of these, however, is the two-step alternating stroke, which is most often used on gentle slopes and slopes, as well as on climbs of medium steepness (but only with very good glide). But a one-step simultaneous stroke is used only on gentle slopes (with free sliding), on flat areas or on slopes, with relatively good sliding.
It is worth talking about the main types of cross-country skiing separately.
Types of ski racing
* relay race;* competitions with separate start;
* individual sprint;
* pursuit race;
* team sprint;
* competitions with a general start.
Relay race
During the relay, teams of four (sometimes -3) athletes compete. Relays can be run in one or two styles. In the first case, all participants run their stage in a free or classical style, and in the second - the first and second stages, athletes run in a "classic" style, and the next two - in a skating style.
The start of the relay is a mass start, and in order to distribute the most advantageous places, a draw is held between the participants, or they are given to the teams that scored the most points and received high results in previous competitions in this sport.
The transfer of the relay between the athletes from the same team is carried out by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting participant, and only at the moment when both athletes are in a specially provided zone for transferring the relay.
The team result is calculated using the basic formula "time of arrival of the last team member" minus the "start time of the first member", which is usually equal to zero.
Time-trial competition
In this type of cross-country skiing, athletes leave the start at a predetermined interval, in a clearly regulated sequence. Most often, this interval is thirty seconds, much less often one minute or 15 seconds.
The starting sequence of the athletes is determined by drawing lots, or by the position of the participants in the ranking (the strongest go on the track last). Separate doubles start is sometimes held.
The formula “finish time” minus “start time” is used to calculate the final result of an athlete.
Individual Sprint
The competition begins with a qualification organized in the format of a separate start, and after that, the athletes who have been selected compete with each other in the finals, held in the form of races with a mass start of 4 people.
Pursuit Race
Pursuit races are combined competitions that are held in several stages. At the same time, the order of the start of athletes, at all stages, except for the first, is established depending on the results of previous competitions.
This type of cross-country skiing is divided into two types:
* GP without interruption;
* GP with a break.
Team sprint
It is carried out in the format of a relay race with teams that consist of two athletes, alternately replacing each other, after each runs from three to six laps of the track. If the number of teams entered in the competition is too large, 2 semi-finals are held, from which an equal number of teams are selected for the final, who received top scores.
The final result of a team sprint is calculated according to the same rules as for relay races.
Competitions with a common start
With a mass start, all competitors enter the track at the same time. Wherein best places goes to athletes who have a higher rating. The final result is the athlete's finish time.
This is a ski race for a certain distance on a specially prepared track. They belong to cyclical sports.
The first speed cross-country skiing competition took place in Norway in 1767. Then similar competitions began to be held in Sweden and Finland. Later, the passion for racing arose in Central Europe, and by the beginning of the 20th century, national skiing clubs had already appeared in many European countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created.
All over the world, skiing has become one of the most popular types winter sports... There is no more democratic, accessible kind of sport that is so closely connected with nature and so useful for a person. Ski race are of the following types:
Time-trial competition
With a separate start, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. Typically, the interval is 30 seconds. The sequence is determined by drawing lots or current situation athletes in the ranking (the strongest start last). A paired separate start is possible. The athlete's final result is calculated using the formula “finish time” minus “start time”.
Competitions with Mass Start
In a mass start, all athletes start at the same time. Moreover, athletes with best rating take the best places at the start. The final result is the same as the athlete's finish time.
Pursuit Race
Pursuit races are a combined competition consisting of several stages. In this case, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except for the first) is determined by the results of the previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which the athletes run in the classical style, and the other in the free style. Pursuit races are divided into intermittent pursuit, continuous pursuit (duathlon).
Relay races
Teams consisting of four athletes (rarely three) compete in relay races. Ski relay races consist of four stages (less often - three), of which stages 1 and 2 run in the classic style, and stages 3 and 4 run in a free style. The relay begins with a mass start, with the most advantageous places at the start determined by a draw, or they will be received by the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The transfer of the relay is carried out by touching the palm of the hand of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the transfer zone. The final result of the relay team is calculated using the formula "finish time of the last team member" minus the "start time of the first team member".
Individual Sprint
Individual sprint competitions begin with qualifications, which are organized in a split start format. After qualifying, the selected athletes compete in the sprint finals, which are held in the form of races of various formats with a mass start. The number of athletes selected for the final races does not exceed 30. First, the quarterfinals are held, then the semifinals and, finally, the final A. The individual sprint final results table is formed in the following order: the results of the final A, the participants of the semifinals, the participants of the quarterfinals, the unqualified participants.
