Both twin muscles attach to the internal obturator muscle.

Place of origin:

The outer surface of the ischial crest (upper).

The upper edge of the ischial tuberosity (lower).

Place of attachment:

With the tendon of the obturator muscle - on the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Helps the obturator muscle laterally rotate the hip joint and abduct the hip during flexion.

External obturator muscle.

This muscle is often referred to as the adductors of the thigh, but is placed in this section because of its similarity and proximity to other short lateral rotators of the thigh.

Place of origin:

A branch of the pubic and ischial bones. Outside surface of the obturator membrane.

Place of attachment:

Trochanteric fossa of the femur.

Action:

Laterally rotates the femoral joint. Participates in adduction of the hip joint.

The main functional movement:

Example: joining the heels together (military salute).

Square muscle of the thigh.

This muscle often connects separately or with both of the twin muscles, which are located above, and with the upper fibers of the adductor magnus, which is located below.

Place of departure:

Lateral edge of the ischial tubercle.

Place of attachment:

A square line that runs distally below the intertrochanteric crest of the femur.

Action:

Laterally rotates the femoral joint.

Psoas major and iliac muscle the muscle is considered part of the posterior abdominal wall due to its position and shock-absorbing support internal organs... However, based on their hip flexion action, it would be more appropriate to place them in the "Thigh muscles" section. some upper fibers of the psoas major muscle can be attached by a long tendon to the ilio-pubic eminence to form the psoas minor muscle, which has little function and is absent in about 40% of people.

Bilateral contraction of this muscle will increase lumbar lordosis (spinal deflection).

Large lumbar

Place of origin:

It begins with 5 teeth from the lateral surface of the bodies of the XII thoracic, four upper lumbar vertebrae and the corresponding intervertebral cartilage. Deeper muscle bundles originate from the transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae.

Place of attachment:

Lesser trochanter of the femur.

Action:

The main flexor muscle of the hip joint together with the iliac muscle (flexes and laterally rotates the hip, as in a football kick). Acting at the attachment points bends the torso, for example, accepting sitting position from a lying position.

Iliac muscle

Place of origin:

Anterior two-thirds of the iliac fossa. Inner lip of the iliac crest. The wing of the sacrum and the anterior ligaments of the lumbosacral and sacroiliac joints.

Place of attachment:

The lateral side of the tendon of the psoas major muscle, continuing into the lesser trochanter of the femur.

Action:

The main flexor muscle of the hip joint (together with the large lumbar muscle flexes and rotates the thigh laterally, as in a soccer kick. Throws the leg forward when walking or running). Acting at the site of attachment, it flexes the trunk, for example, when assuming a sitting position from a prone position.

Big gluteus muscle is the coarsest fibrous and heaviest muscle in the body.

Place of origin:

The outer surface of the ilium is behind the posterior gluteal line and part of the bone above and behind it. The adjacent posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx. Sacro-tuberous ligament. Aponeurosis of the erector muscle.

Place of attachment:

Deep fibers of the distal part: gluteal tuberosity of the femur.

The rest of the fibers: the iliotibial tract of the fascia lata.

Action:

Upper fibers: laterally rotate the hip joint. Participate in abduction of the hip joint. The lower fibers extend and laterally rotate the hip joint (intense extension when running or standing up). Unbend the torso. Participate in adduction of the hip joint.

In the area of ​​attachment to the iliotibial tract, it stabilizes the knee during extension.

Fascia lata tensioner

Place of origin:

The anterior part of the outer lip of the iliac crest and the outer surface of the anterior superior iliac spine.

Place of attachment:

Connects the iliotibial tract just below the level of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the hip joint. Pulls the fascia lata, thus stabilizing the knee. Redirects the rotational forces generated by the gluteus maximus.

The gluteus medius muscle.

While walking, this muscle, together with the gluteus maximus muscle, prevents the pelvis from lowering to the unloaded limb.

Place of origin:

The outer surface of the ilium of the inferior iliac crest, between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines.

