Pets are horses. Kids presentations about animals

Plan:

1 General
2 Origin and history of domestication
3 Spreading
4 Description
- 4.1 Habitat
- 4.2 Nutrition
- 4.3 Reproduction and development
- 4.4 Horse physiology
- 4.5 Character, temperament
- 4.6 Relationships with other animals
- 4.7 Horse breeds
5 Use
- 5.1 Eating horses
- 5.2 Horses in war
- 5.3 Equestrian sport
- 5.4 Exhibitions and shows
6 Horse maintenance
7 Horses in culture
8 Horses in Bashkir mythology

Introduction

Domestic horse(lat. Equus ferus caballus) - an animal of the equid family, domesticated and the only surviving subspecies wild horse (Equus ferus), extinct in the wild, with the exception of a small population of Przewalski's horse. It is widely used by humans up to the present time.

1. General information

Horses (Equus) in the broadest sense of the word are the only living genus of the equidae family (Equidae s. Solidungula), the order of equids (Perissodactyla). As the second name of the family shows, the most characteristic feature it consists of legs with only one fully developed and hoofed toe. The skull is elongated and distinguished by a relatively long facial part. For a long time, horses were among the economically most important domestic animals for humans, but their importance declined with the development of mechanization. A male horse is called a stallion. The female is a mare. A neutered stallion is called a gelding. A baby horse is a foal.

A horse is an inhabitant of large, open spaces of the steppes or prairies, fleeing in case of danger.

The science of horses is called hippology.

2. Origin and history of domestication

Horse skeleton.

Ancestor domestic horse it is not the Przewalski's horse, as was previously thought, but an extinct species of wild horse - the tarpan.

It is assumed that the horse was first domesticated by ancient people in the Southern Cis-Urals at the sites of Mullino and Davlekanovo (territory of Bashkortostan). The most ancient remains of a horse were found there, which date back to the 7th-6th millennium BC. NS. In the steppes of Eurasia, horses were domesticated many thousands of years before they came to the south, in the territory of the spread of the most ancient Middle Eastern civilizations. Before the excavations in Mullino, it was assumed that the oldest horse was domesticated in the steppes of Ukraine.

Horse in the Kazakh steppe.

Horses have been studied with particular completeness on fossil remains in the Tertiary deposits of America. During this period, America was inhabited by a variety of horse-like mammals, but they all became extinct before the discovery of America by Europeans. The original, not yet found ancestors of the horse, according to Marsh, had 5 toes on the front and hind legs. The earliest known progenitor of the horse, Eohippus from the Lower Eocene, was the size of a fox and had 4 well-developed toes and an anlage of 5 on the front legs, and 3 on the hind legs. and 3 on the back. In the Upper Eocene, Epihippus is found with the same legs, but different in teeth. At the border of the Miocene, Mesohippus was found, the size of a sheep, with 3 developed and 1 rudimentary toes on the front and 3 on the hind legs, slightly higher than Miohippus, or Anchitherium, in which the slate bone of the 5th, or outer, toe was reduced to a short rudiment. In the Pliocene, Protohippus, or Hipparion abounded, the size of a donkey, with 3 toes on the front and hind legs, and even higher, in the Pliocene, a close relative appears modern horse, the genus Pliohippus with 1 developed toe, and even higher - real horses (Equus), the size of modern ones, which end this series.

Fossil remains of forms considered to be the ancestors of the horse or belonging to lateral branches close to them (as some researchers consider the hipparion) are also known in other parts of the world.

Quite often, domestic horses have deviations that bring them closer to the wild representatives of the family. Most often, these deviations, considered as atavism (that is, a return to the characteristics of ancestors), relate to the color of the coat; this includes, for example, the appearance in horses of a light coat of a dark stripe along the back, sometimes with several stripes on the shoulders. Some consider it an atavistic phenomenon and the suit in apples, considering specks as remnants of striping. Occasionally there are sharper and more striking cases of atavism - namely, polydictalism, that is, the appearance of 1 or more extra fingers; according to Marsh, the most common is the 2nd (inner) toe with fully developed metacarpal or metatarsal bones, fully developed toe joints and a hoof, which, however, rarely touches the ground. In the case of the development of 2 extra toes on the sides of the middle leg, it becomes similar to the leg of a hipparion.

3. Distribution

As far as is known, in some regions the horse is found in the wild. Domesticated are distributed throughout all countries in a variety of breeds, very different in size, constitution, head shape, color, etc., and in some places have run wild. In Europe, wild or feral horses - tarpans - were found in the first half of the last century. Przhevalsky also met feral horses in the Gan-su province.

Horse in the Voronezh region

Remarkable is the ease with which horses, left to themselves, under any favorable conditions return to a wild state and begin to lead a lifestyle that is no different from the lifestyle of wild representatives of the family. Feral horses of the pampas South America called cimarrons. In Paraguay, feral horses do not live, it is believed, because of one fly laying eggs in the unhealed navel of newborn foals, from which the latter die; domestic ones live in a semi-wild state (mustangs), in large herds, consisting of small groups (1 stallion and 12-18 mares). Wild horses inhabit further north of Llanos. The same was observed in smaller sizes in Mexico and the Falkland Islands (here horses were shredded under the influence of a more severe climate).

4. Description

Horses on Mount Bianditz, Spain

The horse's head is elongated, dry, with large lively eyes, wide nostrils and large or medium-sized pointed and very mobile ears. The domestic horse has ears of moderate size (much less than half of the head), the mane is long, drooping, the neck is long, muscular, the body is rounded, the tail is covered with long hair from the base; the color (suit) is extremely different: black, brown, red, roan, white, gray, often with white spots on the head and legs; as an exception, there are stripes on the shoulders, back and legs. Legs are high, of moderate thickness, slender; the first and fifth toes are absent at all, from 2 and 4 there are only rudiments (rudiments) in the form of rod-shaped bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus (so-called slate), adjacent to the thick metacarpal or metatarsal bone of a highly developed middle finger; the hoof covers only the end of the middle finger (therefore, the entire weight of the body rests on them); on inside of the wrists and heels there are corneous thickenings, bumps (horny places are also behind the junction of the finger with the overlying parts). The stomach is simple, there is no gallbladder, the cecum is highly developed. The testicles are enclosed in the scrotum. The uterus is two-horned, the afterbirth is diffuse. The brain is relatively small, and the cerebral hemispheres (covered with convolutions) do not cover the cerebellum. Mental abilities, however, are rather highly developed.

Of the senses, hearing is best developed, then sight and, finally, smell. Wild animals related to this live in herds, usually small, of several females under the leadership of a male, mainly in the steppe areas, are distinguished by great speed and caution.

The horse has hair of various lengths on its body: short, thick - integumentary (wool), long hair, bangs, manes and tail - protective and long sparse hair near the lips, nostrils and eyes - tactile. The color of this hair is determined by the suit. By old age, horses, like people, turn gray. The intensity of the hair color also changes by the seasons: in winter it is lighter, in summer it is darker.

