Judo is an ancient martial art without the use of weapons and with its own philosophy. Appeared late 19th century Japan, the founder was Jigoro Kano.
Judo began to develop from jiu-jitsu, but it is less traumatic. First competition That's why combat sports took place in Japan, then at the beginning of the 20th century Judo clubs began to appear in England, France and the USA. Since 1964 is an Olympic sport.
The history of judo at the Olympics
This martial art was accepted into the Games for the first time at the Tokyo Olympics (1964). Men competed, women began to participate in the Olympics in 1992 Only in 1998 first adopted judo in Seoul as a sport in the program of the Paralympic Games.
Reference! Martial art was included in the program of the Olympics every year, except 1968 (Mexico Games).
Initially, the leaders of the competition were the founders of martial arts, the Japanese, at the moment, the gold medalists are Japanese, Koreans, Russians, Dutch, Georgians.
Photo 1. Judo competitions held during the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2016.
The number of weight categories gradually expanded. In 1977 they became 7 .
Women's judo originally developed by Jigoro Kano. He believed that the results should be evaluated by plasticity and movements in the conditional contact mode. Modern women's judo differs from Kano's vision and is tough Olympic sport.
The men perform in super light, featherweight, light, welter, medium, light heavy, heavy and absolute weight. Women compete in similar weight categories, except for absolute.
Last Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. In games 2020 will include a team tournament among groups of men and women. There are about 20 million martial arts followers.
The country is the absolute leader in the number of Olympic champions
Japan is such a country. Second and third places occupied by France and South Korea. First leads by a huge margin: almost twice more medals than silver medalists.
Important! Japan has - 84 medals, in France - 49 , y South Korea — 43 .
Inclusion of this sport in the Paralympic Games
There is a type of this martial art for visually impaired and blind athletes.
First in 1988 men competed at the Paralympic Games. Women performed for the first time in 2004. Fifty-three athletes submitted 16 countries of the world. The rules are the same as in judo.
Helps Paralympic athletes only special coating mats, which helps to understand the location of the zones.
But there are a few differences, for example, the fight only starts with capture "kumikat" when athletes hold each other by the kimono. Other features of the competition are regulated International Judo Federation.
Features of holding competitions among the deaf
Fights among deaf and hard of hearing athletes are held in Russia and in the world. Traditional Rules sports adapted for hearing impaired participants.
The rules of the International Judo Federation (IJF) with amendments and additions are taken as a basis. For example, the duration of each contraction for men and women is 5 minutes, for boys and girls - 4 .
exhibited 1 wrestler per country in each weight category for Deaflympics, World Championships.
The arbitrators must explain special gestures. For example, to show the athletes that they can sit down and fold their legs in the starting position, the referee should place the palm of his hand on the wrestler's shoulder and apply slight downward pressure.
Useful video
Check out the video, which explains the rules of judo and shows how the fight in this sport works.
Reasons for the popularity of this art
Originating in Japan, the art of judo has conquered the whole world. The sport gained immense popularity thanks to promotion judo among youth Lately. The boys start with seven years of age.
Only men competed. In total, 8 sets of medals were played.
Soviet judokas did not perform as successfully at the tournament as planned. Despite the increase in the number of weight categories and the absence of strong athletes from a number of countries (especially from Japan) due to the boycott, Soviet judokas won only 2 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze awards, while 4 years earlier in Montreal, representatives of the USSR won 2 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze award.
Nevertheless, the USSR national team became the best overall medal count, ahead of the French, who won 1 bronze less. Also, five awards were on account of the judoists of the GDR - 1 gold and 4 bronze.
2 gold awards won in Moscow Shotoy Khabareli And Nikolay Solodukhin, became the last for the USSR in judo at the Olympic Games, in 1984 Soviet athletes did not participate in the Games in Los Angeles, and in 1988 in Seoul they failed to win a single gold.
Shota Khabareli rejoices at the victory in the category up to 78 kg.
