Running high jumps is a type of athletics, characterized by short-term muscular efforts of an "explosive" nature, which has many varieties (methods). The main ones are “overstepping”, “wave”, “roll over”, “throw-over” and “fosbury flop”.

The most effective methods of jumping are the "throw-over" and "fosbury flop".

High jump technique

Regardless of the method of overcoming the bar, the high jump consists of a run, takeoff, crossing the bar and landing. The most effective methods of jumping are the "throw-over" and "fosbury flop". The modern high jump technique is characterized by the effective use of a high speed of the run, powerful repulsion, which is in the nature of a jet-swing push, and an economical transition of the bar with the lowest possible position of the GCP of the athlete's body.

The takeoff run in high jumps is usually 7-9 running steps (11-14 w). The take-off angle in relation to the bar depends on the method of the jump. When "stepping over" and "rolling" it is equal to 35-45 °, with a "throw-over" - 25-35 ° and when jumping with a "wave" - ​​75-90 °. The take-off run in a jump in the "fosburyflop" method is performed along a curved line. Starting it at an angle of 65-75 °, the athlete at the end of the run "runs" sideways to the bar, reducing the angle to 25-30 °.

The run can be performed from a place or from the approach, when the jumper takes several accelerating steps and then, having hit the mark with his foot, begins to run. One of the jumper's tasks in the takeoff run is to acquire the necessary horizontal speed, which should increase gradually, reaching 6.5-7.5 m / s by the time of take-off.

The first half of the run is no different from a normal fast run. The increase in speed occurs in parallel with the increase in the length of the steps. In the second part of the run, the athlete prepares to take off. For this, the length of the last steps increases, and the body's GCT decreases. The penultimate step in the takeoff run is the longest, the last one is shorter. Reducing the last step allows the athlete to quickly move the body onto the jogging leg, bring the pelvis forward and minimize the loss of takeoff speed. V.M.Dyachkov gives for orientation the averaged data of the last three steps of the run-up of the best Soviet jumpers: the third step from the push is 215-220 cm, the penultimate one is 220-230 cm and the last one is 195-200 cm.

Success in take-off is largely dependent on the speed and rhythm of the takeoff run. The takeoff speed increases the efficiency of the clean and jerk, but it is limited by the level of development of the athlete's speed-strength qualities and is strictly individual. The takeoff rhythm has a number of options. However, any rhythm is characterized by a gradual increase in speed with accentuated acceleration at the end of the takeoff run. To mark the takeoff run, two marks are made: one at the beginning of the takeoff run and the other at the 3rd step from the take-off point.

Push. The take-off begins from the moment the pushing foot touches the ground. However, its effectiveness largely depends on the movements performed in the previous (penultimate) step with the swinging leg.

At the moment of placing the swing leg on the support, the athlete gently bends it and pushes the knee forward. Simultaneously with the forward movement on a strongly bent swing leg and its transition from the heel to the forefoot, the trunk takes a vertical position, the pelvis leads the axis of the shoulders, and the pushing leg overtakes the pelvic line. The flight leg is actively unbending, changing the direction of movement of the body's GCT forward and upward, the arms are pulled back through the sides.

The jogging leg is placed on the support from the heel without any impact, almost straight. After amortization bending of the leg at the knee joint (up to 130 °) and the transition from the heel to the entire foot, its accelerated extension begins.

The action of the pushing forces directed vertically is also facilitated by the extension of the trunk and the swing of the free leg and arms upward. The fly leg can be bent or straightened. Good mobility in the hip joint, it allows you to perform a wide swing with an almost fully extended leg, which can be considered a positive factor. By the time of separation from the support, the jogging leg and trunk are straightened, the swinging leg is raised, the knee is at chest level.

Figure 32.

Flight. Initially, the jumper maintains an upright position for some time, somewhat delaying the rotation of the body that began during repulsion along the main axes (longitudinal, transverse and anteroposterior). At the same time, by relaxing the muscles, he prepares to perform the movements necessary for a rational transition over the bar. The further actions of the jumper depend on the method of jumping chosen by him.