Team sprint
The team sprint is held as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes, who alternately replace each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. With a sufficiently large number of teams entered, two semifinals are held, of which an equal number best teams selected for the final. The team sprint starts with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the rules of the relay.
History of domestic cross-country skiing
In Russia, the first organization leading the development of skiing, the Moscow Skiers Club, appeared on December 29, 1895 on the territory of the current Young Pioneers stadium.
In the first national championship in cross-country skiing, 12 athletes participated, it took place on February 7, 1910. Pavel Bychkov became the winner of the championship and the owner of the title of the first ski runner in the country.
The women's championship of the country was first played in 1921, Natalia Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.
Strongest Russian skiers, champions of the country Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin participated for the first time in international competitions in 1913 in Sweden at the "Northern Games". The skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. and performed unsuccessfully, but learned many useful lessons on skiing techniques, ski lubrication, and equipment design. Before the start of the First World War, 5 Russian championships were held.
By the number of victories at the national championships in 1910-1954. the highest rating is occupied by Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion. Among men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title "Honored Master of Sports".
Ski race- winter olympic look a sport in which athletes need to cover a certain distance on skis in the shortest possible time. Cross-country skiing is divided into male and female.
The International Ski Federation (FIS) was founded in 1924 and brings together the national federations.
The history of the emergence and development of cross-country skiing (skiing)
Historians and dated 6-7 century BC written evidence suggests that the first skis appeared among northern hunters. The first skis were very similar to modern snowshoes.
Due to the harsh climate, the Norwegians showed the greatest interest in skiing. At the beginning of the 18th century, skiing was part of the compulsory training program for the Norwegian troops. And at the end of the same century, the first cross-country skiing competitions were held.
In the early 19th century, the world's first skiing community was created. A little later, the first ski club was opened in Finland, after which such clubs appeared in many countries of Europe, America and Asia. By the end of the century, cross-country skiing competitions began to be held in almost all countries of the world.
Cross-country skiing first appeared at the Olympic winter games 1924 in Chamonix. Competitions among women appeared on Olympic Games ah 1952 in Oslo.
Cross-country skiing rules
The competition rules are approved by the International Ski Federation ("International Competition Rules").
The following types of starts are used in the competition: separate, general, group and pursuit starts. Split starts typically use 30 second intervals.
The starter gives a warning: "Attention" 10 seconds before the start. 5 seconds before the start, the countdown begins: "5 ... 4 ... 3 ... 2 ... 1", followed by the start signal "March". During the race, athletes are not allowed to use other means of transportation, except for skis and ski poles... Skiers must only walk on the track and go through all checkpoints.
On the way, athletes can change one ski or poles. Follows the change of skis panel of judges, before the start, all skis must be marked.
Finish time is recorded manually or electrically and is given in full seconds.
Cross-country skiing track
Cross-country skiing tracks should be located so that they give the best opportunity to evaluate the technical, tactical and physical fitness athletes. The level of difficulty must correspond to the level of the competition. The main components of the cross-country skiing track:
- One third of the route should be ascents with an angle of 9% to 18% with a difference in height of more than 10 meters, as well as several short ascents with a steepness of more than 18%.
- One third is hilly, rugged terrain, consisting of short ascents and descents (with a height difference of 1 to 9 meters).
- One third is a variety of descents requiring different descending techniques. The tracks are used only in the direction established for the competition.
It is better if the track consists of several circles so that spectators can enjoy watching the competing athletes. On the official competitions the length of the distance ranges from 800 m to 50 km.
Skiing equipment
- Skis are the main piece of equipment for a skier. Skis are classic, skating and combined. Previously, when choosing skis, it was important skier's height, now the length of the skis primarily depends on the weight. Each manufacturer has tables that describe which ski length corresponds to which weight.
- Boots are special shoes designed to be used with skis.
- Mounts come in two systems - SNS and NNN and ski boots fit only one of them.
- Poles are equipment used by skiers to maintain balance and accelerate movement while skiing.
Skiing styles
Skating style (free) - implies that the skier can independently choose the way with which he will move along the distance. This style outperforms the classic style in speed.
The classic style is a type of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a prepared track. "Classic" ski runs are divided according to the method of pushing off with sticks into alternating and simultaneous.
