33. Muscle of inspiration charisma (from the Greek charisma - “gift”, “gift”), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brain consumes more energy than the brain of ordinary people. It's easy

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How the air muscle works

How the Air Muscle Works The air muscle is a long tube shaped like a black plastic sleeve. Inside the sleeve is placed a tube of soft rubber. Metal clips are attached to each end. Each end of the plastic sleeve is rolled into

Gemini muscles belong to the outer group of the pelvic muscles. Their function is, together with the obturator internus muscle, to retract the thigh outward. They begin at the top and bottom of the ischium, connecting it to the greater trochanter. Together with the rest of the pelvic muscles, they experience an enormous daily load, providing a person with motor activity.

Anatomy of the superior and inferior twin muscles

Sports activities, especially those associated with bodybuilding, are recommended to begin with the study of the anatomy of the main skeletal muscles. It is divided into several parts according to ownership. muscles lower extremities and pelvis to keep the torso in an upright position and different kinds movements are considered together. Many of them are in pairs.

The upper and lower twin pelvic muscles are united by the same flat shape. They look like an elongated triangle, the wide side of which is located on the ischium, and the narrow side is directed towards the greater trochanter. Latin name Musculus gemellus. The word "gemelus" means twin, duplication. Muscles work in pairs. The twin thigh muscles are located in the buttocks area, covered from above by the outer layer of muscles.

Considering the structure of the organ, one can notice bundles of striated fibers. Each of them is a separate structural unit that can be reduced. A fiber is a multinucleated cell in a shell. Its main components are water and proteins that provide contraction. The fibers are collected in muscle bundles and separated by layers of connective tissue. They are approached by sympathetic nerves that transmit impulses. The muscle is divided into two parts:

• the abdomen is the active half, capable of contracting;
• the tendon is the passive part responsible for tension.

Muscle strength depends on the number of muscle fibers. The classification of muscles occurs according to several criteria. Regarding musculus gemellus:

• in the direction of the fibers - straight;
• function - rotation (rotational);
• form is short and simple.

The coherence of the work of the muscles depends on the serviceability of each link in the chain: brain-nerve-muscles.

Start

Upper twin muscle or m. gemellus superior starts from the ischial spine. The ischium is located in the lower part of the pelvis, articulates with the ilium and pubis. On the back surface of her body there is a small protrusion - the ischial spine. In the lower part of the bone there is a thickening with a rough surface - the ischial tubercle. This is the site of the beginning of the lower twin muscle m. gemellus inferior.

attachment

Both twin muscles have one point of attachment - the upper part of the femur at the site of the trochanteric fossa. The distal ends of the cords are connected to the short tendon of the obturator internus muscle, which has left the small pelvis. Both musculus gemellus are its synergists. The gemellus superior maintains the locking muscle, which loses some of its strength when changing direction at the ischial notch. Focusing on the close location and joint actions, they used to be called the triceps muscle.

innervation

The pelvis is permeated with a large number of nerve endings and blood vessels. They provide nutrition and activity to skeletal muscles. The connection of the organ with the central nervous system occurs through several peripheral nerves:

• ventral branch of the lumbar nerve L5;
• sacral plexus nerves S1, S2;
• partially innervates the internal obturator nerve of the sacral plexus, which extends from the anterior branch.

Nerve impulses are sent to create motor activity. In addition, they have a vegetative function - they regulate the metabolic processes of the muscles. Control is carried out by motor neurons, which form with muscle fibers motor units. Under the action of impulses, the elastic elastic tissue is contracted. Shortening leads to convergence of the ends of the muscle, and with them hip joint and ischium. When performing any movement, synergists are activated that prevent its implementation. The counteraction of forces makes the movements smooth. With intense exercise, muscle fatigue occurs.

The blood supply is provided by the lower gluteal and obturator arteries. Blood vessels and nerves enter the fibers through the gate.

Functions of twin muscles

The short twin muscles, together with eight more muscles (obturator internus, piriformis, square, gluteus maximus and medius, adductor magnus, obturator externus, and tensor fascia lata) are participants in the mechanism of external rotation of the thigh. A group of synergists act in concert, turning the hip joint outwards. One of the functions m. gemellus superior - abduction of the hip during flexion, during extension, the effect is negligible. A typical example of an action is putting your foot out when leaving the car.

