World sports parks structure design. City sports parks

Lecture 17 Sports parks

Parameter name	Meaning
Topic of the article:	Lecture 17 Sports parks
Rubric (thematic category)	Sport

Sports parks are:

- specialized, used for one sport for example swimming for a certain age group or different by functional purpose training, demonstration, physiotherapy exercises;

- complex, multifunctional, designed for training and competition of athletes in a wide variety of sports͵ used for outdoor activities, health-improving activities and sports entertainment, visitors.

Back in the 19th century, the first public gardens began to introduce areas for gymnastics, tennis, croquettes, and riding roads.

In Moscow, the first stadiums were created on the territory of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1923 ᴦ.). The stadiums “Khimik” and “Iskra” were built in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). In 1930-1935, there were about 650 stadiums in the country.

In the 1950s, new architectural stadiums were built in Riga, Minsk, Moscow, Khabarovsk. Later, in 1960-1970, the construction of large sports complexes with stadiums, bike and motorcycle tracks, rowing canals, beaches for sports activities, demonstration performances and competitions with the active inclusion of the natural landscape began.

The zoning of the territory of the sports park is determined by:

A clear timetable; separation of athletes and spectators resting in the park;

Loading and evacuation of demonstration, educational and training facilities and facilities for active recreation;

Allocation of recreational areas to restore the physical and mental strength of athletes and visitors to the park.

Parks are used by masses of people of different age groups:

Adults and children, go in for sports sections, train, participate in competitions of city, union, international significance;

Sports fans watch them as spectators;

Senior and retired people are engaged in health groups.

Sports parks may include

to recreation areas,

lecture halls, stage, attractions, exhibitions, board games, children's playgrounds, reading rooms, as well as catering facilities - cafes, buffets, kiosks.

When designing sports parks, it is recommended to subdivide the following zones:

sports, entertainment, quiet rest, service.

Sports area can have a certain functional orientation, for example, equestrian riding, or be divided into subzones (sectors): water sports; children's sports, with a club of young sailors.

The Olympic Games have greatly influenced the development of sports parks in a number of countries. For their implementation, sports complexes with stadiums, swimming pools, sports facilities, and parks were built.

Olympic Sports Park - green area for international, sports competitions (competitions) with a regulated nomenclature of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet the high class of international requirements.

Olympic parks are being created at the Olympic complexes. When organizing the Olympic complexes, complex urban planning problems are solved: the construction of sports facilities, modern in architecture and design, the Olympic village, hotels, buildings for cultural and consumer services for athletes and tourists, the relationship of the complex with the transport system and the prospects for the development of the city.

According to their organization, the Olympic complexes are:

Unified with an independent dedicated territory, for example, sports complexes "Mexico City" or "Munich",

- "Consisting of several territories -" Rome "or" Moscow "- in different parts of the city or even in different regions.

During the construction of Olympic complexes, old structures and existing parks are often used, which are reconstructed, if extremely important.

Olympic complexes with stadiums for 80,100 or more thousand spectators and other structures - areas of mass recreation, which require clarity and clarity of the plan with a dominant center (the center of the composition in Munich is the central arena and theater; in Montreal - the Olympic stadium) and functional zoning territories: for example, in Munich there are two zones: a sports and an Olympic village.

When zoning the territory of the Olympic complex, the following can be distinguished zones

sports for basic sports;

training,

sports devices,

Olympic Village,

entertainment,

service.

Taking into account the dependence on the design task and composition, separate zones are combined - both sports and training; absent - entertainment zone; or they are added to them, for example, water sports area etc.

When zoning the territory of sports parks for sanitary reasons and to ensure the safety of participants and spectators, it is planned to significantly remove some sports, such as water-motor, shooting, automobile, equestrian, etc.

The Olympic complex of the Moscow Olympics consisted of several territories, and the sports facilities of Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk were used to host football matches. The sailing regatta took place in Tallinn. The main part of the competitions, the opening and closing ceremonies of the "Olympic Games-80" were held in the main sports complex in Luzhniki, an area of 180 hectares, located in the bend of the Moscow River;

The main structures of the Luzhniki Stadium included: a large and small arenas, a Sports Palace, a swimming pool, and a universal sports hall "Friendship".

The core of the sports park complex is the sports arena for 103 thousand spectators, to which the shortest roads lead from parking lots and transport stops - metro, trolleybus, bus.

The park embankment offers a view of the river, Vorobyovy Gory, the city. Other structures of the complex are located on Prospekt Mira - the area of the site with a universal indoor hall for 35 thousand people. - 20 hectares; in Krylatskoye - 750 hectares with a rowing canal and a cycle track; in the Bitsevsky forest area - an equestrian sports complex; in Mytishchi - bullet and trap shooting.

The most interesting architectural and planning solutions of the Olympic complexes are those where the park environment with its sanitizing and aesthetic qualities is widely used.

An example of the use of the reclaimed territory and its merging with old parks (English Garden, Nymphenburg Castle Park) is the Olympic complex in Munich with an area of 300 hectares.

Its territory includes a former airfield, now an Olympic village; the site of the former city dump, turned into picturesque landscapes of recreation with green hills with pines, oaks, chaos of granite blocks, waterfalls, streams, a reservoir, a canal. The center of the composition is the Olympic Square with the stadium. The main alley, in some places up to 120 m wide, is designed under a cable-stayed covering. The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex are laid on raised embankments; all intersections with transport highways are solved at different levels. External transport is represented by the metro, high-speed railroad, etc.

