Basketball- sports team ball game, which is included in the program of the Olympic Games. The etymology of the game came from the addition of two English words basket "basket" and ball "ball".

The goal of each team is to throw maximum amount once the ball is in the opponent's basket. A hanging basket is called at 3.05 m ring with mesh at the bottom. Hits are scored based on the player's position on the field during the throw.

A brief history of basketball's origins

It is believed that basketball originated many centuries ago.

Invention: who invented modern sport, where it first originated

The ancestor of modern basketball is the ritual game indians of the mayan tribe- "pitz", now known as "ulama".

On the territory of Mexico, archaeologists have discovered the first rubber balls, weighing several kilograms, which were invented in 2500 BC NS. Only in the territory of modern Guatemala was found 500 pitches.

The game not only depicted the ritual battle between the gods in the sky, but also served to settle disputes between communities.

The essence of the competition was that it was necessary to throw the ball into the ring located on the podium 10 meters high without using your hands, pushing it with your head, hips, elbows and legs. The number of players in the team varied from 2 to 5. The ring was located vertically on the sides of the field. The winner was the team that first hit the ring... We could say that the pitz was a mixture of football and basketball.

Attention! It is believed that in some cases the captain, and sometimes the entire losing team at the time, lost their heads.

The inventor of modern basketball is called James Naismith (1861-1939), who taught physical education to students at the Springfield School of Christian Workers in Massachusetts.

Photo 1. The creator of modern basketball, James Naismith. In the hands of the inventor holds one of the first basketball balls.

The game was invented due to the need to diversify winter time escorting their charges... Students broke into two groups and pursued the goal of throwing the ball into a fruit basket with a bottom, attached to the wall.

Reference. A number of researchers believe that Naismith was inspired by children's play. "Duck on a rock", in which you need to hit a small pebble on top of a larger stone.

First basketball game

In 1892 the first match of the teams consisting of out of 9 players ending with the score 1:0. The popularity of the new dynamic game was rapidly gaining momentum. Due to the rapid development and the increasing incidence of foul play, Naismith was forced to develop the first rules.

James Naismith's first 13 basketball rules:

1. The ball can be thrown in any direction with one hand.
2. By ball you can't punch.
3. By ball can be hit with one or two hands.

1. The ball must be held with brushes, the use of the body and forearms is prohibited.
2. The player can only run with the ball at speed otherwise he must pass or throw the ball into the basket.
3. You cannot push, grab, hold and beat the enemy. The violation is called a foul, on the second foul the player is disqualified.
4. Three opponent fouls count as a goal for the other side.
5. If the ball gets stuck in the basket, it counts as a goal. while defending players are prohibited from kicking the ball or touching the basket.
6. When offside, the ball is put into play by the first touching player, 5 seconds are given for the throw-in if the player holds it longer, the ball goes to the opponent.
7. The referee monitors the actions of the players and fouls; he has the power to remove players.
8. The referee determines the position of the ball(in play, out) and which side should have the ball.
9. The game consists of two halves of 15 minutes with a break of 5 minutes.
10. Team that scored more balls, is considered the winner.

Modern rules have undergone a number of changes, for example:

• 4 halves of 10 minutes, intermittently - 2 minutes after the first and before the last round and 15 minutes between the second and third round.
• With a ball you can run, throw with both hands and help him in flight.
• Allowed 5 fouls and the replacement of the player.

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Development and formation

The first matches revealed flaws new game and brought about practical changes: the bottom of the basket is cut out, shields appear to protect the basket, after a few years the baskets themselves are replaced with an iron ring with a net.

In parallel with men's basketball, women's basketball was also developing, the first rules of which were invented by Senda Berenson in 1892... Despite the long practice of various competitions, women's basketball entered the Olympic program only in 1976

What year did professional leagues appear?

In the early stages, basketball spontaneously spread in educational institutions in the United States and Canada.

In 1898 in the USA created the first professional National Basketball League that lasted 5 years, and then split into several independent leagues.

Basketball spreads from America to the East (Japan, China), and then to Europe and South American countries.

After World War I the Amateur Sports Union and the National Collegiate Sports Association were involved in organizing and directing the games in America. In the 20s begin to actively create national federations.

Important! The contracts with the players were not concluded for the season, as at present, but for the game. The player's bet was 1 dollar per minute, which was considered a very impressive amount.

American Basketball League established in 1925, which united all the teams of the North-East of America. Late 20s - early 30s in the United States, almost all basketball competitions were canceled due to the Great Depression.

