Initially, athletes could only be locals Olympia. However, for the thirteenth games in a row, they are joined by the inhabitants of all of ancient Greece. Subsequently, residents from the ancient Greek colonial cities, who arrived from everywhere - from the Black to the Mediterranean seas, join the participants in the Olympic competitions.

Only free Greeks became participants in the Olympic Games in ancient Greece, who did not ever commit one or another crime, did not break their oaths and did not stain themselves with dishonest acts. Accordingly, it was impossible for slaves and foreigners to represent any Greek city.
With regard to age restrictions, both adult men and young men under the age of 20 could participate in the competition.

They were called "ephebes", which translates as "mature".
Women were forbidden to participate. Moreover, the restriction concerned not only participation in the competition, but also the very presence in the territory where the festival was held. An exception to the rule was the presence of a priestess, a representative of the goddess Demeter, and a woman could also be the driver of the quadriga, and, accordingly, she would be entitled to perform at the hippodrome.

The participants of the Olympic Games lived on the outskirts of Altis, where they trained in palestra and gymnastics a month before the opening of the competition. This tradition has become the inspiration for the Olympic village that takes place in modern games. The expenses for the accommodation of athletes in Olympia, the preparation of competitions and various religious ceremonies, were borne either by the athletes themselves - the participants in the games, or by the city from which they competed.

How were the Olympic Games in ancient Greece

The start date of the event was set by a commission specially created for this, about which then special people, called spondophores, notified the residents of other Greek states. Athletes came to Olympia a month before the start of the games, during which time they had to train under the guidance of experienced coaches.
The course of the competition was observed by the judges - elladonics. In addition to the judicial function, the duties of the Elladonics included the organization of the entire Olympic holiday.

Each athlete, before speaking to the people, had to prove to the judges that during ten months before the start of the games, he was intensively preparing for the competition. The oath was taken near the statue of Zeus.
Initially, the duration of the Olympic Games was 5 days, but later it reached even a month. The first and last day of the games was devoted to religious rituals and ceremonies.
The public learned about the sequence of holding a certain type of competition with the help of a special sign. Those wishing to take part in it had to determine their order by drawing lots.

Ancient Greece Olympic winners

The winners of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were called Olympians. They became famous throughout Greece, they were greeted with honor at home, since the athletes represented not only themselves at the games, but also the city-state from where he came. In the event of a three-time victory at the games, a bust was erected in honor of such an athlete in Olympia. The winner's award was an olive wreath, and he also stood on a pedestal, the function of which was performed by a bronze tripod and took palm branches in his hands. Also, as a reward, they gave out a small cash bonus, but he received the real benefits already upon returning home. At home, he received many different privileges.
Milon of Croton is considered one of the most famous Olympians. He won his very first victory in wrestling in 540 BC, during the 60th Olympiad. Later, between 532 and 516, he won five times, and it was only at the age of 40 that he lost to a younger athlete, without achieving Olympic status for the seventh time.

Sunset Olympic Games

In the second century BC. The Olympic Games began to lose their importance, becoming a local competition. This is due to the conquest of ancient Greece by the Romans. Several factors are believed to be responsible for the loss of its former popularity. One of them is called the professionalism of athletes, when the games became, in fact, collecting victories from the side of the Olympians. The Romans, under whose dominion Greece was, perceived sport solely as a spectacle, they were not interested in the competitive spirit of the Olympics.

Who Banned the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The end of the thousand-year history of the Olympic Games was the result of a change in religion. They were closely intertwined with the Greek pagan gods, so their implementation became impossible after the adoption of the Christian faith.

Researchers associate the ban on the Olympic Games with a certain Roman emperor, Theodosius. It is he who publishes in 393 A.D. the body of laws prohibiting paganism, and the Olympic Games, in accordance with these new legislative acts, become completely prohibited.

The healing forces of nature

The healing forces of nature include sun, air and water.

These natural factors play an extremely huge role in human life. First of all, they are living conditions in general, and human health itself depends on how he uses them.

The use of the healing forces of preroda for physical. education is carried out in two directions:

How the necessary conditions physical education(outdoor activities promote the activation of biological processes caused by physical. Exercise, increase the body's resistance to temperature fluctuations, solar radiation, increase the overall performance of the body, slow down the processes of fatigue)

As a relatively independent means of hardening and healing the body of those who occupy (systematic hardening procedures - dosed sunbathing, water treatments, dousing, rubbing, bathing in rivers and reservoirs, staying in mid-altitude conditions, while the measure of the body's adaptive capabilities is not violated, health is strengthened, and efficiency increases).

THE REVIVAL OF OLYMPIC GAMES is associated with the name of Pierre de Coubertin, (1863-1937) a French aristocrat, educator, keen on the idea of ​​reforming education in France, introducing elements of the ancient education of youth. Disappointed with politics and the prospect of a military career, the young Baron Pierre de Coubertin decided to devote himself to educational reform in France. He also wrote in 1886-1887. published a number of articles on the problems of physical education.