Landing... The task of landing is to extinguish the speed of rotation of the body along one axis or another, acquired during repulsion and passing through the bar. The athlete needs to land softly without any injury or pain. The nature of the landing is determined by the method of the jump and can be performed on the swinging or jerking leg, on the leg and arm, on the hands, followed by rolling over the shoulder onto the back. The presence of a high cushion made of synthetic materials allows you to land directly on your back.

Step over method(fig. 32) is the simplest, but the least effective. The takeoff run is performed at an angle of 35-45 °, and the take-off is 60-80 cm from the edge of the hole farthest from the bar with the foot. Takeoff is performed sideways to the bar, the swinging leg is parallel to the bar, and the jogging leg is freely lowered down. Following this, at the highest point of takeoff, the actual "overstepping" occurs, when the swinging leg goes down, and the jogging leg rises upward with a turn outward. As a result of these movements, the body turns to the bar and the jogging leg, leans towards the take-off run, and the pelvis quickly passes over the bar. At the same time, the hands go down and slightly spread apart. The jogging leg is carried over the bar, and landing occurs sideways to the bar on the swing leg.

Wave method(Fig. 33) got its name in connection with the sequential, as it were, wave-like transfer of individual parts of the body across the bar. In a jump in this way, the takeoff run is performed at right angles to the bar or at an angle of 75-90 °.

The take-off point is 120-150 cm from the edge of the pit. The jumper's movements in flight are characterized by their speed and relatively complex coordination. When, after pushing off and taking off, the foot and lower leg of the swing leg rise above the bar, the athlete actively lowers the leg down, turning the toe inward. At the same time, the jumper turns his torso towards the jogging leg and tilts it down (with his chest to the bar). The jogging leg is pulled up and out. As a result, the body of the jumper takes an arched position when the pelvis is at its highest point. At the same time, the hands are lowered down or spread apart to the sides and back.

Figure 33.

Following this, the jogging leg is carried over the bar and lowered down. The fly leg is pulled back, which allows you to overcome the bar without knocking it down with your chest or hands. These compensatory movements of individual parts of the body are wavy in nature - the jumper, as it were, flows around the bar, transferring through it first the swinging leg, then the pelvis, the jerking leg and, finally, upper part torso and arms. Landing occurs on the jogging leg (chest to the bar).

Some distribution among women received an intermediate between "step over" and "wave" way of jumping - "half-wave". In such a jump, the takeoff run is performed at an angle of 50-70 °, and the movement above the bar resembles a wave, but without the second part of the jump (lowering the pushing leg down).

Roll method(fig. 34). The takeoff run is performed at an angle of 35-45 ° from the side of the jogging leg. The jumper pushes 80-100 cm from the projection of the bar with his closest leg. The takeoff run, preparation for the push and take-off are performed in the same way as in the "throw-over". Having made a swing, the jumper leans towards the bar. When the swing leg and arms are above the bar, he pulls the jerk leg under the swing leg and is in a horizontal position sideways to the bar.

Figure 34.

During takeoff, the jumper leans towards the bar. When the swinging leg and arms rise above the bar, the jogging leg, bending, is pulled up to the chest by the knee. The flight leg is extended along the plank, and the jumper is, as it were, lying sideways with the jogging leg bent and the pelvis raised high. Continuing the rotational movement along the longitudinal axis, the athlete lowers the swinging leg, arms and upper body behind the bar and then, turning with his chest to the pit, lands on the jogging leg and arms.

In the practice of jumping by the "roll" method, there are 3 options for the transition of the bar, depending on the position of the body at the highest point of the jump: sideways, back and dive. With the latter option, the athlete dives over the bar, quickly bending the body at the hip joints and lowering the swinging leg and torso over the bar. This option is the most effective, as it provides the pelvic lift necessary for the transition of the bar.

The "throw-over" method (Fig. 28) is the most effective. The takeoff run is performed at an angle of 25-35 ° to the bar from the side of the pushing leg. The place of the push is 60-90 cm from the near edge of the pit. In this type of jump, swinging movement of the free leg in combination with the push are of paramount importance. Carrying along right side pelvis, the movement of the free leg promotes the rotation of the jumper's body along the longitudinal axis towards the bar. The fly leg can be bent or straightened. A quick swing of the arms increases the efficiency of the repulsion. The body of the jumper, which was initially held vertically, gradually takes a horizontal position and turns to the bar with his chest. Hands also play a prominent role in this spin. Right hand(in case the jogging leg is left) moves more energetically and with greater amplitude. Following this, the athlete transfers his right hand over the bar, lowering his shoulder and head behind it.