The main types of cross-country skiing
- Time-trial competition - ski competition in which athletes start one after another with a certain interval. Usually the interval between starts is 30 seconds.
- Mass start competition is a ski competition in which all athletes start at the same time.
- Pursuit or Pursuit (English pursuit - pursuit) - competition from several stages. One of the stages skiers run in the classical style, and the other in the skating style. The position of the skiers at all stages is determined by the results of the previous stages.
- Relay is a ski competition in which teams of four participants compete. The ski relay consists of 4 stages. Relays can be run in one style (all participants run their stages in a classical or free style) or in two styles (stages 1 and 2, participants run in a classical style, and stages 3 and 4 - in a free style). The transfer of the relay is carried out by touching the palm of the hand of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the transfer zone.
- Sprint (individual and team).
Cross-country skiing competition
- The Olympic Games are the most prestigious cross-country skiing competitions, held every 4 years.
- The World Ski Championships is the second most prestigious cross-country skiing competition, held every odd year.
- The Cross-Country Skiing World Cup is an annual cross-country skiing competition held by the International Ski Federation from October to March.
Surely many of you have already come across the mention of this type of cross-country skiing as skiathlon. "What it is?" - you will want to find out and, of course, understand the rules of the competition. Well, let's try to get to know them better, especially since skiathlon is a very entertaining, very intense and interesting competition.
How did skiathlon come about?
Skiathlon is a sport that, despite its modern name, is still not new. The ski pursuit race, which has existed since 1924, acquired in 2003 modern format, called a pursuit. And in June 2011, it was renamed by a decision of the FIS Council in Ljubljana, in order to make it easier to distinguish this competition from the also handicap pursuit races.
Skiathlon is included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, as well as in the Scandinavian World ski championships FIS.
What is skiathlon
Skiathlon, previously called, as already mentioned, pursuit or duathlon, refers to pursuit races, since it consists of two stages. Moreover, the position of the athletes at the start of the second part of the race is determined by what results were shown to them in the previous part of the competition.
Unlike handicap races, where the time of the leader of the races is taken away from the time of each skier and in the second round he is released after the leader through this gap, in the skiathlon the one who quickly arrived to change skis and managed to change shoes starts first.
In the first race, skiers run in the so-called classic style, and in the second, skating.
There is no break between races in the skiathlon. After passing the first part of the distance in one style (classical), athletes arrive at a specially equipped area, where they change skis and immediately go to overcome the second part, this time in freestyle.
The final result in the described pursuit is equal to the finish time of each skier.
Women in skiathlon usually cover 7.5 km at a time, and men 15 km.
What is the classic style in cross-country skiing
As you already understood, the races in each stage of the competition are carried out in different ways of skiing.
Let's see, the classic style in the skiathlon race - what is it? In skiing, it is called the movement of athletes along a previously prepared track (two specially rolled parallel tracks).
In this style of skiing, the hands are the main "driving force", since it is impossible to put an emphasis on it - it is only comfortable for sliding. The athlete's skis are directed forward when running, and the legs involuntarily turn out to be more passive than the arms.
The classic style is divided into different ways of walking, depending on how the skier pushes off with the poles and how many steps he takes in one cycle. At the same time, alternating or simultaneous repulsion with sticks is combined with a two-step and one-step move, depending on the type and relief of the terrain.
Free running in skiathlon - what is it?
Free style means that the skier chooses any method of transportation that is convenient for him. But due to the fact that the skating style is the fastest, it is used most often - by the free style, as a rule, they mean exactly skating.
During the skating course, both the arms and legs of the athlete are already involved. At the same time, the skier moves, pushing off with his leg turned at an angle from the track, which outwardly strongly resembles regular running ice skating (from here, by the way, the name of this style appeared).
By the way, this method of skiing was first demonstrated in 1981 by the Finn Pauli Siitonen. And he was already over 40 at the time of the competition, but (largely thanks to the new style) he won the 55 km race. Like this!
The most common in the free style are simultaneous one-step and simultaneous two-step skating.
What all pursuit races have in common
Pursuit races in all sports have similar general rules. These include, first of all, the fact that such competitions are held in several stages and in most cases there is a break between them. Most often they are carried out in two days, less often the interval is several hours. Athletes in each next stage (and in biathlon, for example, in the first race), take a position at the start, depending on the previously shown results, that is, the strongest starts first.
Ski skiathlon is carried out without interruption, including during the race and the time required to change skis.
