Lower twin muscle. Function: these muscles turn the thigh outward.
Iliopsoas muscle consists of the iliac and psoas major muscles. Function: flexes the hip at the hip joint.
Piriformis muscle originates from the pelvic surface of the sacrum, attaching to the apex of the greater trochanter. Function: turns the thigh outward.
External group of the pelvic muscles.
Fascia lata straightener originates from the upper front ilium attaching to the lateral condyle of the tibia; on the border of the upper and middle third of the body, the femur passes into the iliotibial tract. Function: flexes the thigh, strains the iliotibial tract.
Big gluteus muscle originates from the iliac crest, sacroiliac ligament, dorsal surfaces of the sacrum and coccyx, attaching to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. Function: extends the thigh; the posterior inferior bundles lead and turn the thigh outward, the anteroposterior bundles abduct the thigh, hold the knee joint in an extended position.
Gluteus medius muscle originates from the gluteal surface of the ilium and fascia lata, attaching to the outer surface and apex of the greater trochanter Function: abducts the thigh, the posterior bundles turn the thigh outward, the anterior bundles inward.
Square femoris muscle originates from the upper part of the outer edge of the ischial tuberosity, attaching to the upper part of the intertrochanteric crest. Function: rotates the thigh outward.
Gluteus maximus muscle) originates from the outer surface of the wing of the ilium, attaching to the antero-outer surface of the greater trochanter of the femur Function: abducts the thigh, the posterior bundles turn the thigh outward, the anterior bundles inward.
External obturator muscle originates from the branch of the ischium and the outer surface of the pubic bone, attaching to the trochanteric fossa of the femur and the articular capsule. Function: turns the thigh outward.
33. Characteristics of the muscles of the lower limb.
Characteristics of the muscles of the lower limb.The muscles of the thigh include the medial, anterior and posterior groups.
Medial thigh muscle group.
Long adductor muscle originates from the outer surface of the pubic bone, attaching to the medial lip of the rough line of the thigh. Function: leads the thigh, turning and bending it outward.
Short adductor muscle originates from the outer surface of the body and the lower branch of the pubic bone, attaching to a rough line on the body of the femur Function: leads and flexes the thigh.
Big adductor muscle originates from the branches and tuberosity of the ischium and the lower branch of the pubic bone, attaching to the medial lip of the rough line of the thigh. Function: leads and unbends the thigh.
Thin muscle originates from the lower branch of the pubic bone and the lower half of the pubic symphysis, attaching to the medial surface of the upper part of the tibia. Function: leads the thigh, flexes and turns the lower leg inward.
Comb muscle originates from the superior branch and crest of the pubic bone, attaching to the platform located between the rough line of the thigh and the posterior surface of the lesser trochanter. Function: leads and flexes the thigh.
Anterior thigh muscle group.
Quadriceps femoris consists of four muscles: the medial, lateral and intermediate broad muscles of the thigh and the rectus femoris. Function: unbends the lower leg in the knee joint (the rectus muscle flexes the thigh).
Sartorius originates from the superior anterior iliac spine, attaching to the tuberosity of the tibia and the fascia of the lower leg. Function: flexes and turns the thigh outward, flexes the lower leg.
Posterior thigh muscle group.
Semitendinosus muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity, attaching to the medial surface of the upper part of the tibia. Function: flexes the lower leg and unbends the thigh.
Semi-membranous muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity, attaching in three bundles to the posterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the tibia. Function: flexes the lower leg and extends the thigh.
Biceps hips consists of a short and long heads. Function: bends the lower leg at the knee joint and extends the thigh.
Lateral leg muscle group.
Short peroneal muscle originates from the lower two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula, attaching to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. Function: raises the lateral edge of the foot, flexes the foot.
Peroneus longus muscle originates from the head and the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula, the lateral condyle of the tibia, attaching to the base of the I and II metatarsal bones and the medial sphenoid bone. Function: raises the lateral edge of the foot, flexes the foot, strengthens the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot.
Anterior leg muscle group.
Long extensor big toe originates from the middle third of the anterior surface of the body of the fibula, attaching to the distal phalanx of the big toe. Function: extends the big toe.
Tibialis anterior muscle originates from the upper half of the lateral surface of the body and the lateral condyle of the tibia, attaching to the base of the first metatarsal bone and to the plantar surface of the medial sphenoid bone. Function: strengthens the longitudinal arch of the foot, unbends the foot in the ankle joint with simultaneous supination and lifting of the medial edge.
Long finger extensor originates from the anterior surface of the body of the fibula, the lateral condyle of the tibia and the fascia of the tibia, attaching to the base of the middle and distal phalanges of the II-V fingers. The third peroneal muscle departs from the lower part of this muscle. Function: unbends the II-V fingers in the metatarsophalangeal joints and the foot in the ankle joint (the third peroneal muscle raises the lateral edge of the foot).
.The posterior muscle group of the lower leg. Deep layer of muscles.
Long finger flexor originates from the posterior surface of the body of the tibia, the fascia of the tibia and the posterior intermuscular septum of the tibia, attaching to the distal phalanges of the II-V fingers. Function: bends and turns the foot outward and bends the distal phalanges of the II-V fingers.
Long flexor of the thumb originates from the lower two-thirds of the body of the fibula and the intermuscular septum of the lower leg, attaching to the distal phalanx of the big toe. Function: bends the big toe, strengthens the longitudinal arch of the foot, participates in supination, flexion and adduction of the foot.
Popliteal muscle originates from the outer surface of the lateral femoral condyle, attaching to the posterior surface of the tibia above the soleus muscle line. Function: flexes the lower leg, tightens the capsule of the knee joint.