The horse reaches an average age of 25-30 years, among some pony breeds there are animals that live up to 40 years. The most reliably known record for longevity among horses is 62 years. This is how long the horse named Old Billy lived. He was born in 1760 in Lancashire of a Cleveland bay mare and stallion of Eastern descent. Until 1819 he towed barges, then he was transferred to a farm in Lachford, where he fell on November 27, 1822. Old Billy's skull is kept in the Manchester Museum.

Horse shire breed

The growth of horses depends on the breed, nutrition and grooming habits. The better the nutrition and care, the larger the horses become. In the total mass, domestic horses have a height of 150 to 175 cm, ponies from 120 to 150 cm.However, in different countries ponies include horses with different heights at the withers. For example, in the United States, a pony is any horse whose height at the withers is less than 142 cm.In Great Britain, some pony breeds have a height at the withers of up to 152 cm. British heavy trucks Shire breed. Their height ranges from 175 to 190 cm. The heaviest was the Belgian heavy draft stallion Brooklyn Suprim, born in 1928. With a height of 198 cm, he weighed 1440 kg.

The smallest are Falabella horses bred in Argentina, whose representatives grow up to 70-76 cm. The smallest among them is the stallion Little Pumpkin (Pumpkin). His height was 35.5 cm, and his weight was 9.07 kg.

The average weight of a pony is 100-200 kg. Large riding and easy-harness horses weigh an average of 400-600 kg. Heavy draft breeds reach a weight of 700-900 kg. The heaviest horses are shires - over 1400 kg

4.1. Habitat

Horses of steppe breeds graze all year round in the steppe and only in rare cases are fed with hay. Severe winters, snowstorms, and especially ice-covered ice, which are not uncommon in the steppes, greatly interfere with horses getting food from under the snow. Under such conditions, animals by the end of winter turn into real skeletons, and many of them, especially young ones, die. During the summer, they again feed their bodies, and often even the queens look fat.

4.2. Nutrition

The horse is classified as a herbivore. In the pasture, she eats from 25 to 100 kg of grass per day. Depending on age and body weight, a horse drinks an average of 30-60 liters of water per day in summer and 20-25 liters in winter. To feed a horse, you need 4-5 acres of land, about 2 hectares.

Horse feed consists mainly of oats and hay, although the latter is sometimes replaced by straw. Many times they tried to replace oats with some other grain feed, but all such attempts were unsuccessful. Only in Italy, Spain and Portugal, especially in the East, is barley as almost exclusive as oats for horse feed.

4.3. Reproduction and development

Pregnancy in horses lasts approximately 335-340 days (11 months). Usually a mare gives birth to one, rarely two foals. Foals are usually born 2-7 days later than filly. The foal is born sighted and after a few minutes can stand and walk; he sucks for 4-6 months, during which his milk teeth appear, from the milk incisors the middle pair erupts 8-14 days after birth, following another 2-3 weeks later; 5-6 months after birth, the outer ones erupt. The middle incisors are replaced by about 2 ½ years, the next about 3 ½, the extreme about 4 ½, along with them the canines erupt; further, the age is determined by the pits on the incisors, in lower jaw, on the inner pair of incisors, they wear off at the age of 5-6 years, on the middle at 7 years, on the outside at 8; then, in the same sequence, the pits on the incisors of the upper jaw are erased, and from 11-12 years old, when the pits disappear on all incisors, the age is determined with difficulty. A horse at 3 years old becomes capable of breeding.

4.4. Horse physiology

Horse Anatomy from a Medieval Egyptian Manuscript of the 15th Century

The body temperature of a healthy horse is between 37.5 and 38.5 ° C. The skeleton contains about 212 bones (according to various sources, from 205 to 252). The clavicle bones are missing, allowing the horse to have a large forelimb grip. The lung capacity of a horse can reach 50 liters. At rest, the horse breathes about 8-16 times per minute. During a fast jump or other exercise, the respiratory rate increases by 5-7 times. A horse's heart weighs on average 4-5 kg, in some individuals up to 8 kg. At rest, the horse's heart rate is 30-40 beats per minute. During a brisk jump, the frequency of beats increases to 120-130 per minute, while up to 150 liters of blood passes through the heart.

The dental system consists of 3/3 incisors, 1/1 canines (may be absent), 6/6 or 7/7 molars; incisors with a smooth chewing surface, on which a transverse-oval fossa; the canines are small and blunt-conical; molars are long, tetrahedral, prismatic with 4 convoluted enamel folds on the chewing surface; the upper ones, in addition, with an additional inner column of enamel substance.

Mares sometimes have canines. Dnjhst premolars - "tops" - not all horses have. They discourage the use of iron to steer the horse, as their contact with the bit causes severe pain. There is a practice of surgical removal of tops.

4.5. Character, temperament

Social behavior

Horses' temperament is determined by the type of higher nervous activity (HNI). In horses, the type of GNI is congenital and does not change with age. There are four of them:

strong balanced agile(corresponds to the sanguine);
strong balanced inert(phlegmatic person);
strong unbalanced(choleric);
weak(corresponds to the melancholic).

The types of GNI do not depend on the suit, but are the result of inherited (genotypic) and individually acquired (phenotypic) traits.

Horse's GNI type, condition nervous system, the constitution determines her working qualities and the ability to obey man. Better when the horse is calm, even phlegmatic, than hot, unrestrained. If the character of the horse can change depending on the conditions of detention, on which hands it will fall into, as well as with age, then the type of IRR remains unchanged.

4.6. Relationships with other animals

In a rural backyard, horses spend the winter together with cows and sheep, separated only by light wooden partitions. In the meadow, they also graze peacefully nearby, because they need different types grasses: horses prefer succulent, and goats and sheep prefer thorny. They also eat grass at different heights.

Sometimes the horses in the stable are attacked by a weasel that loves horse sweat. She tickles the horses, bringing them to exhaustion, so that they are covered with foam, and the manes and tails become tangled. To save the horses from this misfortune, they resort to the proven cunning of the cavalrymen - they keep a goat in the stable, the smell of which the weasel does not like. Stable cat eliminates rodents that spoil horse feed and carry infections; there are no rustles emitted by rodents that frighten horses, there is no unpleasant, specific smell.

Dogs have long been known as good helpers in horse protection. There is a special need for them in South and Central America - at night people and pets, including horses, are attacked by vampires. They bite the victim and drink blood from the wounds, and can also infect with rabies and a number of other dangerous diseases. Dogs, thanks to their ability to detect ultrasounds emitted by these bats, even in a dream, drive them away in time.

Horse hunting is an example of a commonwealth of pets. A well-trained horse on a hunt is not only a means of transportation, it, at the first signal of the rider (and sometimes itself), rushes after the dogs after the beast. The trained animals work harmoniously. In Central Asia, "hunting from the saddle" is still widespread: a hunter takes a dog with him on a horse so as not to get tired. From the height of its position, the dog surveys the surroundings, and upon seeing its prey, it jumps off and pursues it.

