Beginning: head and body of the fibula

Attachment: metatarsal bones

Function: Participation in flexion of the foot

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. List the main muscles of the back and indicate their location on the preparation;

2. Indicate the places of origin and attachment and the function of the trapezoidal and latissimus;

3. Describe the location and function of the rhomboid muscles and the extensor of the trunk

4. Show on the preparation the location, places of origin and attachment of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and dentate anterior muscles; describe the function of these muscles

5. Indicate the location and function of the intercostal muscles;

6. Indicate the location, parts and places of attachment of the diaphragm, the aperture of the diaphragm.

7. Describe the shape of the diaphragm in a living person and indicate the function of the diaphragm

8. List and indicate on the preparation the location, places of origin and attachment of muscles abdominal.

9. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the inguinal ligament

10. What is the white line of the abdomen and how is it formed?

11. What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

12. List and show on the preparation of the main muscles shoulder girdle

13. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the deltoid, small and large round and subscapularis muscles, describe the function of these muscles

14. List and show on the specimen the muscles of the shoulder, the places of their origin and attachment.

15. Describe the functions of the anterior and posterior muscle groups of the shoulder

16. List and show on the preparation the main muscles of the anterior muscle group of the forearm;

17. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the pronator circular, brachioradialis muscle, flexors of the hand and fingers;

18. Describe the functions of the anterior group of muscles of the forearm

19. Describe the location and function of the posterior group of muscles of the forearm

20. List and show on the specimen the location of the main pelvic muscles;

21. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the gluteus maximus, piriformis and iliopsoas muscles and describe their function;

22. What muscle groups are located on the hip?

23. List and show on the preparation the location of the muscles of the anterior group; indicate the places of origin and attachment of the quadriceps femoris muscle

24. List and show on the preparation the location of the main muscles of the medial group;

25. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the long, short and large adductor muscles, describe their function

26. List and show on the preparation the location of the muscles of the posterior group;

27. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the muscles of the posterior group, describe their function

28. What muscle groups are located on the lower leg?

29. Describe the location and function of the anterior leg muscles;

30. Describe the location and function of the peroneal muscles;

31. List and show on the preparation the location of the muscles of the posterior leg group;

32. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, the posterior tibial muscle and the flexors of the fingers, describe their function

Lesson number 12.

Topic 112. TEMPERAMENTAL JOINT. CHEWING MUSCLES. MUSCLES AND FASCES OF THE NECK

Temporomandibular joint

Structures that form the joint: head lower jaw, articular tubercle of the temporal bone, mandibular fossa, articular disc

Articular cartilage: in structure it is fibrous, covers the articular tubercle and fossa anterior to the petrotympanic fissure;

Complexity: complex joint (has an articular disc dividing the joint cavity into the upper and lower floors) combined joint

Joint capsule. Attachment points:

On the temporal bone: behind - at the level of the petrotympanic fissure, in front - in front of the articular tubercle;

On the neck of the lower jaw: in front - along the edge of the head, behind - below the head on the neck

Form: ellipsoid joint

Types of joint movements:

- Lowering the lower jaw(occurs in three phases, or stages)

o First phase: lowering the jaw to a small angle. Movement in the lower floor of the joint. The head of the lower jaw rotates along a disc lying in the fossa;

o Second phase: lowering the jaw to a medium angle. Movement in the upper floor of the joint. The articular disc, together with the head, is displaced to the articular tubercle;

o Third phase: lowering the jaw to the maximum angle. Movement in the lower floor of the joint. The head of the lower jaw rotates along a disc lying on the articular tubercle

- Raising the lower jaw;

- Displacement of the lower jaw forward - backward. Movement in the upper levels of the joint. The heads together with the discs are displaced along the articular tubercles, the lower jaw is displaced to the sides. On the side of the rotation, the head rotates along the disc (in the lower floor of the joint), on the opposite side, the head, together with the disc, is displaced onto the articular tubercle (in the upper floor of the joint). The movements of the lower jaw carry out the capture, biting off and chewing food; also take part in speech education

JOINT LINKS:

Intracapsular ligaments

Disco-temporal ligaments: fix the articular disc to the temporal bone

Disco-maxillary ligaments: fix the articular disc to the mandible neck

Extracapsular ligaments

- Lateral ligament

o Beginning - zygomatic process of the temporal bone

o Attachment: mandible neck

- Wedge-mandibular ligament

o Beginning: spine of the sphenoid bone

o Attachment: lower jaw tongue

- Stylomandibular ligament

o Beginning: styloid process of the temporal bone

o Attachment: lower jaw angle

- Pterygo-mandibular suture... It is a thickening of the chewing fascia.

o Start: from the pterygoid hook of the sphenoid bone,

o Attachment: on the branch of the lower jaw

MUSCLES AND FASCES OF THE HEAD

CHEWING MUSCLES

The temporalis muscle ( located in the temporal fossa)

Beginning: from the walls of the temporal fossa

Attachment: coronoid process of the lower jaw

Function: raises the jaw by acting on the front teeth; posterior bundles displace the jaw posteriorly

Chewing muscle

Beginning: zygomatic process of the upper jaw, zygomatic arch

Attachment: chewing tuberosity

Function: lifts the jaw by acting on the angle and large molars

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Shin Anatomy

The shin is part lower limbs and is located between the knee and foot. The lower leg is formed by two bones - the tibia and the fibula, which are surrounded by muscles on three sides, which set the foot and toes in motion.

Shin bones

Tibia

The tibia expands at its upper end, forming the medial and lateral condyles. On the top of the condyles there are articular surfaces that serve to articulate with the condyles of the thigh; the intercondylar eminence is located between them. Outside, on the lateral condyle, there is an articular surface for articulation with the head of the fibula. The body of the tibia looks like a triangular prism, the base of which is turned backward; it has three surfaces corresponding to the three sides of the prism: inner, outer and back. A sharp leading edge is located between the inner and outer surfaces. In its upper section, it passes into a well-pronounced tuberosity of the tibia, which serves to attach the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh. There is a rough line on the back of the bone soleus muscle... The lower end of the tibia expands and on the inner side has a projection directed downwards - the medial malleolus. On the distal epiphysis of the tibia is the lower articular surface, which serves for articulation with the talus.

Fibula

The fibula is long, thin and laterally located. At the upper end, it has a thickening, a head articulating with the tibia, and at the lower end there is also a thickening, a lateral ankle. Both the head and the ankle of the fibula protrude outward and are easily palpable under the skin.

Lower leg joints

Between both bones of the lower leg - tibia and peroneal - the interosseous membrane of the lower leg is located. The head of the fibula is articulated with the tibia using a joint that has a flat shape and is strengthened in front and behind by a ligamentous apparatus. The lower ends of the shin bones are connected by syndesmosis. The joints between bones are inactive.

Calf muscles

On the lower leg, the muscles are located on three sides, making up the anterior, posterior and outer groups. The anterior muscle group extends the foot and toes, and also supines and adducts the foot. It includes: the tibialis anterior muscle, the extensor longus and the extensor longus. thumb feet. Back group the muscle that flexes the foot and toes are: triceps tibia, long flexor of the fingers and long flexor of the big toe, posterior tibial muscle, popliteal muscle. The outer muscle group abducts, penetrates and flexes the foot; it includes long and short peroneal muscles.

Tibialis anterior muscle

The anterior tibial muscle starts from the outer surface of the tibia, the interosseous membrane and the fascia of the lower leg. Going down, it passes under the ankles and ankle two ligaments - the upper and lower retainers of the extensor tendons, which are the places of thickening of the fascia of the leg and foot. The tibialis anterior muscle is attached to the medial sphenoid bone and the base of the first metatarsal bone. This muscle is easily felt under the skin throughout its entire length, especially in the area of ​​the transition from the lower leg to the foot. Here, her tendon protrudes when the foot is extended. The function of the tibialis anterior muscle is that it contributes not only to the extension of the foot, but also to its supination.