To enhance longitudinal rotation, the swinging leg is pulled along the bar, and the jogging leg is pulled up to the body. When the swinging leg is behind the bar with the toe lowered down, the jumper turns the pelvis along the longitudinal axis and at the same time pulls the bent jogging leg with his knee to the side-up, as if "rolling" over the bar. "Leaving" from the bar is facilitated by head diving and top the torso by the bar in the longitudinal direction. A variant is possible in which the jogging leg at the time of lowering the body over the bar gradually straightens with the foot up. However, this method is less effective, since it does not sufficiently enhance the torque.

Figure 35.

Landing in a cross-over jump is complicated by the continuing rotation of the body along the longitudinal and transverse axes after overcoming the bar. Therefore, the athlete should dampen the speed of this rotation and try to land softly on his arms and swing leg, rolling over his shoulder and right side.

Fosbury flop method(fig. 36). The indisputable advantage of this method lies in the possibility of using more horizontal speed for vertical lifting of the body than in jumping in other ways. The athlete is not required here a complex coordination restructuring of movements from the takeoff run to the clean and jerk, takeoff and the transition of the bar. The take-off run in this method is performed in an arc (with overrun) and starts at an angle of 65-75 ° to the bar. In technique and rhythm, it resembles a run in a long jump. At the last steps (during the transition to the clean and jerk), there is no lowering of the body GCT and the squatting on the swing leg. This allows the jumper to maintain high horizontal speed. The push is performed almost sideways to the bar with the leg farthest from the bar set slightly forward. In this regard, repulsion occurs with greater speed, which is facilitated by a short, sharp swing with a free leg strongly bent at the knee.

Figure 36.

The torque obtained during the arcuate take-off run and jerk allows the jumper to turn his back to the bar during takeoff. Following this, he, as it were, lies with his back on the bar, bending over it in the lower back. As soon as the pelvis is above the bar, the jumper bends the body at the hip joints, while simultaneously straightening the legs in knee joints and, as it were, pulling them towards you. Landing takes place on a rounded back, and sometimes on the occipital region, which necessitates special equipment for a landing site.

The history of the development of high jump.

The history of high jumping is relatively short. IN Olympic Games of antiquity, there is no mention of the holding of competitions in this sport. Only in early XIX in. appeared in German tournaments gymnastic jump with a straight run. The first officially registered high jump result in 1864 was 167 cm. Moreover, the takeoff and landing were made on the grass. Athletes jumped from a straight run, crossed the bar, tucking their legs, or jumped at an acute angle, performing leg movements with "scissors". Subsequently, this style was called "overstepping". In 1887 W. Page set the first world record - 193 cm.

A significant step forward in the search better style allowed to create the Eastern American way of jumping ("wave"), by which the American M. Sunney in 1896 set a world record that lasted 16 years - 197 cm. The two-meter height was overcome in 1912, using a new style of jumping - "horain" , named after the American jumper D. Horain, who first showed this style. Later the style was called "roll".

In 1936, D. Olbritton demonstrates a new way of crossing the bar - lying with his stomach to it. This style was called "flip-flop". In 1941, the American L. Steers set a world record of 211 cm by the "flip" method. In 1957, the Soviet athlete Yu. Stepanov set a new world record - 216 cm, and from 1961 the record was transferred to the remarkable Soviet jumper V. Brumel , who jumped with a "flip" style, and was 228 cm.

In 1968, at the Olympic Games in Osbury (USA), he demonstrated a new way of crossing the bar - lying with his back, while winning gold medal... To date, the world record in high jump for men belongs to H. Sotomayor (Cuba) - 245 cm, for women - S. Kostadinova (Bulgaria) - 209 cm, jumping with the style of "fosbury flop".

Types of high jumps

Five types of jumps - "step over", "wave", "roll", "throw-over", "fosbury flop".