Place of attachment:

Oblique bridge on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Abducts the hip joint. The anterior fibers rotate medially and participate in flexion of the hip joint. The posterior fibers rotate the femoral joint slightly laterally.

Gluteus maximus muscle

This muscle is located in front, lower and deeper in relation to the gluteus maximus muscle, whose fibers cover it.

Place of origin:

The outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines.

Place of attachment:

The anterior border of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Action:

Retracts, rotates medially and participates in flexion of the hip joint.

Thigh muscles. The thigh muscles are divided into anterior, medial and posterior muscle groups. The first includes mainly the extensors, the second - the adductor muscles, and the third - the flexors.

Semitendinosus muscle located in the central part of the popliteal muscle group... While running, the posterior thigh muscle group slows down the leg at the end of the forward swing and prevents the torso from bending over to the hip joint

Place of departure:

Ischial tubercle.

Place of attachment:

The superior medial surface of the tibial shaft.

Action:

Semi-membranous muscle. The middle part of the popliteal group. Most of the abdomens are located deep in relation to the semitendinosus muscle and the long head of the biceps femoris.

Place of origin:

Ischial tubercle.

Place of attachment:

The posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle.

Action:

Flexes and rotates the knee slightly medially after flexion. Extends the hip joint.

Biceps hips.

Place of origin:

Long head: sciatic tubercle. Sacro-tuberous ligament.

Short head: rough femur line. The upper two-thirds of the supracondylar line. Lateral intermuscular septum.

Place of attachment:

Lateral side of the fibula head. Lateral condyle of the tibia.

Action:

Both heads flex the knee joint (and laterally flex the flexed knee joint). The long head also extends the hip joint.

Big adductor muscle is the largest of the group of adductors. The upper fibers are often connected to the fibers of the square femoris muscle.

Place of origin:

The lower branch of the pubic bone. Ischial branch (anterior fibers). Ischial tubercle (posterior fibers).

Place of attachment:

But the entire length of the thigh, along the rough line of the femur and the medial supracondylar line, to the tubercle of the adductor muscle on the medial epicondyle of the femur.

Action:

The superior fibers lead and laterally rotate the hip joint.

Vertical fibers extending from the ischium participate in weak extension of the hip joint.

Short leading.

Place of origin:

The outer surface of the lower branch of the pubic bone.

Place of attachment:

The lower two-thirds of the peroneal line and the upper half of the rough femur line.

Action:

Leads the hip joint. Flexes the extended hip at the hip joint. Extends the bent hip at the hip joint. Participates in the lateral rotation of the hip joint.

Long leading.

This muscle is the most anterior of the three adductor muscles.

Place of origin:

The anterior surface of the pubic bone at the junction of the crest and symphysis.

Place of attachment:

Middle third of the medial lip of the rough femur line.

Action:

Leads the hip joint. Flexes the extended hip at the hip joint. Extends the bent hip. Participates in the lateral rotation of the hip joint.

Thin muscle descends down the medial side of the thigh in front of the semimembranous muscle.

Place of origin:

The lower half of the pubic symphysis and the lower branch of the pubic bone.

Place of attachment:

The upper part of the medial surface of the tibial shaft.

Action:

Leads the hip joint. Flexes the knee joint. Medially rotates the knee joint during flexion.

Comb muscle located between the psoas major muscle and the long adductor muscle.

Place of departure:

The crest of the pubic bone, between the ischio-pubic prominence and the pubic tubercle.

Place of attachment:

A comb line from the lesser trochanter to the rough line of the femur.

Action:

Leads the hip joint. Flexes the hip joint.

Sartorius is the most superficial muscle in the front of the thigh. It is also the longest belt muscle. Action tailor muscle is to cross lower limbs in a sitting position.

Place of origin:

The anterior superior iliac spine and the area immediately below the spine.

Place of attachment:

The upper part of the medial surface of the tibia in the region of the anterior margin.

