What kind of fish is called "river orderly"?
The fishermen called the pike the river wolf. She attacks both small fish and large ones, if hungry, she will drag a gosling or duckling to the bottom. But the pike has another nickname - the river orderly. Indeed, first of all, pike attacks sick fish and thereby cleans water bodies, does not allow diseases to spread.Pike (Latin Esox) - genus freshwater fish, the only one in the pike family (Esocidae). The type species of the genus is Esox lucius (common pike). Distributed in Europe, Siberia, North America.
Pikes can reach 1.8 m in length and 35 kg in weight, although there are also larger specimens. The lifespan of individual individuals can be up to 30 years. The body of a pike has an elongated shape and resembles a torpedo. Pointed head and sharp teeth typical of predatory fish. The color of the pike is gray-green speckled.
Pikes are extremely voracious predators. They feed mainly on fish (herring, perches, minnows). Cannibalism is characteristic of the pike: about 20% of its diet is made up of smaller individuals of its own species. In addition, pikes feed on amphibians and reptiles, large insects and various garbage. Small mammals, for example, mice or moles, caught in the water can also become their prey. The pike also hunts small waterfowl and their chicks. This predator attacks animals reaching 1/3 of its own size.
The word "pike" goes back to the Polish-Ukrainian verb "joke" - to seek.
Domyshev Egor 4th grade
The topic of the structure of the organism of fish, their characteristics and life in the aquatic kingdom, their observations and conclusions about the beautiful fish of their native land are revealed.
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MBOU "Tunkinskaya secondary school named after Sedov UP"
Regional scientific and practical conference
pupils primary grades" The first steps"
Category: Biology. Vegetable world.
Topic: "Pisces"
Completed by: Domyshev Egor
4th grade student,
S. Tunka, Green, 13
Checked by: Lobytsina TF
Teacher early. classes
year 2012
Introduction.
In the summer my dad and I went fishing. Sitting at this fascinating lesson, I thought about how the world of fish works. After all, I know almost nothing about them. They are distinguished by their color and body scales, their dexterity to stay under water, each fish is something amazing. And I decided to reveal more for myself the mysterious and wonderful world fish. The purpose of my work: to find out what kind of science studies the structure of the organism of fish and their life, to be able to distinguish common features and variety of fish, to know what fish are found in the reservoirs of our region.
Main part.
2.1. It is interesting.
It turns out, reading the sources, I learned that there are about 200 thousand species on earth different fish, more than frogs, newts, toads, salamanders, snakes, lizards, all birds and all animals combined!
Watching fishing, watching TV. I. Cousteau about the underwater world and its inhabitants, a very interesting TV show: "Fishing with passion" I was convinced that the sizes of fish are very different: from one centimeter to twenty meters. It has been noticed that in small reservoirs fish do not grow as large as in large ones. Of course, the Tunka River is much smaller than the Irkut River, therefore the fish in Irkut is larger. I had to catch the smallest fish - loach, 3 centimeters in size, and the biggest fish caught by my dad is burbot, 1.5 meters in size. Every fish has its own special body shape, color and size. There are fish thin and long, like a whip, thick and round, like a ball, tiny - like an ant and huge - bigger than an elephant. There are herbivorous fish like sheep and goats, and there are carnivorous fish like tigers and lions. I learned the most large fish- whale shark (40t.). The smallest pandaka goby (1 cm). The fastest fish is a sailboat (109 km / h)
2.2 The organism of fish.
The body of almost all fish is covered with scales, like chain mail. Examining the fish scales, I noticed that some of the scales are wide, and some are narrow. It turns out that the fish grows quickly in summer - and the ringlet on the scales is wide, and in winter it hardly grows - and the ringlet turns out to be narrow. It turns out that by the rings, wide and narrow, you can count how many winters and how old the fish are. In my house, crucians lived in a home aquarium, and I was really convinced of this by observing. And yet, it turns out that you need to change the water every day, and feed the fish with special food, from other food the water quickly turns sour, and this threatens the life of the fish.