Jürg Roethlisberger won the first and so far the only gold medal for Switzerland in judo at the Olympic Games. Bulgarians have won in Moscow 2 out of 3 of their judo medals at the Olympic Games in history. Vladimir Kotsman won the only ever Olympic medal in judo for Czechoslovakia.
2 awards won in Moscow Angelo Parisi from France and a German from the GDR Dietmar Lorenz. At the same time, Lorenz, a bronze medalist in the category up to 95 kg, managed to win in the final of the absolute weight category Parisi, the Olympic champion in the category over 95 kg.
Nikolai Solodukhin's story about the judo tournament
IN Olympic Village Nikolai Solodukhin arrived a few days after the start of the Olympics, immediately from the training camp, which took place in Podolsk. “I didn’t want to be distracted once again, because I tuned in to the main competitions in my life,” explains Olympic champion. However, on the eve of the first fight, he was not allowed to sleep. Athletes from third world countries were walking with might and main - they arranged ritual dances in the corridor, apparently hoping in this way to attract good luck.
The next day, at 10 am, the judoists went to Luzhniki. “To say that I was seriously preparing for the Olympics is to say nothing. Before the start of the judo tournament, I knew the whole draw. I knew that all the strongest fighters on the planet would gather in my weight category: the Frenchman Delving, the Olympic champion of Montreal, the Cuban Rodriguez. It was necessary to think over the preparation for the fight with each favorite. As a result of careful preparation, I won against the Cuban in 1.5-2 minutes. Also defeated Delving."
The final bout in the category up to 65 kg. Nikolai Solodukhin (right) against an athlete from Mongolia Tsendijn Damdin
However, the Soviet athlete was surprised not at all by an eminent opponent, but by an unknown Mongolian judoka Damdin, with whom Solodukhin met in the final battle for Olympic gold. The sports intelligence of the USSR national team had no information about Damdin, and he was not exhausted by battles, since there were no stars of the first magnitude in his group. In addition, he weighed 12 kilograms more than Solodukhin, and specially drove weight before the fight, which meant that it cost him nothing to gain weight, and with it strength. In the fight, Nikolai almost three times was not defeated by ippon (a throw on the back, after which a clear victory is awarded - ed. note), but in the end, Solodukhin managed to hold a trick and, with a minimal margin, bring the fight to victory. “I learned the main lesson: there are no weak opponents at the Olympics,” Nikolai Ivanovich admits.
Winners in the category up to 65 kg, second from the right - Nikolai Solodukhin
All winners:
Up to 60 kg
1. Thierry Rey (France)
2. Jose Rodriguez (Cuba)
3. Arambiy Emizh (USSR)
Tibor Kinches (Hungary).
Up to 65 kg
1. Nikolai Solodukhin (USSR)
2. Tsendiin Damdin (Mongolia)
3. Ilian Nedkov (Bulgaria)
Janusz Pawlowski (Poland).
Up to 71 kg
1. Ezio Gamba (Italy)
2. Neil Adams (Great Britain)
3. Ravdangiin Davaadalai (Mongolia)
Karl-Heinz Lehmann (GDR).
Up to 78 kg
1. Shota Khabareli (USSR)
2. Juan Ferrer (Cuba)
3. Bernard Chuluyan (France)
Harald Heinke (GDR).
Up to 86 kg
1. Jürg Roethlisberger (Switzerland)
2. Isaac Askuy (Cuba)
3. Alexander Yatskevich (USSR)
Detlef Ultsch (GDR).
Up to 95 kg
1. Robert Van de Walle (Belgium)
2. Tengiz Khubuluri (USSR)
3. Henk Nyman (Netherlands)
Dietmar Lorenz (GDR).
Over 95 kg
1. Angelo Parisi (France)
2. Dimitar Zapryanov (Bulgaria)
3. Radomir Kovacevic (Yugoslavia)
Vladimir Kotsman (Czechoslovakia).
1. Dietmar Lorenz (GDR)
2. Angelo Parisi (France)
3. Arthur Mapp (Great Britain)
Andras Ozhvar (Hungary).