The large-scale solutions of the structures - giant stadiums are characteristic of the Olympic complexes; unloading frontal areas, clear construction of pedestrian and transport roads, 10 ... 120 m wide, occupying 60 ... 70% of the entire territory.

Former Olympic complexes, for the most part, in the future, work as ordinary sports parks.

A special place among sports parks is occupied by hydroparks. This is a new in function of the city's park facility, which developed in the second half of the 20th century.

Hydropark - territory with a high proportion of water area in the total balance of park areas - (over 25% of the territory is water bodies), intended for mass recreation for physical education and sports, cultural and educational events, entertainment, quiet rest.

The large size of the hydroparks makes it possible to create comfortable conditions for recreation in a natural environment for all age groups. Thanks to beaches and sports facilities, a high recreational capacity is created - about 500 people per hectare.

In hydroparks, where sports and recreational functions prevail, beaches, sports facilities, structures are created - bridges, slipways, yacht clubs, harbors for sailing and motor ships, boat stations; amusement rides - seaplane, water springboard, toboggans, water cascades; water theater grounds and restaurants.

Taking into account the dependence on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, functional orientation, the composition of the territory of the hydropark is divided into zones: sports, entertainment, cultural and educational, children's play, service.

Large areas of hydroparks should be conveniently serviced by urban (suburban electric trains, metro, motor ships, boats, tram, trolleybus, bus), as well as by intra-park transport.

The volumetric-spatial organization of hydroparks is characterized by the presence of open spaces - reservoirs, beaches, meadows and meadows.

The technological progress of the 20th century has opened up a number of possibilities for creating parks on water. For example, in Canada, on Lake Huron, the Fatom Five underwater park has been designed with routes for scuba divers and aquanauts. In Japan, indoor mini-hydroparks are being built, such as the "Summerland" complex ("summer country") with beaches, palm trees, seawater pools; sea beach with an oceanarium in the form of a liner, area 5 hectares; Hong Kong Marine Park-Aquarium, opened in 1977; complexes of water tourism "Marina" take place in the United States, and are intended for short and long rest.

Marine parks are divided into two types: underwater park and coastal park. Sometimes they are combined into a single ensemble with ground and underwater parts.

Unlike hydroparks, in ordinary sports parks water bodies occupy up to 20% of the entire territory, or they do not exist at all. At the same time, sports parks are smaller in size, most often they occupy an area of up to 100 hectares. For example, a sports park in Bucharest - 90 hectares; Reutlingen - 50; Tremblay - 75; Tashkent - 30; Tbilisi - about 50 hectares.

Sports area in parks it occupies about 50 ... .70% of the entire territory, and, consequently, sites, roads, structures make up a much larger share in the balance of the territory than in other park facilities. In large sports parks over 100 ... 200 hectares are allocated for quiet recreation area, which unites all zones of the park (it is recommended to allocate up to 50% of the territory). A children's sector is being created in the quiet recreation area.

The core of a sports park is usually a stadium (in Luzhniki), sometimes a complex of structures or a parterre composition;

The architectural and planning solutions of sports parks are diverse and are based on the contrast of open and closed landscapes (Fig. 52).

Sports devices, according to the requirements, are oriented with a wide side from north to south; small deviation angles -5 ... 15 ° are permissible; in the Arctic - up to 25 °. The site for the townships is being designed in the north, northeast direction.

Requirements are imposed on landscaping in terms of wind protection, noise protection, and the playing space should not be shaded, while creating a calm background for the ball game.

According to existing standards under green area the sports complex is allocated 30 ... 50% of the area.

The width of the strips of protective plantations along the perimeter (border) of the sports complex, for sports devices, should be at least 5 m with one or two rows of trees, bushes.

Vines represent a good background for a tennis court - maiden grapes, Amur grapes. In some cases, use the western, creating a calm background and protection from the winds; Plants are placed no closer than 5 m from the site boundaries.

During perimeter greening of sports grounds, the texture and color of the foliage, the nature of flowering are taken into account. Plants with light foliage as well as flowering shrubs such as action, spirea not recommended for framing sports grounds, as they create a bad background due to the structure of the bush ͵ openwork crowns, light tonality.

The range excludes plants that litter playgrounds and outdoor swimming pools - with needles, seeds, flower petals; windbreak-prone - silver maple; frost-damaged - exotic; early-falling - introduced plant species.

The work of the park harmoniously combines various forms of cultural and educational work, classes in science and technology, sports and entertainment in a natural setting.

Most Austrian resorts are charming valley villages with wooded slopes for skiing or boarding. Skiing heights in the resorts of Austria - from 700 to 3000 meters.

Picturesque views of Austria.

Switzerland offers a range of well-equipped ski slopes. Ski areas reach an altitude of 3820 meters. The main ski regions are located at altitudes of over 1000 meters. The slopes are known for the highest and most challenging trails in the Alps, but there are also extensive ski areas of medium difficulty. There are many high-performance lifts to avoid queues.

Along the entire northern Italian border, skiers are waiting for high-mountain slopes, where a variety of trails are laid - from the narrowest to unrealistically wide, where there are no problems with snow. Ski areas are located at altitudes from 800 to 3000 m, most often in the range of 1000-2500 m.