High jump by the "step over" method

High jump in the "wave" way

High jump by the "roll" method

High jump method "cross over"

Fosbury Flop High Jump

As a holistic action, a jump can be divided into its component parts:

takeoff run and preparation for take-off - from the beginning of the movement to the moment the pushing leg is placed in the place of take-off;

repulsion - from the moment the jogging leg is placed until it is lifted from the place of repulsion;

flight - from the moment the jogging leg takes off from the take-off point to contact with the landing site;

landing - from the moment of contact with the landing site to a complete stop of body movement.

High jumping is an amazing sport. It is also called the pearl of the queen of sports - athletics. It is the high jumps that meet the founder's call Olympic movement Pierre de Coubertin: "Faster, Higher, Stronger."

High jumps captivate with their showiness, lightness and direct execution of the jump itself. Before the eyes of the audience, the miracle of transferring the athlete's body to the maximum possible height occurs, the path to which lies through a fixed horizontal bar.

How it all began

Interesting story the emergence of jumping sports, and especially the history of world records in high jumping. Let's make a reservation right away that, for some unknown reason, high jumps were not included in the program of the Olympics. Ancient Greece... Only long jumps were taken into account and, which is typical, dumbbells were held in their hands. It turned out something like a triple jump, and the dumbbells flew off the jumper in the third step, like a rocket stage. For some reason, everyone thought it would add range to the jump.

The emergence of the first jumping style

With the beginning of the modern Olympic movement, high jumping has firmly taken its niche in it. Already at the first Olympic Games in 1896, they competed for medals in high jump from a run and from a place. Only men participated. The bar was overcome with the famous folk way of stepping over or with scissors. The great American Olympian Rei Yuri jumped and conquered a height of 165 cm.

Running high jump among men

Over time, the standing jump was excluded from the competition, leaving only in height. So, at the beginning of the 20th century, men jumped no higher than 197 cm from a running start. And all the same way of overstepping. Once it occurred to the American George Horain to fly over the bar, being sideways to it with his jerking leg tucked in. Such a jump was named after the author - horain (roll-over). Thanks to this style, the record height was marked at around 2.09 m in 1937.

Coup in the jumping world

As time went on, at one of the competitions, some eccentric decided to imitate a cowboy jumping on a horse during a jump. This method was immediately called cowboy or throw-over. This was a major step forward. Jumping in this way, the jumper brought the center of gravity of the body as close as possible to the bar, which gave an advantage of up to 15 cm. The next world record for high jump men was set before World War II, namely Lester Steers from the United States raised the bar to 2.11 m.

In the post-war period, the American jumpers continued to dominate the men's high jump. Only in 1957, they were joined by the Soviet jumper Yuri Stepanov, setting a record height of 2.16 m.But then the great American athlete Thomas John, jumping in the same way, brought the world record to the phenomenal 2.22 m.

Record holder Valery Brumel

The flip-flop performed by Valery Brumel, an outstanding Soviet athlete, was perfected. 6 times Brumel hit world achievement high jump. On July 21, 1963, he jumped, as it seemed then, to an unattainable height of 2.28 m. What a pity that the fracture of his kick leg in a car accident did not allow space jumper Valery Brumel to reach even greater heights. His latest record lasted a very long time. Only in 1971, Pat Matsdorf - the comet jumper, as he was nicknamed - an incomprehensible and incredible cowboy jumped over 2.29 m and broke the record of Valery Brumel.

Fosbury style

Pat Matsdorf, both suddenly appeared and disappeared from the world jumping sector, but his fellow countryman, American Dwight Stones, who discovered new era in high jump, he jumped in a new way - fosbury. Soon this style was adopted by all athletes in the world. And then Dwight did the incredible: he was the first to conquer the height of 2.30 m and brought the world record to 2.32 m.

The Ukrainian jumper from Zaporozhye Volodymyr Yashchenko tried to resist the Fosbury method. He unexpectedly took to jumping in the wild way of the cross-over, which was used by Matsdorf, and, adding one centimeter each time, in 1978 he set a record of 2.34 m in the open, and 2.35 m indoors. Sports world was delighted with this result.