Posterior tibial muscle originates from the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, the lower surface of the lateral condyle and the upper two-thirds of the body of the tibia, the interosseous membrane, attaching to all three sphenoid bones, the base of the IV metatarsal bone and tuberosity of the scaphoid. Function: bends, supinates and leads the foot.
Superficial layer of muscles.
Plantar muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the thigh and from the oblique popliteal ligament, attaching to the calcaneal tubercle. Function: participates in flexion of the foot and lower leg, tightens the capsule of the knee joint.
Triceps muscle of the leg consists of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles.
Flounder muscle originates from the posterior surface of the tibia and the tendon arch, attaching to the calcaneal tuberosity as part of the calcaneal tendon.
Calf muscle originates above the lateral condyle on the outer surface of the lower thigh epiphysis (here it is located lateral head) and the medial femoral condyle (here its medial head is located), attaching as part of the calcaneal tendon to the calcaneal tubercle. Function: flexion of the lower leg and foot; with a fixed foot, holds the lower leg on the talus.
34. Characteristics of the chewing and facial muscles of the head.
Characteristics of the chewing and facial muscles of the head. The facial muscles of the head are divided into the muscles of the cranial vault, the muscles surrounding the nasal openings, the muscles surrounding the mouth, the muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure, the muscles of the auricle. The muscles of the cranial vault are formed by the supracranial muscle, which consists of three parts: the occipital-frontal muscle, the supracranial aponeurosis and the temporoparietal muscle.
Occipital-frontal muscle consists of the occipital abdomen and the frontal abdomen, which are connected through the supracranial aponeurosis.
Temporo-parietal muscle(originates on the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle, attaching to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. Function: the occipital abdomen pulls the scalp back, the frontal abdomen pulls the forehead skin upward, raising the eyebrows.
Muscle of the proud originates on the outer surface of the nasal bone, ending in the skin of the forehead. Function: straightens the transverse folds on the forehead, forms transverse folds at the root of the nose.
Muscles surrounding the nasal openings.
Muscle lowering the septum of the nose originates above the medial incisor of the upper jaw, attaching to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum Function: lowers the nasal septum.
Nasal muscle consists of two parts: 1) the wing part originates in the upper jaw, woven into the skin of the wing of the nose. Function: expands the openings of the nose, pulls the wing of the nose laterally and down. 2) the transverse part originates in the upper jaw and passes into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side. Function: narrows the openings of the nose. Innervation: n. facialis.
Muscles surrounding the mouth.
Circular muscle mouth consists of labial and marginal parts. Function: participates in the act of chewing and sucking, closes the mouth gap.
Muscle lowering the lower lip originates from the base of the lower jaw, attaching to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. Function: lowers the lower lip down.
Muscle that lifts the upper lip originates from the infraorbital edge of the upper jaw, passing into the muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth and the wing of the nose. Function: lifts the upper lip.
Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth originates from the base of the lower jaw, attaching to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Function: lowers the corner of the mouth downward and laterally.
Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth originates from the anterior surface of the upper jaw, attaching to the corner of the mouth Function: raises the corner of the mouth.
Big zygomatic muscle originates from the zygomatic bone, attaching to the corner of the mouth Function: pulls the corner of the mouth up and out.
Small zygomatic muscle originates from the zygomatic bone, attaching to the skin of the corner of the mouth Function: raises the corner of the mouth.
Chin muscle originates from the alveolar elevations of the medial and lateral incisors of the lower jaw, attaching to the skin of the chin. Function: pulls up and laterally the skin of the chin.
Buccal muscle originates from the branch of the lower jaw, the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw, passing into the thickness of the base of the lower and upper lips.
Function: presses the cheek to the lips, pulls the corner of the mouth back.
Muscle of laughter originates from the masticatory fascia, attaching to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally.
Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure.
Eyebrow puckering muscle originates from the medial segment of the superciliary arch, attaching to the skin of the eyebrow from the same side. Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially.
Circular muscle of the eye consists of the orbital, lacrimal and secular parts. Function: is the sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, the secular part closes the eyelids, the orbital part forms folds from the side of the outer corner of the eye, pulls the cheek skin up, shifts the eyebrow down.
The chewing muscle consists of deep and superficial parts. Function: raises the lower jaw, pushes the lower jaw forward.
Medial pterygoid muscle originates in the pterygoid fossa of the sphenoid bone, attaching itself to the tuberosity of the same name on the upper surface of the angle of the lower jaw. Function: raises the lower jaw, pushes the lower jaw forward.
Lateral pterygoid muscle starts from the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone (lower head) and from the maxillary surface and infratemporal ridge of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone (its upper head is located here), attaching to the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint and the anterior surface of the neck of the lower jaw. jaw forward with symmetrical contraction, with unilateral contraction, the lower jaw is displaced in the opposite direction.
Temporalis muscle originates from the surface of the temporal fossa and the inner surface of the temporal fascia, attaching to the coronoid process of the lower jaw. Function: raises the lower jaw, pulls the forward jaw back.