In a standing position on one leg, the muscle keeps the body from tilting in the opposite direction. Having a common tendon at the articulation of the trochanteric socket, the gemelli and obturator muscles contribute to stable position femoral head.

Functional Muscle Tests

Functional testing is a method of studying muscles, pursuing several goals at the same time:

• assess the state of the motor stereotype;
• determine the strength of the twin and adjacent muscles;
• locate the site of damage to the peripheral nerve.

For rate muscle tone the patient is placed on his back. The doctor performs passive movements, bending and unbending the limb in the hip joint. Be sure to compare the range of motion of the right and left legs. Muscle strength is assessed on a five-point system from 0 to 5. The doctor, holding the limb bent in knee joint, asks the patient to perform various movements of the lower leg. All tests are carried out slowly and carefully in order to obtain a reliable result and not harm the patient.

Muscular pathologies

The painful state of the muscles is associated with dysfunction of the tone. Loss of ability to contract, constant tension, decline muscle strength happens for various reasons. Among the main ones:

• trauma;
• stretching;
• defects in nervous regulation;
• inflammation caused by various diseases: infectious, autoimmune, viral.

Micro tears in twin muscles (up to 5% of fibers) manifest themselves as a feeling of discomfort and do not threaten human health. A more severe injury results in pain during physical activity.

With compression of the innervating plexuses, there is a pulling pain that radiates to the buttocks and lower back. It subsides in the supine position and resumes when walking. With a complete detachment of the tendons from the point of attachment to the bone (hip joint or ischium), surgical intervention is required.

Methods of instrumental diagnostics (ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging) and functional muscle tests help to determine pathological changes in the musculus gemellus. Elastic tissues are quickly restored, the main thing is to prevent the occurrence of scars in the places of rupture. Coarse inclusions prevent the normal stretching of the fibers.

Gluteus maximus muscle(m. gluteus maximus) (Fig. 128, 132, 133, 134) unbends the thigh, straightens the torso bent forward, stretches the wide fascia of the thigh, fixes the pelvis and torso in a standing position. This is a large, flat, rhomboid muscle, the powerful development of which is explained by the upright posture of a person. It starts from the back of the outer (gluteal) surface of the ilium, from the lateral edge of the sacrum and coccyx. With the lower bundles, the muscle is attached to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur, and with the upper bundles it is woven into the iliac-tibial tract. Between the gluteal tuberosity and the muscle is the trochanteric bag of the gluteus maximus muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei maximi).

Gluteus medius(m. gluteus medius) (Fig. 128, 130, 133) abducts the thigh. In this case, the anterior bundles rotate the thigh inward, and the posterior bundles outward. With a fixed position, the hip takes the pelvis to the side. It also takes part in straightening the body bent forward. This is a thick muscle located under the large gluteal muscle th and consisting of superficial and deep layers of muscle bundles. The bundles themselves are fan-shaped. The point of origin of the muscle is located on the outer surface of the iliac wing and on the wide fascia of the thigh, and the place of attachment is on the greater trochanter of the femur. The trochanteric bag of the gluteus medius muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei medii) is also located here. The gluteus minimus (m. gluteus minimus) (Fig. 128, 131) abducts the thigh and takes part in straightening the body. It is covered by the gluteus medius muscle, its point of origin is located on the outer surface of the iliac wing between the anterior and lower gluteal lines. The muscle is attached to the anterior edge of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Rice. 128. Pelvic muscles rear view 1 - gluteus maximus; 2 - small gluteal muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - upper twin muscle; 5 - gluteus medius; 6 - lower twin muscle; 7 - internal locking muscle; 8 - external locking muscle; 9 - square muscle of the thigh
Rice. 129. 1 - small lumbar muscle; 2 - iliac muscle; 3 - large lumbar muscle; 4 - piriformis muscle; 5 - iliopsoas muscle; 6 - vascular lacuna; 7 - muscle pulling the wide fascia of the thigh; 8 - comb muscle; 9 - long adductor muscle; 10 - tailor muscle; 11 - thin muscle; 12 - the longest rectus femoris; 13 - a large adductor muscle; 14 - iliac-tibial tract; 15 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 16 - wide medial muscle of the thigh; 17 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris;
Rice. 130. Muscles of the pelvis and thighs front view 1 - large lumbar muscle; 2 - iliac muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - gluteus medius; 5 - ileo-comb bag; 6 - comb muscle; 7 - iliopsoas muscle; 8 - thin muscle; 9 - a large adductor muscle; 10 - long adductor muscle; 11 - intermediate broad muscle of the thigh; 12 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 13 - semimembranosus muscle; 14 - wide medial muscle of the thigh; 15 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris; 16 - tendon of the semitendinosus muscle; 17 - tendon of a thin muscle; 18 - tendon sartorius muscle