And the improvement of consciousness, which requires discipline, perseverance, self-control, respect for etiquette, understanding the relationship between success and the efforts necessary to achieve it.
Currently, the so-called traditional judo(represented by the Kodokan judo and a number of other judo schools) and sports judo, competitions in which are held on international level and are included in the program of the Olympic Games. Sports judo, developed by the International Judo Federation (IJF), has a greater emphasis on competition, while traditional judo has an additional emphasis on self-defense and philosophy, which, not least, has influenced the differences in competition rules and allowed techniques. .
Judo technique was the basis of many modern styles martial arts, including Sambo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Kawaishi Ryu Jujutsu, Kosen Judo. Morihei Ueshiba (the creator of aikido), Mitsuyo Maeda (the founder of Brazilian jiu-jitsu), Vasily Oshchepkov (one of the creators of sambo) and Gozo Shioda (the founder of the Yoshinkan style of aikido) practiced judo in their youth.
Story
The formation of judo took place in the 1880s, a difficult period for martial arts after the Meiji restoration. At that time, among the leaders of Japan, the policy of borrowing Western culture and traditional martial arts dominated ( budo) experienced not better times. The old masters stopped teaching, some even died in poverty.
The early history of judo is inseparable from the life story of its creator, Jigoro Kano, an outstanding Japanese public figure and teacher, whose work was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun. Jigoro Kano has been interested in jujutsu since childhood, in his youth he studied the jujutsu styles of the Tenjin Shinyo Ryu and Kito Ryu schools. Based on them, he developed a new wrestling system, which he named Kodokan judo.
Name judo already used by that time in Japanese martial arts as a synonym for the name jujutsu (jiu-jitsu), but Jigoro Kano filled it with new content, declaring "The Way" as the basis ( before) self-improvement, not technique ( jutsu). Also, by choosing such a name, Kano wanted to emphasize the humanistic orientation of judo in order to once again note its difference from jujutsu, which was considered by many people after the Meiji restoration as a rude occupation, intended only for killing, unworthy of an enlightened person.
Kano did not include a number of the most dangerous techniques from jujutsu in the list of allowed for use in judo competitions in order to make the competition safer for participants. At the same time, more traumatic techniques continue to be studied in the form of kata.
The first hall of the Kodokan judo school had an area of only 12 tatami (about 22 m²), but, thanks to the organizational talents of Jigoro Kano, judo quickly became widely known. This was facilitated by the movement for the revival of budo, led by the Association of Martial Virtue (Dai Nippon Butokukai), and competitions with representatives of other jujutsu schools, held from 1885 to 1888 under the auspices of the General Police Department, in which judoists participated. One of the participants in these competitions was Saigo Shiro, known as the "genius of judo".
By 1887, under the leadership of Kano, the technical base of the Kodokan judo style was formed, and in 1900, the rules for judging competitions were developed.
Judo owes its development in Russia and the USSR primarily to Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov. Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov spent his childhood and youth in Japan (beginning in 1905) and was one of the first Europeans to pass the exam for a master's degree dan at the Kodokan. In 1917 he was awarded the 2nd dan.
In the 1930s, V.S. Oshchepkov actively developed judo in the USSR, first in the Far East (, 1917-1925), and then in Novosibirsk () and in Moscow (since 1930).
After the arrest and death of Oshchepkov in 1937, his students based on judo developed the new kind wrestling - sambo. In 1938, the name judo (in the then used spelling "Juu-do freestyle wrestling") was used in official documents in last time, then only the name "freestyle wrestling" was used, and then "sambo". According to the opinion expressed by the historian of the Russian hand-to-hand combat M. N. Lukashev, this was caused by the desire of a number of athletes to emphasize the lack of connection between this style of wrestling and Oshchepkov, who was declared an “enemy of the people”.