Action:

Flexes the hip joint. laterally rotates and brings the femoral joint. Flexes the knee joint. Participates in the medial rotation of the tibia on the femur after flexion, i.e., rests the heel against the knee of the opposite limb.

Quadriceps.

Each of the four heads has its own beginning, but, approaching the knee area, they all pass into a common tendon that covers the patella and attaches to the tibial tuberosity.

Rectus muscle.

Place of origin:

Straight head (anterior head): anterior inferior iliac spine.

Curved head (back head): A depression above the acetabulum (at the ilium).

Place of attachment:

The patella, then through the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity.

Action:

Extends the knee joint and flexes the hip joint (especially in a difficult movement - kicking the ball). Helps the iliopsoas muscle flex the torso at the hip. Prevents bending in knee joint when stepping on the ground with the heel while walking.

Lateral wide.

It is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The quadriceps muscle straightens the knee when standing up, walking and lifting. The broad muscle group provides movement during sitting down.

Place of origin:

The proximal part of the intertrochanteric line. Anterior and lower edge of the greater trochanter. Gluteal tuberosity. The upper half of the lateral lip of the rough line of the femur.

Place of attachment:

Lateral edge of the patella, then through the popliteal ligament to the tibial tuberosity.

Action:

Medial wide.

Place of origin:

Distal half of the intertrochanteric line. Medial lip of the rough line of the femur. Medial supracondylar line. Medial intermuscular septum.

Place of attachment:

Medial edge of the patella, then through the popliteal ligament to the tibial tuberosity. Medial condyle of the tibia.

Action:

Extends the knee joint. Prevents knee flexion when the heel hits the ground while walking.

Intermediate broad muscle is the deepest part of the quadriceps femoris. This muscle has a webbed tendon on its anterior surface that allows sliding movement between the vastus muscles and the rectus femoris above it.

Place of origin:

The anterior and lateral surfaces of the upper two-thirds of the femoral shaft. Lower half of the rough femur line. Lateral intermuscular septum. The upper part of the lateral supra-muslin line.

Place of attachment:

Deep surface of the TENDON of the quadriceps muscle, then through the popliteal ligament to the tibial tuberosity.

Calf muscles.

Tibialis anterior muscle

Place of origin:

Lateral condyle of the tibia. The upper half of the lateral surface of the tibia. Interosseous membrane.

Place of attachment:

Medial and plantar surface of the medial sphenoid bone. Base of the first tarsal bone.

Action:

Dorsal flexion ankle... Inverts the foot.

Gluteus maximus muscle(m. gluteus maximus) (Fig. 128, 132, 133, 134) unbends the thigh, straightens the torso bent forward, stretches the wide fascia of the thigh, in a standing position fixes the pelvis and trunk. This is a large, flat, rhomboid muscle, the powerful development of which is explained by a person's upright posture. It starts from the back of the outer (gluteal) surface of the ilium, from the lateral edge of the sacrum and coccyx. With the lower bundles, the muscle is attached to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur, and with the upper bundles it is woven into the iliac-tibial tract. Between the gluteal tuberosity and the muscle is the trochanteric bag of the gluteus maximus muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei maximi).

