Skating ... Subdivided into classic and short track. Participants in this high-speed ice skating must overcome a certain area of the ice cover as quickly as possible. Modern competitions are held in specially equipped stadiums, where skaters have to overcome various distances in a vicious circle.
For the first time in the literature about ice skating was mentioned by the monk Stephanius in the work "Chronicle of the Noble City of London" - it happened back in 1174. As for the first skating club, it opened in 1604 in Edinburgh, Scotland. More than a century and a half later, in 1763, runners from the USA and Great Britain clashed in a friendly duel. But then there were no rules yet and the so-called athletes simply “raced”. It was only in 1772 that the first edition of the rules appeared, which described what skaters should be guided by when going out on a distance.
In Russia, ice skating began to be cultivated during the reign of Peter I, who brought this sport from Holland. However, after the death of Peter I, interest in speed skating faded away until the 1830s.
If we consider the development of domestic speed skating, then it is worth noting that the first real skating rinks appeared in our country back in the 30s in the 19th century. The first speed skating club in Russia was created in 1864. And already in 1881 a society of skating lovers was opened.
In 1889, on February 19, the first official championship took place on the territory of Russia. Then became the champion good athlete and an excellent skater Alexander Panshin. It was from this moment that modern speed skating began in our country. In 1890, for the first time in Russia, the rules for speed skating were published.
The Winter Olympics program included speed skating on its roster in 1924. However, only men could participate in the races, but since 1960, competitions among women began to be held.
In general, in this way, speed skating has come down to our days. As you understand, he did not lose his popularity, but, on the contrary, even gained.
The rules in this sport are very simple - the main thing that is required of an athlete is to skate quickly and be enduring. treadmill, as a rule, is represented by an oval, the length of which is 333.3 meters or 400 meters. Large-scale competitions are held on 400-meter treadmills. The inner turn of the walkway has a radius of 25 meters. The length of two straight lines and two turns is 200 meters each. The skating rink is divided into 2 lanes: one is internal, the other is external. One of the straight lines of the skating rink is transitional, and so, the athlete is obliged to change the track at each lap of the distance, and he must do it, just on this transitional straight. Of course, this rule does not work when it comes to team races and mass starts. The fact is that in this case, all athletes run along the inner track.
Today, if we again talk about the domestic speed skating, I would like to note that in Russia there are more than 61 ice rinks with natural ice, as well as a lot of indoor skating rinks with artificial ice... The popularity of ice skating is growing before our eyes. 43 republics, together with their regions and territories throughout Russian Federation participate in the development of this sport. More than 20,000 domestic athletes train daily at the country's skating rinks.
Speed skating is one of the modern popular types sports. There are different types of it depending on the distance covered. But general rules and the principles are the same for everyone. Therefore, to understand the issue, it is enough to know what speed skating is.
Speed skating refers to Olympic sports sports. In him main goal is faster than opponents to skate a certain distance. By modern rules it is a vicious circle. At the same time, two athletes overcome it, a group of qualified judges monitors their race and marks the time it took them to finish the race. The athlete who ran the track faster than the others is declared the winner of the competition.
History of origin and development
The first written records of the appearance of footwear date back to the medieval period. But there is evidence that people skated as early as 1000 BC.
Therefore, speed skating can rightfully be considered one of the oldest. For the first time it received the status of a competition in the 18th century. According to historical chronicles, in 1772 the first rules for the conduct of competitions were established. But at the same time it was called ice skating. The name of this sport was invented later after the rules were written.
For the next 100 years, speed skating developed in Russia, America and England, and basically did not go beyond these countries. But until 1842, skaters competed exclusively on the ice of open reservoirs, until the first artificial ice rink was flooded. And already in 1889 the first international speed skating competitions were held. Russian sportsman Alexander Panshin became the winner. After that, Russia created its own skating union, and this sport was actively developed.
A similar thing happened all over the world, the International Skating Union was created, competitions of various levels were regularly held. Finally, in the creation of the Winter Olympic Games, speed skating has become one of the main competitions.
Speed skating rules
Since the inception of speed skating, its rules have undergone several changes:
- There are only two athletes on the track at a time.
- The movement runs counterclockwise along a circular track.
- After completing the circle, the skaters change lanes. This is done in order to neutralize the advantage of the athlete who runs along the inside of the track.
- When changing lanes, it is strictly forbidden to interfere with a partner, violation of this rule is punishable by disqualification.