Judo in the world
As of June 2010, the IJF has 198 national federations judo. In total, about 28 million people practice judo in the world, 8 million of them in Japan and about 200 thousand in Russia. According to the International Amateur Wrestling Federation ( English) (FILA), judo, along with Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling and sambo, is one of the four most popular types of wrestling in the world.
Judo technique
The three main technical divisions of Kodokan style judo are: kata(jap. 形 kata, lit. "form", a set of formal exercises, kata in judo are performed in pairs), randori(jap. 乱取り randori, lit. "free grips", wrestling according to predetermined rules for the purpose of learning some techniques), shiai(jap. 試合 shiai, "competitions").
The Kodokan Judo training program also includes kihon(jap. 基本 kihon, "basics", this section includes teaching basic stances ( sisey), displacements ( xingtai And taisabaki), self-insurance ( ukemi), and kumikata- ways of taking the grip) and cappo- resuscitation technique.
Form for classes
Brown (1st kyu)
Black (1st..5th dan)
Red and white (6th…8th dan)
Red (9th…10th dan)
Depending on the qualifications of a judoka, he may be awarded a student ( kyu) or master's (dan) degree.
In total, there are 6 kyu in Kodokan judo, the youngest level is the 6th kyu. The oldest - 1st kyu; for children in some judo federations more degrees are accepted kyu.
There are 10 dan degrees in judo, the youngest is 1st dan, the oldest is 10th dan.
Each degree has its own belt color. Belt colors may vary by country and judo federation.
For athletes of higher master degrees, belts of red and white (6th ... 8th dan) and red (9th ... 10th dan, awarded for the development of judo) colors are also used. For athletes higher dans According to judo etiquette, instead of red-white or red belts, it is allowed to tie a black belt during training.
Mind Improvement Method
Judo classes contribute to a harmonious spiritual development involved, because they stimulate a positive approach to events, require discipline, perseverance, respect for etiquette, an understanding of the relationship between success and the efforts necessary to achieve it.
Jigoro Kano in his speeches pointed out that judo as a method of improving consciousness includes various aspects. In particular, the development of the morality of those involved in judo is ensured by virtue of the very specifics of judo. It is achieved, among other things, due to the gradual change of the role of a judo practitioner from a student to a teacher in the process of studying techniques in pairs of athletes. different levels preparation, which leads to the need to help each other.
Kano also noted that judo classes require self-control, which has a positive effect on the personality of the student. And memory training (due to the need to learn complex techniques), observation (due to practice randori) and the development of imagination and creativity (when mastering variable techniques), the ability to express one's thoughts (for example, when describing techniques), thanks to judo classes, they develop in a complex.
In his report " General information on judo and its value in education" for the Educational Society of Greater Japan, made on May 11, 1889, Jigoro Kano said:
For judo practitioners, Kano has developed a number of instructions:
These instructions apply to both judo training and everyday life.
Judo as a sport
Since the creation of judo, Jigoro Kano has promoted it as a healthy sport.
Sports judo has become widespread, national, continental and world championships, as well as cup tournaments (Grand Slam, World Super Cup, European Club Cup and others) are held in it. Championships among juniors and veterans are also held.
Judo is an Olympic and Paralympic sport. The development of sports judo in the world is engaged in International Federation judo (International Judo Federation, IJF).
Every year, the IJF publishes a world rating of judokas, calculated on the basis of the results shown by judokas in continental and world championships, as well as international cup competitions. The world rating of judges is also published.
The participation of athletes in competitions at the level of continental championships, world championships and the Olympic Games is determined by their position in the unified world rating list (WRL) of the International Judo Federation. The rating list is formed according to the points scored by judokas at the World Cup competitions, Grand Prix tournaments, Grand Slam” and “Masters”, continental championships, world championships and the Olympic Games. Victory in each tournament has its own score in points, which is relevant throughout the year, after a year it is reduced by a quarter, after two years it is halved, after three years it is 75%, and after 4 years it is reset to zero.
Sport competitions
Judo competitions are held on wrestling technique ( shiai) and by kata(competitions are held in pairs, the correctness of the performance of all elements of the kata is evaluated).