Dogs and ukryuchny (shepherd's) horses work together, guarding livestock. Horses are pre-trained by developing their innate abilities. Unquestioningly obeying the commands of the shepherds and herders, the animals are controlled with a flock of sheep or a herd of horses. Border guards, geologists, travelers use horses and dogs in tandem. The friendly relationship is explained by the fact that these animals belong to different consumer poles: carnivores and herbivores. In addition, their behavior is largely determined by a person, driving certain instincts into their framework and creating a calm, benevolent atmosphere. Although isolated incidents cannot be avoided - the horse can kick the annoying dog. But the dog learns the lesson and does not climb to the horse anymore. There are conflicts with artiodactyls: for example, with bulls in cowboy sports - rodeos, and in everyday life - with ordinary cows.

A horse is a very peaceful creature, but it knows how to stand up for itself. When faced with a predator, the horse uses its hooves and teeth. Especially boldly mowing (herd) stallions rush at opponents. In the arsenal of self-defense - the rage and courage of mowing stallions rushing at predators, the “square” stance in the herd, when adult animals knock foals into a heap in the center of the circle, and they themselves stand tightly to each other with their hind legs out. But more often horses are trying to just get away from danger. Their natural ability to run quickly helps them out. And so many horses saved their riders in this way.

The horse can be trained to work in the same room with tigers, bears, lions. It is not difficult to teach the horse to understand and execute commands such as "Take!", "Step!", "Trot!", "Gallop!", "Stop!" ...

4.7. Horse breeds

Horse and pony

Structurally, the horse world consists of breeds, breed groups and cross-breeds - the latter are often simply called mongrel.

Horse breeds are very diverse and plentiful. There are also several types of horses for their intended purpose. For leisure use "hobby-class" walking horses. For tourism, horse riding - sport horses, for racetrack trials - racing and trotting. In Russia, they include a fifth of the 2 millionth horse population. Working horses in Russia are about 1.5 million, although the demand for them is three to four times higher.

Due to perestroika, the collapse of the USSR and economic devastation, all stud farms, in which pedigree horses are raised, fell into decay, and in most villages there were no work horses left either. Today, not only many local (aboriginal) breeds are on the verge of extinction - Kuznetsk, Narym, Pechora, Mezenskaya, Prosecutions, Vyatskaya, but also such famous factory breeds as the Vladimir and Soviet heavy trucks (each of them has less than 200 purebred mares) , riding - Terek (just over a hundred mares) and Kabardian (fifty purebred mares). Not better times is experiencing the pride of Russia - the Oryol trotting breed, which in 2001 turned 225 years old.

In 1993, there were 427 horse breeds worldwide. In the former USSR, about a seventh of them were bred, and now in Russia there are only three dozen domestic breeds, including the Budenovskaya, Russian horse. Several world-famous - Yakut, thoroughbred horse, Arabian, Akhal-Teke, Trakehner, Hanoverian, American trotting, Percheron, Shetland pony, single specimens of such breeds as Oldenburg, Bavarian, French horse, Tennessee, Quaterhorse, Andalusian. Only 18% of the horses are used for breeding.

5. Usage

Horse and pony

Endurance, speed of movement and a high ability for useful performance make the horse a versatile work animal and make it possible to use it in agriculture and other industries, as well as in military affairs and for sports purposes. When choosing manpower, the priority is still given to the horse. Only in some cases, when a particularly smooth and even ride is required, for example, in machine work or when transporting packs through mountainous places or deserts, a horse, due to its lively temperament, gives way to a more phlegmatic mule and ox and a less demanding camel.

Despite mechanization and automation, workhorses are still needed for transporting small-sized loads, plowing gardens and inconveniences, harvesting hay in hard-to-reach places, in small forest clearings, when removing hay, moving along mountain paths, grazing animals. They are necessary for veterinarians, foresters and other specialists, especially in taiga and mountainous regions.

The diverse needs of people throughout the history of their communication with the horse have caused the need to create and shape highly specialized horse breeds in accordance with the requirements of the time. Hence such a variety of domestic horses - fast-paced, dry riding horses were needed in the cavalry. Heavy-duty and heavy-duty breeds were dragged and transported heavy loads... Lightweight, trotting horses were suitable for light carriages and carriages for transporting people. Large, stately and slower riding horses were suitable for a heavy rider (for example, a knight clad in armor), and they were also suitable for a colorful military parade on the square, where the rider, first of all, needs to "show" himself. Smaller and uglier horses with many "flaws" in the exterior, but much more hardy and tolerant of scarce food, horses of mountainous and steppe regions were suitable for long roaming and could carry heavy packs. Mountain horses also easily passed along with the rider and packs along narrow mountain paths, fearlessly jumping over the abyss.

People tried to breed and accustom horses to a variety of, sometimes even too specific, needs. For example, in Iceland, the existing ancient breed of Icelandic horses - small, shaggy animals - locals from time immemorial used in the fields. However, so that these horses do not trample the furrow they have just made, people taught horses to walk with a special gait, in Icelandic, calf, when the horse alternately puts the right front, then the right back, left front and left back legs... While one leg is raised, the other three are on the ground. Thus, Icelandic horses began to simply "step over" the furrows, and people consolidated this skill in subsequent generations. Today Icelanders can be proud of their horses. They are still small (about 130 cm) and ugly, but strong and hardy so that they can safely carry an adult man on their backs, and with the famous tolom they can reach speeds of up to 20 km / h without any special adaptations and coercion.

The need for a light harness horse, running at a confident trot or amble and thus convenient for transporting people in carriages, not only led to the fact that such horses were bred in some countries, but also gave the development of such a powerful world industry today as trotters and pacers. ... The desire to get a riding horse as swift as possible at a gallop led to the appearance of the first races, and subsequently the necessary breed was bred at these races - the fastest thoroughbred riding horses today. The racing trials also bore fruit - the horses that have passed the races in several generations have become larger in stature, more harmonious and more enduring.

People in the past used horses for recreation for horse hunting, walks, knightly tournaments, horse racing.

The last "requirement" of a person to a horse - ultra-short stature - is just a tribute to fashion. The famous Falabella ponies, the size of a medium-sized dog, were bred in the 1950s in Argentina as an experiment, and now these mini-horses have become popular in all parts of the world and are very expensive. They are unsuitable even for a very small child - it's hard. But they can be kept in a city apartment and walked like dogs.

Horse riding is good for your health. This was noted by Plato (427-347 BC) and Pliny the Elder (23-79 BC). Horseback riding is good for the stomach and joints, improves posture and respiratory function, and reduces the risk of hypertension and myocardial infarction. Healing horse riding is called riding therapy (from English ride - horseback riding), or hippotherapy (from Greek hippos - horse). In addition, horseback riding has a good effect on the condition of the vestibular apparatus and gives the body the necessary physical activity... For people with disabilities, horseback riding brings joy of movement, which for the most part they are deprived of.