In the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the creation of the first international federations (gymnasts, 1881, rowers, 1892, skaters, 1892) and the holding of world championships and international meetings, sport becomes one of the essential elements interstate communication, contributing to the rapprochement of peoples.

Coubertin's initiative at the constituent congress in Paris (1894) was supported by representatives of 12 countries. The governing body of the Olympic movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was created and the Olympic Charter developed by the Baron was approved by the set of rules and regulations of the IOC.

Subsequently, the Olympic Charter became the basis for the statutory documents of the International Olympic Committee. Its first section provides a description and statute Olympic flag(approved by the IOC in 1913 at the suggestion of P. de Coubertin) white cloth with the Olympic symbol, representing five colored intertwined rings (according to the number of continents). The Olympic symbol was also proposed by Coubertin and approved by the IOC in 1913. Since 1920, along with the symbol, the Olympic motto Citius, altius, fortius ("Faster, higher, stronger") has been an integral part of the Olympic emblem. In 1928, Coubertin's idea, expressed by him back in 1912, was embodied, the lighting of the Olympic flame from the sun's rays (with the help of a lens) at the temple of Zeus in Olympia and its delivery by a torch relay to Olympic Stadium to the opening ceremony of the Games along a special route developed by the organizing committee of the next Games together with the National Olympic committees(NOC) of the countries through which it passes.

According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to a city, not a country. The decision to elect the capital of the Olympic Games is taken by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of the Games.

The 1896 Summer Olympics - the first modern Summer Olympics - were held from April 6 to 15 in Athens, Greece.

The first modern Olympic Games were originally planned to be held at the same stadium in Olympia, where the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were held. However, this required too much restoration work, and the first revived Olympic competitions took place in the Greek capital Athens.

On April 6, 1896, at the restored antique stadium in Athens, the Greek King George declared the first Olympic Games of our time open. The opening ceremony was attended by 60 thousand spectators.

241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the Games of the I Olympiad: Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary (at the time of the Games, Hungary was part of Austria-Hungary, but Hungarian athletes performed separately at the competitions), Germany, Greece, Denmark, Italy , USA, France, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden.

Russian athletes were quite actively preparing for the Olympics, however, due to lack of funds Russian team was not directed at the Games.

As in ancient times, only men took part in the competitions of the first modern Olympics.

Track and field competitions have become the most massive - 63 athletes from 9 countries took part in 12 events. The largest number of species - 9 - was won by the representatives of the United States.

The first Olympic champion became the American athlete James Connolly, who won the triple jump with a score of 13 meters 71 centimeters.

Since there were no artificial pools in Athens, swimming competitions were held in an open bay near the city of Piraeus; the start and finish were marked with ropes attached to the floats. The competition aroused great interest - about 40 thousand spectators had gathered on the shore by the beginning of the first swim. About 25 swimmers from six countries took part, most of them naval officers and sailors of the Greek merchant fleet.

The culmination of the Olympic Games was the marathon run. Unlike all subsequent Olympic marathon competitions, the marathon distance at the Games of the I Olympiad was 40 kilometers. The classic marathon distance is 42 kilometers 195 meters. Greek postman Spiridon Luis, who became a national hero after this success, finished first with a score of 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds. In addition to the Olympic awards, he received the gold cup, established by the French academician Michel Breal, who insisted on inclusion in the Games program marathon running, a barrel of wine, a voucher for free food throughout the year, free tailoring and a hairdresser for life, 10 centners of chocolate, 10 cows and 30 rams.

The winners were awarded on the closing day of the Games - April 15, 1896. Since the Games of the 1st Olympiad, a tradition has been established to perform in honor of the winner of the national anthem and to raise the national flag. The winner was crowned with a laurel wreath, a silver medal, an olive branch cut from the Sacred Grove of Olympia, and a diploma by a Greek artist. The runners-up won bronze medals.

Hygiene factors.

Hygienic factors include: personal and public hygiene (cleanliness of the body, cleanliness of places of employment, air, sports suit), adherence to a sleep regimen (a violation can completely remove the positive effect of physical exercises and even harm health), adherence to a diet ( violation reduces the result of physical education), compliance with the regime of work and rest. Excessive work worsens health, as does constant rest.

The morphofunctional ability of the locomotor apparatus is called flexibility, which allows performing movements with a certain amplitude.

Flexibility affects the level of development of coordination abilities, endurance, speed and speed-strength abilities.

In a person with poor flexibility, movement is slower, all other things being equal, because low mobility in the joints reduces the speed of movement. Such a person gets tired faster, since movements with the same amplitude are not flexible person spends more energy than flexible.

Flexibility depends on the following factors:

1. Anatomical structure and the shape of the joints and mating surfaces. A deeper glenoid cavity limits the range of motion in this joint. In this regard, flexibility is largely determined by congenital, hereditary characteristics that have large individual differences.

2. Elasticity of the musculo-ligamentous apparatus surrounding the joints.

3. Strength ability muscular system, in particular, the strength of the muscles producing movement (synergists), and the degree of relaxation of the antagonists.