The tiny principality of Andorra is between France and Spain. Despite its seeming isolation, Andorra has firmly retained its reputation as one of the most fashionable ski resorts in Europe for 40 years. The slopes are densely covered with a network of ski stations equipped with snow cannons. 277 km of ski slopes distributed by resorts: united by one ski pass. There are ski schools. All conditions have been created for those who travel with children. While the parents are enjoying the beauty of the Grau Roj slopes, the children are taken care of by experienced ski kindergarten teachers. there are helipads - for heli-ski lovers,

A special charm of Andorra is given by the originality of traditions and customs, harmoniously combining the cultures of France and Spain.

Heli-ski lovers. Slopes of Andora.

the passion for alpine skiing plus the ability to quickly get to "one's" slope by car has led to the development of tiny but very cozy mini-ski centers in Central Russia.

The most famous skiing places can be safely attributed to Nizhny Novgorod and Ulyanovsk, Togliatti and Zhigulevsk on the Volga, the Valdai Upland.

The most interesting and developing ski complex - Krasnaya Glinka - is located in Samara. There are three slopes here. North, Central, where the best snow park in the Volga region is equipped: several jumps and a halfpipe with a length of 115 m.And another calm track 700-800 m long.The slopes are equipped with drag lifts, one 700 m long, 4 more cable lifts of 200- 400 m. The turnstile operates from a laminated card with a barcode. There is a bar, a parking lot, a sports shop. You can even spend the night in a tiny hotel.

Lecture 17 Sports parks - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 17. Sports parks" 2017, 2018.

The Park of Culture and Leisure is the most widespread and widespread type of multifunctional park. He plays an important role in the physical education system.

The first was opened in Moscow in 1928, the Central Park of Culture and Leisure. M. Gorky. Its activity was determined by a combination of cultural and educational work with the improvement of the health of millions of working people. The competition for its design became a serious theoretical contribution to the young Soviet science of park construction.

The main feature of the new type of park is the large number of visits. This determined the directions for the design and construction of parks of culture and recreation.

In Moscow, parks of culture and recreation were created in Sokolniki, Izmailovo, Ostankino. Parks also appear in other cities. Since 1931, the network of parks has expanded rapidly. Now the country has more than 2,000 cultural parks.

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tours and recreation. They become the main link in the system of places for mass recreation of the townspeople.

According to our urban planning standards, parks are divided into urban parks with a minimum area of 15 hectares and district (planning areas) - 10 hectares, the availability time, respectively, is no more than 20 and 15 minutes.

In recent years, in our country and abroad, there has been a tendency to enlarge the areas of city parks, since only large parks create full-fledged conditions for recreation and contribute to the improvement of the urban environment (according to studies by TsNIIP of urban planning - at least 50 hectares). The area of the park should be sufficient to accommodate recreational facilities intended for residents within the park's service area.

The location of parks in the city and the organization of a physical culture zone in them depend on the natural conditions. The natural conditions of the territory determine the architectural and planning structure, the quality of the sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic environment, as well as the individuality and expressiveness of the architectural and landscape appearance of the entire park and its physical culture zone.

Now there are almost no territories, especially in large cities, suitable for creating parks. In this regard, lands "inconvenient" are widely used - with high humidity, difficult terrain, as well as lands with landscapes disturbed by human activity. They are used primarily for park construction, since the low proportion of buildings in parks makes it possible to place lower demands on the quality of the territories. And the world practice of building parks, including multifunctional ones, has already gained experience in using such territories.

Parks of culture and recreation consist of several zones: sports (15-20% of the park area), cultural and entertainment (10), children's (5), quiet recreation (60), economic (no more than 4-5). As you can see, the norms determine the significant size of the physical culture zone in the park, the largest after the zone of quiet rest and walks. In active recreation areas, it occupies a leading position. Unfortunately, in most of our parks, the area of physical culture zones is below the normative and determined by projects (Fig. 10.5.1). To attract the population to mass sports and recreation activities, it is effective to expand the composition of facilities through the construction of modern comfortable sports facilities, and primarily indoor (halls, swimming pools). In covered buildings, year-round work is possible. They are cost-effective, as in the parks health group classes are mostly paid. The effectiveness of the operation of open structures is ensured by the use of stable, non-moisture-consuming, dust-free and hygienic coatings of sites that require minimal maintenance.

The composition of the structures should be varied; the requirements of different age groups should be taken into account. When designing and building, it is important to remember that physiologists recommend outdoor health activities. Among the structures, open ones should prevail. Covered ones should organically fit into the park landscape. Lightweight structures are advisable, preferably transformable in order to use the structures as indoor or outdoor, depending on the weather and season.

The popularity and fashion for types of physical education and outdoor activities is a relatively short-term factor, in contrast to the physiological one, but must be taken into account at the stage of pre-project research. The most popular recreational and recreational activities are bathing, swimming, ice skating and skiing, sledding and skiing from the mountains. The most widespread sports games in the country are volleyball, table and tennis, badminton, football, in winter - hockey and winter football. In foreign parks, in addition to the above-mentioned, recreational sports and outdoor games and activities are popular, and facilities for them are widespread (playgrounds for small tennis, croquet, skittles, mini-golf, skateboarding grounds and tracks, etc.). These games are accessible and useful to everyone and give pleasure to participants of different levels of physical fitness. The structures for them are simple, occupy, as a rule, small areas, and require simple equipment. Therefore, it is advisable to include them in the composition of park structures. Despite the meager composition of sports facilities in most of our parks, the popularity of various types of physical exercises is high and has a steady tendency to increase. The physical culture zones of the parks are visited in the summer by 20%, and in the winter - by 70 - 80% of the park's visitors.