Muscle that stretches the fascia lata of the thigh(m. tensor fasciae latae) (Fig. 90, 129, 133), strains the wide fascia of the thigh and takes part in its flexion. This flat elongated muscle is located on the anterolateral surface of the pelvis. It originates from the superior anterior iliac spine and inserts into the iliac-tibial tract.

Quadratus femoris(m. quadratus femoris) (Fig. 128, 136) rotates the thigh outwards. It has the shape of a rectangle, partially covered by the gluteus maximus muscle. It starts from the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity and is attached to the greater trochanter and intertrochanteric crest of the femur. The distal end of the muscle grows into the wide fascia of the thigh.

Gemini Superior(m. gemellus superis) (Fig. 128), like the square one, rotates the thigh outward. It is a muscle cord, the point of origin of which is located on the ischial spine, and the place of attachment is in the trochanteric fossa of the femur.

Gemini inferior(m. gemellus inferior) (Fig. 128) rotates the thigh outwards. The point of origin of the muscle is the ischial tubercle, and the point of attachment is the trochanteric fossa of the femur.

External locking muscle(m. obturatorius externum) (Fig. 109, 128, 131), together with the previous muscles, rotates the thigh outward. The muscle is an irregular triangle, the point of its origin is located on the outer surface of the pubic and ischial bones in the region of the locking membrane, and the trochanteric fossa of the femur serves as the attachment point.

Both twin muscles attach to the obturator internus muscle.

Place of departure:

Outer surface of the ischial crest (superior).

The upper edge of the ischial tuberosity (lower).

Place of attachment:

With the tendon of the obturator muscle - on the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Helps the obturator muscle to laterally rotate the hip joint and abduct the hip when it is flexed.

External obturator muscle.

This muscle is often referred to as the adductors of the thigh, but is placed in this section because of its similarity and proximity to the other short lateral rotators of the thigh.

Place of departure:

Branch of the pubis and ischium. The outer surface of the obturator membrane.

Place of attachment:

Trochanteric fossa of the femur.

Action:

Laterally rotates the hip joint. Participates in adduction of the femoral joint.

Main functional movement:

Example: bringing the heels together (military salute).

Quadratus femoris.

This muscle often connects singly or to both of the gemellius muscles above and to the upper fibers of the adductor magnus below.

Place of departure:

Lateral edge of the ischial tuberosity.

Place of attachment:

A square line that runs distally below the intertrochanteric crest of the femur.

Action:

Laterally rotates the hip joint.

Psoas major and iliacus muscles are considered part of the posterior abdominal wall due to their position and cushioning support internal organs. However, based on their hip flexion action, it would be more appropriate to place them in the Hip Muscles section. some of the upper fibers of the psoas major can attach with a long tendon to the iliopubic eminence to form the psoas minor, which has little function and is absent in about 40% of people.

Bilateral contraction of this muscle will increase the lumbar lordosis (spine deflection).

Large lumbar

Place of departure:

It starts with 5 teeth from the lateral surface of the bodies of the XII thoracic, four upper lumbar vertebrae and the corresponding intervertebral cartilages. Deeper muscle bundles originate from the transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae.

Place of attachment:

Lesser trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Flexor maximus hip joint with iliacus (flexes and laterally rotates the hip, as in a football kick). Acting at attachment points, flexes the torso, such as acceptance sitting position from a lying position.