4. The age and sex of a person (in a natural way, flexibility increases on average up to 10-12 years, then it stabilizes, and from 25-30 years it begins to decline). The optimal age for improving flexibility is from 8 to 14 years.

5. External conditions: air temperature (at 20 ... 30 ° С flexibility is higher than at 5 ... 10 ° С); whether the warm-up was carried out (after a 20-minute warm-up, the flexibility is higher than before the warm-up), the time of day (flexibility is minimal in the morning, it increases in the afternoon, decreases in the evenings due to fatigue).

By the form of manifestation distinguish between active and passive flexibility.

Active flexibility- movement with a large amplitude is performed due to the own activity of the corresponding muscles. Passive flexibility- the ability to perform movements under the influence of external tensile forces: partner efforts, external weights, special devices, etc.

By the way of manifestation flexibility is divided into dynamic (manifested in movements) and static (manifested in postures).
There is also general (high mobility in all joints) and special flexibility (range of motion corresponding to the technique of a specific motor action).

The main means of developing flexibility is:

Dynamic control without burden,

Dynamic exercises with weights,

Static controls

Ticket 28

1. Modern Olympic Games, their symbols and rituals. The Olympic Charter is the basic law of the sports movement of our time.

Modern Olympic Games- the largest international complex sports competitions, which are held every four years under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee.

The modern Olympic Games were revived at the end of the 19th century by the French public figure Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, have been held every four years since 1896, with the exception of the years during the World Wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympics were established and were originally held in the same year as the Summer ones. However, since 1994, the timing of the Winter Olympics has been shifted by two years from the timing of the Summer Games.

In the same places where the Olympic Games are held, the Paralympic Games for people with disabilities are held a few days later.

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

The symbol of the Olympic Games is the Olympic rings, five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five inhabited parts of the world in the Olympic movement. The color of the rings in the top row is blue, black and red. In the bottom row - yellow and green.

Among traditional rituals Games (in the order they are played):

• grandiose and colorful ceremonies of the opening and closing of the Games.
• opening and closing starts with a theatrical performance, which should present the viewers with the appearance of the country and the city, acquaint them with their history and culture.
• solemn passage of athletes and members of delegations to the central stadium. making welcoming speeches by the President of the IOC (required), as well as by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee or other official representative of the host state. The official opening of the games (usually by the head of state) with the phrase: "(serial number of the games) I declare the Summer (Winter) Olympic Games open." After that, as a rule, a volley of guns and many salutes of salute and fireworks are fired.
• raising the flag of Greece as the ancestor country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem (at the close).
• raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.
• pronounced by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics are taking place, Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit;
• the swearing of an oath of impartial judgment by several judges on behalf of all judges;
• raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.
• sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth, which depicts a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition of ending all armed conflicts during the Games.
• the opening ceremony is crowned with the lighting of the Olympic flame. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must be lit throughout the Olympics and extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
• presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition on a special podium with the raising of state flags and the performance of the national anthem in honor of the winners.
• During the closing ceremony, a theatrical performance is also held - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of the participants, the speech of the IOC President and the representative of the host country. Olympic Charter- a document that sets out the fundamental principles of Olympism, the rules adopted by the IOC.

The Olympic Charter serves three purposes:

• a constitutional document establishing the principles and values ​​of Olympism;
• the IOC charter;
• provision for the distribution of responsibilities between the International Olympic Committee, international federations, National Olympic Committees and Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games.

2. Methods of physical education. Their general systematics and characteristics of the main groups of methods

Physical education methods- these are the ways of application physical exercise... In physical education, two groups of methods are used (Fig. 4): specific methods of physical education (characteristic only for the process of physical education) and general pedagogical methods of physical education (used in all cases of training and education).

Specific methods of physical education:

1) methods of strictly regulated exercise;

2) play method (use of exercises in a playful way);

3) competitive method (use of exercises in a competitive form).

With the help of these methods, specific tasks are solved, associated with teaching the technique of performing physical exercises and training physical qualities.

General pedagogical methods methods of physical education:

1) verbal methods;

2) methods of visual impact.

None of the methods can be limited in the methodology of physical education as the best. Only the optimal combination of the named methods in accordance with methodological principles can ensure the successful implementation of a complex of physical education tasks.

A highly regulated exercise method. The main methodological direction in the process of physical education is the strict regulation of exercises. The essence of strictly regulated exercise methods is that each exercise is performed in a strictly specified form and with a precisely determined load.

Game method. In the system of physical education, the game is used to solve educational, health-improving and educational tasks.

Competitive method - it is a way of doing exercises in the form of a competition. The essence of the method lies in the use of competitions as a means of increasing the level of preparedness of those involved. A prerequisite for the competitive method is the preparedness of the trainees to perform those exercises in which they must compete.

Verbal (verbal) and visualization methods (sensory methods.) Verbal and sensory methods involve extensive use of words and information.