Gluteus medius muscle(m. gluteus medius) (Fig. 128, 130, 133) takes the thigh. In this case, the front beams rotate the thigh inward, and the rear ones outward. With a fixed position, the hips move the pelvis to the side. Also takes part in straightening the torso bent forward. It is a thick muscle located under the gluteus maximus muscle and consists of the superficial and deep layers of muscle bundles. The beams themselves are arranged in a fan-like manner. The origin of the muscle is located on the outer surface of the wing of the ilium and on the fascia lata of the thigh, and the point of attachment is on the greater trochanter of the femur. The trochanteric bag of the gluteus medius muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei medii) is also located here. The small gluteus muscle (m. Gluteus minimus) (Fig. 128, 131) abducts the thigh and takes part in straightening the trunk. It is covered by the gluteus medius muscle, its point of origin is located on the outer surface of the wing of the ilium between the anterior and lower gluteal lines. The muscle is attached to the anterior edge of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Rice. 128. Pelvic muscles back view 1 - gluteus maximus muscle; 2 - gluteus maximus muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - superior twin muscle; 5 - gluteus medius muscle; 6 - the lower twin muscle; 7 - internal locking muscle; 8 - external locking muscle; 9 — square muscle hips
Rice. 129. 1 - small psoas muscle; 2 - the iliac muscle; 3 - large psoas muscle; 4 - piriformis muscle; 5 - iliopsoas muscle; 6 - vascular lacuna; 7 - muscle pulling the broad fascia of the thigh; 8 - scallop muscle; 9 - long adductor muscle; 10 - tailor muscle; 11 - thin muscle; 12 - the longest rectus femoris; 13 - a large adductor muscle; 14 - the iliotibial tract; 15 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 16 - broad medial thigh muscle; 17 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris;
Rice. 130. Pelvic and thigh muscles front view 1 - large psoas muscle; 2 - the iliac muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - gluteus medius muscle; 5 - ileal-scallop bag; 6 - scallop muscle; 7 - iliopsoas muscle; 8 - thin muscle; 9 - a large adductor muscle; 10 - long adductor muscle; 11 - intermediate broad muscle of the thigh; 12 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 13 - semi-membranous muscle; 14 - broad medial thigh muscle; 15 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris muscle; 16 - tendon of the semitendinosus muscle; 17 - tendon of the fine muscle; 18 - sartorius tendon

Muscle pulling the fascia lata of the thigh(m. tensor fasciae latae) (Fig. 90, 129, 133), strains the broad fascia of the thigh and takes part in its flexion. This flat, elongated muscle is located on the anterolateral surface of the pelvis. It starts from the superior anterior iliac spine and attaches to the iliac tibial tract.

Square femoris muscle(m. quadratus femoris) (Fig. 128, 136) rotates the thigh outward. It has the shape of a rectangle, partially covered by the gluteus maximus muscle. It starts from the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity and attaches to the greater trochanter and the intertrochanteric crest of the femur. The distal end of the muscle grows into the wide fascia of the thigh.

Superior twin muscle(m. gemellus superis) (Fig. 128), like a square one, rotates the thigh outward. It is a muscle cord, the origin of which is located on the ischial spine, and the attachment point is in the trochanteric fossa of the femur.

Inferior twin muscle(m. gemellus inferior) (Fig. 128) rotates the thigh outward. The starting point of the muscle is the ischial tubercle, and the attachment point is the trochanteric fossa of the femur.

External locking muscle(m. obturatorius externum) (Fig. 109, 128, 131), together with the previous muscles, rotates the thigh outward. The muscle is an irregular triangle, its point of origin is located on the outer surface of the pubic and ischial bones in the region of the locking membrane, and the trochanteric fossa of the femur serves as the attachment point.

Superior twin muscle, m. gemellus superior, looks like a small muscle cord originating from the ischial spine and attaching to the trochanteric fossa. The muscle is adjacent to the upper edge of the tendon m. obturatorii interni after it leaves the pelvic cavity.

Function: rotates the hip outward.

Innervation: rr. musculares plexus sacralis (LIV-SI).

Blood supply: a. glutea inferior.

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• - a muscle formed by striated muscle tissue, from which human skeletal muscles are built. Skeletal muscle attach to the bones of the skeleton and carry out the movement of the bones ...

  Medical terms

• - m. serratus posterior superior, - a thin muscle, covered by a rhomboid muscle and forms the third layer superficial muscles backs ...

  Human Anatomy Atlas

• - m. gemellus inferior, resembles the previous one in shape and is located below the tendon m. obturatorii interni. It starts from the ischial tuberosity, attaches to the trochanteric fossa. Function: rotates the thigh outward ...