- At the start there is a starter judge who monitors the correct start of the race. In case of a false start, the results of the race are canceled, and it is restarted; after the third false start, the athlete is disqualified.
- Athletes who showed the same time, according to the results of the race, occupy the same places, a second race is inadmissible.
- Three athletes participate in team races, they ride along the inner track.
- Check-in time is fixed by the last participant.
Speed skating track
The skating track has an oval shape with a 400 meter long ice strip. Straight sections of the track are about 100 meters long, and the turning radius in various cases is 25-26 meters.
On one of the straight sections of the track, there is an area for changing lanes between athletes on each lap.
Refereeing
At all speed skating competitions, a large group of judges supervises the observance of the rules, consisting of:
- the referee and his assistants;
- starter with assistants who monitor the start;
- the judge fixing the finish;
- chronometer, automatic and manual;
- lap counter;
- a judge at the transition, watching the change of lanes between athletes;
- judges on the track, stand at every turn and monitor compliance with the rules;
- reserve judges;
- an expert who monitors the condition of the ice.
Speed skating competition
At the moment, competitions among skaters are held at different levels Every year:
- National Championships.
- World Championships.
- Europe championship.
- World Cup.
And once every four years, the most prestigious competition for skaters is held - the Winter Olympic Games.
Short track and speed skating: differences
Historically, it arose later than speed skating, and for a long time was considered one of its varieties. But recently it split off and is now considered an independent species. In it, athletes also run counterclockwise along the ice track and compete in who will reach the finish line faster. But still, these sports have fundamental differences:
- The track length is 111.12 m with a turning radius of 8 m.
- The races are held only for short distances, it does not run for long distances of 5000 and 10000 m.
- Up to 6 athletes can be on the track at the same time.
- There is no track division. Also, there are no requirements for the mandatory movement of athletes along the track, they have the right to independently make decisions about how and along what trajectory they should move.
- sharpened differently for short track to better fit into a turn. Moreover, they have a fundamentally different design, in which the blade is rigidly fixed.
Speed skating: pros and cons
- development of coordination;
- increased endurance;
- strengthening the immune system;
- improving the work of the cardiovascular system.
- girls who are professionally involved in speed skating may experience deformation of the legs due to the heavy load on them;
- trauma.
Speed skating: benefits
Any type of ice skating develops a person's sense of balance and coordination, including speed skating. It also improves flexibility and dexterity and has health benefits.
Attention! Therefore, this sport is well suited for weak children, it allows them to develop and improve their natural skills.
Speed skating: contraindications
Speed skating is quite traumatic, so doctors do not recommend it to people who have musculoskeletal disorders, bone defects and increased bone fragility.
In addition, it is prohibited for people with weakened immunity, problems with nervous and cardiovascular system, with diseases of the joints.
Speed skating equipment
In speed skating, special skates are used - claps. They differ from conventional ones in that the blade is attached to the boot by means of a spring hinge and only in the front part of it. This allows you to increase the skating phase and the athlete. In addition, clip-on skates give athletes more agility and help them pay more attention to skating technique.
Boots and blades for them are made separately. The boots should ideally follow the shape of the foot and sit comfortably on the foot. As a rule, boots are sold unfinished and require thermal adjustment to the shape of the foot. Have professional athletes boots are immediately made according to anatomical features stop.
The jumpsuit in which the athlete performs should follow the contours of his body as much as possible in order to improve aerodynamics and increase running speed. Any insertions into the suit that change the shape of the body are strictly not allowed by the rules of speed skating.
In order to protect against injury, a helmet, made in the shape of the skater's head, and, if desired, protection for the elbows and shins are also included.
Speed skating stars
Of Russia
The first outstanding speed skater in Russia was Alexander Panshin. It was he who gave a start to the active development of this sport in our country. Panshin became the first world and Russian champion, set a world record in speed skating 1500 meters at the championship in Prague. Then he began to improve the shape and structure of speed skating skates.
Another honored Russian skater is Yakov Melnikov. During its active sports activities he has set 27 national records, is multiple champion Russia and the world.
The first female speed skater from Russia to achieve outstanding results is Maria Isakova. She held the title of world champion for three years in a row. In 1951 she set a new world record at a distance of 1500 meters. She was the first among Russian athletes to take part in international competitions and showed the best results there.