It became clear to everyone that the Fosbury method allows you to fly over the bar so that the center of gravity of the athlete's body is under it, and this is exactly what everyone who jumped high aspired to. After improving the takeoff technique and improving the quality of the landing site, the athletes began to show unprecedented results. In 1984, the Chinese athlete Zhu Jianhua sets a record of 2.39 m.

New World Records Page

On August 11, 1985, the Soviet jumper Rudolf Povarnitsyn opens a new page of world records. He is the first in the world to overcome the bar at a height of 2.40 m.Immediately behind him, a month later, Igor Paklin takes a height of 2.41 m.Two years later, the flying Viking Patrick Sheber overcomes a height of 2.42 m.This is a European record to this day high jump among men. And then came the time of the great Cuban Javier Sotomayor. From 1988 to 1993, he managed to raise the world record bar to an unprecedented height of 2.45 m.

The fantastic jumps of this humble Cuban will excite the memory of grateful fans of athletics for a long time to come.

High jump among women

The history of world high jump records was created by women in a completely different way. To begin with, the weaker sex was allowed to compete much later than men. Only in 1922, the IAAF recorded the first world record for the high jump of American Nancy Voris, and he was quite modest, only 146 cm.

In 1956 on world stage rushed in by the Romanian jumper Yolanda Balash. Until 1961, she had no equal in the high jump sector. She set 14 records and became two-time Olympic champion... During her career, she improved the indicator by 16 cm, while the next half century, achievements improved by only 18 cm.

In 1961, the Romanian woman conquered the height of 1.91 m. After her comes the inimitable Rosemary Ackerman, who managed to break her own world record 7 times. A modest girl from the former GDR in 1977 was the first to overcome the two-meter barrier. Then, no less talented athletes - Sarah Simeoni, Ulrika Mayford, Tamara Bykova and Lyudmila Andonova - brought record indicators to 2.07 m.

These glorious jumpers passed the baton to the great Bulgarian athlete Stefka Kostadinova. It was she who, on July 30, 1987, at the World Championships in Rome, jumped to an unprecedented height among women, 2.09 m. This record is held to this day. Over the past 30 years, only Croatian Blanca Vlasic has tried to break the record, but he has resisted, and who will be able to do this is still unknown.

Pole vaulting

Pole vaults look no less attractive and dynamic. After all, here the jumper needs to move his body over the horizontal bar with the help of an athletics pole.

This type of jumping among men was included in the Olympics program back in 1896. But women were admitted to this type of competition at the Sydney Olympics only in 2000.

What are the poles

The key that makes jumping in this sport is the track and field pole. It began to be used as a projectile in sports only in the 19th century, and initially it was made of hard wood, mainly ash. At the beginning of the 20th century, they were replaced by bamboo shells, light and elastic. They dominated the sport for 20 years. With this pole, American Cornelius Warmerdam jumped to a record height of 4.77 m.

The year 1936 was special in that it made it possible to make poles from any material. In the post-war period, metal poles were used for the first time from Sweden. It brought its own positive results... Already in 1957, Robert Gutovsky added 1 cm to the Cornelius record, and in 1960, with a result of 4.8 m, Donald Bragt showed the maximum possible at that time.

The era of plastic poles revolutionizes

The era of plastic poles has come, which revolutionized the sport. With the birth of the fiberglass pole and the improvement of the take-off and landing in the jump pit, men's pole vaulting records fell like a cornucopia. Just think, from 1960 to 1994, the record grew from 4.8 m to 6.14 m.

In 1963, American Brian Sternberg was the first to break the 5-meter hurdle. Ironically, it was in this year that the future pole vaulter was born.He burst into the world of sports in 1984 and immediately broke Thierry Vigneron's record, jumping to a height of 5.85 m. 10 years later, the Ukrainian athlete raised the world pole vault record to 6 , 14 m, and 6.15 m indoors. In total, Bubka broke 35 world records in his career. Only 21 years later, in 2014, Frenchman Renault Lavilleni took the 6.16 m bar and broke Bubka's indoor record.

Women's pole vaulting

For women, world records in high jump with a pole began to be recorded only in 1992. The height of 4.05 m was conquered by the Chinese woman Sun Chayun. 1995 was rich in records for women, when Czech jumper Daniela Bartova set a dozen world records and stopped at around 4.22 m.Bartova's victorious baton was picked up by an athlete from distant Australia Emma George. Having broken the world record 11 times, she managed to gain a foothold at an altitude of 4.6 m. Further, American Stacy Dragila entered the history of record holders. She set a record of 4.81 m, while becoming the Olympic champion of Sydney and two-time champion the world.