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• - a tool consisting of two rod I., fixed in one body, used to designate the border of the mucous membrane, for example. for cleft lip surgery, and for temporary strengthening of the flap ...

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• - a province in the northwest. Austria. The area is 11.9 thousand km2. Population 1.13 million. The administrative center is Linz. Nature. S.-Z. in the south-east the Danube river flows ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"Twin superior" in books

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3. PUBLIC MUSCLE AND "QI MUSCLES"

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Myth: the penis is not a muscle.

From the book Exercises for Penis Enlargement author Kemmer Aaron

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How long does a muscle take to die?

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How long does a muscle take to die? (Asks Sam Gardner, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) Distinguish between somatic and cellular death. The first comes first. Somatic death is the death of the whole organism. At the same time, human life can only be maintained with the help of medical

Deltoid

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Calf muscle

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IC) of the author TSB

gracilis, e - thin (muscle, bundle)

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musculus anconeus - ulnar muscle

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musculus gastrocnemius - gastrocnemius muscle

From the author's book

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musculus gluteus - gluteus muscle

From the author's book

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Muscle of love

From the book Cultivating Male Sexual Energy by Chia Mantek

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Your brain is a muscle

From the book Myths about the age of women author Blair Pamela D.

Your brain is a muscle “Women who believe in themselves are stimulated by their years. We are the repository of the experience and wisdom of our time. " * * * The former generally accepted idea that the brain fades over the years is absolutely wrong. Scientists have concluded that new brain cells can

33. Muscle of inspiration

From the book Self-Liberating Game the author Demchog Vadim Viktorovich

33. Muscle of inspiration People who have the so-called. charisma (from the Greek charisma - "gift", "gift"), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brains consume more energy than the brains of ordinary people. It's easy

30: 20-26 Pharaoh's Crushed Muscle

From the book New Bible Commentary Part 2 (Old Testament) by Carson Donald

30: 20-26 Pharaoh's crushed muscle By the time of the prophecy (April 587), the people of Jerusalem had already been under siege by the Babylonian troops for a year. In this prophecy, the idea is held that all hopes of deliverance from the Babylonians with the help of a new

How the air muscle works

From the book How to Create an Android Robot with Your Own Hands by Lovin John

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Twin muscles belong to the outer group of the pelvic muscles. Their function is, together with the internal obturator muscle, to divert the thigh outward. They begin at the top and bottom of the ischium, connecting it to the greater trochanter. Together with the rest of the pelvic muscles, they experience a colossal daily load, ensuring human motor activity.

Anatomy of the upper and lower twin muscles

Sports activities, especially those related to bodybuilding, are recommended to start with an understanding of the anatomy of the underlying skeletal muscles. It is divided into several parts according to the affiliation. The muscles of the lower extremities and pelvis, which ensure the retention of the trunk in an upright position and different kinds movements are considered together. Many of them are paired.

The upper and lower twin muscles of the pelvis are united by the same flat shape. They look like an elongated triangle, the wide side of which is located on the ischium, and the narrow side is directed towards the greater trochanter. Latin name Musculus gemellus. The word "gemelus" means twin, duplication. The muscles work in pairs. The twin muscles of the thigh are located in the area of ​​the buttocks, covered from above with an outer layer of musculature.

Considering the structure of the organ, you can see bundles of striated fibers. Each of them is a separate structural unit that can contract. Fiber is a sheathed multinucleated cell. Its main components are water and proteins that provide contraction. The fibers are collected in muscle bundles and separated by layers of connective tissue. They are approached by the sympathetic nerves that transmit impulses. The muscle is divided into two parts:

• the abdomen is the active half capable of contracting;
• the tendon is the passive part responsible for tension.

Muscle strength depends on the number of muscle fibers. Muscle classification is based on several criteria. For musculus gemellus:

• in the direction of the fibers - straight;
• function - rotation (rotary);
• the form is short, simple.

The well-coordinated work of the muscles depends on the health of each link in the chain: brain-nerve-muscle.