3. Means and methods for stimulating muscle mass and harmonizing the muscle composition of the morphostructure of the body.

Optimization of muscle volumes is derived, to a decisive extent, from the all-round development of motor abilities. At the same time, it naturally depends on the individual characteristics of the physique and other factors, in particular, on the characteristics of sports specialization.

firstly, in connection with ensuring the harmonious formation of physique properties, especially if at the same time it is necessary to selectively influence certain links of the muscular system, which for various reasons lag behind in their development;

secondly, when an increase and preservation of the achieved level of development of self-strength abilities is ensured, since it is largely due to the growth of muscle mass.

Although many physical exercises to one degree or another contribute to an increase in muscle mass, if necessary, to activate hypertrophy of skeletal muscles, preference is given to strength exercises, which are part of strength (athletic) gymnastics and weightlifting.

It is known that the synthesis of muscle proteins is to a certain extent directly proportional to their expenditure (splitting, decay) during intense muscle work performed under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, an adequate means of stimulating muscle hypertrophy is strength exercises, characterized by significant weights, but not the limiting intensity, allowing to prolong their effect by continuous serial repetitions.

The sets of exercises used to activate muscular hypertrophy are naturally different at different stages of physical education. They include, depending on the predominant direction of the impact, exercises with general (generalized), regional and local coverage of the links of the muscular system. The indicated approach to the normalization of loads remains valid when using mainly local exercises, but the specific values ​​of the loads must be varied, of course, in relation to the peculiarities of the functioning and structure of the muscles exposed to the influence. A number of methodological techniques, which increase the degree of summation of the effects in the process of serial reproduction of exercises as they adapt to the usual load rate.

One of the most essential conditions for the effectiveness of exercises used to activate muscle growth is a correspondingly balanced diet, including in an increased volume of proteins, mainly of animal origin, which are the building blocks of muscle biosynthesis.

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes total mass the body practically still has to be addressed in physical education. The best way of acting in such situations (not counting pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is, first of all, to eliminate the attendant causes of unwanted deviations in body weight with the help of full-fledged physical education and, accordingly, adjusted nutrition. To combat excess body fat, predominantly long-term exercises of moderate intensity are recommended, such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc.

Ticket 29

1. National and universal values ​​in the Olympic movement. Olympism is unity sports, culture and education. The principles of Olympism.

The main values ​​of the modern Olympic movement, focusing on the ideas of humanism, were first formulated and substantiated by Pierre de Coubertin, who, as noted in the Olympic Charter, owns the concept of modern Olympism. They can be briefly characterized as follows:

1. The Olympian is a person who is characterized by:

• holistic, harmonious development of physical, mental and spiritual (moral, aesthetic) qualities;
• activity, dedication, focus on constant self-knowledge, self-improvement, achievements in their activities.

2. Behavior in sports, adequate to the Olympic principles and ideals:

• not just participation in sports competitions, but a constant striving to improve their results, courage, will, perseverance for the maximum possible (taking into account their own capabilities) sports achievements, to victory over an opponent, while strictly observing not only the rules, but also the moral principles underlying based on fair play;
• refusal of the desire to win at any cost (at the expense of one's own health or causing damage to the health of an opponent, through deception, violence, dishonest refereeing, and other inhuman actions).

3. Humanistic values ​​of peace, friendship and mutual understanding: democracy, internationalism, equality of all people and peoples, education in the spirit of true patriotism, combined with mutual respect of nations, despite racial, religious and political differences.

The unity of sport and culture is not limited only to the Olympic Games, only to the elite of sports and art. Among other fundamental principles, the Olympic Charter names the connection of sport with education, which affects millions of sports fans, especially the younger generation. Olympic education acts in organic unity with education. Pierre de Coubertin appreciated the potential of the Olympic movement in striving for humanism, noting at the dawn of the revival of the Olympic Games that modern world full of powerful possibilities and at the same time dangers, destructive destruction, the Olympic movement can become a school for the education of nobility and moral purity, as well as physical endurance and strength.

The fundamental principles of Olympism:

1. Olympism is a philosophy of life that uplifts and unites in a balanced whole the dignity of body, will and mind. Combining sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a lifestyle based on the joy of effort, on the educational value of good example, and on respect for universal basic ethical principles.

2. The aim of Olympism is to make sport universally at the service of harmonious human development in order to contribute to the creation of a peaceful society that cares about the preservation of human dignity.

3. The Olympic Movement is a concentrated, organized, universal and continuous activity of all individuals and organizations inspired by the values ​​of Olympism, carried out under the leadership of the IOC. This activity covers five continents. Its peak is the unification of athletes from all over the world on the great sports event- Olympic Games. Its symbol is five intertwined rings.

4. Going in for sports is a human right. Everyone should be able to play sports without being discriminated against, in the spirit of Olympism, understanding, friendship, solidarity and fair play. The organization, management and administration of sports must be overseen by independent sports organizations.

5. Any form of discrimination against a country or person of a racial, religious, political nature, or on the basis of gender is incompatible with membership of the Olympic Movement.

6. Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires mandatory compliance with the provisions of the Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC.

2. Methods of strict regulation of physical exercises used in teaching motor actions

Methods of teaching motor actions. These include:

1) holistic method(method of holistic constructive exercise);

2) dismembered-constructive;

3) associated impact.

The method of holistic constructive exercise. It is applied at any stage of training. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motional action is mastered from the very beginning in its integral structure without dividing it into separate parts. The holistic method allows you to learn structurally simple movements (for example, running, simple jumps, general development exercises, etc.).

With a holistic method, it is possible to master individual details, elements or phases not in isolation, but in the general structure of the movement, by focusing the students' attention on the necessary parts of the technique. The disadvantage of this method is that in uncontrolled phases or details of a motor action (movement), it is possible to fix mistakes in technique. Therefore, when mastering exercises with a complex structure, its use is undesirable. In this case, preference is given to the dismembered method.

Dismembered constructive method. Applied on initial stages learning. Provides for the dismemberment of a holistic motor action (mainly with a complex structure) into separate phases or elements with their alternate learning and subsequent connection into a single whole.

The disadvantage of the dismembered method is that it is not always easy to combine the elements learned in isolation into an integral motor action.

In the practice of physical education, holistic and dismembered-constructive methods are often combined. First, they begin to learn the exercise in a holistic manner. Then they master the most difficult highlighted elements and finally return to holistic execution.

The method of conjugate exposure. It is used mainly in the process of improving the learned motor actions to improve their qualitative basis, i.e. effectiveness. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motor action is improved in conditions that require an increase in physical efforts. For example, an athlete in training throws a weighted spear or disc, jumps in length with a weighted belt, etc. In this case, both the technique of movement and physical abilities are improved at the same time.

When applying the conjugate method, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the technique of motor actions is not distorted and their integral structure is not disturbed.

3. Effective exercise regimens for reducing body fat

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes total body weight, practically all the same has to be solved in physical education. It occurs with a general deficit in motor activity, excessive reduction in loads or the cessation of regular exercise (due to various attendant circumstances, in particular injuries and diseases), unbalanced nutrition, and in some other cases (when weight is cut to switch to less severe weight category, to increase the indicators of relative strength, etc.). It is clear that the best way to act in such situations (apart from pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is primarily to eliminate the attendant causes of unwanted deviations in body weight with the help of full physical education and, accordingly, adjusted nutrition. At the same time, in physical education, the directed use of those factors that give an increased effect in this regard is of particular importance.

Evaluating the effectiveness of various kinds of physical exercises as factors in reducing body fat mass, they usually proceed primarily from their energy intensity, or calorimetric cost (the amount of energy expenditure during their implementation, expressed in calories). It is well known that the highest energy expenditures in the shortest time (per second) are characteristic of exercises of maximum intensity, however, the total energy expenditures during their implementation are relatively small (for example, directly during a sprint run of 100 m, they do not even reach 20 kcal), which limits them. impact on metabolic processes leading to a decrease in body fat. All other things being equal, the total volume of energy expenditures during the exercise, the longer its duration, the greater.

The use of body fats as the main sources of energy occurs as the carbohydrate reserves in the body are depleted, which is usually observed when continuous work, involving large muscle groups in the active functioning, lasts a long enough time - about at least 30 minutes. Even with a fairly significant one-time load, the expenditure of body fats is relatively small. For example, they are in adults who do not go in for sports, with accelerated walking at 3.6 and 8 km from 15-17 to 70, respectively, distances (according to N. Tsunz et al.).

Based on the foregoing, to combat excess body fat, it is recommended to predominantly long-term exercises of moderate intensity such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc.

At the same time, as general fitness develops, exercises with respect to high intensity, including exercises with weights. Of course, this is true provided that the total volume of energy expenditure is brought to sufficiently large values ​​(200-300 kcal / h and more) by means of multiple serial repetitions with strictly normalized rest intervals.

To get rid of significant fatty deposits, a long-term massive use of appropriately directed exercises with a gradual increase in the volume and intensity of the associated loads is necessary.

The basis of an effective regimen for using physical exercises to eliminate excess fat mass is a system of daily loads associated with such significant total energy expenditures that they exceed the intake of energy resources from food for a certain time.

Ancient Greece gave the entire civilization not only the largest cultural heritage, but also large-scale sports competitions called the Olympic Games and which have become international in the modern world. Our article tells about ancient competitions.

Start of the Olympic Games

Ancient Greek myths say that the first competitions were held for Zeus at Olympia (a sanctuary in the Peloponnese). Hercules participated and defeated them. The venue gave the name to the competition.

The Olympic Games in Greece in ancient times are officially counted from 776 BC. NS. as part of a religious holiday celebrated on the 1st full moon after the summer solstice. The organizers of the competition are considered to be the ruler of Elis and the legislator of Sparta.

A special stadium with stands was built in Olympia. After gradual expansion, it could accommodate approximately 40 thousand spectators.