The establishment of the International Basketball Federation becomes a milestone in the development of sports in 1932 (FIBA). In 1936 g. by decision The Olympic Committee under the auspices of FIBA, the first Olympic Games are held in Berlin.

In the 40s in connection with the outbreak of World War II, basketball, like other sports, fades into the background. The inexhaustible interest in sports during the difficult years for the United States was supported by the rapid development of the student league.

Reference. The guest of honor of the first games is their creator James Naismith, in whose honor in 1959... will be named the Basketball Hall of Fame, commemorating the brightest players, best matches and memorable moments of the game.

The emergence of the NBA

National Basketball Association (NBA) is formed in 1946 through the merger of two organizations: National Basketball League and Basketball Association of America.

She is one of the leading and most influential men's professional leagues to this day. North America which includes 30 teams.

The most titled club in the league - Boston Celtics, on whose account 17 wins... Follow him Los Angeles Lakers and Chicago Bulls.

Association with ABA

In parallel with the first NBA tournaments, it is developing American Basketball Association (ABA), uniting under its wing 11 teams. Unable to withstand the competition with the NBA, the association falls apart 3 years later, and the teams are adjacent to the winner.

Important! The ABA went down in history because a three-point shot was scored for the first time at its championships - accurate throw made from behind the arc (at a distance 724 cm from the ring).

The history of the creation of domestic basketball

Basketball also actively developed in the vastness of our country.

The emergence

The first mention of basketball in Russia is for 1901 and belongs to the founder Russian football George Duperron... The first games in a new sport are being held in the St. Petersburg society for physical and moral education of youth "Mayak", based on a donation from an American James Stokes.

In 1906 g. the first team was founded on the basis of Mayak. In 1909... the first "international" match is held, with the participation of an American team hastily cobbled together from the Christian missionaries who arrived on the ship.

The best of 6 teams the Lilov team, led by the pioneer of Russian basketball, was recognized Stepan Vasilievich Vasiliev.

By 1910 basketball begins to take root in the largest society physical education of that time "Bogatyr", thanks to which it begins to spread to other cities of the empire.

In 1913 g. the first rules of the game, then called "the ball in the basket", were published.

Distribution of the game

After the October Revolution the new kind sport receives all-Union recognition. In 1920 basketball was introduced as a separate discipline in educational institutions and the Soviet basketball school began to form. In 1923 g. the first national championship was held in Moscow Methodical developments and the rules of the Soviet school largely coincided with the international ones.

Reference. TO 1941 year... in the USSR there were about 82 thousand basketball players.

In 1947 g. the Soviet section joins the International Basketball Federation and begins to participate in international competitions... Both the men's and women's teams have been showing high results for many years, winning prizes at the Olympic Games and World and European Championships.

After the collapse of the USSR, a restructuring of Russian basketball took place. In 1991 established Russian Basketball Federation (RBF).

Photo 2. Modern logo Russian Federation Basketball. The organization was founded in 1991.

Since 1992 the Russian Basketball Championship for women and men is held. By 1995 a super league was created, which includes six leading men's teams.

In 2015 due to scandals associated with the Federation, all Russian teams were barred from participating in international competitions. Interest and level basketball teams has fallen sharply in the last decade. At the moment, the Russian team is unable to pass the barrier qualifying round competitions.

The history of basketball among veterans

Maxibasketball Movement - Competitions played by athletes over 30 years old- has its roots in Buenos Aires, where in 1969 the first games of veterans were held. In the same place in 1991 the first World Basketball Championship among veterans took place. In 1992 in Argentina was formed International Federation maxibasketball (FIMBA). Now the federation includes 40 countries, including Russia.

Competitions are held in different age categories for men and women from 30 years old, with a step of each category for 5 years... For male athletes, additional categories are provided: 65 +, 70 + and 75+.

Photo 3. A basketball game among male veterans. Athletes who are over fifty years old are playing.

Among the direct predecessors of basketball, the children's game "duck on a rock", which was widespread in some countries in the 19th century, with which James Naismith was familiar is often called: throwing a small stone, the player had to hit the top of another, larger stone. According to the biographers of Naismith, it was during the game of "duck on the rock" that the "concept of basketball" was born in the head of young James. The game finally matured when Dr. Naismith began teaching anatomy and physical education at the YMCA International Youth Training College in Springfield, Massachusetts. Naismith noticed that winter gymnastics in the gym seemed too monotonous for students, and decided to entertain them with some new mobile game of agility and coordination, which could be carried out indoors - and relatively small in size. At different ends sports hall two baskets (in English "basket", hence the name of the new game) from under fruits were attached to the balcony, which encircled it along the perimeter (the height from the floor to the edge of the balcony turned out to be 3 m 5 cm, hence the standard that is maintained to this day at all basketball courts in the world). The students had to hit the basket with the ball. This is how basketball was born.