During the first Winter Olympic Games, held in 1956 in Italy, Soviet skaters won 4 gold medals. They were received by athletes: Yuri Mikhailov, Evgeny Grishin, Boris Shilkov. Evgeny Grishin subsequently became the Olympic champion three more times.
In 1984, a 10,000-meter speed skating marathon was held, and for the first time the Soviet athlete Igor Malkov won it.
Speed skating leaders in modern Russia- this is Ivan Skobrev and Denis Yuskov.
Ivan has set two national records at distances of 5000 and 10000 meters. He became the champion of Russia and the world many times.
Denis Yuskov is a three-time world champion at a distance of 1500 meters, he received two World Cups in 2016 and 2018. He is the current record holder of Russia at a distance of 1500 meters. He continues to actively participate in competitions and reach new heights.
Among the world powers in speed skating, the USA, Canada, Japan and the Republic of Korea have achieved success.
For example, Korea's Lee Sang Hwa has been the absolute leader in the women's 500m for the past few years and holds the world record.
Heather Richardson Bergsma, a native of the United States, has set the world record for women at 1000 meters. Also in 2011, she won the World Cup at this distance. At the same time, she began to go in for speed skating at the age of 18, but this did not prevent her from achieving high results.
Nao Kodaira is a Japanese speed skater. Won the silver medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics in the 1000m team race and installed new record among women at this distance.
Ted-Jan Blumen plays for the Netherlands, he won the title of world champion three times at distances of 5,000 and 10,000 meters. At the 2018 Olympics, he won a silver medal, losing to Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer.
Sven Kramer is one of the most awarded modern skaters. In his piggy bank there are 19 world championship awards at separate distances and 9 awards in the all-around.
Speed skating is one of the leading sports of our time. He has raised many famous people. It is prestigious and honorable to do it, in addition, playing sports will strengthen the immune system, develop muscle strength, agility and endurance.
(Speed skating - English) is a sport in which you need to overcome a certain distance as quickly as possible in an ice stadium in a vicious circle.
Is one of the oldest sports. The oldest skates discovered by archaeologists belonged to the Cimerians, a nomadic tribe that lived 3200 years ago in the Northern Black Sea region.
The first officially recorded competition was held in Great Britain in January 1763. The competition was won by Mr. Lamb, who ran the 15 miles in 46 minutes. In 1742, the world's first speed skating club was established in Great Britain, and in 1830 in London and Glasgow. This country was the first in the world to organize a national championship, held on December 8, 1879.
The first official world champion is the Dutchman Eden, and the European champion is the Swede Eriksson. Both athletes won these titles in 1893. Records in ice skating have been recorded since 1890.
The International Skating Union ISU (ISU) was founded in 1892 and unites more than 60 national federations... The program of the Winter Olympic Games has been men since 1924 and men and women since 1960.
In 1889, the first world speed skating championship was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The International Skating Union declared these competitions professional and held the first official world championship for men in 1893 in Amsterdam. The Women's World Championships have been held since 1936. The world championships in sprint all-around - 500 and 1000 m have been held since 1972.
European championships for men began to be held since 1893, and for women since 1970.
IN Winter Olympics speed skating for men has been included since 1924, since 1960, competitions for women have also been held. The championship was played at four distances - 500, 1500, 5000, 10000 meters and in all-around.
In 1928, there were no competitions at a distance of 10,000 meters, there was no offset in the total all-around.
The current program of the Winter Olympic Games includes passing short distances at 500, 1000 and 1500 meters, and long distances at 3000, 5000 and 10000 meters.
Competitors run in pairs - one on the outside, the other on the inside tracks. At each distance, 3 athletes can compete from the national team. Until 1972, 4 athletes could compete at distances of 500 and 1500 m for men.
The absolute championship in the all-around is not played out. Only in 1924, the Olympic champion was determined by the sum of places taken at four distances.
Soviet skaters first entered the start of the 7th Winter Olympics in 1956 and won 7 prize medals. The first Soviet champion Maria Isakova became the world champion, she won the world championship three times in a row, won three Olympic awards. In 1957, at the 15th world championship among women, held in Imatra (Finland) Soviet athletes won 13 prizes out of 15 possible.
The first Soviet Olympic champion in the speed skating marathon was Igor Malkov in Sarajevo (1984). In 1987, the popular runner Nikolai Gulyaev won all the highest speed skating awards - he became the champion of Europe and the world.