In all pursuit races, two athletes are not allowed equal results at the finish line. If it is impossible to determine during timekeeping which of the participants came first, this is done using the photo finish.
By the way, the only precedent for awarding medals with one merit was gold medals in biathlon at the World Championships in Khanty-Mansiysk (2003), divided between French and German Martine Glagov. In this situation, the shutter of the photo finish camera was closed by the body of the person present just during the finish of the first skiers, so it was not possible to establish the winner unambiguously.
Skiathlon features
Skiathlon is a race that is particularly serious and difficult. Skiers here not only meet with high-speed overcoming of the track, but at the same time they still need to have time to change skis in special boxes, remembering precious seconds, since the stopwatch does not stop at this time.
Men, as already mentioned, run twice 15 km in a circle of 3.75 km. Their total distance is 30 km. And women - 7.5 km in a circle of 2.5 km, and their total distance turns out to be 15 km long.
The track for skiers in this race is usually laid so that it passes through the stadium several times.
Skiathlon: Sochi 2014
IN Olympic Sochi the skiathlon competitions were held at the Laura ski and biathlon complex, and they made a strong impression on the composition of the participants. There were Olympic champions, World Cup winners, and world champions. But the leaders turned out to be the longtime favorites of cross-country skiing - the national teams of Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.
For example, 68 athletes from thirty different countries of the world took part in the skiathlon (men) race.
The strongest was the Swiss, who thus became a two-time Olympic champion... The silver medal went to the Swede Markus Helner, and the bronze medal went to the Norwegian Martin Jonsrud Sundby.
Skiathlon competition
To better understand skiathlon - what it is, you should definitely watch the competition. After all, the named sport makes high demands on the athletes' abilities - to be universal. It is by no means a secret that every skier prefers one style of skiing. Someone is impressed by the classics, and someone feels especially confident during skating.
The need for versatility makes every skiathlon competition especially intense and spectacular. So, in the Olympic Sochi, and gold, and went to the Norwegians: Marit Bjorgen and Heidi Veng - and the silver medalist was the skier from Sweden Charlotte Kalle. And at the World Championships, held in Falun (2015), the previously undefeated Bjoergen was already on the sidelines, while her teammate Norwegian took the first place
Skiathlon is a race that is worthy of attention and will never let the fan get bored!
Ski race
Cross-country skiing is skiing for a certain distance on a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category (age, gender, etc.). They belong to cyclical sports. The main skiing styles are “classic style” and “free style”.
Classic style
The original, "classic style" includes those types of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a previously prepared track, consisting of two parallel lines.
The most common are the alternating two-step course (used on flat areas and gentle slopes (up to 2 °), and with very good sliding - and on ascents of medium steepness (up to 5 °)) and simultaneous one-step stroke(used on flat areas, on gentle slopes with good glide, as well as on slopes with satisfactory glide).
Free style
"Free style" implies that the skier is free to choose the way to move along the distance, but since the "classic" move is inferior in speed to the "skate", "free style" is, in fact, synonymous with "skate". Skating methods have been widely used since 1981, when the Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, who was then already over 40, first used it in competitions (in the 55 km race) and won.
The most common are simultaneous two-step skating (used both on flat areas and on ascents of low and medium steepness) and simultaneous one-step skating (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and gentle sections of the distance, as well as on ascents up to 10-12 ° )?
The main types of cross-country skiing
Time-trial competition
With a separate start, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 s (less often - 15 s or 1 min). The sequence is determined by the draw or the current position of the athlete in the ranking (the strongest start last). A paired separate start is possible. The athlete's final result is calculated using the formula “finish time” minus “start time”.
Mass Start Competitions
In a mass start, all athletes start at the same time. At the same time, the athletes with the best rating take the most advantageous places at the start. The final result is the same as the athlete's finish time.
Pursuit Race
Pursuit races (Pursuit, English pursuit - pursuit) are combined competitions, consisting of several stages. In this case, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except for the first) is determined by the results of the previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which the athletes run in the classical style, and the other in the skating style.
Pursuit races are held at intervals of two days, less often at intervals of several hours. The first race is usually timed. According to its final results, the lag behind the leader for each of the participants is determined. The second race is held with a handicap equal to this lag. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the Pursuit coincides with the finish time of the second race.
The non-stop pursuit (duathlon; in June 2011 the FIS Skiing Committee officially renamed “duathlon” to “skiathlon”) starts with a general start. After overcoming the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with another style. The final result of the pursuit without interruption coincides with the athlete's finish time.