35. Inspiratory muscles. Exhalation muscles. Types of breathing: chest and abdominal. Diaphragm.
Inspiratory muscles.The main inspiratory muscles are:
1) the diaphragm, when contracted, its dome flattens and, at the same time, an increase in the volume of the chest cavity in the vertical direction;
2) external and internal intercostal muscles; the former have a larger shoulder of force and a greater torque during inhalation, and the latter, on the contrary, during exhalation;
3) muscles that lift the ribs;
4) top posterior toothed muscle;
5) the lower posterior dentate muscle (with diaphragmatic and full breathing);
6) square muscle lower back (under the same condition);
7) the iliocostal muscle (under the same condition);
Inspiratory accessory muscles are:
1) scalene muscles- front, middle and back (with a fixed cervical part of the spinal column);
2) sternocleidomastoid muscle (with a fixed head);
3) pectoralis minor (with a fixed upper limb girdle);
4) subclavian (under the same condition);
5) the pectoralis major muscle with its lower part (with a fixed humerus);
6) the lower bundles of the serratus anterior muscle (with a fixed scapula);
7) anterior neck muscles - sternohyoid, sterno-thyroid, etc. (with a fixed hyoid bone)
Exhalation muscles. The muscles that work when you exhale are:
1) abdominal muscles - direct antagonists of the diaphragm:
2) internal and external intercostal;
3) subcostal;
4) the transverse muscle of the chest;
5) the lower posterior dentate muscle;
6) the square muscle of the lower back;
7) the iliocostal muscle.
Types of breathing: chest and abdominal. With chest type breathing is provided mainly due to the work of the intercostal muscles, and the diaphragm is displaced passively in accordance with the change in intrathoracic pressure.
With the abdominal type breathing as a result of a powerful contraction of the diaphragm not only decreases intrapleural pressure, but also increases intra-abdominal pressure. This type of breathing is more effective because it ventilates the lungs more strongly and facilitates the venous return of blood from the abdominal organs to the heart.
Diaphragm. The structure of the diaphragm.
Diaphragm is a mobile musculo-tendinous septum that delimits the chest and abdominal cavities. In the diaphragm, the tendon center is distinguished, in which there is an opening of the inferior vena cava, and three parts: costal, sternal and lumbar. In the lumbar part there is an aortic opening, limited by the right and left legs of the diaphragm, and an esophageal opening. Function: when the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the chest cavity increases and the abdominal cavity decreases; with simultaneous contraction with the abdominal muscles, an increase in intra-abdominal pressure occurs.
36. Anatomical characteristics of the digestive system. The stomach, its position, structure, function.
Anatomical characteristics of the digestive system Digestion is a physiological process through which food undergoes physical and chemical transformations, after which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive tract and enter the blood and lymph.
The digestive tract performs the following functions: secretory, motor, absorption, excretory.
Secretory function consists in the formation of glandular cells of digestive juices containing enzymes that break down proteins, fats, carbohydrates.
Motor function is carried out by the muscles of the digestive tract and provides chewing, swallowing, movement of food along the digestive tract and absorption of undigested residues.
Suction carried out by the mucous membrane of the stomach, small and large intestines. This process ensures the intake of digested organic substances, salts, vitamins and water into the internal environment of the body.
Excretory function is manifested by the release of substances from the internal environment into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, which takes part in maintaining acid-base and water-salt balance.
The stomach, its position, structure, function. The stomach is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity - most of it lies to the left of the midline of the body and only a small part to the right. The shape, volume, size, position of the stomach are variable: they depend on the physique, gas filling, food, on the tone of the stomach muscles, from nervous and hormonal influences, as well as the size and position of neighboring organs. The average stomach capacity is 1-3 liters. The stomach consists of the following sections: 1) the cardiac part adjacent to the place where the esophagus flows into the stomach; 2) the bottom, also called the vault; 3) the body of the stomach; 4) the pyloric part, consisting of the vestibule and the pyloric canal, ending with a gatekeeper (Fig. 2). The latter communicates the lumen of the stomach with the duodenum.
Distinguish between the lesser curvature of the stomach, facing right and up, and large, facing left and down. The wall of the stomach consists of three membranes: serous, muscular and mucous.
Outer serous membrane is a part of the peritoneum, - the sheets of which pass from neighboring organs. Under it there is a thin layer of connective tissue - the sub-serous layer, in which the blood and lymphatic vessels and the nerve plexus lie. In the places of transition of the serous membrane to neighboring organs, ligaments are formed that support the stomach in a certain position.
The muscular membrane of the stomach consists of three layers of smooth muscle. The outer layer is formed by longitudinal fibers, the middle - circular and the inner - oblique; the middle layer thickens at the gatekeeper, forming a pulp (sphincter) of the gatekeeper. The intermuscular nerve plexus (Auerbach) is located between the muscle layers.
Mucous membrane the stomach is loosely connected with the muscular submucosal layer and forms folds with a different direction. The submucosal layer contains the plexus of blood and lymphatic vessels and the submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner).
The mucous membrane of the stomach is covered with a kind of cylindrical epithelium. Millions of excretory ducts of specific tubular glands open into it, which contain four types of cells: main, accessory, lining and intermediate. The main cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted in an acidic medium into pepsin, additional and intermediate cells - mucin, and the parietal cells - hydrochloric acid. The blood supply to the stomach is carried out by the right and left gastric and right and left gastroepiploic arteries. Veins follow the course of the arteries and flow into the portal vein. The diverting lymphatic vessels are mainly directed to the gastric lymph nodes located at the greater and lesser curvature of the stomach.
Main functions stomach are the chemical and physical processing of food from the oral cavity, the accumulation of chyme and its gradual evacuation into the intestine. It also takes part in the intermediate metabolism, excreting metabolic products, including protein metabolic products, which, after their hydrolysis, are absorbed and then utilized by the body. The stomach plays an important role in hematopoiesis, in water-salt metabolism and maintaining a constant pH in the blood.