The first officially registered basketball game took place in December 1891. It was not quite usual for us. So, in Naismith's teams there were 9 people each (the doctor simply divided the group of his students equally), and they played with a soccer ball.

News of a new sports game spread throughout America, and soon the college where Naismith taught began to receive many letters, the authors of which asked to send them the rules of the game.

In 1892, the first book of rules for the game of basketball was published. It contained 13 points, many of which are still valid today. Although in some ways "Naismith's rules" differ from modern ones. In Russia, the first match was played in 1906 in St. Petersburg.

Personal life

Naismith married Maud Sherman in 1894. They had five children. Naismith received a medical degree.

The 13 Rules of Basketball (formulated by James Naismith)

The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.

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The ball can be hit with one or both hands in any direction, but never with a fist.

The player cannot run after the ball. The player must pass or throw the ball into the basket from the point at which he caught it, except for the player running at high speed.

The ball must be held with one or both hands. The forearms and body cannot be used to hold the ball.

In any case, strikes, captures, holding and pushing the enemy are not allowed. The first violation of this rule by any player shall be called a foul; the second foul will disqualify him until the next goal is scored, and if there was a clear intention to injure the player, then disqualification for the whole game. In this case, it is not allowed to replace a disqualified player.

Striking the ball with a fist - violation of paragraphs of rules 2 and 4, the penalty is described in paragraph 5.

If either side commits three fouls in a row, then a goal is recorded for its opponent (this means that during this time the opponent must not commit a single foul).

A goal is awarded if the ball thrown or bounced off the floor enters the basket and remains there. Defending players are not allowed to touch the ball or the basket when they are thrown. If the ball touches the edge and the opponents move the basket, a goal is scored.

If the ball goes out of bounds, then it must be thrown into the field and the first player to touch it. In the event of a dispute, the referee must throw the ball into the field. The thrower is allowed to hold the ball for five seconds. If he holds it longer, then the ball is given to the opponent. If either side is trying to stall for time, the referee must give them a foul.

The referee must monitor the actions of the players and for fouls, and also notify the referee about three fouls committed in a row. He is vested with the power to disqualify players under rule 5.

The referee must follow the ball and determine when the ball is in play (within the court) and when it goes out-of-bounds (out of bounds), which side should have the ball, as well as perform any other actions normally performed by the referee.

The game consists of two halves, 15 minutes each, with a break of 5 minutes between them.

The side with the most goals in this time period is the winner.

In 1891, at the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, a young Canadian teacher named James Naismith invented a simple game in which the player could make full use of his physical gifts and imagination. In just over a century, basketball has soared in popularity, with millions of fans around the world and the National Basketball Association, whose athletes seem to be free from the constraints of gravity.

Professor Naismith, an instructor at the Springfield School of the Young Christian Association, set the course for the new sport by asking a school worker to nail two peach baskets across from each other to the gymnastic balcony. It happened on December 1, 1891. The idea of ​​this game originated in his school years, when children were playing the old game "duck-on-a-rock". The meaning of this popular, at that time, game was as follows: tossing a small stone, it was necessary to hit the top of another stone, larger in size.

Of course, Naismith could not predict the duel between Michael Jordan and Dominic Wilkins for air domination, or suggest modern sports palaces filled with thousands of fans because he just invented basketball as an internal activity for his students to play something during the long New England winter.

What caused this extraordinary teacher to create the game? It's simple. American football, which was very common at this time, was a very rough and contact sport. Pupils often and for a long time dropped out of the educational process. The headmaster, whose role is not mentioned in this story, gave the order to come up with another game that would eliminate all these shortcomings. In this regard, the theory of the site goes even further, thinking about the role of the school doctor, who, probably, more than once complained about injuries in students. In addition, Naismith assumed that raising targets to heights would highlight agility and agility rather than brute force. Although basketball has always been an athletic game, the ability to exhibit "airiness" allowed athletes to develop who could perform aerial acrobatics that Dr. Naismith could only dream of.