Long finger extensor

The extensor longus of the fingers lies outward from the anterior tibial muscle in the upper part of the lower leg. It starts from the upper end of the tibia, the head and anterior edge of the fibula, as well as from the interosseous membrane and fascia of the lower leg. Passing to the foot, this muscle is divided into five tendons, of which four are attached to the distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth and fifth toes, and the fifth to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone.

The function of the extensor digitorum longus as a polyarticular muscle is not only to extend the toes, but also to extend the foot. Due to the fact that one of the tendons of the muscle is attached to the outer edge of the foot, it not only extends, but also somewhat penetrates the foot.

Long extensor of the thumb

The long extensor of the thumb starts from the inner surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane in the region of the lower half of the lower leg. This muscle is weaker than the two previous ones, between which it is located. It is attached to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. The function of the muscle is that it is not only the extensor of the big toe, but of the entire foot, and also contributes to its supination.

Triceps muscle of the leg

The triceps muscle of the leg is located on the back of the leg and has three heads. Two of them make up the superficial part of this muscle and are called calf muscle, and the deep one forms the soleus muscle. All three heads merge into one common, calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, which attaches to the tubercle of the calcaneus.

The origin of the gastrocnemius muscle is the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Its medial head is better developed and descends somewhat lower than the lateral one. The function of these heads is twofold: flexion of the lower leg at the knee joint and flexion of the foot at the ankle.

The soleus muscle starts from the posterior surface of the upper third of the body of the tibia, as well as from the tendon arch located between the tibia and fibula. This muscle is located deeper and slightly below the gastrocnemius muscle. Passing behind the ankle and subtalar joints, the soleus muscle causes flexion of the foot.

The triceps muscle of the leg is clearly visible under the skin and is easily palpable. The calcaneal tendon protrudes significantly posterior to the transverse axis of the ankle joint, due to which the triceps muscle of the lower leg has a large moment of rotation in relation to this axis.

The medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle participate in the formation of the popliteal fossa, which is shaped like a diamond. Its boundaries are: above and outside - the biceps femoris, above and inside - the semimembranous muscle, and below - two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle and the plantar muscle. The bottom of the fossa is the femur and the capsule. knee joint... Nerves and blood vessels that feed the lower leg and foot pass through the popliteal fossa.

Long finger flexor

The long flexor of the fingers starts from the posterior surface of the tibia and passes to the foot under the medial malleolus in a special channel located under the ligament - the flexor tendon retainer. On the plantar surface of the foot, this muscle crosses the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe and, after the square muscle of the sole is attached to it, it is divided into four tendons that attach to the bases of the distal phalanges of the second to fifth toes.

The flexor muscle of the finger is to flex and supine the foot and to flex the toes. It should be noted that square muscle the soles, attached to the tendon of this muscle, helps to "average" its action. The fact is that the long flexor of the fingers, passing under the medial ankle and fan-like dividing towards the phalanges of the fingers, causes not only their flexion, but also some reduction to the median plane of the body. Due to the fact that the square muscle of the sole pulls the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers outward, this adduction is somewhat reduced and flexion of the fingers to a greater extent occurs in the sagittal plane.

Long flexor of the thumb

The long flexor of the thumb is the most strong muscle among all deep muscles the back of the lower leg. It starts from the lower part of the posterior surface of the fibula and the posterior intermuscular septum. On the plantar surface of the foot, this muscle is located between the heads of the flexor muscle of the big toe. It attaches to the plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

The function of the muscle is to flex the big toe and the entire foot. Due to the fact that the tendon of the muscle partially passes into the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers, it has some effect on the flexion of the second and third fingers. An increase in the torque of the long flexor of the thumb is facilitated by the presence of two large sesamoid bones on the plantar surface of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the thumb.

Posterior tibial muscle

The tibialis posterior muscle is located under the triceps muscle of the lower leg. It starts from the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane of the lower leg and adjacent areas of the tibia and fibula. Passing under the medial malleolus, this muscle attaches to the tuberosity of the scaphoid, to all the sphenoid bones and to the bases of the metatarsal bones. Its function is to flex the foot, adduct it and supination.