Relay races
Teams consisting of four athletes (rarely three) compete in relay races. Ski relay races consist of four stages (less often - three). Relays can be run in one style (all participants run their stages in a classical or free style) or in two styles (stages 1 and 2, participants run in a classical style, and stages 3 and 4 - in a free style). The relay begins with a mass start, with the most advantageous places at the start determined by a draw, or they will be awarded to the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The transfer of the relay is carried out by touching the palm of the hand of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the transfer zone. The final result of a relay team is calculated using the formula “finish time of the last team member” minus the “start time of the first team member” (usually zero).
Individual Sprint
Individual sprint competitions begin with a qualification (prologue), which is organized in a split start format. After qualifying, the selected athletes compete in the Sprint Finals, which take place in different format races with a four-person mass start (subject to change). The number of athletes selected for the final races does not exceed 30. First, the quarterfinals are held, then the semifinals and, finally, the final A. The individual sprint final results table is formed in the following order: the results of the final A, the participants of the semi-finals, the participants of the quarterfinals, the unqualified participants.
Team sprint
The team sprint is held as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes, who alternately replace each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. With a sufficiently large number of teams entered, two semi-finals are held, from which an equal number of the best teams are selected for the final. The team sprint starts with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the rules of the relay.
Ski jumping
(English ski jumping) is a sport that includes ski jumping from specially equipped ski jumps. They act as an independent sport, and are also included in the Nordic combined ski program. The competitions are held under the auspices of the International Ski Federation.
The origin of ski jumping
This sport originated in Norway, a country where the popular custom of competing in the art of downhill skiing (slalom) was widespread.
Ski jumping in 1905.
The program of the first Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix included jumping from a 70-meter springboard, since 1964 - from a 70 and 90-meter springboard, which is 1936.
In 1925, the first world championship was held in Czechoslovakia. ski types sports. In 1929, FIS, considering that the gap of 4 years between the next Olympic Games is large, decided to annually play the world championships in all types of skiing. Since 1950, the championships in racing, biathlon and jumping have been held once every 4 years, between the Olympic Games, and since 1982 - once every two years.
Since 1992, individual competitions have been held on 90 m and 120 m springboards, team competitions - on 120 m springboard. Since 1992, the classification of the springboards and their configuration has changed. Modern springboards have become safer. Previously, there was the concept of the design capacity of the springboard. Based on this, points were awarded for the length of the jump. On the P70 springboard, a jump of 77 meters was estimated at 60 points. Now it is K90 (critical point), and accordingly a jump of 90 meters will be estimated at 60 points.
Competitions for women
Until the 2010s, only men participated in the competition. In 2009, ski jumping was one of only two types of competition program for the Winter Olympics, in which only men took part. The second exception was Nordic combined, which also includes ski jumping.
In the mid-2000s, there were proposals to admit women to competitions. However, the head of the IOC, Jacques Rogge, then repeatedly spoke out that at that time women's ski jumping did not meet the requirements for inclusion in the Olympics program. In his opinion, an insufficient number of athletes were involved in this sport, and the active spread of this sport has not reached the required threshold (35 countries).
Nevertheless, women achieved the right to perform first in demonstration, and then in official competitions under the auspices of the FIS. They first competed in the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup.
In 2006, enthusiasts, mainly from North America, achieved from the International Ski Federation (FIS) the inclusion of the women's tournament in the program of the world championship in Liberec-2009. On May 26, 2006, the International Ski Federation decided to admit women to ski jumping competitions during the 2009 World Ski Championships in Liberec (Czech Republic). At these competitions, the title of the first world champion in women's ski jumping was won by the American Lindsey Van (en: Lindsey Van).
In 2009, when it became clear that women's ski jumping would not be included in the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, a group of elite athletes from Canada, Norway, Germany, Slovenia and the United States decided to go to court. The athletes claimed to be discriminated against on the basis of gender, in violation of article 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. However, the Supreme Court of the Canadian province of British Columbia ruled that there was no violation.
On December 3, 2011, Lillehammer, Norway, hosted the first ever stage of the Women's Ski Jumping World Cup.
In 2014, the jumpers performed for the first time at the Olympic Games in Sochi.
Competitions
Ski jumping competitions are held during the winter and summer seasons. The most authoritative and significant are the starts held in winter time on jumps with a critical point of 90 meters or more.