The birthday of basketball is officially January 15, 1892. On this day, Naismith published the first basketball rules in the school newspaper. We cannot say that this publication made a splash in the school, forcing all students to rush to the basketball court, throwing everything that came to hand into the ring. But it is obvious that Naismith himself more than once urged his charges, offering them this very game as a training. What this led to in the end, we think, does not need to be specified.

Before moving on, I would like to remember one more person with a kind word. This is a certain Mr. Stebbins, the caretaker of the aforementioned college. It was he who brought two baskets of peaches and hung them neatly on the balconies at a height of 3 meters 5 centimeters, which has not changed until now. He climbed up the ladder to get the ball after lucky throw... It is natural to assume that he was the first to get tired of this fuss, and it was he who came up with the idea of ​​cutting off the bottom of the basket.

1891 - First basketball game
1892 - Publication of the first 13-point basketball rules
1894 - Publication of the first official basketball rules
1895 - Basketball appeared in Europe
1896 - Creation of the first professional basketball team - Trenton
1898 - Creation of the first professional league (NBL - National Basketball League)
1901 - Basketball rules appeared in Russia
1906 - The first basketball game in Russia
1914 - Emergence of the Boston Celtics

Photofeed of events:

James Naismith was a very good teacher physical culture... He did not just give the usual exercises, but he thought about how the process of physical education of the players could be improved.

In the pre-computer era, children played outdoor games. The Americans had a popular game called "Duck on a Stone". A stone called a duck was placed on a stump or other elevation. A "guard" stood next to him, who was supposed to prevent the attempts of the rest of the players to knock the "duck" to the ground.

It is said that it was in this fun that a physical education teacher from a college in the American city of Springfield saw the concept of a game he called basketball. The man's last name was Naismith. James had no idea how popular this game would become around the world.

Athlete, teacher, inventor

The father of basketball was born in 1861, in Ontario, Canada. Now in the town of Mississippi Mills there is a home and museum of the inventor of basketball. Since childhood, he was fond of sports, especially game types... If hockey had been as popular at the time as it is now, one of the Canadian teams would have had a center forward with the name Naismith on his jersey. During his studies at the University of Montreal, James played other games, mainly a kind of football - European (called soccer in North America) and Canadian.

The young man had an innovative and inventive streak. Canadian football, like American football, has English rugby in its ancestors and is a super contact game with increased injury risk. Severe collisions resulted in permanent damage. James Naismith is considered to be the first player to use a safety helmet. The rules did not forbid this, and other students followed his example, fearing for the safety of their ability to successfully assimilate educational material.

Bachelor in Physical Education

After graduating from university and becoming a certified physical education teacher, James Naismith moved to a neighboring country. Since 1891, he began to work in one of the colleges organized by YMKA (YMKA - Young Men’s Christian Association) - Youth Christian organization, in Springfield, in addition to gymnastics, he taught anatomy.

As a teacher, James Naismith was considered a true professional. He strove to introduce students to sports, trying to keep the classes interesting, without turning into boring and monotonous exercises. In the summer, it was easier to organize outdoor competitions where students played baseball and football, in winter period Keeping an interest in gymnastics in the gym was more difficult. The headmaster, Dr. Luther Gulick, asked James to think of something. And better not as aggressive as rugby or American football. The creative nature of the talented physical education teacher once helped Naismith find a brilliant solution.

Soccer ball and two peach baskets

James Naismith came up with the indoor ball game to relieve the boredom of exercising or the monotonous running around them. They say that the rules of the new game, which are still generally relevant today, were formulated within an hour. One day he noticed how some of the students from the college rugby team were trying to play in the hall, using a large box instead of a gate.

On December 1, 1891, after dividing the students into two teams, he proposed hitting the ball into a wooden box located on the floor in the center of the gym. It ended in a bunch of small, when the defenders stood around the box and completely blocked it from the opponents. There was a gallery along the perimeter of the hall, and James had the idea to nail two empty baskets to the opposite sides of the hall, in which fruit was delivered to the college. The first basketball players were supposed to hit them with a leather ball for European football, gaining points.

Shield, ring and net

The height at which the baskets were reinforced was 305 centimeters, which was preserved in modern rules games. Now it became more difficult to block the opponent's throws, and the game became more dynamic. Unnecessary pauses occurred when the watchman, who bore the name Stebbins, had to get the balls that hit the target. Perhaps it was he who first ran out of patience, and he cut out the bottom of the baskets so that the ball itself fell down. Soon, metal rings with a mesh were made, which has not fundamentally changed until our time.