Between the posterior tibial and soleus muscles is the ankle-popliteal canal, which looks like a gap and serves for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Popliteal muscle

The popliteal muscle is a short flat muscle, directly adjacent to the back of the knee joint. It starts from the lateral condyle of the thigh, below the gastrocnemius muscle, and the bursa of the knee joint, goes down and in and attaches to the tibia above the soleus muscle line. The function of this muscle is that it contributes not only to flexion of the lower leg, but also to its pronation. Due to the fact that this muscle is partially attached to the capsule of the knee joint, it pulls it posteriorly as the lower leg bends.

Peroneus longus muscle

The peroneus longus muscle has a pinnate structure. It lies on the outer surface of the fibula, starting from its head, partly from the fascia of the lower leg, from the lateral condyle of the tibia and from the outer surface of the fibula in the region of its upper two thirds. In the lower third, the muscle covers the peroneus longus muscle. The tendon of the peroneal longus muscle bends around the back and bottom of the lateral ankle. In the area of ​​the outer surface of the calcaneus, the muscle is held by ligaments - the upper and lower retainers of the tendons of the peroneal muscles. Moving to the plantar surface of the foot, the tendon of the muscle goes along the groove located on the lower surface of the cuboid bone and reaches the inner edge of the foot. The peroneus longus muscle attaches to the tuberosity on the inferior surface of the base of the first metatarsal, to the medial sphenoid bone, and to the base of the second metatarsal.

The function of the muscle is to flex, pronate and abduct the foot.

Short peroneal muscle

The short peroneal muscle starts from the outer surface of the fibula and the intermuscular septa of the lower leg. The tendon of the muscle bends around the lateral ankle of the lower leg from below and behind and attaches to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone. The function of the peroneus shortis muscle is to flex, pronate and abduct the foot.

References

• human anatomy: textbook. for stud. inst. physical cult. / Ed. Kozlova V.I. - M., "Physical culture and sport", 1978
• Sapin M.R., Nikityuk D.K. Pocket atlas of human anatomy. M., Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 1999
• Sinelnikov R.D. Human Anatomy Atlas: in 3 volumes. 3rd ed. M .: "Medicine", 1967

The lateral muscle group of the leg includes two muscles: the long peroneal muscle (m. Peroneus longus) and the short peroneal muscle (m. Peroneus brevis).

Peroneus longus muscle
M. peroneus longus

Located in the surface layer on the lateral side of the leg. It begins with two heads: anterior - from the head of the fibula, lateral condyle of the tibia, fascia of the lower leg; posterior - from the proximal lateral part of the fibula. Going down, the muscle passes into a long tendon, which bends around the lateral ankle, passes in the groove along the lateral surface of the calcaneus, crosses the lateral edge of the foot, lies under it in the groove on the cuboid bone, and, stretching obliquely through the sole, attaches on its medial edge to medial sphenoid bone and I metatarsal bone.

The long peroneal muscle (m. Peroneus longus) is shown in Fig. one.

Rice. 1. Lateral muscle group of the lower leg:

1 - long peroneal muscle (m. Peroneus longus);

2 - short peroneal muscle (m. Peroneus brevis)

Function:

• pronation of the foot and abduction;
• plantar flexion of the foot.

Short peroneal muscle
M. peroneus brevis

The muscle is one third shorter than the previous one, which is reflected in its name. The proximal part of the short peroneal muscle (m. Peroneus brevis) lies on the fibula, the distal part - under the long peroneal muscle (m. Peroneus longus). It starts from the lateral part of the middle third of the fibula, goes down, bends around the lateral ankle and attaches to the tuberosity of the V metatarsal bone.

Peroneus longus muscle
Short peroneal muscle
Third tibial muscle

Peroneal muscles and tension points
From left to right: long, short and third

THIN LONG FIBULAR MUSCLES pass with outside shins.

Peroneus longus muscle attached to the top end fibula from the side of the knee.

Short peroneal muscle also attached to the fibula, but at a distance of 2/3 from the end and lies under the long peroneal muscle.

Their long tendons run outside the talus and attach to the foot.