Competitions according to the form of participation in them of athletes are divided into:
· personal;
command;
Personal-team.
Depending on the system of elimination of participants, the competitions are held:
· according to the Olympic system with repechage matches (“Olympic system with repechage from semi-finalists”);
· according to the Olympic system without repechage meetings;
round-robin system
in a mixed system.
The largest international and national competitions are held according to the Olympic system with repechage from the semi-finalists. In this scheme, all participants in the competition are divided into two groups (pools) and competitions in them are held according to the Olympic system. The winner of the competition and the silver medalist is determined in the final fight between the winners of both groups.
In addition to the first and second places in this scheme, two third places are played. Consolation matches are held within two groups between all athletes, defeated from the winners in each group. The winner of the repechage matches in each of the groups then competes for 3rd place with the athlete who lost the semi-final from the other group.
Judo wrestling takes place on a square mat (tatami) at least 14 × 14 meters in size. The fight takes place inside a square measuring 8 × 8 meters or 10 × 10 meters. The outer tatami area, at least 3 meters wide, serves to ensure the safety of athletes. When an athlete leaves the tatami, the bout stops and the athletes return to the tatami at the command of the referee, maintaining the existing relative position. If during the execution of the techniques one of the athletes was outside the tatami, then only the technical actions that were started inside the tatami are evaluated.
During competitions held by the International Judo Federation, judokas are dressed in judogi of different colors - blue and white. The duration of the bout for adult athletes is 5 minutes. In the event of equal scores, at the end of regular time, a Extra time contractions - 2 minutes.
Judo competitions are judged by three judges (a tatami referee and two side judges).
Judo competitions are also held for the disabled (including those with visual impairments), the rules for which have been changed taking into account the capabilities of athletes.
Athletes are allowed to carry out throws in the standing position, as well as hold-downs, painful and choking holds in the stalls (unlike traditional judo, painful holds are only allowed on elbow joint). Painful and suffocating techniques in the rack, as well as blows ( atemi) are prohibited in sports judo.
The fight always starts with the wrestlers standing. When entering the tatami, judokas bow. Also, before the start of the fight and after its completion, the athletes bow to each other and the judges.
The bout starts at the referee's command "hajime". To temporarily stop the fight, the “mate” command is used. At the end of the fight, the judge gives the command "soro-made".
To fix the position of the wrestlers during the fight in the stalls (for example, to move them from the edge of the tatami to the center), the command “sono-mama” (not to move) is given.
If the technical action in the fight is successful, it is evaluated. There are three grades: "yuko" (jap. 有効 yu:ko:, lit. "efficient"), "waza-ari" (jap. 技あり waza ari, lit. "half technique") and "ippon" (jap. 一本 ippon, lit. "one point", a clear victory). The highest grade is “ippon”, below is “waza-ari”, even lower is “yuko” (the fourth (lowest) grade used earlier “koka” (Jap. 効果 ko:ka, lit. "result") was canceled in 2009). At the same time, “waza-ari” is scored higher than any number of “yuko” ratings received by the opponent; and "waza-ari" plus "yuko" is ranked higher than just "waza-ari". If any of the athletes performs two moves during the fight, evaluated by “waza-ari”, then the judge awards him victory (“waza-ari-awasete-ippon” - “I unite waza-ari and award ippon»).
Ippon is awarded in the following cases:
when a judoka quickly and strongly throws the opponent on his back (most of it);
when a judoka performs a hold for more than 25 seconds;
when the opponent of a judoist, as a result of a painful or suffocating hold, utters the word “maita” (surrender) or claps his arm or leg two or more times;
when the result of a painful or suffocating hold is obvious to the judges (for example, when the judoist who is performing the hold loses consciousness).
Waza-ari is awarded in the following cases:
when a judoka throws an opponent on a smaller part of the back, or with insufficient speed or strength (that is, the throw contains two of the three elements necessary to award an ippon score);
when a judoka performs a hold for more than 20 seconds but less than 25 seconds.