The game turned out to be so exciting that soon the competition began to attract fans who filled the gallery. In an effort to help the players, they often caught the ball flying off target and dropped it into the basket. To protect the ring from volunteers, it was necessary to build a shield to which the basket was attached. Subsequently, he began to play a different role, but still remains one of the most important attributes of basketball.

First rules

Understand which sports game invented by James Naismith, very simple. Today, a strong metal ring with a synthetic mesh has to support the weight of two-meter athletes, but is still called a basket. A modern ball made of a unique polymer is a product of sophisticated technology and high design. It bears little resemblance to the football leather that Naismith found most suitable, but it is still called ball in English.

The rules of basketball have changed dramatically in more than a hundred years, making this game the fastest in the world. But the first, original ones, were published on January 15, 1892 in the school newspaper, which was called "Triangle". This day is considered the official date of birth of basketball - a game that is played today by about 300 million.

Popularity without ads

The new game - fast and exciting, which could be played both outdoors and indoors, with simple and clear rules, was immediately liked by young people. Naismith began to be approached from various educational institutions from all over America with a request to send the rules of basketball. In 1892, a book was published in which they were formulated in 13 points. The main provisions of the rules are unshakable for the current generation.

A sheet of typed rules with the title "Basketball" in Naismith's hand was sold at auction in 2010 for more than $ 4 million. The father of basketball himself was not involved in special "promotion" of the new game and did not use it for self-promotion. The game, the author of which was James Naismith, - basketball, is considered the most "American", but the Canadian-born received US citizenship only in 1925, 34 years after the resettlement. He pursued his own teaching career, earning several degrees in religion, philosophy and medicine. But his brainchild was rapidly gaining popularity around the world.

Olympic sport

In 1898, the first professional league... Players received $ 2.5 for home games and $ 1.25 for away games. Less than a hundred years later, one of the star players of the Washington Bullets NBA team, Juvan Howard, signed a contract, according to which he received $ 100 million in seven seasons.

On the Olympic Games An exhibition basketball match was held in St. Louis in 1904, and the 1936 Berlin Olympics hosted the first official tournament in which the US team defeated Canada 18-9 in the final. The guest of honor making the symbolic throw-in at final match was the inventor of the game himself. Invited to the Olympics by the top management of the IOC, he was able to appreciate the scope of popularity that his brainchild has gained throughout the world.

Lifetime and posthumous glory

Naismith passed away on November 28, 1939, surrounded by five children and many grandchildren. Perhaps the invention of the steam hammer by James Naismith, as his English almost namesake James Nesmith did, or, for example, the sewing machine, would have brought him greater prosperity and a better life. But until now, millions of people are grateful to him for the joy that his invention brings.

Today basketball is a powerful industry, in which billions of dollars are invested and an exciting game for ordinary people on courts in many regions of the world. The name of the father of basketball is held by the Basketball Halls of Fame in North American cities, many around the planet.

Price Realized: $ 4,338,500

2-page typewritten sports document written and signed by the gamer and basketball inventor James Naismith (1861-1939), dated December 1891, which was sold in New York on December 10, 2010 at Sotheby's for a record $ 4 million for the sports Memorabilia section. 338 thousand 500! At the same time, James Naismith formulated 13 basketball rules, which are still relevant today. For Americans, basketball is more than a game: it is a state of mind.