Time passed, and such a sport as pole vaulting was gaining popularity. The world record was next set by the Russian woman Elena Isinbaeva on July 13, 2003. She jumped to a height of 4.82 m. She is also called Bubka in a skirt. The beautiful and charming athlete quickly won the hearts of athletics fans. Its results are phenomenal. She was the first in the world in 2005 at the London arena to overcome the height of 5.0 m, and in 2009 in Zurich 5.06 m. None of the women have managed to break her record to this day.

Running high jump- discipline of athletics, related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for take-off, take-off, transition over the bar and landing.

Requires athletes to jump and coordinate movements. Held in the summer and winter season... Is an Olympic discipline athletics for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.

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Rules

High jump competitions take place in the jumping sector, equipped with a bar on the holders and a landing area. An athlete at the preliminary stage and in the final is given three attempts at each height, if the participants are less than eight, then each is given 6 attempts. The athlete has the right to skip the altitude, while attempts not used at the missed altitude do not accumulate. If the athlete makes an unsuccessful attempt or two at any height and does not want to jump at this height anymore, he can transfer unused (respectively, two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it cannot be less than 2 centimeters. An athlete can start jumping from any height, having previously notified the judges about this.

The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing site are 3 × 5 meters.

When trying, the athlete must push off with one leg. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:

• As a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks;
• The athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site located behind the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside of the posts with any part of his body, before he crossed the bar;
• The athlete pushed off with two feet.

The judge shall mark a successful attempt by raising the white flag. If the plank falls off the racks after raising the white flag, the attempt is scored. Usually, the judge fixes the ascent not earlier than the athlete left the place of landing, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.

History

Ancient history

High jumps owe their origin not so much athletics how much gymnastics. In German gymnastic societies, athletes included in the program of their performances along with such apparatus as rings, parallel bars, horse, crossbar, and high jumps. And then they jumped from a straight run with two feet forward.

19th century

Roll

This method preceded the "flip" [ ]. It differs from the cross-over in that the athlete, running obliquely to the bar line from the side of the pushing leg, pushes off with the leg closest to the bar and lands on the pushing leg. The method makes it possible to bring the center of mass of the body closer to the bar, but does not ensure its position below the bar, like a "throw-over" or "fosbury-flop".

Crossover

This method, somewhat similar to jumping on a horse, made it possible for the first time to ensure the position of the center of mass of the jumper below the bar [ ]. When jumping in this way, the athlete runs up in the same way as during the "roll-over", pushes off with the leg closest to the bar and lands on the swinging leg. When passing through the bar, successively with a swinging leg, and then with a jogging leg, with bent position body and a deep "dive" head down over the bar, the center of mass of the body passes below the bar, which gives an advantage over the step over at the level of results of about 200 cm not less than 45 centimeters. The author of this method is the Vladimir athlete - Boris Nikolaevich Vzorov [ ]. In 1941, the American Leo Steers conquered a new world record of 2.11 m with this style. The first Soviet world record holder in high jumping, Yuri Stepanov, jumped with this style, who took 2.16 m in 1957. Valery Brumel became the star of jumping and world sports. six times breaking world records up to 2.28 m.Brummel was distinguished by an almost perfect jump technique, he was one of the first jumpers to move the thigh of the jogging leg off the bar, he began to land on his side and back, which required an increase in the layer of sand or sawdust in the landing pit, and then using a rubber and foam sponge. With a height of only 185.5 cm, Brumel jumped 42.5 cm higher than his own height.

The last world record holder already in the era of the next style (1978) was Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR), jumping 2.35 m.