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Based on the physiological significance of certain types of physical culture and sports, the analysis of the attendance of park physical culture and sports facilities, as well as the methodology of physical culture and health-improving classes, JSC "TsNIIEP named after B.S. in cities of different sizes (Table 10.5.1, Fig. 10.5.1).

In addition to the structures shown in table. 1, on the territory of the park it is advisable to arrange marked illuminated walking trails (terrenkurs), near reservoirs - bases for recreational swimming, swimming, boating, water skiing, surfing, as well as landscaped beaches, places or ponds for fishing.

Each park is unique; during reconstruction and construction, it is necessary to pay serious attention to local conditions (natural, traditions, national sports and recreation, etc.), in connection with which the composition of the facilities of the physical culture zone can be adjusted. Complementing the main structure, there can be grounds or tracks for roller skating and boards (skateboards), grounds for recreational sports and outdoor games - croquet, rounders, skittles, sports attractions. In large city parks, there may be horse rental centers with tracks and riding grounds, as well as an indoor ice rink with artificial ice for mass skating, a pool with an artificial wave, and a bowling alley. All main structures should be accompanied by auxiliary ones - wardrobes, dressing rooms, showers. Sauna or Russian steam room, medical advice and rental centers are recommended.

During reconstructions, the recommended composition of physical culture and sports facilities should be adjusted. For reconstructed parks with insufficient area in comparison with the normative area (usually these are parks located in the central areas of the city) in the case,

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when there is no sports complex nearby that could take over the physical culture and health functions, the following ways of organizing the zone are recommended: the composition of the physical culture and sports facilities should be developed through the construction of indoor structures (gyms, swimming pools, skating rinks with artificial ice), which occupy in comparison with open structures are small areas. In addition, it may be more expedient to conduct classes in indoor facilities with an artificial microclimate than in the open air in parks in the city center, where the hygienic parameters of the environment are worse than in the periphery. In this case, open structures can be reduced to 1 - 2 sites of universal use, i.e. be sized and covered to meet the requirements of different sports games or sports (the most popular or cultivated in a given place, park).

Another way of organizing a zone of physical culture and sports facilities during the reconstruction of parks with insufficient area is to increase the territory of the zone to the normative one at the expense of other zones, giving the park a predominantly physical culture and health function. The functions of other zones of the park (such as cultural and educational, entertainment, entertainment) can be performed by the corresponding institutions of the city center, where they are most developed.

When placing a city sports center or planning area next to a projected or reconstructed park, it is advisable to cooperate with the halls and pools of the park's physical culture zone with the halls and pools of the center, and combine the planar structures of the park and the complex, placing them on a single site. This will allow creating large structures and not duplicating technical and utility rooms.

When designing a zone, one should also take into account its development for the future, reserving an area for this.

It is advisable to place the physical culture zone within a 5-minute walking distance from the park entrances. At the same time, structures associated with mass visits are placed near the main entrance. This allows you to

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to bake them with comfortable communications, which makes the facilities used on a daily basis available at any time of the year, especially in the off-season.

There are two main planning options for the location of the zone in the park: compact and dispersed (Fig. 10.5.2). Compact is more convenient to operate and more economically profitable (less length of roads and utilities). But physical culture zones are visited mainly by residents of the areas adjacent to the park. Therefore, in a large park, it is more convenient for visitors to place structures of the zone scattered around the perimeter of the park (i.e. near not only the main entrance, but also secondary ones).

The approximate balance of the territory of the physical culture zone with the recommendation

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the given composition: volumetric structures - 3 - 5; flat structures - 27 - 30; paths, alleys - 10 - 15% of the area of the zone. The rest of the area (50 - 60%) is recommended for green spaces.

The physical culture zone of the park can be divided into three subzones according to the type of structures: structures with seats for spectators (in city-wide parks), a subzone of covered structures and a subzone of open structures (Figure 10.5.3).

SPORTS PARKS

There is a tendency towards specialization of parks in big cities. All over the world, centers and historic residential areas are being actively reconstructed, usually with several small parks. The areas of these parks are insufficient for the full development of all zones of parks of a multifunctional profile, in the domestic terminology - parks of culture and recreation. Then one or two functions gain priority development. Another important factor in the specialization of parks is the increased requirements of visitors to comfort, satisfied with specialized services.

The most common type of specialized park, especially abroad, is a sports one. In big cities, there is a special need for physical education and sports: people suffer from physical inactivity and experience high stress on the nervous system. Both require active recreation with certain physical activity, which is exactly what sports parks provide, in contrast to sports centers intended mainly for training athletes and holding competitions.

Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, - for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, water, equestrian, cycling, etc.).

Universal parks, called sports and recreation centers, are large urban or suburban (following the example of the famous suburban German riviera parks) complexes, which, in terms of the composition of structures, are

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the number of spectator places are close to sports centers (Fig. 10.5.4 -10.5.6). They differ from sports centers in a larger area of greenery and the main focus on mass physical culture and health-improving classes and active recreation.