Third peroneal muscle attached to the anterior side of the fibula at its bottom. Its tendon runs from the front of the talus and attaches along with two other muscles to the bottom of the foot.

The peroneal muscles lift the foot off the floor.

Tension points occur in these muscles due to sprains and sprains of the ankle - the most common causes, Mostly such injuries occur during sports. The risk category includes runners, dancers, basketball players, gymnasts, tennis players. Low mobility of the ankle and standing is another cause of stress points. Tension points in the tibial muscles develop due to, among other things, the constant stiffness of the peroneal muscles. Flat feet, shoes on high heels, frequent sitting cross-legged.

Pain and weakness in the ankle are the first symptoms of tension points in these muscles. The pain is usually felt on the outside of the talus. It happens that it spreads into the foot, In this case, the cause is tension points in the short and long peroneal muscles. Soreness from tension points is different from pain from ankle sprains. With a sprain, pain usually manifests itself on the outside of the ankle joint and is accompanied by swelling. Pain from stress points can be felt anywhere in the ankle and in the absence of swelling.

In order to grope for the peroneal muscles, you first need to find the top end of the fibula. Place your palm on the outside of the knee joint and feel for a small bump of bone just below. This is the top end of the bone. Use your fingers to trace the entire path of this bone down the shin to the outside of the ankle. The peroneal muscles are located along the midline of the fibula.

Feel for the muscles in front. If you lift your foot off the floor and unfold it, you will feel the muscles contracting under the toes.

Stress points in peroneal longus muscle can be found 2.5 cm down from the apex of the bone.

Stress points in short peroneal muscle usually located 2/3 down from the apex of the bone.

To find third peroneal muscle and stress points in it, feel the anterior side of the talus.

Stretching: Sit and stretch your leg in front of you. Grab the foot with a tape or towel and pull towards you, twisting slightly inward. You will feel a stretch on the outside of your lower leg. Maintain this position for 15-20 seconds and repeat the stretch several times a day to achieve complete relaxation.

Short peroneal muscle, m. peroneus brevis (m. fibularis brevis), long, thin, located directly on the outer surface of the fibula under m. peroneus longus. The muscle originates from the lower half of the lateral surface of the fibula and from the intermuscular septum of the lower leg, goes down and then goes next to the tendon of the long peroneal muscle. Having wrapped around the back of the lateral ankle, the tendon is directed forward along the outer side of the calcaneus and is attached to the tuberosity of the V metatarsal bone.

Function: flexes the foot, abducts and lifts its lateral edge.

Innervation: n. peroneus superficialis [(LIV) LV; SI].

Blood supply: aa. peronea, tibialis anterior.

The tendons of both peroneal muscles, passing behind the lateral ankle, are enclosed in the common synovial sheath of the peroneal muscles, vagina synovialis mm. peroneorum (fibularium) communis. In the lower, distal, sections, this vagina is bifurcated and each tendon is enclosed in its own vagina.

• - one of the muscles of the lateral muscle group of the leg, which starts from the fibula ...

  Medical terms

• - m. peroneus longus, located on the lateral surface of the leg. In the upper half of the lower leg, it lies directly on the fibula, and in the lower half it covers m. peroneus brevis ...

  Human Anatomy Atlas

• - m. palmaris brevis, is a thin plate with parallel muscle bundles ...

  Human Anatomy Atlas

• - m. adductor brevis, triangular; located deeper than the previous one. The muscle begins on the anterior surface of the lower branch of the pubic bone, lateral to m. gracilis ...

  Human Anatomy Atlas

• - m. peroneus tertius, starts from the lower half of the lateral surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane of the lower leg and is attached near the base of the V metatarsal bone. Function: lifts the lateral edge of the foot ...

  Human Anatomy Atlas

• Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

• - see the List of anat. terms ...

  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

• - see the List of anat. terms. 872 ...

  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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  Comprehensive Medical Dictionary

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fibula, ae f - fibula

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gracilis, e - thin (muscle, bundle)

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musculus anconeus - ulnar muscle

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musculus peroneus - peroneal muscle

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Muscle of love

From the book Cultivating Male Sexual Energy by Chia Mantek

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