Iliac muscle

Place of departure:

Anterior two-thirds of the iliac fossa. Inner lip of the iliac crest. Wing of the sacrum and anterior ligaments of the lumbosacral and sacroiliac joints.

Place of attachment:

Lateral side of the tendon of the psoas major, continuing into the lesser trochanter of the femur.

Action:

The main flexor of the hip joint (together with the large psoas flexes and laterally rotates the thigh, as in a football kick. Throws the leg forward when walking or running). Acting at the point of attachment, bends the trunk, for example, when taking a sitting position from a prone position.

Gluteus maximus muscle is the most coarsely fibrous and heaviest muscle in the body.

Place of departure:

The outer surface of the ilium behind the posterior gluteal line and part of the bone above and behind it. The adjacent posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx. Sacrotuberous ligament. Aponeurosis of the erector torso muscle.

Place of attachment:

Deep fibers of the distal part: gluteal tuberosity of the femur.

Other fibers: ilio-tibial tract of the fascia lata.

Action:

Superior fibers: laterally rotate the hip joint. Involved in hip abduction. The lower fibers extend and laterally rotate the hip joint (intense extension when running or standing up). Unbend the body. Participate in adduction of the femoral joint.

In the area of ​​attachment to the iliac-tibial tract, it stabilizes the knee during extension.

Tensor fascia lata

Place of departure:

The anterior part of the outer lip of the iliac crest and the outer surface of the anterior superior iliac spine.

Place of attachment:

Connects the iliac-tibial tract just below the level of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the femoral joint. Pulls on the fascia lata, thus stabilizing the knee. Redirects the rotational forces created by the gluteus maximus.

Gluteus medius.

During walking, this muscle, together with the gluteus maximus muscle, prevents the pelvis from lowering towards the unloaded limb.

Place of departure:

External surface of the ilium of the inferior iliac crest, between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines.

Place of attachment:

Oblique bridge on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Abducts the hip joint. The anterior fibers medially rotate and are involved in hip flexion. The posterior fibers slightly laterally rotate the hip joint.

Gluteus minimus

This muscle is located in front of, below and deeper than the gluteus maximus, whose fibers cover it.

Place of departure:

The outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines.

Place of attachment:

Anterior border of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Abducts, medially rotates and participates in flexion of the femoral joint.

Muscles of the thigh. The thigh muscles are divided into anterior, medial and posterior muscle groups. The first includes mainly the extensors, the second - the adductors, the third - the flexors.

Semitendinosus located in the central part of the popliteal muscle group. While running rear group thigh muscle slows down the leg at the end of the forward swing and prevents the body from bending down to the hip joint

Place of departure:

Ischial tuberosity.

Place of attachment:

Superior medial surface of the tibial shaft.

Action:

semimembranous muscle. The middle part of the popliteal group. Most of the bellies lie deep in relation to the semitendinosus and the long head of the biceps femoris.

Place of departure:

Ischial tuberosity.

Place of attachment:

The posterior medial surface of the medial tibial condyle.

Action:

Flexes and slightly medially rotates the knee joint after flexion. Extends the hip joint.

Biceps femoris.

Place of departure:

long head: ischial tuberosity. Sacrotuberous ligament.

Short head: rough line of the femur. Upper two-thirds of the supracondylar line. Lateral intermuscular septum.

Place of attachment:

Lateral side of the head of the fibula. Lateral condyle of the tibia.

Action:

Both heads flex the knee joint (and laterally flex the flexed knee joint). The long head also extends the hip joint.

Adductor major muscle is the largest of the group of adductors. The upper fibers are often connected to the fibers square muscle hips.

Place of departure:

Inferior branch of the pubic bone. Sciatic branch (anterior fibers). Ischial tuberosity (posterior fibers).

Place of attachment:

But the entire length of the thigh, along the rough line of the femur and the medial supracondylar line to the tubercle of the adductor muscle on the medial epicondyle of the femur.

Action:

The superior fibers adduct and laterally rotate the hip joint.

Vertical fibers extending from the ischium are involved in weak extension of the femoral joint.