Equestrian business (horse breeding and horse breeding) are developed in a number of countries in Asia, Europe, South and North America.

5.1. Eating horses

Stewed horse meat

Horses are also valuable as productive animals. In Russia, productive horse breeding accounts for 7% of all horse breeding, supplying valuable dietary meat. In Western culture, the horse is eaten only as food for domestic animals (especially for dogs), although some peoples consume horse meat and milk as food. Kumis made from mare's milk is considered a healing drink (it has a tonic and therapeutic effect, heals those suffering from diseases of the lungs and stomach). Recently, mare's milk has been used to feed infants. Not every mare can give the required composition and quantity of milk to make an excellent koumiss. In Russia, Yakut, Bashkir and Mongolian horses are used for these purposes.

The production of horse meat (horse meat) exists today mainly in the republics of the Caucasus, Yakutia and Central Asia. Horse meat is added to many varieties of smoked sausages. In Italy, France, Belgium, Japan and Yakutia, horse meat is considered an important food product due to its special chemical composition. Horse meat helps the liver to recover from jaundice, horse fat is used for frostbite and colds.

Thanks to horses, people receive valuable raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, including for the production of anti-diphtheria serum.

5.2. Horses at war

Equestrian policeman in Poland

They began to use horses in battles back in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. NS. In the X century BC. NS. the first horsemen appeared there. Since then, horses for military purposes (for transport or for battle) were used by all, without exception, the peoples who inhabited the areas where the horses lived. Horses have become state property: if there are no good horses, there will be no victories in the war. Therefore, caring for a horse at all times was paramount for every warrior. People developed horses, constantly improving all the qualities of a riding horse, both internal and external.

The importance of the horse as a pack and draft animal remained until the early 1950s. XX century huge. By the beginning of World War II, the artillery of the infantry divisions of all the belligerent countries was horse-drawn. In 1941, the only cavalry division of the Wehrmacht at that time, being part of Guderian's tank group, advanced through the rugged terrain of the Pripyat swamps.

The horse is able to move over almost any terrain, unlike cars. Therefore, it is often used in mountain-ranger units as a beast of burden.

Nowadays, horses are used by the police in most developed countries where any other form of transport is useless.

In Russia, units of the mounted militia are used for patrolling, as well as for guarding mass events... Counts [ by whom?] that the sight of militiamen towering over the crowd, astride strong animals, has an overwhelming, restraining effect on the crowd.

5.3. Horseback Riding

As of 2002, there is an equestrian boom on the planet. Equestrian sport has developed into a developed industry. Classic equestrian sports - dressage (riding school, Dressage), show jumping (overcoming obstacles, Show Jumping) and triathlon (Millitary, Three day event). Other disciplines include horseback riding, speed or distance races, sledding competitions (doubles or foursomes, driving).

To improve the course, develop agility among the trotters, they always held competitions, or tests, as the horsemen say. They competed at the beginning one by one, with the "arcing" horses under the riders (the arcing horse galloped next to the trotter's arc to encourage him to run more recklessly - by her presence she brought in the spirit of competition). Subsequently, hippodromes appeared with special tracks in the form of parallel straight lines, along which two or three horses were running at the same time. Later, even more horses began to participate in the race and they ran in an elliptical circle.

In Moscow, one of the stages of the World Cup and the Mayor's Cup in dressage and show jumping with prize fund 200 thousand dollars. At these competitions, you can see the best horsemen on the planet, such as multiple champions world Willy Melliger from Switzerland and Franke Slootaak from Germany, Olympic champion Dutchman Yero Dubbeldam and others.

Children's equestrian sports are widely developed in the world.

5.4. Exhibitions and Shows

Horse shows are very popular in the USA. They collect up to 10-15 thousand horses at a time and are held at such festive events as the World Equestrian Shows or the Rodeo Western Rydern festivals.

6. Horse maintenance

7. Horses in culture

Alexander the Great on Bucephalus (sarcophagus from Sidon)

Arabian horses on Iraqi dinars, 1981

Flag of the Sivinsky District of the Perm Territory

Eastern khans, owners of purebred horses - bowlers - did not sell their horses, but only gave them to distinguished guests and friends. A thoroughbred horse is currently a very valuable gift. The value of outstanding purebred horses can exceed millions and tens of millions of dollars. The horse market is called horse auctions.

In many countries, horses are not only a luxury item, but a tradition. Spectacular cavalry parades and carriage rides remain required attribute national celebrations in many countries (for example, in Great Britain, which gave the world many breeds). In the East, the horse is still often the subject of a special cult. In the 4th-3rd millennia BC. NS. the cult of these animals was widespread in many countries.

In Russia there are monuments to horses: the Orlov trotters Kvadrat, Ulov, Cyprus, the Akhal-Teke Absent (the winner of the Grand Prix in dressage at Olympic Games in 1960 in Rome), Budyonnovsky stallion Symbol, Russian heavy draft horse Coquettish, thoroughbred riding Anilin - three-time winner of the European Cup.

Equestrianism is an integral part of human culture. Many signs, myths, legends and fairy tales, folk songs, poetry, painting, sculpture, cinema are associated with them. It is fashionable to acquire your own family horses. But for now, most Russian children get to know horses at the zoo and circus (just like their peers in other countries, they adore very small horses - in Russia, as a rule, these are Shetland ponies).

Horses are considered noble animals.

Heraldic horse

In heraldry, a horse combines the symbolic qualities of several animals: the courage of a lion, the sight of an eagle, willpower, the quickness of a deer, the dexterity of a fox, in the coat of arms it is always presented in profile. This emblem is attached to different provisions the following names: the horse is called wild(fr. gai), if she is without a bridle; bridled(fr. bride), saddled(fr. selle), covered with armor(fr. barde), blanket(fr. caparaconne); and it is exactly what color the decoration, harness or cover of the horse is. The horse is supposed angry, mad(fr. effare, cabre) when reared up, and only playing(fr. anime) when the color of the eyes is different from the color of the whole body.

Horse harness was assigned not only an economic role, but also a magical one. In the nauz, hung on a belt or cord under the horse's neck, amulets, pieces of paper with conspiracies were kept.

8. Horses in Bashkir mythology

According to ancient Bashkir mythological ideas, horses came to people from the lake, which is still called "Yylkysykkankul" ("the lake from which the horses came out"). This lake is located three kilometers from the Shulgan-tash cave (Kapova cave), in which a rock drawing of a horse of the late Paleolithic is preserved.

For the ancient Bashkirs, the cult of the horse was so closely associated with water that even the first horse bore the name Akbuzat - "ice horse". According to the epic "Akbuzat", it was received by Hauben as a gift from the daughter of the padishah-water element. Akbuzat went up to Hauben and to all the Bashkirs from under the water, from the bottom of the lake and brought herds of horses with him.