Yuko is awarded in the following cases:
when a judoka throws an opponent on a smaller part of the back with insufficient speed or power (the throw contains one of the three elements required to award an ippon score;)
when a judoka performs a hold for more than 15 seconds but less than 20 seconds.
For violation of the requirements of the rules of the competition, the judge may impose penalties on the athletes - “sido” (jap. 指導 si:to, punishment). Punishments are assigned for performing actions prohibited by the rules, passivity, etc. The first violation punished by “sido” is evaluated as a warning. When an athlete is given a second “sido”, his opponent is automatically awarded a “yuko” score. For the third violation of the athlete, his opponent is awarded the mark "waza-ari" (the mark received for the previous violation is canceled yuko). The fourth violation leads to the immediate end of the bout and disqualification - "hansoku-make" (jap. 反則負け hansoku make, lit. "Loss due to violation of the rules") - the athlete who violated the rules. At the same time, his opponent automatically receives an ippon score. For serious violations of the rules, the punishment "hansoku-make" can be assigned without first issuing "shido".
On January 1, 2010, changes in the rules of competitions held by the International Judo Federation came into force.
In the new version of the rules, a number of technical actions are prohibited. In particular, it is forbidden and punishable by disqualification to grab (attack) the leg or any part of the body of the opponent below the waist, performed as first technical action. A low defensive stance is also prohibited (punishment - shido). Any violation of the spirit of judo is also punishable by disqualification.
The changes also affected refereeing: now, in addition to the visual control of the bout by a judge on the tatami and two side referees, the bout will be recorded by two video cameras of the Care system. If the scores of the opponents are equal during the additional 2 minutes of the bout time before the first score (the so-called "Golden Score"), the scoreboard displays the results that existed at the end of the main time of the bout. If there are no scores before the end of extra time, the decision on the winner is made by the judges.
Weight categories
Initially, judo competitions did not use division into weight categories. The first proposals for the division into weight categories were made by R. G. Moore (Eng. R. H. " Pop" MooreSr. ) at the request of Jigoro Kano during the 1932 X Olympic Games in Los Angeles.
The first system of weight categories was developed in 1948 in the United States under the leadership of Henry Stone (Eng. Henrystone) by the Northern California Judo Technical Committee. The following 4 weight categories were introduced: up to 130 pounds, up to 150 pounds, up to 180 pounds and absolute.
At the 1952 European Championships, held in Paris, in addition to the division of athletes by kyu / dan ranks, competitions were held in the weight categories up to 63 kg, up to 70 kg, over 80 kg and in the absolute weight category.
Prior to 1964, there were no weight divisions in the Judo World Championships. They were only introduced before the Tokyo Olympics, due in part to heavyweight Anton Gesink's numerous victories over Japanese judokas.
In 1964, 4 weight categories were introduced for competitions among men: light (up to 63 kg), medium (up to 80 kg), light heavy (up to 93 kg) and absolute.
At the 1972 Olympics, the division into weight categories was revised, there were 6 of them: light (up to 63 kg), welterweight (up to 70 kg), medium (up to 80 kg), light heavy (up to 93 kg), heavy (over 93 kg) and absolute.
In 1980, the number of categories was again increased, there were 8 of them: super light (up to 60 kg), semi-light (up to 65 kg), light (up to 71 kg), welterweight (up to 78 kg), medium (up to 86 kg), light heavy ( up to 95 kg), heavy (over 95 kg) and absolute.
In 1992, the absolute weight category was abolished.
As of February 2010, in sports judo, judoists are divided into 7 weight categories. For adult participants, the following weight categories are accepted:
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Occupational safety and injury
Studies show that sports judo is generally safe for the health of young people. Sports judo among adult athletes has a higher injury rate compared to non-contact sports, but comparable in terms of injury rate to other contact competitive sports.
Most of the injuries (about 70%) in the annual training cycle judoka occurs during the competitive period.