Start

The superior twin muscle or m. gemellus superior starts from the ischial spine. The ischium is located in the lower part of the pelvis, articulated with the ilium and pubic. On the back surface of her body there is a small protrusion - the ischial spine. In the lower part of the bone, there is a thickening with a rough surface - the ischial tubercle. This is the site of the beginning of the lower twin muscle m. gemellus inferior.

Attachment

Both twin muscles have one point of attachment - top part femur in the trochanteric fossa. The distal endings of the cords are connected to the short tendon of the internal obturator muscle, which has left the small pelvis. Both musculus gemellus are synergistic. The superior twin muscle supports the locking, which loses some of its force when changing direction at the sciatic notch. Focusing on close location and joint action, they were previously called the triceps muscle.

Innervation

The pelvis is riddled with a large number of nerve endings and blood vessels. They provide nutrition and activity to the skeletal muscles. Communication of the organ with the central nervous system occurs due to several peripheral nerves:

• ventral branch of the lumbar nerve L5;
• nerves of the sacral plexus S1, S2;
• partially innervates the internal obturator nerve of the sacral plexus, extending from the anterior branch.

Nerve impulses are supplied to create motor activity. In addition, they have a vegetative function - they regulate the metabolic processes of the muscles. Control is carried out by motoneurons, forming with muscle fibers motor units. Under the action of impulses, the elastic elastic tissue contracts. Shortening leads to the convergence of the ends of the muscle, and with them hip joint and the ischial bone. When performing any movement, synergists are activated that impede its implementation. The opposing forces make the movements smooth. With intense exertion, muscle fatigue occurs.

The blood supply is provided by the lower gluteal and obturator artery. Blood vessels and nerves enter the fibers through the gate.

Twin Muscle Functions

The short twin muscles, together with eight more muscles (internal obturator, piriform, square, gluteus maximus, gluteus maximus, adductor maximus, external obturator and fascia lata tensor) are participants in the mechanism of external rotation of the thigh. A group of synergists acts in concert, turning the hip joint outward. One of the functions of m. gemellus superior - abduction of the hip during flexion; during extension, the effect is insignificant. A typical example of an action is sticking out a leg when exiting a car.

In a standing position on one leg, the muscle keeps the body from tilting in the opposite direction. Having a common tendon at the joint of the trochanteric socket, the twin and obturator muscles contribute to stable position femoral head.

Functional muscle tests

Functional testing is a muscle research method that pursues several goals at the same time:

• assess the state of the motor stereotype;
• determine the strength of the twins and adjacent muscles;
• detect the site of damage to the peripheral nerve.

For rate muscle tone the patient is placed on his back. The doctor performs passive movements, bending and unbending the limb in the hip joint. The volume of movement of the right and left legs must be compared. Muscle strength is assessed on a five-point system from 0 to 5. The doctor, holding the limb bent at the knee joint, asks the patient to make various movements with the lower leg. All tests are carried out slowly and carefully to get a reliable result and not harm the patient.

Muscle pathologies

The painful condition of the muscles is associated with tone dysfunction. Loss of ability to contract, constant tension, decline muscle strength happens for various reasons. Among the main ones:

• trauma;
• stretching;
• defects of nervous regulation;
• inflammation caused by various diseases: infectious, autoimmune, viral.

Micro-tears in twin muscles (up to 5% of fibers) appear as a feeling of discomfort, do not threaten human health. More serious injury results in pain during physical activity.

When the innervating plexuses are compressed, a pulling pain occurs, radiating to the buttocks and lower back. It subsides when lying down and starts again when walking. When the tendons are completely detached from the attachment point to the bone (hip joint or ischium), surgery is required.

The methods of instrumental diagnostics (ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging) and functional muscle tests help to determine pathological changes in the musculus gemellus. Elastic tissues are quickly restored, the main thing is to prevent the occurrence of scars at the sites of rupture. Coarse blotches prevent normal fiber stretching.