Motor activity of the stomach provides food deposition, mixing it with gastric juice and moving - portioned evacuation into the duodenum.
37. The pancreas, its position, structure, function.
The pancreas, its position, structure, functions. pancreas is a fairly large gland located on the back of the abdomen behind the stomach.
The pancreas has three main parts:
1) the head, which occupies the main part and has the shape of a hook process,
2) a body in the form of a prism, separated from the head by a small groove,
3) a ponytail, which can be bent up or slightly down.
Functions. The pancreas is the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates - mainly trypsin and chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase and amylase. The main pancreatic secretion of ductal cells also contains bicarbonate ions, which are involved in neutralizing acidic gastric chyme. The secretion of the pancreas accumulates in the interlobular ducts, which merge with the main excretory duct, which opens into the duodenum.
Numerous groups of cells are interspersed between the lobules, which do not have excretory ducts - the so-called. islets of Langerhans. Islet cells function as endocrine glands (endocrine glands), releasing glucagon and insulin, hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism, directly into the bloodstream. These hormones have the opposite effect: glucagon increases and insulin lowers blood glucose.
Proteolytic enzymes are secreted into the lumen of the acinus in the form of zymogens (zymogens, inactive forms of enzymes) - trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. When released into the intestine, they are exposed to enterokinase present in the parietal mucus, which activates trypsinogen, converting it to trypsin. Free trypsin further breaks down the remaining trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen to their active forms. The production of enzymes in an inactive form is an important factor in preventing the enzymatic damage to the pancreas often seen in pancreatitis.
Hormonal regulation of the exocrine function of the pancreas is provided by gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin - hormones produced by the cells of the stomach and duodenum in response to stretching, as well as the secretion of pancreatic juice. Damage to the pancreas is a serious danger. Puncture of the pancreas requires special care when performing.
38. The liver, its position, structure, functions.
The liver consists of two lobes: right and left. In the left lobe, two more secondary lobes are distinguished: square and caudate. According to the modern segmental scheme, proposed by Claude Quineau (1957), the liver is divided into eight segments that form the right and left lobes. The liver segment is a pyramidal area of the hepatic parenchyma, which has a fairly separate blood supply, innervation and outflow of bile. The caudate and square lobes, located behind and in front of the hepatic hilum, correspond to SI and SIV of the left lobe according to this scheme. In addition, SII and SIII of the liver are isolated in the left lobe, the right lobe is divided into SV - SVIII, numbered around the gate of the liver in a clockwise direction.
Functions. 1) neutralization of various foreign substances (xenobiotics), in particular allergens, poisons and toxins, by converting them into harmless, less toxic or easier to remove from the body compounds;
2) neutralization and removal from the body of excess hormones, mediators, vitamins, as well as toxic intermediate and final metabolic products, such as ammonia, phenol, ethanol, acetone and ketonic acids;
3) participation in the processes of digestion, namely, the provision of the body's energy needs with glucose, and the conversion of various sources of energy (free fatty acids, amino acids, glycerol, lactic acid, etc.) into glucose (the so-called gluconeogenesis);
4) replenishment and storage of rapidly mobilized energy reserves in the form of a glycogen depot and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism;
5) replenishment and storage of a depot of some vitamins (the reserves of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, water-soluble vitamin B12 are especially large in the liver), as well as a depot of cations of a number of trace elements - metals, in particular cations of iron, copper and cobalt. Also, the liver is directly involved in the metabolism of vitamins A, B, C, D, E, K, PP and folic acid;
6) participation in the processes of hematopoiesis (only in the fetus), in particular, the synthesis of many blood plasma proteins - albumin, alpha and beta globulins, transport proteins for various hormones and vitamins, proteins of the coagulation and anticoagulant blood systems and many others; the liver is one of the important organs of hematopoiesis in prenatal development;
7) synthesis of cholesterol and its esters, lipids and phospholipids, lipoproteins and regulation of lipid metabolism;
8) synthesis of bile acids and bilirubin, production and secretion of bile;
also serves as a depot for a fairly significant volume of blood, which can be thrown into the general vascular bed during blood loss or shock due to the narrowing of the vessels supplying the liver;
9) the synthesis of hormones and enzymes that are actively involved in the transformation of food in the duodenum and other parts of the small intestine;
10) in the fetus, the liver performs a hematopoietic function. The detoxification function of the fetal liver is insignificant, since it is performed by the placenta.
39. Small and large intestine, divisions, differences in the structure of the wall. Peritoneum.
Small intestine- a section of the intestine in vertebrates, located between the stomach and the large intestine. The small intestine performs the main function of absorbing nutrients from the chyme in the animal body. The relative length and structural features of the small intestine largely depend on the type of nutrition of the animal.
Small intestine:
Duodenum- the initial section of the small intestine in humans, immediately following the pylorus. The characteristic name is due to the fact that its length is about twelve times the diameter of a finger. The duodenum is closely anatomically and functionally connected with the pancreas and gallbladder... On the inner surface of the descending part of the duodenum there is a large duodenal papilla (vater papilla), into which, through the sphincter of Oddi, the common bile duct and pancreatic duct open (in most, but not all people, it flows into the common bile duct, but in some goes separately). Above the Vater papilla, by 8-40 mm, there may be a small duodenal papilla through which an additional (Santorinian) duct of the pancreas opens (this structure is anatomically variable). The duodenum has a special histological structure of the mucous membrane, making its epithelium more resistant to the aggressiveness of both gastric acid and pepsin, and concentrated bile and pancreatic enzymes than the epithelium of the more distal parts of the small intestine. The structure of the epithelium of the duodenum also differs from the structure of the epithelium of the stomach.