The main causes of injuries in judoists are the wrong organization training process and competitions, errors in teaching methods, violation of competition rules and technically incorrect execution of the technique, insufficient quality of self-insurance.
About 50% of injuries are caused by sudden or excessive flexion, extension, or twisting at a joint; about 40% of injuries are associated with a fall or are the result of a blow; up to 10% of injuries have a combined mechanism of occurrence.
Japan 1961 - French judoka, two-time Olympic champion (1996 and 2000) and four-time champion peace.
In 1911, Jigoro Kano organized the Japan Sports Association and became its president. Work to improve the judo system continued until 1922. All this time, Kano has been perfecting various tricks, striving to ensure that this type of struggle was quite simple and as practical as possible in action. In the same period, judo is becoming increasingly popular in Europe.
During the Second World War, the widespread use of judo was interrupted. However, in many armies in the mandatory program physical training military personnel included training in this martial art.
In 1947, a new impetus to the revival of judo was given by the appearance of Japanese trainers on American military bases, who began to teach fighting techniques to soldiers and officers. Competitions are resumed throughout Japan, and in 1948 the first post-war championship of this country is held. In the same year, the European Judo Union was formed. Today the European Union unites more than 30 countries.
A significant event in the development of judo was the organization of the International Judo Federation, whose members today are about 100 countries.
This sport entered the program of the Olympic Games at the competitions in Tokyo in 1964 as the national sports discipline of the hosts of the competition. Jigoro Kano's dream came true.
Today, judo is one of the most popular types of wrestling. One who appreciates in martial arts not only physical strength, but also the mind, nobility, mutual respect, gives his sympathy to judo.
Shortly before World War II, Kano tried to interest the International Olympic Committee new sports discipline. But, returning in 1938 from a meeting of the IOC, held in Cairo, he died on the ship.
Jigoro's dream came true only in 1964, when judo was included in the program of the Olympic Games in Tokyo as the national sport discipline of the hosts of the competition.
But fifteen years before that, the All-Japan and European Judo Federations arose. Since 1951, the International Judo Federation began to work. In 1956, the 1st World Judo Championship was held, and since 1962 - the European Championships. Now 92 countries of the world are members of the International Judo Federation.
European championships have been held since 1962, and in Olympic program, as already mentioned above, judo entered the XVIII Olympic Games in Tokyo.
Initially, Japanese judokas were unmatched in the international arena, however, very soon the myth about the invincibility of the Japanese in judo was destroyed, and today athletes from almost all continents of the globe have become winners and prize-winners of the World Championships and the Olympic Games.
Now 92 countries of the world are members of the International Judo Federation. This suggests that judo today is one of the most popular types sports and this popularity is increasing every year thanks to the noble principles underlying this sport martial art great master and teacher Kano Jigoro.
Judo (jap. 柔道, literally - "soft way") - olympic look sports in which throws, painful and suffocating techniques are allowed. Painful techniques are allowed to be carried out only on the hands of the opponent. Strikes and some of the most traumatic techniques are studied only in the form of kata. In judo, dexterity is very important, as well as the use of the opponent's strength is fundamental.
Judo is based on three main principles: mutual help and understanding to achieve greater progress, the best use of the body and spirit, and surrender in order to win.
The International Judo Federation (IJF) was founded in July 1951. The IJF sets the rules for judo competition and holds continental and world championships.
The history of the emergence and development of judo
According to the classification adopted in Japan, judo belongs to the modern martial arts. Judo wrestling was created by Professor Jigoro Kano. In 1882, Kano opened the first judo school, the Kodokan, in Tokyo. A year later, he created a system of categories, and in 1887 the judo technique was finally formed. The first world-class championship was held in Tokyo in 1956, after which competitions of this magnitude began to be held regularly and not only in Japan.
For many years there were no weight categories in judo. As the Japanese themselves believed, the main thing is not strength, but the art of owning secret technology. But after the defeat of the Japanese at the fourth world championship, the rules were changed and weight categories appeared. Since 1964, judo has been included in the program of the Olympic Games.