In Bashkir mythology, the horse is endowed with the gift of human speech, the ability to reincarnate. In critical situations, she can take the form of a sacred family tree, the branches of which lift the hero up and save him from his pursuers. On the territory of Bashkortostan, in the Beloretsk region, a stone statue, called a "stone foal" or "summer stone", has been preserved. It was revered as sacred, it was worshiped and offered sacrifices; believed that it could be used to cause or stop rain. The horse was the protector of people from evil, disease and misfortune. It was believed that the horse's eye is endowed with the supernatural ability to see hidden from a person. As a talisman over the hives, on the stakes of the fences and on the gates, a horse's skull was installed. Magic power was transmitted to ropes twisted from horse hair or skin, they were taken with them on the road, laid next to them during sleep as a talisman against snakes.

Notes (edit)

Matyushin G.N. Archaeological Dictionary. - M .: Education: JSC "Textbook. lit. ", 1996. - 304 p .: ill. ISBN 5-09-004958-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Livanova T.K., Livanova M.A., All about the horse. - M .: AST-PRESS SKD, 2002 .-- 384 p .: ill. - (Series "1000 Tips")
In France alone, the annual income from the sweepstakes on the run is enough for a decent salary for all public sector workers.
1 2 Gallyamov S. A. “Great Howe Ben ( Historical roots Bashkordian-English language and mythology) ". - Publishing house" Bashkortostan ": Ufa, 1997, ISBN 5-8258-0098-0.
Yanguzin R.Z., Khisamitdinova F.G. Indigenous peoples of Russia. Bashkirs. - Ufa: Kitap, 2007.S. 264-271.

Literature

Matyushin G.N. Archaeological Dictionary. - M .: Education: JSC "Textbook. lit. ", 1996. - 304 p .: ill. ISBN 5-09-004958-0.
Livanova T.K., Horses. - M .: OOO "AST Publishing House", 2001. - 256 p.
Anthony D., Telegin D. Ya., Brown D., The origin of horse riding // In the world of science, 1992. No. 2.
T. V. Gamkrelidze, V. V. Ivanov, Migration of tribes - carriers of Indo-European dialects - from the original territory of settlement in the Middle East to their historical habitats in Eurasia // Bulletin of ancient history, 1981. No. 2.
N. V. Klyagin, The origin of civilization (socio-philosophical aspect), TsOP of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - M., 1996.
Mircea eliade, Histoire des croyances et des idees religieuses. Tome I. De l'age de la pierre aux mystere d'Eleusis. P .: Payot, 1976 .-- M .: Criterion, 2002.
Gallyamov S.A."Great Howe Ben (Historical roots of the Bashkordian-English language and mythology)." - Publishing house "Bashkortostan": Ufa, 1997, ISBN 5-8258-0098-0.

The message about horses for children can be used in preparation for the lesson. The story about horses can be supplemented with interesting facts.

Horses report

Horses are mammals from the equid-hoofed order. These are some of the first domesticated animals. Male horses are called stallions, female horses are called mares.

Horses are wild and domestic. In the wild, the horse prefers mainly steppe zones as habitat, lives in herds, most often small. And the household lives next to the person, in the stables.

Description of horses

They are usually sturdy animals with a relatively large head and long limbs. The head and body are 200 to 300 centimeters long, the tail is 30 to 60 centimeters long, the height at the shoulders is 100 to 160 centimeters, the weight of adult animals is 175–450 kilograms.

The horse's body is covered with hair, the length and stiffness of which varies depending on the location: the bangs, mane and tail have long and silky hair, while the trunk is protected by shorter and harsher hair. The coloration is gray or brown in most species, and zebras are known for their black and white striped fur. The color of the coat determines the color of the horse; with age, the intensity of the color can change.

Horses have excellent hearing, good eyesight and smell.

The life expectancy of horses is 25-35 years, although there are also long-livers. Facts are known when horses reached the age of 45 and even 60 years.

What do horses eat?

Horses, like other ruminants, feed on grass. Horses have a wonderful appetite. In winter, hay and foods such as oats, corn, barley, bran, flaxseed, apples, carrots, beets, and potatoes must be added to the diet.

Horses meanings

For many centuries the horse has been helping a person. Once upon a time, the horse was the basis of the peasant economy. They were kept for transporting heavy loads, goods, working on agricultural land. There is even such a unit of measurement as "horsepower".

Horses were also used in war as a means of transportation. Now horses are kept for participation in competitions and various sporting events, for medicinal riding or just for pleasure.

In some countries, horses are still used in agriculture, and in some hard-to-reach highland areas they are almost the only means of transport.

We hope the information about the horse has helped you. And you can leave your report about the horse through the comment form.

If you ask different people“Who is a horse?”, Everyone will unconditionally say that it is a large animal with high legs with hooves. Few will add that horses run fast, jump well, love oats and carrots. And on this, perhaps, knowledge about some of the most beautiful and graceful animals will be exhausted. However, the world of horses is fraught with many fascinating and unusual facts that will be interesting for both adults and children. We offer you to find out all the most interesting about horses right now.

Horses are one of the most beautiful and graceful animals, whose world is fraught with many amazing facts.

Everyone knows about horses as a herbivorous farm animal, but unlike cows and goats, the entire physiology and structure of the body of horses is focused on movement. Different gaits, jumps, tricks are possible thanks to a very flexible skeleton, which consists of 205 bones and more than 700 muscles. It is surprising that horses do not have a collarbone, but this is how they achieve good front leg reach for a fast run and a high jump.

Here are some more interesting facts about horses that you didn't know:

horse lungs are capable of pumping up to 115,000 liters of air per day;
horse respiration rate calm state about 16 breaths per minute, while when running, it increases to 114-120 breaths;
horses cannot breathe through their mouths, so if their nose is closed, they will suffocate;
of all pets, horses have the most a big heart... Its average weight is 4-4.5 kg, in racehorses it reaches 8 kg;
no domestic animal sweats as much as a horse. Thin skin, covered with large sweat glands, removes up to 85% of all heat.

Mare and stallion

By the size and dimensions of the body, it is easy to distinguish a stallion from a mare, regardless of their breed.

Sexual dimorphism in horses is well developed, so you can easily figure out where the stallion and the mare are. Visually, a stallion from a mare, regardless of breed, is distinguished by the size and dimensions of the body. Stallions are always larger and more massive, have higher growth and chest girth. The character will also differ: the stallions are bolder, more agreeable and quickly excitable.

The most reliable and unmistakable method of distinguishing horses by sex is by examining the genitals. In the stallion, on the back of the belly, the prepuce is visible (the location of the genital organ and urethra), the testes are located between the hind legs, the anus under the tail. In mares, under the tail there is both an anus and a genital slit (the entrance to the vagina), between the hind legs there are two mammary glands.

Strongest bones and hair

Constant movement is vital for horses, so their bones are able to withstand very heavy loads. Their strength can be compared with granite. However, a broken bone can cost a horse a life. Even at home and with good care, the bones of horses grow together very slowly.

Horses are also leading in hair strength. In ancient times, horse mane and tail hair was used to make bowstrings and strong ropes. Today they serve as material for hard brushes, brushes, lines and can even be used as a bow for a violin.