Rice. 1. Ancient Olympia.

At the time of the Olympic Games, a sacred truce was established. After the official announcement of the beginning of the celebration, it was forbidden to conduct hostilities throughout Greece.

Rules of conduct

The Olympic Games were held every four years. It lasted five days and was divided into two parts:

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• the competition itself;
• religious ceremonies and honoring of the winners, who were awarded with an olive wreath and palm branches.

The winners were determined by two judges, later their number was increased to an average of ten. A police squad was placed under the control of the judges.

Only full-fledged male Greeks could participate in the Olympic Games (also the Romans after the seizure of the territories of Greece). A month before the start of the competition, those who wished to demonstrate their skills to the judges and took an oath to Zeus that they devoted 10 months to training. The order of the participants was determined by lot.

Greek women were not even allowed to watch the games, with the exception of the priestesses of the goddess of fertility Demeter. There was one trick to participate: women could drive chariots, and the owner of a horse or carriage was declared the winner.

For active women special competitions were created separately. The winner was awarded with an olive wreath and food.

Rice. 2. Chariot Races in Ancient Greece.

Types of ancient competitions

We list and briefly describe the types of competitions:

• Run : first olympic look sport was represented by running one distance (192 m.) from 1st to 13th games, double running from 14th, long run (7 distances) from 15th, running in full armor (2 distances in a helmet, with a shield) from the 65s;
• Martial arts : represented by fist fights from 23 games (steps, kicks, grabbing were prohibited), pankration from 33 (hand-to-hand combat, punches and kicks), fighting from 18 (strikes are prohibited, shocks are allowed);
• Pentathlon : pentathlon from 18 games, consisting of running, wrestling, long jump, javelin and discus throwing;
• Chariot racing : quadriga races (two-wheeled cart with four horses) from 25 games, horse races from 33, chariot races with two horses from 93;
• Competition between trumpeters and heralds : Added from 96 games as a special kind of competition that combines aesthetics and sports.

Rice. 3. Antique running.

The Olympic Games lasted until 394 AD. NS. They were abolished by the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius. During this time, 293 games were played.

What have we learned?

After reading an article about the Olympic Games in antiquity, we found out their features, conditions of holding; learned the main types of competitions, the first of which was running. Using this information, you can compose a quality report on the topic outlined above for a 5th grade history lesson.

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Olympia is an ancient Greek settlement located in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese, in the south of the Elis region. From the south it was washed by the Alpheus River, from the west - by the Kladey River, and in the north was Mount Kronos. And only in the east stretched the lowland, flooded with the waters of Alfey during the flood. It should be noted that often in popular literature, the site of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece is mistakenly identified with the Olympus mountain range, located in the north of Greece, which, according to ancient Greek mythology, was the seat of the gods.

Already in the initial period of the Olympic Games, Olympia was recognized as the historical and cultural center of Ancient Greece with a large number of monuments, the construction of which dates back to the first half of the second millennium BC. Mount Kronos, the mound of Pelops, the altars of Zeus, Hercules, Gaia and Hippodamia were considered holy places. Among the monumental structures, the first was the temple of Hera, in which Zeus was revered, as well as various treasures located in a row at the foot of Mount Kronos, representing the sacrifices of the Greek colonies. However, in 472 BC. during the heyday of Athenian democracy, it was decided to build a temple of Zeus in Olympia. The majestic temple (64.12 x 27.68 m) was erected by the architect Libon in 457 BC. NS.
A few years later, the famous sculptor, foundry painter Phidias (490-431 BC), who completed the work of the Athenian Acropolis, arrived Olympia and began to make a statue of Zeus from gold and ivory, seated majestically on the throne. Unique sculptures were created, among which the most famous was the cult statue of the goddess Hera (early 6th century BC on the throne next to the standing Zeus, as well as the statue of Hermes, the patron saint of shepherds and travelers, created by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles in the temple of Hera, no less the famous statue of flying Nike, the goddess of Victory Paionius, was 11.9 meters high, together with a high triangular pedestal.

From that time on, intensive development of Olympia began. A guest house, a palaestra, gymnasiums, a stadium, a hippodrome and other structures have been built, which make it possible to hold grandiose sports competitions - the Olympic Games - with great success.
Palaestra (3rd century BC), located in the western part of Altis, was a 66 x 66 m structure surrounded by a colonnade, behind which were various rooms and semi-open spaces. In the courtyard, athletes were engaged in combat sports: wrestling, pankration and fist fighting. Long jumps were also performed here. If the weather did not allow outdoor training, athletes would train in special halls palestras. There were rooms for practicing fist fighting and wrestling. The same halls were used by athletes who trained in pankration.

The palette housed a variety of equipment and equipment for the successful training of athletes: leather bags filled with sand, flour or wheat for fist fighting, boxing gloves, throwing discs, poles, jumping weights, sand baskets of the highest quality, vessels with oil , special wells for the mixture of oil and mud used by the wrestlers, etc.
There was a strict technology for preparing coatings on sites and in halls for wrestling, pankration and boxing. Only the highest quality sand and earth were used here.