Human jejunum- the middle section of the small intestine, which follows the duodenum and passes into the ileum. The name "skinny" comes from the fact that when dissecting a corpse, anatomists found it empty. The jejunum is a smooth muscle, hollow organ. In the wall of the jejunum, there are two layers of muscle tissue: the outer longitudinal and the inner circular. In addition, smooth muscle cells are found in the intestinal mucosa. The jejunal loops are located in the upper left abdomen. The jejunum is covered on all sides by the peritoneum. The jejunum, in contrast to the duodenum, has a well-defined mesentery and is considered (together with the ileum) as the mesenteric part of the small intestine. The duodenojejunal L-shaped fold of Treitz is separated from the duodenum by the duodenojejunal sphincter. There is no clearly defined anatomical structure separating the jejunum and the ileum. However, there are clear differences between these two parts of the small intestine: the ileum has a larger diameter, its wall is thicker, and it is richer with vessels. The loops of the jejunum lie mainly to the left of the midline, the loops of the ileum mainly to the right of the midline. The mesenteric part of the small intestine is covered in front for a greater or lesser extent by an omentum.
Human ileum- the lower part of the small intestine, going after the jejunum and in front of the upper part of the large intestine - by the cecum, separated from the last by the ileocecal valve (Bauhinia valve). The ileum is a smooth muscle hollow organ. In the wall of the ileum there are two layers of muscle tissue: the outer longitudinal and the inner circular. In addition, smooth muscle cells are found in the intestinal mucosa. The ileum is located in the lower right part of the abdominal cavity and in the region of the right ileal fossa flows into the cecum. The ileum is covered on all sides by the peritoneum. The ileum, in contrast to the duodenum, has a well-defined mesentery and is considered (together with the jejunum) as the mesenteric part of the small intestine. There is no well-defined anatomical structure separating the ileum and jejunum. However, there are clear differences between these two parts of the small intestine: the ileum has a larger diameter, its wall is thicker, and it is richer with vessels. The loops of the jejunum lie mainly to the left of the midline, the loops of the ileum mainly to the right of the midline.
Colon- the lower, final part of the digestive tract, namely the lower part of the intestine, in which water is mainly absorbed and the formed feces are formed from food gruel (chyme). It is a derivative of the hindgut.
Colon sections:
cecum is a bag 3-8.5 cm long, located in the right iliac region, below the junction of the small intestine into the large intestine. A vermiform appendix (appendix) departs from it. At the junction of the small and large intestine, there is an ileocecal valve that prevents the backflow of food masses from the large intestine to the small intestine. On the border of the cecum and the colon is the Buzi sphincter. The cecum is most often covered by the peritoneum on all sides and is located intraperitoneally, but it can also lie mesoperitoneally, that is, be covered by the peritoneum on three sides. From its eadnemedial wall, 0.5-5 cm below the ileocecal angle formed by the confluence of the ileum into the blind, a vermiform appendix (appendix) departs. It is a narrow tube 3-4 mm in diameter, 2.5 to 15 cm long. The lumen of the appendix communicates with the lumen of the cecum. The process has its own mesentery, mesoappendix, connecting it to the wall of the cecum and the terminal (terminal) section of the ileum. Usually the appendix lies in the right iliac fossa; its free end faces downward and medially, reaches the borderline (linea terminalis) and sometimes descends into the small pelvis. However, this position is not constant for all people: the appendix can be located, for example, behind the cecum, being covered and fixed to it by the peritoneum, or, in its mesoperitoneal position, it can even lie extraperitoneally.
colon the main section of the large intestine, the continuation of the cecum. The colon is the continuation of the rectum. The colon is not directly involved in digestion. But it absorbs a lot of water and electrolytes. A relatively liquid chyme that enters from the small intestine (through the cecum) into the colon turns into a harder feces. The length of the colon is about 1.5 m (including approximately: the length of the ascending colon - 24 cm, the transverse colon - 56 cm , descending - 22 cm and sigmoid colonic - 47 cm). The inner diameter of the colon is from 5 to 8 cm. At the border of the colon and cecum is the Buzi sphincter.
ascending colon- the initial section of the colon (which, in turn, is the section of the large intestine), the continuation of the cecum. A further continuation of the ascending colon is the transverse colon. The ascending colon does not directly participate in digestion. Its functions. like other parts of the colon, are in the absorption of water and electrolytes, so that the relatively liquid chyme that gets from the small intestine to the large, turns into thicker feces. The ascending colon is located in the right side of the abdominal cavity. Her position is not constant. In the upright position of the body, the initial part of the ascending colon is directed upward, continuing the cecum. The area of transition of the ascending colon to the transverse colon is called the right (hepatic) flexure of the colon. The ascending colon in front and on the sides is covered by the peritoneum. The length of the ascending colon is about 24 cm. The inner diameter of the intestine is about 7 cm. At the border of the ascending colon and cecum is the Buzi sphincter (synonyms: colocecal Sphincter Buzi, cecum-ascending sphincter
transverse colon section of the colon (section of the large intestine, see figure 2), continuation of the ascending colon. A further continuation of the transverse colon is the descending colon. The transverse colon does not directly participate in digestion. Its functions, like other parts of the large intestine, are to absorb water and electrolytes so that the relatively liquid chyme that gets from the small intestine to the large intestine turns into thicker feces.In the area of the right hypochondrium, at the level of the X costal cartilage, the ascending colon forms a bend left and forward and passes into the transverse colon (this area of transition is called the right or hepatic flexure of the colon). Further, the transverse colon goes in an oblique direction from right to left, first down, then up into the region of the left hypochondrium. In the upright position of the body, the transverse colon most often sags downward in an arcuate manner. In the left hypochondrium, at level IX of the costal cartilage, in the area called the left or splenic flexure of the colon, the transverse colon passes into the descending colon. The transverse colon is covered on all sides by the peritoneum. The intestine is attached to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity with the help of the mesentery. The length of the transverse colon is 25 - 62 cm, on average 50 cm. The internal diameter of the intestine is about 6-7 cm.
descending colon the third section of the colon (which, in turn, is a section
Both twin muscles attach to the internal obturator muscle.