The unique Olympic parks are large sports complexes for the Olympic Games. These are the Olympic parks in Melbourne, the Meiji and Kamazawa parks in Tokyo, and the parks in Mexico City, Munich and Montreal. After the Olympic Games, the problem of their use arises. A good example is a park in Munich. Even during its design, the principle of "short distances and green landscapes" was proposed. On the reclaimed territory of 140 hectares, an artificial relief has been created for the arrangement of intersections of pedestrian and transport routes at different levels. After the Olympic Games, this vast green area has become a place of active recreation for the people of Munich, both in summer and winter. Bulk artificial hills in winter turn into mountains for mass sledging and skiing.

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The size of sports parks can be from tens to hundreds of hectares. When they are located in the city, as well as when placing sports complexes, conditions must be created for the evacuation of a large number of people and parking lots must be provided.

Specialized sports parks for a sport or a group of related species are intended for related outdoor activities, as well as for activities at a higher level than in other types of parks. The most common specialized parks are for water sports (Figure 10.5.7). Abroad, these are numerous centers

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COMPLEXES OF EXERCISE AND SPORTS FACILITIES 319

for swimming and bathing. Hydroparks are becoming more widespread everywhere, including here. They need water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to this very condition.

The sizes of specialized sports parks can be very different: from hundreds of hectares (for example, the hydro park in Krylatskoye has a total area of about 700 hectares, Kharkov hydro parks from 60 to 150 hectares, etc.) to compact plots of several hectares, on which abroad are often place swimming and bathing centers.

There may be specialized parks for other sports. The need for them is determined by the popularity of any kind of sport in a given place, favorable natural conditions, etc. In different countries, especially in the UK, USA and Canada, golf courses or parks are widespread, which occupy large areas - from 50 to 100 hectares. Known centers for roller skating and cycling parks, where the complex terrain is functionally used. Skateparks are popular - for skateboarding.

Sports parks are not such mass objects as multifunctional parks of culture and recreation, they are rather unique, especially large universal and, of course, specialized. Therefore, there can be no recommendations on the composition of structures, and even more so with quantitative indicators. They are designed according to special tasks, depending on local and natural conditions.

Among the structures of sports parks there are the most diverse - from large unique (indoor stadiums, pools with artificial waves, waterfalls) to simple grounds, lawns for sports and entertainment games. This is determined by the purpose of the park, the number of inhabitants for which it is designed, its area and location in the city. The most common in all types of sports parks are swimming pools (Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.7), the so-called leisure type (with baths of irregular shape, with an artificial wave, water slides).

Gyms are very widespread - universal, specialized, and multipurpose, i.e. not only for sporting events, but also for shows, dances, etc.

Skating rinks with artificial ice are much less common than halls (Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.6). Sometimes complex artificial skating rinks are built - indoor and outdoor. An example is the sports park "Ottobrunn" in Germany (Fig. 10.5.4).

The palette of flat structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.

In contrast to sports centers in sports parks, especially abroad, among the flat structures there are grounds for recreational sports games (mini-golf, botchi, croquet, skittles, etc.), grounds and tracks for rollerblading and boarding; mountains for sleigh rides, boards, plates and skis (fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.5). Golf courses are also found in foreign universal sports parks, but more often they are separate specialized parks. And we have new kinds of sports for our country - baseball, softball, squash, golf. In 1988, the first specialized sports park for golf in Russia was built in Moscow (Fig. 10.5.8), and it is planned to build several more.

Green spaces should make up at least 70% of the sports park area. The area occupied by structures, paths and alleys is much larger than that in other types of parks, since the sports facilities themselves require large territories, and the paths and alleys must provide the ability to evacuate a large number of people in the steam.

kakh, where the attendance is massive and where there are structures with places for spectators.

In large sports parks with facilities for competitions, sports and recreation activities and outdoor activities, it is advisable to designate zones: entertainment and demonstration, training, outdoor activities, administrative and economic.

10.6. LANDSCAPING OF SPORT FACILITIES

10.6.1. GARDENING AND MICROCLIMATE OF SPORT FACILITIES

Green areas play an essential role in shaping the city's climate. Plantations not only reduce the temperature of the air under the crowns of trees and the radiation temperatures in comparison with the irradiated places, but also improve the thermal regime in the adjacent territory. The proximity of water areas softens the microclimate.

Greened sports facilities also affect the comfort of the microclimate, they can change the temperature, humidity and wind conditions of the sports area. The comfort of the microclimate on the sports flat structures is determined by a complex of natural (climate), town planning (placement in the city plan) and space-planning (the nature of the planning, building and landscaping of the sports zone) factors.

The space-planning structure of a sports zone and the characteristics of each of its objects affect the microclimatic comfort of the environment for sports, depending on the peculiarities of the location of the sites; the degree of concentration of sites and their blocking; orientation to the cardinal points; proximity to the water surface; type of coverage of sites and their technological equipment; nature of landscaping.

Terrain relief, volumetric and flat structures, roads and green spaces, their interposition can protect athletes from the blinding sun, from strong winds, dust, gas, soot.