The surface was thoroughly cleaned, loosened, tamped, watered with water. This work took a lot of time and effort and was usually done by the trainees themselves.

The gymnasium, built next to the palaestra, at the end of the 2nd century. BC. was an open space surrounded by a colonnade. The size of the gymnasium corresponded to the stadium. The central part was a portico 219.5 m long and 11.3 m wide. It was here that the track was measured, equal to the Olympic distance - one classical stage. Its length, due to the unequal step size of the judges measuring it in Greece, ranged from 175 to 192.27 m. The largest, or classic, stadium was in Olympia. According to legend, Hercules measured it himself. This is where the word "stadium" comes from. The gymnasium was adjoined by living quarters in which athletes settled for the period of preparation and participation in the Olympic Games.

The Olympic stadium has been completely recreated in its original form by the efforts of German archaeologists. There are few traces of the first stadium, the second stadium was located in approximately the same place as the first. In the middle of the IV century. BC. the stadium has moved 75 m to the east. The stadium, built by the architect Leonid, had an arena measuring 213 x29 m and seats for spectators (about 50 thousand) on the hills of Mount Kronos, which were a natural tribune.

A hippodrome measuring 730 x 66 m was built for horse racing. Official guests of the Olympic Games settled in a guest house, next to it there were baths.

Olympia was glorified by poets and orators, myths and legends were composed about her. Pindar dedicated many of his odes to Olympia and the Games. “There is no other star more noble than the Sun, giving so much warmth and brilliance in the desert of the sky. So we glorify those that are nobler of all the games - the Olympic Games,” the poet wrote.

The Olympic flame of Hellas, an event that attracts the attention of residents of the whole world for a whole month, originated in Ancient Greece in the 8th century. BC. At least the date is 776 BC. carved on a stone slab of marble, telling about Olympic victory in the running competition of the chef Koroibos. The structure of life at that time presupposed the development of not only crafts and natural science, but also required constant athletic training of the entire population.

History of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The population of Ancient Greece revered the gods, and the myths and legends of that time described everything that happened. The emergence and formation of the Olympic Games is associated with the name of Pelops, who won the chariot competitions and founded similar competitions held every 4 years.

But the legends of the ancient Greek poet Pindar tell about his involvement in the great tradition folk hero, son of Zeus Hercules. Back in 1253 BC. NS. the hero received the task of the Hellenic king Avgius to clean out his neglected stables in just a day. Hercules, with the help of titanic efforts, directed the channel of the local river straight to the stables, which were washed and cleaned in time.

However, the insidious Augeas refused to give the reward, for which he and his family were justly punished. Hercules, in honor of the overthrow of the treacherous ruler, arranged large festivities and athletics competitions, instructing to make them regular.

Scientists, researchers of the ancient world and the origin of the Olympic Games do not discard as a public tribute and gratitude to the gods for a new harvest. This theory is supported by the time of the event (late summer, early autumn), as well as honorary awards from the winners of the competition: an olive branch and wreaths of plants.

Read also: Olympic gods of ancient Greece: names, deeds, symbols

One of the popular versions of the origin of the great event is an agreement reached between the Hellenic king Iphit and the ruler of Sparta Lycurgus. This idea was suggested to Iphitu by a wise oracle, to which the ruler of Elis resorted to after another bloody battle and the plague invasion.

Venue of the competition

As a result of the agreement reached, relations between cities and centers of ancient Greece grew, cultural and socio-economic life rose. For the duration of the competition, all wars and contradictions between the provinces stopped, since the athletes had to freely prepare and get to the competition site.

The latter was organized in the settlement of Olympia, which was located in Elis in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese at the foot of Mount Kronos.

The slopes of the hill served as a natural platform for spectators, who could be up to 40 thousand people.

The architectural complex of Olympia consisted of a hippodrome for equestrian competitions, an impressive stadium and a hippodrome, a courtyard framed by colonnades, several gymnasiums, grounds for wrestling, throwing, ball games, and baths. Nearby were accommodations for guests and athletes. It is noteworthy that women were not even allowed to attend the Olympic Games.

Humanity took from Ancient Greece not only democracy, but also the Olympic Games. It is not surprising that it was in Hellas that one of the most popular competitions of our time was born, where the cult of the human body was at the very high level... In addition, the Greeks were attracted by the spirit of competition, so the inhabitants of Hellas preferred to fight not on the fields of war, but in sports.

When did the Olympic Games start?

Historians have established that the first competitions, known today as the Olympic Games, were held in Greece in the 8th century. BC. Their main motto was the expression "Faster, higher, stronger." These words fully reflected what the Greeks aspired to during the competition.

The Greeks loved sports, constantly kept themselves in shape, which was due to objective reasons. Hellas was subject to raids from neighboring countries, the Greek city-states fought among themselves. The Greeks who served in the army and navy had to be in excellent physical shape. Gradually, the cult of a beautiful athletic body spread among the inhabitants of all Hellas. Sports training were carried out in gymnasiums, in which classes were included in daily education.