Place of origin:
The outer surface of the ischial crest (upper).
The upper edge of the ischial tuberosity (lower).
Place of attachment:
With the tendon of the obturator muscle - on the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
Action:
Helps the obturator muscle to laterally rotate the hip joint and abduct the hip during flexion.
External obturator muscle.
This muscle is often referred to as the adductors of the thigh, but is placed in this section because of its similarity and proximity to other short lateral rotators of the thigh.
Place of origin:
A branch of the pubic and ischial bones. Outside surface of the obturator membrane.
Place of attachment:
Trochanteric fossa of the femur.
Action:
Laterally rotates the femoral joint. Participates in adduction of the hip joint.
The main functional movement:
Example: joining the heels together (military salute).
Square muscle of the thigh.
This muscle often connects separately or with both of the twin muscles, which are located above, and with the upper fibers of the adductor magnus, which is located below.
Place of departure:
Lateral edge of the ischial tuberosity.
Place of attachment:
A square line that runs distally below the intertrochanteric crest of the femur.
Action:
Laterally rotates the femoral joint.
Psoas major and iliac muscle the muscle is considered part of the posterior abdominal wall due to its position and shock-absorbing support internal organs... However, based on their hip flexion action, it would be more appropriate to place them in the "Thigh muscles" section. some upper fibers of the psoas major muscle can be attached by a long tendon to the ilio-pubic eminence to form the psoas minor muscle, which has little function and is absent in about 40% of people.
Bilateral contraction of this muscle will increase lumbar lordosis (spinal deflection).
Large lumbar
Place of origin:
It begins with 5 teeth from the lateral surface of the bodies of the XII thoracic, four upper lumbar vertebrae and the corresponding intervertebral cartilage. Deeper muscle bundles originate from the transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae.
Place of attachment:
Lesser trochanter of the femur.
Action:
The main flexor muscle of the hip joint together with the iliac muscle (flexes and laterally rotates the hip, as in a football kick). Acting at the attachment points bends the torso, for example, accepting sitting position from a lying position.
Iliac muscle
Place of origin:
Anterior two-thirds of the iliac fossa. Inner lip of the iliac crest. The wing of the sacrum and the anterior ligaments of the lumbosacral and sacroiliac joints.
Place of attachment:
The lateral side of the tendon of the psoas major muscle, continuing into the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Action:
The main flexor muscle of the hip joint (together with the large lumbar muscle flexes and laterally rotates the thigh, as in a soccer kick. Throws the leg forward when walking or running). Acting at the attachment site, it flexes the trunk, for example, when taking a sitting position from a prone position.
Gluteus maximus muscle is the coarsest fibrous and heaviest muscle in the body.
Place of origin:
The outer surface of the ilium is behind the posterior gluteal line and part of the bone above and behind it. The adjacent posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx. Sacro-tuberous ligament. Aponeurosis of the erector muscle.
Place of attachment:
Deep fibers of the distal part: gluteal tuberosity of the femur.
The rest of the fibers: the iliotibial tract of the fascia lata.
Action:
Upper fibers: laterally rotate the hip joint. Participate in abduction of the hip joint. The lower fibers extend and laterally rotate the hip joint (intense extension when running or standing up). Unbend the torso. Participate in adduction of the hip joint.
In the area of attachment to the iliotibial tract, stabilizes the knee during extension.
Fascia lata straightener
Place of origin:
The anterior part of the outer lip of the iliac crest and the outer surface of the anterior superior iliac spine.
Place of attachment:
Connects the iliotibial tract just below the level of the greater trochanter of the femur.
Action:
Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the hip joint. Pulls the fascia lata, thus stabilizing the knee. Redirects the rotational forces generated by the gluteus maximus.
The gluteus medius muscle.
While walking, this muscle, together with the gluteus maximus muscle, prevents the pelvis from lowering to the unloaded limb.
Place of origin:
The outer surface of the ilium of the inferior iliac crest, between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines.
Place of attachment:
Oblique bridge on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
Action:
Abducts the hip joint. The anterior fibers rotate medially and participate in flexion of the hip joint. The posterior fibers rotate the hip joint slightly laterally.
Gluteus maximus muscle
This muscle is located in front, lower and deeper in relation to the gluteus maximus muscle, whose fibers cover it.
Place of origin:
The outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines.
Place of attachment:
The anterior border of the greater trochanter of the femur.
Action:
Retracts, rotates medially and participates in flexion of the hip joint.
Thigh muscles. The thigh muscles are divided into anterior, medial and posterior muscle groups. The first includes mainly the extensors, the second - the adductor muscles, and the third - the flexors.
Semitendinosus muscle located in the central part of the popliteal muscle group... While running, the posterior thigh muscle group slows down the leg at the end of the forward swing and prevents the torso from bending over to the hip joint
Place of departure:
Ischial tubercle.
Place of attachment:
The superior medial surface of the tibial shaft.