In 1980, the first women's world championship was held, and in 1992, women's judo competitions were included in the official program of the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona.
Since 2005, the European Judo Union has been holding kata competitions. In 2008, the International Judo Federation held the first World Kata Championship in Paris.
Judo rules
- Junior age - boys and girls up to 12 years old.
- Average age - boys and girls up to 14 years.
- Cadets are boys and girls up to 17 years old.
- Juniors and juniors - up to 20 years.
- Youth - up to 23 years.
- Men and women. Veterans - after 30 years.
A duel in judo begins in a standing position and on the command "HAJIME". If you need to stop the fight, then the team "Mate" is announced. The end of the duel is signaled by the SORO-MADE team.
To win the duel, the attacking wrestler in the standing position must throw the opponent on his back, and in the prone position - a painful or suffocating hold, or a hold (30 seconds).
Judo scores
"Ippon" - the highest mark in judo, means a clear victory. "Ippon" is given for the following technical actions:
- the attacking judoka throws the opponent on most of the back with considerable force and speed, exercising control of the attacked judoka;
- when an attacking judoka holds his opponent in a holding position for 25 seconds;
- when the attacked judoka claps his arm or leg twice or more or says “MAITA” (surrender) in his voice as a result of a hold, chokehold, or pain hold attacking athlete.
"Waza-ari" - half of victory, is given for performing the following technical actions:
- the attacking judoka throws the opponent while exercising control, and the throw is partially missing one of the other three elements required for scoring "IPPON";
- an attacking judoka holds his opponent, who cannot leave the holding position for 20 seconds or more, but less than 25 seconds.
When receiving the second waza-ari score within one bout, the referee of the athlete is the winner with the help of the command “waza-ari awaset ippon”.
"Yuko" - is given for performing the following technical actions:
- the attacking judoist, exercising control, throws the opponent on his side;
- an attacking judoka holds his opponent, who cannot leave the holding position for 15 seconds or more, but less than 20 seconds.
"Coca" - given for performing the following technical actions:
- the attacking judoist, exercising control, throws the opponent on one shoulder or thigh (thighs) or buttocks;
- an attacking judoka holds his opponent, who cannot leave the holding position for 10 seconds or more, but less than 15 seconds.
Along with marks, participants may receive punishments for violations of the requirements of the Judo Competition Rules.
Tatami
Judo fights are held on a tatami, which consists of separate mats 1m x 1m x 4cm or 2m x 1m x 4cm in size, made of polymeric materials. Tatami consists of two zones of different colors. In the center of the tatami there is a square with a minimum size of 8m by 8m and a maximum of 10m by 10m, which is called the working area and consists of mats of the same color. outer part tatami, called a security zone, consists of mats of a different color and has a size of 3m along the perimeter. In the central part of the working area at a distance of 4 m from each other, white and blue stripes about 10 cm wide and about 50 cm long are applied to the mats, which serve to indicate the places of the participants before the start of the fight and after it ends.
Equipment of judokas
The form for practicing judo is called judoga and consists of three parts: a jacket, pants and a belt. Usually the judoga is made of cotton and must be blue for the first contestant and white for the second contestant.
The jacket should be of such length as to cover the hips and reach the hands, lowered along the body. The jacket should be wide enough to wrap the left hollow on the right no less than 20 cm at the level of the bottom chest. The sleeves of the jacket must be maximum to the wrist and minimum to a point 5 cm above the wrist. There should be a space of 10-15 cm along the entire length of the sleeve between the sleeve and the jacket. Pants should be long enough to cover the legs up to a maximum ankle joint or minimally to a point located 5 cm above it. Between the leg and trousers there should be a space of 10-15 cm along the entire length of the leg. A belt 4-5 cm wide should be wrapped twice over the jacket and tied at waist level with a flat knot. The length of the belt must be such that there are ends 20-30 cm long. If the competitor's costume does not comply with the requirements of the Rules, the control judge or arbiter may require the competitor to change the costume.