Fosbury flop

When jumping in this way, the athlete runs obliquely along a wide arc from the side of the swing leg (as in "stepping over") so that in the process of pushing off, create a torque to turn the body with his back to the bar. During the push-off with the jogging leg farthest from the bar, the pelvis unfolds, and, taking off upward, the athlete turns his back to the bar, sequentially transferring body parts through the bar, which is an indisputable biomechanical advantage. When performing the correct transition of the plank, the shoulders drop behind the plank on one side, and the legs are held on the other, which achieves the position of the center of mass of the body below the plank. When the pelvis also passes over the bar, hip joints bend quickly and legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs straight. The athlete's center of mass passes under the bar as the body passes over the bar.

This method was invented by an American athlete named Dick (Richard) Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury, using a new method, won the Olympic gold medal, establishing a new olympic record(2.24 meters).

In the USSR, he was unpopular for a long time, including due to the fact that there were not enough foam rubber mats for landing. Jumping into the sand using the fosbury flop (or fosbury flop) method was extremely traumatic. The first athlete from the USSR to use the Fosbury flop was Kestutis Shapka. He slightly modified the attack of the bar by throwing the hand closest to the bar up. Almost all modern high jumpers, including world record holder Javier Sotomayor (2.45), use the Fosbury flop style.

Modern history

High jumps are also very popular with women. They have been part of the program of the Olympic Games since 1928 and the program of the World and European Championships from the very beginning. The first woman to cross the 2-meter mark was Rosemarie Ackerman ().

At the 2013 World Championships in Moscow, the Ukrainian athlete Bogdan Bondarenko won with a jump height of 2 m 41 cm, and made an attempt to set a new world record at a height of 2 m 46 cm, but he did not submit to this height.

Famous athletes

Records

	Record	Height	Athlete (s)	Country	the date	A place
Men	World	245 cm	Javier Sotomayor	Cuba Cuba	July 27, 1993	Salamanca, Spain
	World (indoor)	243 cm	Javier Sotomayor	Cuba

High jump Performed by Natalya Kuznetsova Pupil 10 "a" class

Definition The high jump with a running start is an athletics discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for take-off, take-off, transition over the bar and landing. Requires athletes to jump and coordinate movements. Held in the summer and winter seasons. It is an Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.

History Ancient history The so-called royal jump over several horses standing next to each other was popular among the ancient Germans. And among some tribes inhabiting Central Africa, from ancient times to this day, the main event of folk festivals is the high jump competition. At the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, the Olympians ran, threw a disc, jumped in length, wrestled, competed in chariots, held fistfights, but never jumped high in all 293 Olympiads. The first mention of sporting events the high jump dates back to the 19th century. High jumps owe their origin not so much to athletics as to gymnastics. In German gymnastic societies, athletes included in the program of their performances along with such apparatus as rings, parallel bars, horse, crossbar, and high jumps. And then they jumped from a straight run with two feet forward. Scissors' Golden Jump Ethel Caterwood, Amsterdam 1928 XIX century The chronicles of the XIX century mention the name of the jumper Karl Müller from Berlin. According to eyewitnesses, he was a strong, agile man and easily jumped over heights that reached his chin. But no one measured how high Karl Müller's chin was. High jumping spread rapidly throughout Europe. Especially a lot of their fans turned out to be in England. And there, at first official competitions in 1864, winner Robert Meich jumped 1 m 67.4 cm. However, another result is considered the first world record. A medical student from London Robert Gooch in 1859 overcame the bar at a height of 1 m 70 cm. But the point here is not even the height, but the way in which Robert jumped. Unlike other athletes, he did not take a run at a right angle to the bar, but under a sharp one, from the side, and in the air his legs moved like scissors. Already at the games of the first Olympiad in 1896, high jump medals were played. Further history This discipline allows us to distinguish three periods associated with three styles of jumping.

Jumping (scissors) It is the simplest and most accessible of all high jump methods. It does not require expensive equipment, special foam rubber mats, since the jumper lands on his feet (primarily the swing one), and can jump into a pit with sand. When performing a jump, the run is carried out obliquely to the line of the bar from the side of the swing leg, repulsion is made by the leg farthest from the bar. The swing is performed closest to the bar, at first almost straight to increase the swing moment, then the swing leg bends slightly at the knee, the body leans forward to lower the position of the center of mass of the body, the swing leg drops sharply behind the bar, and the jogging leg at this time moves up and is carried over the bar with a turned foot outside, the body bends slightly towards the bar. The jumper lands on the swing leg. This method, known since the middle of the 19th century and familiar to modern schoolchildren, was used by athletes until about 1937 and brought the world record to 2.09 m. Balash, who brought her result to 191 cm. The difference between the "wave" is that the direction of the run is almost perpendicular to the line of the plank.