In 1983, sprinter Pavel Pegov opened a new era of speed skating, setting a world record at a distance of 500 meters.
Speed skating is called a sport for the strong and enduring for a reason. Willpower, the ability to concentrate is a great reward that every athlete receives. The ancient Cimmerians were the first to discover the advantages of skating. The peculiarities of modern ice skating conceal many secrets that attract beginners.
Speed skating - what is it?
Speed skating is a type in which a participant must complete a distance circle faster than others. It requires experience, an excellent sense of balance, the ability to calculate the speed of an opponent and correctly assess their capabilities. For the first time, ice skating competitions were held in the winter of 1763 in England, gold medal champion deservedly received Mr. Lamb.
In 1890, the first records arose, but it took about a hundred more years to prepare the participants in major competitions. Women's world championships appeared in 1936, and European ones - in 1970, at the same time everyone learned about the world championships in sprint all-around. And already at the beginning of the 21st century, a team pursuit race was announced.
Short track and speed skating - differences
They separate speed skating and short track, the latter in translation means "short track". Short track is a speed skating competition in large stadiums. He recently became Olympic, the leadership is currently held by the Asian countries. What is the difference between short track speed skating and speed skating?
- Different sizes of sites. For short track speed skating at 111 meters, the sides are protected by a fence.
- The length of the circle. It is smaller in short track speed skating.
- The short track skates have a different sharpening system, they are very sharp, and the runners are curved to easily fit into the turn.
- Skaters perform on their own lane, but short trackers have no lane division.
Speed skating rules
Modern speed skating is represented by individual and team competition... Features of individual competitions:
- skaters compete in pairs;
- the race runs along two tracks;
- all races are held once, only a distance of half a kilometer - twice.
Team Race Rules:
- teams compete in triplets;
- leading races change periodically;
- the competition is considered completed when the last member of the group crossed the finish line;
- if a participant falls near the finish line, the time of the end of the distance;
- is fixed when his skates have crossed the finishing line.
Both in personal and in team competition prohibited:
- make a second false start in a pair;
- cut the lines that separate the tracks;
- obstruct the opponent during the exchange of lanes.
Speed skating - pros and cons
According to doctors, speed skating and health are very closely related, it is especially useful for the physiological development of children. Positive points:
- Improves the functioning of the lungs and blood vessels.
- , helps to prevent colds.
- Improves coordination of movements and the ability to navigate in space.
There are much fewer negative points:
- Serious injuries: sprains and fractures.
- In girls, there is a deformation of the legs due to overly inflated muscles.
Speed skating - benefits
Ice skating has always been particularly prized for providing athletes with a great sense of balance. Both doctors and coaches have noted the positive impact of speed skating on coordination. He gives other equally useful bonuses:
- trains flexibility and agility;
- develops the muscles of the lower body;
- improves the body's resistance to infections;
- gives a great mood, thanks to the production of endorphins, which are called;
- eliminates cellulite, an hour of skating burns up to 500 calories.
Speed skating - contraindications
According to statistics, the phrase "speed skating - injuries" is the most typical. High speed of movement, collisions with rivals, sliding on ice are becoming the main causes of fractures and dislocations in athletes. Taking these features into account, doctors formulated a number of contraindications for which speed skating is not recommended:
- joint diseases;
- weak immunity;
- deformation of the bones;
- diseases of the nervous and vascular system.
Speed skating equipment
An important aspect is good equipment, the main component of which is skates. Experts note that a lot depends on the correct model, so special skates for racing on ice have been developed, professionals order shoes for blades separately, according to foot casts. To create the best racing suit, aerodynamic research was carried out on various fabrics and many world famous manufacturers continue to work on improving their models. From the available arsenal, athletes recommend choosing the following equipment:
- Skates... The best skates for speed skating are claps, in which the blade is fixed with a spring hinge in order to push harder and develop greater speed.
- Overalls... The speed skating suit is tailored to the figure so that it fits snugly around the athlete, but does not restrict movement. Inserts that interfere with the fit are prohibited.
- Speed Skating Glasses... Several pairs are selected, the color of the lenses depends on the weather: gilded - in the sun, pink - in cloudy weather. There must be a mirror finish that protects the eyes. The best frame is made of thermopolyurethane, a three-layer seal is provided: hard dense, soft and thin with microfleece.