Jump Technique
The flight phase of a V style jump includes acceleration, departure from the take-off table, flight phase and landing. Well-coordinated execution of all elements, body coordination in the air are the most important technical elements in the jumper's arsenal.
At the moment of landing, the legs of the athlete, previously lying in the same plane, must assume a position called "telemark" (unofficially - "raznozka"). In this position, one of the legs is put forward, and the other is laid back; both legs are bent at the knees; the knee of the "back" leg is down; arms extended above the shoulders. Skis during landing are parallel and as close as possible. Such a landing requires high coordination of movements and impeccable balance. Points are deducted for failure to perform the "split" upon landing (at least two points by each of the judges).
The jump length of a landed athlete is the distance from the edge of the takeoff table to the feet of his feet at the moment when both skis are in contact with the ground with their entire surface; when correct execution telemark position is the distance from the edge of the take-off table to the middle of the distance between the athlete's feet.
Ski nordic
Nordic Combined is an Olympic sport that combines ski jumping and cross-country skiing in its program. Another name is the northern combination. Initially, this sport was most developed in Norway: in the first 4 winter Olympics(1924, 1928, 1932 and 1936) Norwegians occupied the entire podium, and of the 12 pre-war world championships, the Norwegians won eight. As of the end of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Norwegians have won 11 golds Olympic medals in Nordic combined, Finns are in second place with 4 gold medals.
IN last years the traditional Nordic combined ski program has undergone significant changes. At the moment, two individual disciplines are being held: a jump from a regular or big springboard(one attempt) and 10 km free skiing. For each of these disciplines, general rules apply with minor additions.
The starting position of the competitors on ski track determined by the place occupied in the ski jumping. The winner is the first to go the distance, the rest are awarded a certain number of seconds for each point of lag on the springboard (Gundersen's system).
Team event - relay race 4 × 5 km: each of the 4 team members makes one jump, and then the teams leave the start of the ski relay taking into account overall result jumping teams.
Earlier and individual views, and the relay races were held in other formats: from the springboard, the participants made 2 jumps each, and then ran 15 km (there was also a 7.5 km sprint after one jump). In the relay, the athletes also performed 2 jumps, and even earlier the relay was held in the format 3 × 10 km.
Among the successes of the double-fighters of the USSR and Russia, one can note the Olympic bronze in individual race according to the Gundersen system in 1988 in Calgary of the Estonian Allara Lewandi (in the USSR national team), his silver in the overall standings of the 1989/90 World Cup and bronze of the Russian Valery Stolyarov in 1998 in Nagano in the individual race. In addition, in 1999, at the World Championships in Ramsau, the Russian national team consisting of Valery Stolyarov, Alexei Fadeev, Nikolai Parfenov and Dmitry Sinitsyn won a bronze medal in the relay, and Dmitry Sinitsyn also won a bronze medal in the individual championship at the same championship.
Individual race
The classic individual race was the very first biathlon discipline. IN modern form it is a 20 km race for men and 15 for women, consisting of 5 laps of 4 km (3 km for women) with 4 shots between the laps. Athletes start separately, one after the other, with an interval of 30 seconds. The first and third shots are fired from a prone position, the second and fourth firing from a standing position. For each miss, one minute is added to the time the athlete passes the distance.
Sprint
Race for 10 km for men and 7.5 for women with two firing lines. The first shooting is prone, the second is standing. Athletes start separately. For each miss, the athlete is provided with a "penalty loop" - an additional segment of the distance equal to 150 meters.
Pursuit
The race is 12.5 km for men and 10 km for women. Consists of 5 circles (2.5 km for men or 2 km for women) with 4 firing lines (the first 2 lines are prone shooting, the second 2 are standing). The start is given separately with the handicap corresponding to the lag behind the winner in the previous "qualifying" race - sprint or individual race (in the latter case, the gap is halved). The first 60 athletes in the qualifying race are eligible to compete in the pursuit. For each missed pursuit, a 150-meter penalty loop is provided.
Race from the general start
The 15 km race for men and 12.5 km for women consists of 5 laps (3 km for men or 2.5 km for women) with 4 firing lines (the first 2 lines are prone shooting, the second 2 are standing). The race from the general start (or simply "mass start") is one of the latest species competitions. 30 strongest athletes take part in it according to the results of the past competitions. All athletes start at the same time. For each miss, the athlete is provided with a penalty segment of a distance equal to 150 meters.