Only men took part in all competitions. They were also spectators, women were not allowed into the stands. An exception was made only once for the priestess of the goddess Demeter, whose name was Hamina.

Only athletes from the Peloponnese polis took part in the first Olympic Games. Later, athletes from Corinth, Sparta and other policies of Greece, residents of the Greek colonies in Central and Asia Minor, Sicily, Phenicia were allowed to participate in the competition. Gradually, athletes from other countries, who were in Asia, Africa, and Europe, began to take part in the Games.

In 394 AD, the Olympic Games were banned, since Greece was conquered by Rome, Christianity spread and became the state religion in Hellas. At that time, the Games had already been held 293 times.

The Olympic Games were accompanied by national holidays that contributed to the development of Greek culture. On the day of the start of the competition, a general holiday was held in the main temple of Zeus, which had the nickname Olympic. The temple stood on the Alfea River, and it was from here that the first competitions began, which turned into the Olympic Games. The exact date of the start of the Games is determined according to a special list, in which the administrators of the common Greek sporting events wrote down the names of the winners in the race. The oldest list begins with the date 776 BC. And this date is officially accepted in the history of the Olympiad counting.

Thus, the Olympic Games were held every four years on the first full moon after the summer solstice.

Versions of the appearance of the Olympic Games

There are several options as to why the Olympic Games appeared in Greece. The most popular are:

• The king of Phrygia named Pelops, who spent his childhood on Olympus, won the chariot races. It was he who came up with the idea to hold such competitions regularly, once every four years.
• The son of Zeus, Hercules, organized a festival for all the inhabitants of the kingdom of the ruler of Augia, during which athletes' competitions were held. And then he decided that they should become regular.
• Between Sparta and the rest of Hellas, there was a constant struggle for dominance in the Peloponnesian peninsula. Once the rulers Liturg (Sparta) and Iphit (the rest of Hellas) concluded a truce, during which the first Olympic Games were held. As the legend says, it was then that the place for the competition was established. The choice fell on the town of Olympia, which is located near Mount Kronos.

The terrain was comfortable for competition and suitable for spectators to observe. sports games... For athletes built sports complex, which was a real architectural masterpiece for its time. It consisted of a hippodrome, a stadium, baths, gymnasiums, sports grounds, on which the Greeks played ball, fought, threw a disc.

rules

The games were managed by the inhabitants of Hellas, who were supposed to organize competitions, keep order, and ensure the reception of guests and athletes. Their right was once taken away by the inhabitants of Pisa, but most of Greece did not accept this. And again, Hellas became the head of the Olympic Games. To traditions and rules of conduct sports can be attributed:

• Hellas sent to all countries of the ancient Greek world the so-called "messengers of peace", who announced that the holy month of the holiday in honor of Zeus had come. This meant that all wars in the Peloponnesian Peninsula had to be ended.
• For policy states that violated the agreement on ignorance of war, or the statutes of the Games, then the participants in the policy were excluded from the competition altogether.
• Sin had to be expiated by repentance and the payment of a fine. The money went to the maintenance of the temple of Zeus.
• Private residents of a particular state who violated the charter of the Games had a choice of who to pay the fine. You could choose at your own discretion - the policy where the person constantly lives, the Olympic temple of Zeus.
• The competition was monitored by special judges called elladonics.
• Athletes to the judges had to declare in advance that they want to participate in the competition, as well as provide evidence that they were not deprived of their civil rights.
• Athletes had to take an oath that they would compete fairly and would not use tricks.
• Also, the participants of the competition confirmed under oath that they had been engaged in gymnasiums for 10 months, devoting most of their time to gymnastic exercises, improving the spirit and body.

Embassies from policy states that took part in the Games were supposed to go to Olympia along a special sacred road. Then all the participants in the competition were obliged to gather at the altar of Zeus, which was located in the olive grove. As a sacrifice to the Supreme God, Mount Olympus and all the Greeks sacrificed animals brought from their native countries. The embassies were obliged to bring sacrificial bowls with them.

Poplar firewood was piled at the sacrificial fire, and fat was poured over the killed animals on top. While the fire was blazing, athletes and other participants had to sing. As soon as the fire was extinguished, the competition began.

Where did the ancient Greeks compete?

The Olympic Games featured sports such as:

• Wrestling.
• Fist fight.
• Horse racing.
• Short and long distance running.
• Pentathlon.

Games began with running, which was one of the most ancient types of gymnastic exercises. The participants ran in batches, each of which consisted of four people. At the first Olympic Games, runners wore a belt, but then they took it off, and the athletes were completely naked.

Simple running in competitions was quickly abandoned, making it more difficult. In particular, the athletes ran the stage not once, but two times, and then eight in general. The "company" for the run was wrestling, jumping, discus throwing and fistfights. The latest sport to appear was chariot racing. Its appearance was associated with the presence of rich Greeks at the competitions and the complication of social life in Hellas itself.