Have survived Interesting Facts about speed skating:
- The Siberians collected ice skating gear from walrus seeds, the Kazakhs from horses, and the Chinese adapted bamboo.
- The first tournament is mentioned in the book "Chronicle of the Noble City of London" by the monk Stephanius, published in 1174.
- For Russians, the skates were brought by Tsar Peter 1, people adapted them for movement on icy streets.
Speed skating stars
In the Soviet country, speed skating competitions were first held in 1918, after another 5 years, competitions in the classic all-around started. Soviet skaters for the first time declared themselves at the 7th Olympiad and won 7 prizes. The most outstanding achievements of women:
- The first champion Soviet Union recognized Maria Isakova, who won the world championship three times.
- Lydia Skoblikova received the title of 6-time Olympic champion.
The most outstanding achievements of men:
- For the first time, a Soviet athlete won Olympic gold Igor Malkov.
- Skater Nikolay Gulyaev received the highest awards at the European and World Championships.
- Honorary titles of world and Olympic champions at various times were awarded Valery Muratov, Sergey Marchuk, Evgeny Kulikov, Tatiana Averina.
International Association ridge species sports (ISU - International Skating Union) was organized in the Netherlands (the city of Scheveningen) back in 1892. Initially, the organizing company was only going to regulate the amateur sports movement. But already in 1896, under the management of ISU, the first competitions were held, which were hosted by St. Petersburg. Now the location of the association is Switzerland (Lausanne).
Skating- a kind of sport in which an athlete equipped with skates must cover the distance of an ice rink (stadium) as quickly as possible. In every skating sport, skates have characteristics... So, in speed skating they are called "Clap"(clap skate). The front part of the blade is fixed to the boot by a hinge - a movable joint. BUT rear end free, spring-loaded. Thus, when the skater moves on the ice, the clink of the boot on the blade is created, hence the name. The radius of curvature of the blade for these skates is very large (22m).
Speed skating is included in the program Winter Olympics from the very first Winter Games, that is, since 1924, and since 1960 women began to take part.
Speed skating stadiums are of two types: 400 and 333.3 meters long. Large-scale competitions are held only at the 400-meter stadium. Radius inner turn there is 26.27 meters. The length of the turns is 100m, as well as the length of the straight sections. The stadium is divided into two droshky: inner and outer. In classic skating, the athlete must change the track at each lap. Therefore, one straight line is called transitional. If during the need to make the transition the athletes are at the same level, then the runner on the inner lane must yield. From additional equipment, it is allowed to use only a helmet that repeats the shape of the head, no aerodynamic, streamlined shapes. The movement in the races is counterclockwise.
All-around speed skaters are held at distances of 500, 1500, 5000, 10000 meters. Points are awarded for each completed stage. The time for which the athlete covered the 500-meter segment is determined. And for every second 1 point is awarded. Further, the time at other distances is divided by the number, how many times this distance is longer than 500 m. And similarly to the first, for every second 1 point. The points for all segments are summed up and the winner is the athlete with the lowest amount of points.
Separate distances are very popular, they are held at 500 meters, 1000, 1500, 5000, only for women a segment of 3000m, and men only perform at 10000m.
Sprint races at 500 and 1000 meters, there are two races on each segment. And the calculation of the results occurs as in the all-around.
Short track- speed skating has separated from classic ice skating. Its main feature is the absence of the need for a separate huge 400-meter stadium (which, by the way, is larger football field). Short track competitions are held at the hockey stadium.
Short track skates are very different from classic speed skating skates. Here the blade is rigidly fixed, has a smaller radius of rounding (11 meters). The blade is also off-center to allow for sharper turns (entering a smaller radius).
4-8 people take part in high-speed running races, the greater the distance, the more athletes on the ice. Held at 500, 1000, 1500 and 3000 meters. They compete in relay races and all-around. Short track rules are very strict and traumatic from this. It is allowed to use shields, helmets, gloves.
Figure skating- very colorful, harmonious and beautiful sports waters. The bottom line is that one athlete or a couple needs to move on skates on the ice in different directions and accompany the execution of combinations (rotation, jumps, support, etc.).
It is the first winter sport to be included in Olympic Games... No, not since 1924. And in 1908 and 1920, competitions in figure skating were held at Summer Olympics... And after the reorganization of the Games, since 1924 they were included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.
Share figure skating for the following sports disciplines: single skating, pair figure skating, dance Sport, synchronized figure skating.