The comfort of microclimatic conditions in outdoor sports facilities depends on a number of factors, which mainly include convection and radiation temperatures, air humidity, wind speed, insolation and lighting, chemical and bactericidal composition of the air. These factors are significantly influenced by

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can provide landscaping of the territory on which the structures are located. The main components of landscaping in this case are both the technique and design of landscaping, and the properties of trees and shrubs that affect the comfort of the microclimate. These properties include: plant habit (external shape), crown density, growth rate, leafing period.

The greatest microclimatic effect is given by the massifs of trees with a fullness of 1.0 - 0.8; clumps of trees with a fullness of 0.7 - 0.8, multi-row plantation strips. These types of landings can reduce the air temperature by 3 - 5 °, reduce the wind speed by 45 - 75%.

Groups, rows of trees, detached trees reduce the direct solar radiation voltage by 95%. Especially important are their windproof properties, which improve the aeration of the area. So, near playgrounds, strips of windproof or openwork design are useful. If necessary, it is more expedient to reduce the wind speed to a greater distance than a strip of a blown structure.

The temperature and humidity of the air are formed within the entire sports zone, and the speed of air movement is differentiated and largely depends on the landscaping of the sports facilities themselves, the method of planting placement, the type of planting, the range of trees and shrubs. The microclimate on the sports ground can be better or worse than the general microclimatic background of the sports zone, depending on how rationally landscaping is designed and implemented.

Green spaces contribute to the creation of biological and psychological comfort. They make the air healthier, emitting phytoncides with leaves and flowers, increase the ionization of the air, and increase the ozone content in it - especially conifers.

When designing the structure of wings, stripes and other elements of green spaces, one should take into account the phases of their vegetative development and, consequently, the manifestation of phytoncidal activity. The selection of wood strips should ensure a continuous release of phytoncides throughout the sports season.

In urban sports facilities, the content of carbon monoxide emitted by vehicles decreases sharply after the appearance of foliage on the protective zones - on average 2 - 3 times compared to the leafless period. Depending on the density of the planting, from 21 to 86% of dust is retained. Particularly effective in trapping dust is rough, fluffy elm and lilac foliage. Elm foliage retains dust about 5 times more than poplar foliage; lilac leaves 3 times.

Green spaces are also a kind of filter that traps and absorbs some of the sound energy, especially Norway maple, balsam poplar, and small-leaved linden.

When choosing plants for landscaping sports flat structures, it is important to take into account their resistance to mechanical damage.

To create fences, plants are chosen that are resistant to impacts from the ball and other sports equipment. The ability of plants to restore damage, insensitivity to damage is also important. Siberian and European larch, warty birch, small-leaved and smooth elm, red oak, white and brittle willow, white and Canadian poplar, Norway maple, small-leaved linden, and mountain ash have approximately equal rates of recovery of damaged shoots.

In modern standards for the design of sports facilities, it is not recommended to use tree and shrub species with thorns, lionfish and others, which, clogging up the grounds, create a traumatic situation. Plants that are very dusty during flowering and fruiting are also not recommended - they irritate the respiratory tract of a person.

Green spaces are decorative, their silhouette and shape, color, and in addition, the aroma affect the emotional state of a person. The professional combination of plants with different shapes and thoughtful colors in groups, massifs and tapeworms has a beneficial effect on the psyche of those who go in for sports.

Creation of a favorable microclimatic regime on sports grounds, biological and psychological comfort for athletes increases their performance, lengthens the season of comfortable conditions for sports.

Lawns also affect the sanitation and aesthetics of sports facilities. The green surface of the lawn promotes the evaporation of a significant amount of moisture from the soil (up to 200 g of water per hour with

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one square meter), which increases the humidity of the surface air layer. The grass stand of lawns lowers the air temperature in hot weather by 6 t, 7 °. Their powerfully developed root system contributes to the rapid mineralization of organic matter, helps to cleanse from putrefactive and harmful microorganisms that get on the lawn with dust.

The species composition of trees and shrubs, the placement method and the type of planting largely determine the comfort of the environment for sports activities (Figure 10.6.1).

The selection of an assortment of trees and shrubs for landscaping sports areas should be based on the general and specific properties of plants, species, the properties of which meet the entire range of requirements, most effectively affect the microclimate and contribute to the hygienic, physiological and psychological comfort of the environment (Table 10.6.1) ...

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Boulevards are linear green areas created along highways, residential streets and embankments, pedestrian routes in residential areas. The boulevards are intended for pedestrian traffic, walks and short-term recreation of the population.

In urban planning practice, there are several types of boulevards in the urban environment:

Boulevards along streets and highways, mainly of regional significance;

Boulevards along the embankments along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, lakes, seas - seaside boulevards;

Boulevards in the form of rings, covering the central parts of historical cities and fortifications created on the site - ramparts.

According to their layout, boulevards can be subdivided into:

Boulevards with a regular layout and symmetrical placement of the main garden and park roads and alleys

Boulevards with asymmetrical layout of the main alley;

Boulevards with free planning, including elements of regular and landscape planning

The length and width of the boulevard are determined depending on the class of the highway and the street, its planning solution and the architecture of the adjacent buildings. All structures should be harmoniously combined with green spaces as the main planning component of the territory.

Entrances to the boulevard should be provided along its long sides every 150 ... 300 m. On highways of regional significance and on streets with heavy traffic, the entrances to the boulevard should be linked to pedestrian crossings and public transport stops. On the short side of the boulevard - "head" - arrange the main entrance in the form of a wide platform, where they design a fountain, a flower bed or erect a monument.