Action:
Semi-membranous muscle. The middle part of the popliteal group. Most of the abdomens are located deep in relation to the semitendinosus muscle and the long head of the biceps femoris.
Place of origin:
Ischial tubercle.
Place of attachment:
The posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle.
Action:
Flexes and rotates the knee slightly medially after flexion. Extends the hip joint.
Biceps femoris.
Place of origin:
Long head: sciatic tubercle. Sacro-tuberous ligament.
Short head: rough femur line. The upper two-thirds of the supracondylar line. Lateral intermuscular septum.
Place of attachment:
Lateral side of the fibula head. Lateral condyle of the tibia.
Action:
Both heads flex the knee joint (and laterally flex the flexed knee joint). The long head also extends the hip joint.
Big adductor muscle is the largest of the group of adductors. The upper fibers are often connected to the fibers of the square femoris muscle.
Place of origin:
The lower branch of the pubic bone. Ischial ramus (anterior fibers). Ischial tubercle (posterior fibers).
Place of attachment:
But the entire length of the thigh, along the rough line of the femur and the medial supracondylar line, to the tubercle of the adductor muscle on the medial epicondyle of the femur.
Action:
The superior fibers lead and laterally rotate the hip joint.
Vertical fibers extending from the ischium participate in weak extension of the hip joint.
Short leading.
Place of origin:
The outer surface of the lower branch of the pubic bone.
Place of attachment:
The lower two-thirds of the peroneal line and the upper half of the rough femur line.
Action:
Leads the hip joint. Flexes the extended hip at the hip joint. Extends the bent hip at the hip joint. Participates in the lateral rotation of the hip joint.
Long leading.
This muscle is the most anterior of the three adductor muscles.
Place of origin:
The anterior surface of the pubic bone at the junction of the crest and symphysis.
Place of attachment:
Middle third of the medial lip of the rough femur line.
Action:
Leads the hip joint. Flexes the extended hip at the hip joint. Extends the bent hip. Participates in the lateral rotation of the hip joint.
Thin muscle descends down the medial side of the thigh in front of the semimembranous muscle.
Place of origin:
The lower half of the pubic symphysis and the lower branch of the pubic bone.
Place of attachment:
The upper part of the medial surface of the tibial shaft.
Action:
Leads the hip joint. Flexes the knee joint. Medially rotates the knee joint during flexion.
Comb muscle located between the psoas major muscle and the long adductor muscle.
Place of departure:
The crest of the pubic bone, between the ischio-pubic prominence and the pubic tubercle.
Place of attachment:
A comb line from the lesser trochanter to the rough line of the femur.
Action:
Leads the hip joint. Flexes the hip joint.
Sartorius is the most superficial muscle in the front of the thigh. It is also the longest belt muscle. Action tailor muscle is to cross lower limbs in a sitting position.
Place of origin:
The anterior superior iliac spine and the area immediately below the spine.
Place of attachment:
The upper part of the medial surface of the tibia in the region of the anterior margin.
Action:
Flexes the hip joint. laterally rotates and brings the femoral joint. Flexes the knee joint. Participates in the medial rotation of the tibia on the femur after flexion, i.e., rests the heel against the knee of the opposite limb.
Quadriceps.
Each of the four heads has its own beginning, but, approaching the knee area, they all pass into a common tendon that covers the patella and attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
Rectus muscle.
Place of origin:
Straight head (anterior head): anterior inferior iliac spine.
Curved head (back head): A depression above the acetabulum (at the ilium).
Place of attachment:
The patella, then through the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity.
Action:
Extends the knee joint and flexes the hip joint (especially in a difficult movement - kicking the ball). Helps the iliopsoas muscle flex the torso at the hip. Prevents knee flexion when the heel hits the ground while walking.
Lateral wide.
It is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The quadriceps muscle straightens the knee when standing up, while walking and lifting. The broad muscle group provides movement during sitting down.
Place of origin:
The proximal part of the intertrochanteric line. Anterior and lower edge of the greater trochanter. Gluteal tuberosity. The upper half of the lateral lip of the rough line of the femur.
Place of attachment:
Lateral edge of the patella, then through the popliteal ligament to the tibial tuberosity.
Action:
Medial wide.
Place of origin:
Distal half of the intertrochanteric line. Medial lip of the rough line of the femur. Medial supracondylar line. Medial intermuscular septum.
Place of attachment:
Medial edge of the patella, then through the popliteal ligament to the tibial tuberosity. Medial condyle of the tibia.
Action:
Extends the knee joint. Prevents knee flexion when the heel hits the ground while walking.
Intermediate broad muscle is the deepest part of the quadriceps femoris. This muscle has a webbed tendon on its anterior surface that allows sliding movement between the vastus muscles and the rectus femoris above it.
Place of origin:
The anterior and lateral surfaces of the upper two-thirds of the femoral shaft. Lower half of the rough femur line. Lateral intermuscular septum. The upper part of the lateral supra-muscular line.
Place of attachment:
Deep surface of the TENDON of the quadriceps muscle, then through the popliteal ligament to the tibial tuberosity.
Calf muscles.
Tibialis anterior muscle
Place of origin:
Lateral condyle of the tibia. The upper half of the lateral surface of the tibia. Interosseous membrane.
Place of attachment:
Medial and plantar surface of the medial sphenoid bone. Base of the first tarsal bone.
Action:
Dorsal flexion of the ankle. Inverts the foot.