Naismith worked as a physical education teacher at Springfield International training school in USA. Looking for an increase physical activity students in the winter, he came up with a similar ball game in the hall. Among the immediate predecessors of basketball, the children's game "duck on a rock", which was widespread in some countries in the 19th century, with which James Naismith was familiar is often called: throwing a small stone, the player had to hit the top of another, larger stone. According to the biographers of Naismith, it was at the time of playing "duck on a rock" in the head of young James, in general terms, a "concept of basketball."Naismith noticed that winter gymnastics in the gym seemed too monotonous for students, and decided to entertain them with some new mobile game of agility and coordination, which could be carried out indoors - and relatively small in size. At different ends of the sports hall, two fruit baskets were attached to the balcony that encircled it around the perimeter (hence the name of the new game) from under the fruit (the height from the floor to the edge of the balcony turned out to be 3 m 5 cm, hence the standard , which is maintained to this day on all basketball courts in the world). The students had to hit the basket with the ball. This is how basketball was born. The first officially recorded basketball game took place in December 1891.Physical education teacher at Springfield Training School (later converted to college) in Massachusetts (USA), James Naismith in December 1891 invented a game that he described as: "Basketball is easy to play, but difficult to play well." The new game turned out to be so dynamic and exciting that it surpassed Naismith's wildest hopes. Very soon she won universal recognition in America, and in modern world it is played by millions of people. Paying tribute to James Naismith, Springfield College awarded him an honorary master's degree in physical education in 1911. In 1939 the university
McGill awarded Naismith with a M.D., and in 1968, the James Naismith Museum, the Basketball Hall of Fame, was opened at Springfield College. This was how respect was expressed for the person who gave the world a wonderful game. James Naismith (1861-1939) was born in Canada. Of course, creating a new game, he used to some extent historical information about ball games, which in ancient times were cultivated on the American continent. For example, more than two and a half thousand years ago, the Inca and Mayan tribes, who lived at that time on the territory of present-day Mexico, played the so-called pok-slippers. The object of the game was to throw the ball into a stone ring that was fixed upright on the wall. In the sixteenth century, the Aztecs had a game called ollamalituli: the players tried to throw a rubber ball into a stone ring. Starting at Springfield College, James Naismith met there with Dr. Luther Gulick, who was persistently looking for new forms and methods of physical education. Assigned by Dr. Gulik to spice up the lessons, James Naismith came up with an indoor game. The conditions of the sports hall determined the need to play with a round ball and only with hands. For this was chosen soccer ball, which could be easily caught, passed, thrown after a relatively short practice. To eliminate the roughness when throwing at the target and to develop accuracy among students, Naismith positioned the target above the players, out of their reach: he attached two baskets to collect peaches on the railing of the balcony, into which he had to throw the ball. The balcony of the gymnasium was at a height from the floor - this height corresponds to the modern distance from the surface of the basketball court to the top edge of the basket ring. The new game initially involved both men and women. Since there were eighteen people in the gymnastics group, Naismith divided them into two teams of nine people each. Later, the number of players was reduced to seven, and then to five, as the larger number of participants created unnecessary fuss on the court. Since the ball was thrown into the basket, the new game was called "basketball" (basketball - basket, ball - ball). In December 1891, Naismith formulated the first rules of the new game and played the first basketball match. In 1892, he published The Book of the Rules of the Game of Basketball, containing thirteen points, most of which are still valid in one form or another. Pretty soon after the first matches, these rules were slightly changed. One of the reasons for the change, in particular, was the introduction of shields (1895), to which baskets were attached.

The shields were a kind of protection for the basket. The fact is that the spectators who were on the balcony, trying to help their team, often caught the ball and sent it to the opposing team's basket.13 basketball rules formulated by James Naismith:

1. The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.

2. The ball can be hit with one or both hands in any direction, but never with a fist.

3. The player cannot run after the ball. The player must pass or throw the ball into the basket from the point at which he caught it, except for the player running at high speed.

4. The ball must be held with one or both hands. The forearms and body cannot be used to hold the ball.

5. In any case, strikes, captures, holding and pushing the enemy are not allowed. The first violation of this rule by any player shall be called a foul; the second foul will disqualify him until the next goal is scored, and if there was a clear intention to injure the player, then the disqualification for the whole game. In this case, it is not allowed to replace a disqualified player.

6. Striking the ball with a fist - violation of paragraphs of rules 2 and 4, the penalty is described in paragraph 5.

7. If either side commits three fouls in a row, then a goal is recorded for its opponent (this means that during this time the opponent must not commit a single foul).

8. A goal is awarded if the ball thrown or bounced off the floor enters the basket and remains there. Defending players are not allowed to touch the ball or the basket when they are thrown. If the ball touches the edge and the opponents move the basket, a goal is scored.

9. If the ball goes out of bounds, it must be thrown into the field by the first player to touch it. In the event of a dispute, the referee must throw the ball into the field of play. The thrower is allowed to hold the ball for five seconds. If he holds it longer, then the ball is given to the opponent. If either side is trying to stall for time, the referee must give them a foul.

10. The referee must monitor the actions of the players and for fouls, and also notify the referee of three fouls committed in a row. He is vested with the power to disqualify players under rule 5.

11. The referee must follow the ball and determine when the ball is in play (within the court) and when it goes out-of-bounds (out of bounds), which side should have the ball, as well as perform any other actions normally performed by the referee.

12. The game consists of two halves, 15 minutes each, with a break of 5 minutes between them.

13. The side with the most goals in that time period is the winner.