Boulevards on highways with heavy traffic should be shifted from the axis of the highway, between the roadway and the sidewalk, for example, towards a shopping center or towards residential buildings. On busy highways, it is possible to arrange two boulevard lanes relative to the axis of the street. This is primarily due to the accessibility of the boulevard for pedestrians. Boulevards on residential streets can be located along the axis of the street.

In the city centers, boulevards-esplanades are created, with a predominant parterre solution to reveal the architectural and artistic qualities of the building. The open type of the spatial structure of plantings prevails.

The main planning elements of boulevards are: the main pedestrian path (planning axis), secondary and additional paths for short-term rest, entrances in the form of wide paths or platforms. The width of the tracks is set depending on

on the intensity of pedestrian traffic. It is recommended to place seating benches, fountains and pools at the entrances on the landings and along the main path. The main path of the boulevard should have strong clothing structures, covered with tiles or special crushed stone mixtures. Secondary tracks can have crushed stone coatings from special mixtures.

When designing boulevards on streets and highways, it should be borne in mind that plantings should play both a decorative and a sanitary-hygienic, protective role. Along the perimeter of the boulevard strips from the side of the carriageway, trees and shrubs are provided that are resistant to dust and gases.

When designing boulevards, the density (density) of planting, as well as the age and size of the planting material, are set individually, depending on the purpose of the boulevard and its location in the urban environment.

Boulevards on the embankments. Boulevards of this type actively shape the environment and give it a unique character.

Boulevards along the banks of rivers, lakes, seas, in many ways in their layout and purpose, resemble wide boulevards on the streets in residential areas. However, their difference lies in the fact that they are directly adjacent to the coastline of one of their sides and visually should combine riverine landscapes and the urban environment. Such "linear" gardens are also created on the banks of large reservoirs. There are three main layouts of embankments-boulevards:

symmetrical, with a central alley;

asymmetric - the planning axis is shifted towards the coastline;

free - on wide swaths over 50 m.

Boulevards, or linear gardens, along the embankments are not recommended to be combined with the traffic of highways. The coastline and strip along the river or lake (sea) must be used exclusively for recreation and walking. Entrances should be provided both on the long side, along the coastline, and on the short sides, limiting the territory On the territory of the boulevard-embankment, recreation areas are provided from which perspectives on the water surface are revealed. Part of the layout of such a garden includes descents to the water in the form of stairs, as well as piers, parking lots, cafes, etc.

The volumetric-spatial structure of plantations of boulevards on embankments is mainly of open and semi-open types. In conditions of excessive solar radiation, it is necessary to provide closed spaces, especially in areas of public recreation and along walking alleys.

Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, - for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, water, equestrian, cycling, etc.).

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for swimming and bathing. Hydroparks are becoming more widespread everywhere, including here. They need water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to this very condition.

Gyms are very widespread - universal, specialized, and multipurpose, i.e. not only for sporting events, but also for shows, dances, etc.

The palette of flat structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.

kakh, where the attendance is massive and where there are structures with places for spectators.

The number of people involved in sports is growing every year.

For training athletes and holding competitions, a large number of sports facilities are being built: sports grounds in micro-districts, at schools and other structures of the city; sports complexes, including buildings and flat structures, intended for everyday sports activities, as well as for holding competitions of city, federal and international significance.

Large complexes of sports facilities are usually formed in the form of parks. Sometimes sports facilities are located in parks of culture and recreation. So, a stadium for 100 thousand seats was built in the park of S. M. Kirov in Leningrad.

The basic principle of the planning of sports parks is to ensure the possibility of quick loading and evacuation of spectators. Particular attention is paid to the creation of alleys and recreation areas for athletes and visitors. It is also important to carry out a complex of engineering improvement of the territory at a modern technical level.

Experience shows that green spaces of the sports park occupy at least 30-40% of the total area of the park. When selecting an assortment of plants and their placement in the park, they are guided by the following requirements. To create a certain monochrome background around the areas, against which the ball will stand out quite sharply, it is advisable to use shrubs and trees. In this case, it is necessary to avoid rocks with shiny leaves and place the plants so that the shadow from their crowns does not fall on the site.

When landscaping sports facilities, it is undesirable to use plants that give a large number of flying seeds, abundantly fruiting and early shedding foliage, as they clog up sports grounds, which may interfere with sports events. Thorny plants should also not be used.

When designing sports parks, special attention is paid to the use of water, and not only for competitions, swimming, etc. (large bodies of water and rivers), but also for decorating the park. Decorative ponds, pools, fountains, cascades, streams, waterfalls together with greenery give the park a unique look.

On the approaches, parking lots are placed according to the total rate for all sports facilities operating at the same time.

Sports facilities, physical culture and sports grounds nestled among the greenery, organized physical education, and competitions attract city dwellers to active recreation. Green spaces and physical education have been associated with ancient times. At first, the first simplest sports facilities were built near green areas or directly on their glades.

Somewhat later, the first workers' sports clubs appeared in Russia. Already in 1923, the first large stadium was built in Moscow at the All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Exhibition. In the same year, a number of other stadiums were put into operation in Moscow.