Gluteus maximus muscle(m. gluteus maximus) (Fig. 128, 132, 133, 134) unbends the thigh, straightens the torso bent forward, stretches the wide fascia of the thigh, in a standing position fixes the pelvis and trunk. This is a large, flat, rhomboid muscle, the powerful development of which is explained by a person's upright posture. It starts from the back of the outer (gluteal) surface of the ilium, from the lateral edge of the sacrum and coccyx. With the lower bundles, the muscle is attached to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur, and with the upper bundles it is woven into the iliac-tibial tract. Between the gluteal tuberosity and the muscle is the trochanteric bag of the gluteus maximus muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei maximi).
Gluteus medius muscle(m. gluteus medius) (Fig. 128, 130, 133) takes the thigh. In this case, the front beams rotate the thigh inward, and the rear ones outward. With a fixed position, the hips move the pelvis to the side. Also takes part in straightening the torso bent forward. It is a thick muscle located under the gluteus maximus muscle and consists of the superficial and deep layers of muscle bundles. The beams themselves are arranged in a fan-like manner. The origin of the muscle is located on the outer surface of the wing of the ilium and on the fascia lata of the thigh, and the point of attachment is on the greater trochanter of the femur. The trochanteric bag of the gluteus medius muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei medii) is also located here. The small gluteus muscle (m. Gluteus minimus) (Fig. 128, 131) abducts the thigh and takes part in straightening the trunk. It is covered by the gluteus medius muscle, its point of origin is located on the outer surface of the wing of the ilium between the anterior and lower gluteal lines. The muscle is attached to the anterior edge of the greater trochanter of the femur.
| Rice. 128. Pelvic muscles back view 1 - gluteus maximus muscle; 2 - gluteus maximus muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - superior twin muscle; 5 - gluteus medius muscle; 6 - the lower twin muscle; 7 - internal locking muscle; 8 - external locking muscle; 9 - square muscle of the thigh |
|
| Rice. 129. 1 - small psoas muscle; 2 - the iliac muscle; 3 - large psoas muscle; 4 - piriformis muscle; 5 - iliopsoas muscle; 6 - vascular lacuna; 7 - muscle pulling the broad fascia of the thigh; 8 - scallop muscle; 9 - long adductor muscle; 10 - tailor muscle; 11 - thin muscle; 12 - the longest rectus femoris; 13 - a large adductor muscle; 14 - the iliotibial tract; 15 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 16 - broad medial thigh muscle; 17 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris; |
 |
| Rice. 130. Pelvic and thigh muscles front view 1 - large psoas muscle; 2 - the iliac muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - gluteus medius muscle; 5 - ileal-scallop bag; 6 - scallop muscle; 7 - iliopsoas muscle; 8 - thin muscle; 9 - a large adductor muscle; 10 - long adductor muscle; 11 - intermediate broad muscle of the thigh; 12 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 13 - semi-membranous muscle; 14 - broad medial thigh muscle; 15 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris; 16 - tendon of the semitendinosus muscle; 17 - tendon of the fine muscle; 18 - sartorius tendon |
 |
Muscle, stretching the broad fascia of the thigh(m. tensor fasciae latae) (Fig. 90, 129, 133), strains the broad fascia of the thigh and takes part in its flexion. This flat, elongated muscle is located on the anterolateral surface of the pelvis. It starts from the superior anterior iliac spine and attaches to the iliac tibial tract.
Square femoris muscle(m. quadratus femoris) (Fig. 128, 136) rotates the thigh outward. It has the shape of a rectangle, partially covered by the gluteus maximus muscle. It starts from the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity and attaches to the greater trochanter and the intertrochanteric crest of the femur. The distal end of the muscle grows into the wide fascia of the thigh.
Superior twin muscle(m. gemellus superis) (Fig. 128), like a square one, rotates the thigh outward. It is a muscle cord, the origin of which is located on the ischial spine, and the attachment point is in the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
Inferior twin muscle(m. gemellus inferior) (Fig. 128) rotates the thigh outward. The starting point of the muscle is the ischial tubercle, and the attachment point is the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
External locking muscle(m. obturatorius externum) (Fig. 109, 128, 131), together with the previous muscles, rotates the thigh outward. The muscle is an irregular triangle, its point of origin is located on the outer surface of the pubic and ischial bones in the region of the locking membrane, and the trochanteric fossa of the femur serves as the attachment point.
Superior twin muscle, m. gemellus superior, looks like a small muscle cord, originating from the ischial spine and attaching to the trochanteric fossa. The muscle is adjacent to the upper edge of the tendon m. obturatorii interni after it leaves the pelvic cavity.
Function: rotates the hip outward.
Innervation: rr. musculares plexus sacralis (LIV-SI).
Blood supply: a. glutea inferior.
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Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
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Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
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Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
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Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
- - a muscle formed by striated muscle tissue, from which human skeletal muscles are built. Skeletal muscle attach to the bones of the skeleton and carry out the movement of the bones ...
Medical terms
- - m. serratus posterior superior, - a thin muscle, covered by a rhomboid muscle and forms the third layer of the superficial muscles of the back ...
Human Anatomy Atlas
- - m. gemellus inferior, resembles the previous one in shape and is located below the tendon m. obturatorii interni. It starts from the ischial tuberosity, attaches to the trochanteric fossa. Function: rotates the thigh outward ...
Human Anatomy Atlas
- - a tool consisting of two rod I., fixed in one body, used to mark the border of the mucous membrane, for example. for cleft lip surgery, and for temporary strengthening of the flap ...
Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
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Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
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Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
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- - a province in the northwest. Austria. The area is 11.9 thousand km2. Population 1.13 million. The administrative center is Linz. Nature. S.-Z. in the south-east the Danube river flows ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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