Broad outlook

Of all mammals, horses have the largest eyes, for example, 9 times larger than those of humans. Thanks to this, they see almost 360 degrees around them. Nature has made sure that during grazing with their heads down, animals can spot an approaching predator in time. However, not everything is so simple here, as there are some "blind" zones. They are found on both sides just behind the tail of the animal and also right in front of the nose. That is why experienced horse breeders teach not to approach the horses from the side: not seeing what is happening, the animal can get scared and strike a possible enemy.

Thanks to their voluminous eyes, horses can see almost 360 degrees around them.

Horses have color vision, but they cannot see the blues and reds.

Ear for music

Horses' ears are very mobile and are able to pick up sounds from different directions for several kilometers. In addition, horses have an ear for music, which is easily demonstrated by participants in equestrian shows, as well as athletes in dressage. Graceful horses change their gaits to music, perform various movements, as if they are dancing. According to research studies, horses like calm and melodic music, while heavy and too loud music makes them anxious.

Hoof shoes

The hoof is a very important part of a horse's body. It takes on the entire weight of the animal and experiences a tremendous impact force while driving. Therefore, the hooves require regular inspection and careful maintenance. For their greater safety and reduction of impacts on a hard surface, back in ancient times, people invented protective "shoes". At first, they were bast shoes woven from dry grass, then they were transformed into the form of modern horseshoes. They vary in size and material, but they always provide a strong lining on the bottom layer of the hoof.

Horse smile

Many have seen horses lift their head up and lift their upper lip. They say that this is how the horses smile. Of course, such an unusual sight makes us smile, but in fact this phenomenon has a scientific explanation and is called Flemen's syndrome. It is shown not only by horses, but also by other domestic animals, for example, goats. Thus, the animals try to catch the scent and better "sniff out" the scent.

With their "smile", called Flemen's syndrome, horses try to smell.

Praise for memory and smell

Many legends and epics tell how horses find their way home, make their way in the dark in dangerous areas without any problems, orientate themselves on the terrain even with their eyes closed. All this is possible thanks to a very strong sense of smell and excellent memory of horses. Hooves and special hairs on the face - vibrissae - play a special role in the sense of smell.

Scientists confirm that in the aggregate of all receptors and senses, the capabilities of horses cannot be compared with any other animal. Horses perfectly remember sounds, situations, numbers, events, they can build a causal relationship between them and even count.

Horses sleep while standing

In nature, horses have a lot of predatory enemies, from which the horses escape with a swift run. Therefore, it is extremely rare for horses to allow themselves to sleep, as they say, lying “without hind legs”. They spend most of the day on their feet and sleep in the same way. The special structure of the limbs allows them to block knee joints, thereby reducing the load on the legs. In this "standing" position, the horses doze for several hours a day.

However, this does not mean that horses do not sleep lying down. Feeling safe and the need for good rest, the animals lie on their side, plunging into sound sleep. In this position, they even dream.

Horse profession

Horses are used in many areas of human activity. But if earlier these animals mainly performed the role of transport or draft force, today a horse is a friend, a policeman, an artist, an athlete and even a doctor.

Two in one - a great horse-athlete in the police service.

Police horse... For the first time the mounted police emerged in 1806 in London. The advantage of a horse as a transport is that it allows you to maintain law and order in those places where the car will not pass. For example, in a park, in a residential area. On a horse, you can easily catch up with a person and overcome obstacles. Today, mounted police units exist in many countries around the world. Especially famous are the "red coats" of Canada, the riders of the rule of law in Spain and the United States.
Horse-artist. Many movie scenes cannot be imagined without the participation of horses. For this, specially trained animals are used that can safely perform various tricks. Even such a concept as a circus originated precisely with equestrian training and acrobatics. The diameter of the arena is 13 meters, it was specially created taking into account the peculiarities of the horses.
Horse-athlete. Equestrian sports are listed in the Olympic Games and are the most important horse industry worldwide.
Horse doctor. The world has long known that a horse has an extraordinary effect on a person, giving positive emotions and health. Even Hippocrates in his writings recommended spending more time in the stable. And people who work with horses are half as likely to be diagnosed with diabetes and heart disease. Horse riding in many countries is a mandatory course of therapy for children with cerebral palsy. In this case, horses and children spend up to 8 hours a week together.

Output

None of the animals are immortalized in all genres of art like the horse. Painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, theater and cinema - there is information about horses everywhere. However, this is not enough to know the whole world of an amazing animal. Read other interesting facts about horses and the peculiarities of their life on our website.

Or equids (Equidae s. Solidungula), the order of equids (Perissodactyla). As the second name of the family shows, its most characteristic feature is its legs, which have only one fully developed and hoofed toe. The skull is elongated and distinguished by a relatively long facial part. For a long time, horses were among the economically most important domestic animals for humans, but their importance declined with the development of mechanization. A male horse is called a stallion. The female is a mare. A neutered stallion is called a gelding. A baby horse is a foal.

The horse is an inhabitant of large, open spaces of the steppes or prairies. In case of danger, there are three options for reaction: flight, aggression and temporary loss of consciousness for a few seconds.

The science of horses is called hippology.

Origin and history of domestication

Horse skeleton.

The ancestor of the domestic horse is not the Przewalski horse, as was previously thought, but the extinct species of wild horse - the tarpan.

It is assumed that the horse was first domesticated by ancient people in the Southern Cis-Urals at the sites of Mullino and Davlekanovo (the territory of modern Bashkortostan). The most ancient remains of a horse were found there, which date back to the 7th-6th millennium BC. NS. In the steppes of Eurasia, horses were domesticated many thousands of years before they came to the south, in the territory of the spread of the most ancient Middle Eastern civilizations. Before the excavations in Mullino, it was assumed that the oldest horse was domesticated in the steppes of Ukraine.

Horses have been studied with particular completeness on fossil remains in the Tertiary deposits of America. During this period, America was inhabited by a variety of horse-like mammals, all of which became extinct before the discovery of America by Europeans. The original, not yet found ancestors of the horse, according to Marsh, had 5 toes on the front and hind legs. The earliest known progenitor of the horse, Eohippus from the Lower Eocene, was the size of a fox and had 4 well-developed toes and an anlage of 5 on the front legs, and 3 on the hind legs. and 3 on the back. In the Upper Eocene, Epihippus is found with the same legs, but different in teeth. At the border of the Miocene, Mesohippus was found, the size of a sheep, with 3 developed and 1 rudimentary toes on the front and 3 on the hind legs, slightly higher than Miohippus, or Anchitherium, in which the slate bone of the 5th, or outer, toe was reduced to a short rudiment. In the Pliocene, Protohippus, or Hipparion abounded, the size of a donkey, with 3 toes on the front and hind legs, and even higher, in the Pliocene, a close relative of the modern horse appears, the genus Pliohippus with 1 developed toe, and even higher - real horses (Equus) , the size of modern ones, which end this series.