Roll-over This method preceded the “roll-over” Pattern: Yes AI. It differs from the cross-over in that the athlete, running obliquely to the bar line from the side of the pushing leg, pushes off with the leg closest to the bar and lands on the pushing leg. The method makes it possible to bring the center of mass of the body closer to the bar, but does not ensure its position below the bar, like a "throw-over" or "fosbury-flop".

Crossover This method, somewhat similar to jumping on a horse, for the first time made it possible to ensure the position of the center of mass of the jumper below the bar. When jumping in this way, the athlete runs up in the same way as during the "roll-over", pushes off with the leg closest to the bar and lands on the swinging leg. When crossing the bar, sequentially swinging and then jerking leg, with a bent body position and a deep "dive" head downward behind the bar, the center of mass of the body passes below the bar, which gives an advantage over stepping at a level of about 200 cm at least 45 centimeters. The author of this method is the Vladimir athlete - Boris Nikolaevich Vzorov. In 1941, the American Leo Steers conquered a new world record of 2.11 m with this style. The first Soviet world record holder in high jumping, Yuri Stepanov, jumped with this style, who took 2.16 m in 1957. Valery Brumel became the star of jumping and world sports. six times breaking world records up to 2.28 m.Brummel was distinguished by an almost perfect jump technique, he was one of the first jumpers to move the thigh of the jogging leg off the bar, he began to land on his side and back, which required an increase in the layer of sand or sawdust in the landing pit, and then using a rubber and foam sponge. With a height of only 185.5 cm, Brumel jumped 42.5 cm higher than his own height. The last world record holder already in the era of the next style (1978) was Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR), jumping 2.35 m.

Fosbury flop When jumping in this way, the athlete runs obliquely in a wide arc from the side of the swinging leg (as in "overstepping") so that during the repulsion process, create a torque to turn the body with his back to the bar. During the push-off with the jogging leg farthest from the bar, the pelvis unfolds, and, taking off upward, the athlete turns his back to the bar, sequentially transferring body parts through the bar, which is an indisputable biomechanical advantage. When performing the correct transition of the bar, the shoulders drop behind the bar on one side, and the legs are held on the other, which achieves the position of the center of mass of the body below the bar. When the pelvis also passes over the plank, the hip joints quickly flex and the legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs straight. The athlete's center of mass passes under the bar as the body passes over the bar. This method was invented by an American athlete named Dick (Richard) Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury, using a new method, won the Olympic gold medal, setting a new Olympic record (2.24 meters). In the USSR, he was unpopular for a long time, including due to the fact that there were not enough foam rubber mats for landing. Jumping into the sand using the fosbury flop (or fosbury flop) method was extremely traumatic. The first athlete from the USSR to use the Fosbury flop was Kestutis Shapka. He slightly modified the attack of the bar by throwing the hand closest to the bar up. Almost all modern high jumpers, including world record holder Javier Sotomayor (2.45), use the fosbury flop style.

Famous athletes Men: Ray Yuri (USA) Charles Dumas [en] (USA) John Thomas (USA) Valery Brumel (USSR) Dick Fosbury (USA) Yuri Tarmak (USSR) Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR) Zhu Jianhua (PRC) Rudolf Povarnitsyn ( USSR) Igor Paklin (USSR) Patrick Schoberg (Sweden) Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) Stefan Holm (Sweden) Vyacheslav Voronin (Russia) Sergey Klyugin (Russia) Andrey Silnov (Russia) Yaroslav Rybakov (Russia) Ivan Ukhov (Russia) Bogdan Bondarenko ( Ukraine) Women: Fanny Blankers-Cohen (Netherlands) Yolanda Balash (Romania) Rosemary Ackermann (GDR) Sara Simeoni (Italy) Tamara Bykova (USSR) Blanka Vlasic (Croatia) Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria) Kaisa Bergkvist (Sweden) Elena Slesarenko (Russia) ) Anna Chicherova (Russia)