Short lead.

Place of departure:

Outer surface of the inferior branch of the pubic bone.

Place of attachment:

The lower two-thirds of the fibular line and the upper half of the rough line of the femur.

Action:

Brings the hip joint. Flexes the extended hip at the hip joint. Extends the bent hip at the hip joint. Involved in lateral rotation of the hip joint.

Long adductor.

This muscle is the most anterior of the three adductor muscles.

Place of departure:

Anterior surface of the pubis at the junction of the crest and symphysis.

Place of attachment:

The middle third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur.

Action:

Brings the hip joint. Flexes the extended hip at the hip joint. Extends the bent hip. Involved in lateral rotation of the hip joint.

thin muscle descends down the medial side of the thigh in front of the semimembranous muscle.

Place of departure:

Lower half of the pubic symphysis and inferior ramus of the pubis.

Place of attachment:

Top part medial surface of the tibial shaft.

Action:

Brings the hip joint. Flexes the knee joint. Medially rotates the knee joint during flexion.

comb muscle located between the large psoas muscle and the long adductor muscle.

Place of departure:

Ridge of the pubis, between the ischiocubic protuberance and the pubic tubercle.

Place of attachment:

Crested line from lesser trochanter to rough line of femur.

Action:

Brings the hip joint. Flexes the hip joint.

Sartorius is the most superficially located muscle of the front of the thigh. It is also the longest belt muscle. The action of the sartorius muscle is to cross the lower limbs in a sitting position.

Place of departure:

Anterior superior iliac spine and area immediately below the spine.

Place of attachment:

The upper part of the medial surface of the tibia in the region of the anterior margin.

Action:

Flexes the hip joint. laterally rotates and adducts the femoral joint. Flexes the knee joint. Participates in the medial rotation of the tibia on the femur after flexion, i.e., rests the heel against the knee of the opposite limb.

Quadriceps.

Each of the four heads has its origin, but, approaching the knee area, they all pass into a common tendon that covers the patella and is attached to the tibial tuberosity.

Straight muscle.

Place of departure:

Straight head (anterior head): anterior inferior iliac spine.

Recurved head (posterior head): depression above the acetabulum (on the ilium).

Place of attachment:

Patella, then through the ligament of the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia.

Action:

Extends the knee joint and flexes the hip joint (especially in a complex movement - kicking the ball). Helps the iliopsoas muscle to flex the torso at the hip. Prevents bending at the knee joint when the heel hits the ground while walking.

Lateral wide.

It is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The quadriceps muscle straightens the knee when standing up, while walking and lifting. A group of broad muscles provides movement during sitting down.

Place of departure:

Proximal part of the intertrochanteric line. Anterior and inferior margin of the greater trochanter. Gluteal tuberosity. Upper half of the lateral lip of the rough line of the femur.

Place of attachment:

Lateral edge of the patella, then through the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity.

Action:

medial wide.

Place of departure:

Distal half of the intertrochanteric line. Medial lip of the rough line of the femur. Medial supracondylar line. Medial intermuscular septum.

Place of attachment:

Medial edge of the patella, then through the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity. Medial condyle of the tibia.

Action:

Extends the knee joint. Prevents bending at the knee joint when the heel hits the ground while walking.

Intermediate broad muscle is the deepest part of the quadriceps femoris. This muscle has a membranous tendon on its anterior surface, which provides sliding movement between wide muscles and the rectus femoris muscle, which is located above it.

Place of departure:

Anterior and lateral surfaces of the upper two-thirds of the femoral shaft. Lower half of the rough line of the femur. Lateral intermuscular septum. The upper part of the lateral supra-silk line.

Place of attachment:

Deep surface of the TENDON of the quadriceps muscle, then through the patellar ligament to the tuberosity of the tibia.

Leg muscles.

Tibialis anterior

Place of departure:

Lateral condyle of the tibia. Upper half of the lateral surface of the tibia. interosseous membrane.

Place of attachment:

Medial and plantar surfaces of the medial sphenoid bone. Base of the first tarsal.

Action:

Dorsal flexion ankle joint. Inverts the foot.