Spreading

Remarkable is the ease with which horses, left to themselves, under any favorable conditions return to a wild state and begin to lead a lifestyle that is no different from the lifestyle of wild representatives of the family. The feral horses of the Pampas of South America are called cimarrons. In Paraguay, feral horses do not live, it is believed, because of one fly laying eggs in the unhealed navel of newborn foals, from which the latter die; domestic ones live in a semi-wild state (mustangs), in large herds, consisting of small groups (1 stallion and 12-18 mares). Wild horses inhabit further north of Llanos. The same was observed in smaller sizes in Mexico and on the Falkland Islands (here the horse was shredded under the influence of a more severe climate).

Description

The horse's head is elongated, dry, with large lively eyes, wide nostrils and large or medium-sized pointed and very mobile ears. The domestic horse has ears of moderate size (much less than half of the head), the mane is long, drooping, the neck is long, muscular, the body is rounded, the tail is covered with long hair from the base; the color (suit) is extremely different: black, brown, red, roan, white, gray, often with white spots on the head and legs; as an exception, there are stripes on the shoulders, back and legs. Legs are high, of moderate thickness, slender; the first and fifth toes are absent at all, from 2 and 4 there are only rudiments (rudiments) in the form of rod-shaped bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus (so-called slate), adjacent to the thick metacarpal or metatarsal bone of a highly developed middle finger; the hoof covers only the end of the middle finger (therefore, the entire weight of the body rests on them); on the inner side of the wrists and heels there are corneous thickenings, bumps (horny places are also behind the junction of the finger with the overlying parts). The stomach is simple, there is no gallbladder, the cecum is highly developed. The testicles are enclosed in the scrotum. The uterus is two-horned, the afterbirth is diffuse. The brain is relatively small, and the cerebral hemispheres (covered with convolutions) do not cover the cerebellum. Mental abilities, however, are rather highly developed.

Shire horse

The growth of horses depends on the breed, nutrition and grooming habits. The better the nutrition and care, the larger the horses become. In total, domestic horses have a height of 150 to 175 cm, ponies from 120 to 150 cm.However, in different countries, horses with different heights at the withers are ranked as ponies. For example, in the United States, a pony is considered any horse whose height at the withers is below 142 cm. In Great Britain, some pony breeds have a height at the withers of up to 152 cm. The largest among horses are the English Shire heavy draft horses. Their height ranges from 175 to 190 cm. The record in height also belongs to Shire. A gelding of this breed named Mammoth, born in 1846, was 219 cm tall at the withers, and his weight was about 1524 kg. The heaviest was the Belgian heavy draft stallion Brooklyn Suprim, born in 1928. With a height of 198 cm, he weighed 1440 kg.

The average weight of a pony is 100-200 kg. Large riding and easy-harness horses weigh an average of 400-600 kg. Heavy-draft breeds reach a weight of 700-900 kg. The heaviest horses are shires - over 1400 kg

Habitat

Nutrition

Horse breeds

Structurally, the horse world consists of breeds, breed groups and cross-breeds - the latter are often simply called mongrel.

Horse breeds are very diverse and plentiful. There are also several types of horses for their intended purpose. For leisure use "hobby-class" walking horses. For tourism, riding - sport horses, for racetrack tests - racehorses and trotters. In Russia, they include a fifth of the 2 millionth horse population. Working horses in Russia are about 1.5 million, although the demand for them is three to four times higher.

The diverse needs of people throughout the history of their communication with the horse have caused the need to create and shape highly specialized horse breeds in accordance with the requirements of the time. Hence such a variety of domestic horses - fast-paced, dry riding horses were needed in the cavalry. Heavy-duty and heavy-duty breeds dragged and carried heavy loads. Lightweight, trotting horses were suitable for light carriages and carriages for transporting people. Large, stately and slower riding horses were suitable for a heavy rider (for example, a knight clad in armor), and they were also suitable for a colorful military parade on the square, where the rider, first of all, needs to "show" himself. Smaller and uglier horses with many "flaws" in the exterior, but much more hardy and tolerant of scarce food, horses of mountainous and steppe regions were suitable for long roaming and could carry heavy packs. Mountain horses also easily passed along with the rider and packs along narrow mountain paths, fearlessly jumping over the abyss.

People tried to breed and accustom horses to a variety of, sometimes even too specific, needs. For example, in Iceland the existing ancient breed of Icelandic horses - small, shaggy animals - have been used by local residents in the fields from time immemorial. However, so that these horses do not trample the furrow they just made, people taught horses to walk with a special gait, in Icelandic, calf, when the horse alternately puts the right front, then the right hind, left front and left hind legs. While one foot is on the ground, the other three are raised. Thus, Icelandic horses began to simply "step over" the furrows, and people consolidated this skill in subsequent generations. Today Icelanders can be proud of their horses. They are still small (about 130 cm) and ugly, but strong and hardy so that they can safely carry an adult man on their backs, and with the famous tolom they can reach speeds of up to 20 km / h without any special adaptations and coercion.

People in the past used horses for recreation for horse hunts, walks, knightly tournaments, horse racing.

Horse riding is good for your health. This was noted by Plato (427-347 BC) and Pliny the Elder (23-79 BC). Horseback riding is good for the stomach and joints, improves posture and respiratory function, and reduces the risk of hypertension and myocardial infarction. Healing horse riding is called riding therapy (from English ride - horseback riding), or hippotherapy (from Greek hippos - horse). In addition, horseback riding has a good effect on the condition of the vestibular apparatus and gives the body the necessary physical activity. For people with disabilities, horseback riding brings joy of movement, which for the most part they are deprived of.

Eating horses

Stewed horse meat

Horses are also valuable as productive animals. In Russia, productive horse breeding accounts for 7% of all horse breeding, supplying valuable dietary meat. In Western culture, the horse is eaten only as food for domestic animals (especially for dogs), although some peoples consume horse meat and milk as food. Kumis prepared from mare's milk is considered a healing drink (it has a tonic and healing effect, heals those suffering from lung and stomach diseases). Recently, mare's milk has been used to feed infants. Not every mare can give the required composition and quantity of milk to make an excellent koumiss. In Russia, Bashkir and Mongolian horses are used for these purposes.

The production of horse meat (horse meat) exists today mainly in the republics of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Horse meat is added to many varieties of smoked sausages. In Italy, France, Belgium and Japan, horse meat is considered an important food product due to its special chemical composition. Horse meat helps the liver to recover from jaundice, horse fat is used for frostbite and colds.

Thanks to horses, people receive valuable raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, including for the production of anti-diphtheria serum.

Horses at war

Equestrian police officer in Poland.

They began to use horses in battles back in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. NS. In the X century BC. NS. the first horsemen appeared there. Since then, horses for military purposes (for transport or for battle) were used by all, without exception, the peoples who inhabited the areas where the horses lived. It is precisely the use in war that horses owe to the fact that they have grown to modern sizes, because initially the height of a horse did not exceed one meter. Horses have become state property: if there are no good horses, there will be no victories in the war. Therefore, caring for a horse at all times was paramount for every warrior. People developed horses, constantly improving all the qualities of a riding horse, both internal and external.