The first major sports facility of the post-war years was the reconstructed stadium named after V. S. M. Kirov in Leningrad.

In 1954, the Nauka stadium was built in Tbilisi. The authors of the project of this stadium tried to include the territory of the stadium in the planning of one of the best parks in the city, without violating its architectural and planning composition.

The above examples are characterized by the active inclusion of the natural landscape, and especially green spaces, in the architectural and planning solution of the territory of stadiums, which, in essence, are sports parks. In almost all cases, sports facilities are located directly in green areas. In cases where the area of sports facilities is located compactly on a separate area, it should still adjoin the park.

The 1950s marked a new stage in the development of the practice of designing and building sports parks. At this time, stadiums are being built in Riga, Minsk, Khabarovsk, Moscow and other cities.

Sports complexes - sports parks of the 80s are being solved in a new way. In Krasnoyarsk, on the Yenisei, the construction of a large sports and recreation park on the Otdykh Island is nearing completion.

Moscow has a number of high-class sports facilities, which were reconstructed in preparation for the Olympics. In addition, new specialized complexes were erected, taking into account the special

facilities of various sports, which made it possible to have sports centers that take into account the highest international requirements in each planning area of the capital.

The main sports complex of the Olympics was the Central Stadium named after V.I. Lenin in Luzhniki, built in 1956 and reconstructed in 1980 (156).

The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moskva River and the ring railway has an area of 180 hectares, of which

more than 40 hectares are used for the organization of entrances, approaches, stops and parking for public and individual transport. It is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, the entire territory of the stadium is raised by an average of 1.5 m.

On numerous sports grounds and in the halls of the stadium, it is possible to train and hold competitions in more than 30 sports. The sports park contains about 150 sports facilities only,

including the Big Sports Arena with stands for 103 thousand spectators, the Small Arena for 10 thousand, a swimming pool for 11 thousand, the Sports Palace for 14 thousand, a children's stadium for 3 thousand, a new universal sports hall for 4 thousand, indoor artificial ice rink "Crystal".

The general layout of the complex was significantly influenced by the existing layout of the area adjacent to the Luzhniki Stadium, as well as the presence of a river and a railway, the coincidence of the axis of symmetry of the main building of the Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov Moscow State University with the main axis of the peninsula. The complex is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes, dominated by its transverse axis, oriented towards the city and the Lenin Hills (157). The core of the general plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main avenues - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and ground transport stops get to the sports facilities.

There is a recreation area along the front alley on the embankment. In total, more than 40 thousand trees from 5 to 50 years old, 400 thousand shrubs, more than 2 million flowers have been planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but from the forest, and among them were blue spruces, small-leaved linden, maple, white acacia, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretched for more than 30 km.

When carrying out landscaping, a variety of techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout, at the main structures - ordinary plantings, in a park recreation area - picturesquely located.

For the Olympics, significant work was carried out on the reconstruction of the stadium, primarily on the modern technical equipment of sports facilities, on the creation of new coatings, on the reconstruction

old and construction of new premises serving athletes, the creation of an artificial lighting system.

During the reconstruction of the Luzhniki stadium, the architecture of the mid-50s was completely preserved and partially restored, and the modern objects that supplemented it emphasized and strengthened the originality of the original plan.

In the area of the former village of Krylatskoye, 12 km from the city center, in the picturesque floodplain of the Moscow River, where it makes a big loop, bypassing a group of hills, a new sports complex has been created. An artificial rowing channel has been built here. The hydropark with an area of 750 hectares is designed to serve 100 thousand visitors in the summer and 60 thousand in winter. The rowing canal is the center of the park's composition. Its large body of water is well combined with low stretched sports facilities located on the shore. The length of the canal is 2300 m, the width of the racing distance is 125 m, the “return” distance is 75 m (158).

When you look at Krylatskoye from the high bank of the river, you see a cycle track with an expressive silhouette of the ceiling. Until now, there has never been an indoor cycling track in the world with such a large track - its length is 333.3 m. This is a unique sports facility.

An open track for cycling has also been created in Krylatskoye. The nearly 14 km long cycle track meets the strictest international standards.

The two green squares (90X90m), located between the canal and the cycle track, represent archery fields with a sturdy sports turf.

All structures are united by a wide park area. In the formation of the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs were used, which mainly serve for decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, mountain slopes overgrown with forests, hills and

islands. To create an artificial relief, the soil from the works during the construction of the rowing canal and artificial reservoirs was used. Currently, the complex is developing, acquiring new sports and recreational areas. The authors of the general plan of the sports park are architect. A. G. Echeistov, V. F. Gostev, A. A. Talalaevsky, Ing. E. A. Semenova-Prozarovskaya, N. A. Filippova, V. P. Timofeev.

To create a unique sports park, part of the Bitsevsky forest area has also been allocated.

In the north-eastern part of the park, an Olympic-class equestrian center was built, which successfully fits into the nature of the Bitsevsky forest park, located on its huge (over 130 thousand m2) glade surrounded by trees and bushes. The flat structures of the equestrian sports complex, which meet the high Olympic requirements, have been successfully solved.

Like any sports complex, the Olimpiyskiy one should be treated as a park, where it is possible not only to hold major entertainment events, train athletes and athletes, but also to organize recreation for residents of nearby urban areas. The park's green spaces should have a significant impact on the improvement of the city's environment.