The importance of the horse as a pack and draft animal remained until the early 1950s. XX century huge. By the beginning of World War II, the artillery of the infantry divisions of all the belligerent countries was horse-drawn. In 1941, the only cavalry division of the Wehrmacht, being part of Guderian's tank group, advanced through the rugged terrain of the Pripyat swamps.

The horse is able to move over almost any terrain, unlike cars. Therefore, it is often used in mountain-ranger units as a beast of burden.

Nowadays, horses are used by the police in most developed countries where any other form of transport is useless.

In Moscow, one of the stages of the World Cup and the Mayor's Cup in dressage and show jumping with a prize fund of 200 thousand dollars is played annually. At these competitions, you can see the best riders on the planet, such as multiple world champions Willy Melliger from Switzerland and Franke Slootaak from Germany, Dutch Olympic champion Yero Dubbeldam and others.

Children's equestrian sports are widely developed in the world.

Exhibitions and Shows

Horse shows are very popular in the USA. They collect up to 10-15 thousand horses at a time and are held at such festive events as the World Equestrian Shows or the Rodeo Western Rydern festivals.

Main article: Horse maintenance

Horses in culture

Main article: Horses in culture

Eastern khans, owners of purebred horses - bowlers - did not sell their horses, but only gave them to distinguished guests and friends. A thoroughbred horse is now a very valuable gift. The value of outstanding purebred horses can exceed millions and tens of millions of dollars. The horse market is called horse auctions.

In many countries, horses are not only a luxury item, but a tradition. Spectacular cavalry parades and carriage rides remain an obligatory attribute of national celebrations in many countries (for example, in Great Britain, which gave the world many breeds). In the East, the horse is still often the subject of a special cult. In the 4th-3rd millennia BC. NS. the cult of these animals was widespread in many countries.

In Russia there are monuments to horses: Orlov trotters Kvadrat, Ulov, Cyprus, Akhal-Teke Absent (winner of the Grand Prix in dressage at the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960), Budyonnovsky stallion Symbol, Russian heavy draft horse Coquettish, thoroughbred horseman of Europe Anilin

Continuing a series of presentations about pets and wild animals for toddlers from 1 to 4 years old, a new children's presentation about animals- "Who is a horse."

This time there were a lot of slides and there was also plenty of information. It turns out that I want to tell a lot about the horse. However, this will not in any way affect the ability to view the presentation by yearlings. Before the first slide show, you can read everything, and then, showing the presentation to the crumbs, read the text selectively, skipping the most difficult. It is for this reason that I did not voice the presentation.

Depending on the age, as well as the ability to perceive information and perseverance of the child, you can dwell on each slide for a long time and describe in detail everything that is shown in the pictures, or not sharpen special attention on each image, and flip through the slides after reading the text.

The children's presentation tells about what horses are, how they laugh, run, what they eat, where they live, why they are so useful for a person, how they differ from each other, who their family is and much more. In the slides, I used animated pictures, paintings by artists, photographs and drawings of cartoonists. You will also be able to hear what sounds the horse makes, how its hooves click and even the whole herd. The whole presentation is accompanied by a pleasant melody.

In a few days I will publish the article “Thematic activities for children. We teach animals. " So subscribe to site updates via the form right after the article so you don't miss anything.

Children's presentation about animals: "Who is a horse"

In slide show mode (toggle with mouse click). Don't forget to turn on the sound!

With the ability to edit files even if the first option does not open. Don't forget to turn on the sound!

Below you can read the description of the animal. This is the text from the presentation with the addition of something that simply did not fit there. You can print this description and read it to children. Everything on this site is accompanied by a similar description. By the way, subscribe to site updates via the form right after the article, so as not to miss new presentations about animals.

Description of horse for kids

Hi baby! Today I will introduce you to one wonderful animal - a horse!

Look - it's a horse! She makes sounds called neighing and snorting. When she runs, she loudly claps her hooves along the path.

A horse is a strong and large animal that is much stronger than human... And the character of horses is different, there are good and evil, brave and fearful, hardworking and lazy, calm and playful, in general, they are all different, like people.

Horses are wild and domestic. The wild live in the wild. They gather in herds, that is, all together, and live in such a way that it would be easier for them to defend themselves from enemies. And the pets live next to the person who builds a cozy house for the horse. Such a house is called a stable.

In summer, horses eat grass and fruits that are dug out of the ground. They find food for themselves in the clearing and in the meadow, where they are allowed to graze for the whole day. And in winter, the main food is oats, wheat and hay. Hay is dried grass that a person harvests for the winter in the fall. Horses also love to eat fruits, especially apples. They will not refuse a piece of bread either. They also drink a lot of water.

Horses come in many different breeds, like dogs or cats. Therefore, they can be from the smallest to very large sizes... For example, here's a little horse - a pony. And this is a big black horse. And the first horse, which was found millions of years ago, was as tall as a small dog.

Horses vary in color, which means they come in a variety of colors. For example, a black one - that is, a black suit, still red and bay. Also gray, savrasaya, buckskin and others. There are horses with beautiful specks, for example, this one - look, what a beauty!

The fluffy mane and tail, which also come in different shades, give these wonderful animals special beauty. And in general, a horse is a very beautiful animal!

The horse's family is as follows: mom is a horse, dad is a horse, children are foals.

Horses love their family. They protect it from enemies and even wave off each other with the tail of various insects (mosquitoes, flies, horseflies), which strive to bite them.

Horses, like cows, have milk called koumiss. It's delicious and healthy!

Nature has endowed this beautiful animal with amazing properties - it hears sounds and smells much better than human and many other animals. In addition, the horse is very strong, it can do a lot of work and run very long distances, which can only be driven by cars. Earlier, when there were no cars, horses served people and carried them on their backs. A person who sits on a horse is called a rider or rider. .

Each rider learns to control the horse and tries to make friends with her so that she will allow him to sit on his back. For example, in order for a horse to go with a rider sitting on it - you need to say - "No-oh!", And to stop - "Whoa-u".

Before and now, horses were prized for their ability to run fast. Earlier, because there were no fast cars, but now, because people came up with the idea of arranging horse races. They sit astride an animal and try to overtake each other, jumping fast and fast. The horse can run at a gallop, trot, and amble.

Previously, horses were harnessed to plows in order to plow fields with their help, on which vegetables and cereals were then planted. And also in carts to take out the harvested crop from the field, and not only. Animals were also harnessed to carriages and carts to transport people and various objects.

You can also go horseback riding in the park in summer. The horse is kind, it will not offend you. And also, perhaps you will see a horse in a circus or in a real stable.

They are also very afraid of bees and run away from them. A large swarm of bees is capable of biting heavily on an adult horse.

Kind animals can recognize themselves in photographs. Seeing the horse in the picture, it "greets" with a quiet neigh and tries to sniff.

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A video about a horse is beautiful. The children are singing.