Fish are perfectly adapted to life in the water. No wonder they say: "Fish are the children of water." Their bodies are streamlined, and this makes it easier for them to swim. Smooth scales, their streamlined body shape allow the fish to glide easily in the water column. Strong muscles wave-like bend the body of the fish forward. The fins help her to maintain balance and slow down. The gills extract the oxygen needed for breathing from the water. The tail oxygen is necessary for breathing. Tail fin - an oar propels the fish in the water. Have fish swim bladder(no one except fish has it), which helps them to dive, emerge and soar in the water. And even "talk". And then there is an amazing organ - the lateral line. It allows fish to see without eyes and hear without ears. In fish, on the sides of the body, under the skin, nerves stretch that perceive the weakest vibrations of water. They inform the fish about the approach of a predator or, conversely, prey. A person has five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. And in fish - six: also a sense of the lateral line. The predator is not yet visible and not audible, but the fish already senses its approach - with its sides! They also find their prey by smelling - by smell. Odor-sensitive papillae are found in their mouth and on the face. Reading encyclopedias I learned -
The science that studies fish is called ichthyology.
The fish is adapted to the place in which it lives. Fish that have a lotand swim fast, - slender, streamlined. Those for whom it is more important to hide more securely, to be invisible, look like stones, algae, like clods of silt. For example: seahorses, sea needles, rays, gobies. The color of fish is also very different. There are white, black, brown fish. There are completely colorless, almost transparent. There are many fish and multicolored ones: striped, speckled, speckled, zigzagged.
some fish change color like chameleons. Flounder on a sandy bottom turns yellow, on a silty bottom - gray, and on a stony bottom - spotty. There are fish that turn pale when scared and blush when angry.
Birds lay eggs and fish spawn. Fries hatch from the eggs. fish spawn in hundreds, thousands, millions. Most of our fish spawn in spring and summer - pike, perch, roach, bream, carp, catfish. Some spawn in autumn (salmon, trout), and even in winter (burbot).
Eggs ripen on algae, snags, stones. But there are fish that arrange special nests for caviar. The seahorse and the sea needle always carry their caviar with them, in a special bag on their belly. The fewer eggs a fish lays, the more it takes care of them.
There are viviparous fish: sharks, rays, eelpouts. They hatch eggs inside the body and immediately spawn live fish.
And yet, most of the fish and eggs perish. But it would be much worse if a fry emerged from each egg, and a fish grew out of each fry. Then all the rivers, lakes and oceans would overflow with fish, and then it would all perish from the crowded lack of food.
2.3 Fish of our rivers.
There are two rivers flowing in our area - the Tunka and Irkut rivers. Our rivers are rich in fish: minnows, burbot, perch, soroga, dace, bream, crucian carp, grayling, taimen, linok, whitefish. You can also see pike. The fishermen called her the river wolf. She attacks both small fish and large ones, if hungry, she will drag a goose or duckling to the bottom. But the pike orderly has one more nickname. Indeed, first of all, the pike attacks sick fish and thereby cleans the reservoirs, does not allow the spread of diseases. There are many small representatives of carp: minnows, gudgeons, crucians. bream. Crucian carp is unpretentious. Can live in standing water... Eats everything. Bream - has a body flattened from the sides. It feeds on molluscs, worms, insect larvae, algae and plant shoots. Gudgeon - has a lumpy speckled body, greenish-brown on the back, yellowish-silver on the sides and abdomen, yellow eyes, gray fins. There is such a fish - from the salmon family - taimen, whitefish, lenok. The only freshwater fish from the cod family is burbot.
Conclusion.
I learned a lot about these amazing, beautiful creatures. In the future, I want to create a photo album "Inhabitants of the reservoirs of our region", I already have some photos.
It is not for nothing that the popular proverb says "Fish needs water, birds need air, man needs Motherland." For our rivers to be full-flowing, rich in fish, we need to take good care of them and their inhabitants. Of course, we are still small, but we can also contribute. While resting, do not litter the banks of reservoirs, do not throw garbage into rivers, do not destroy the flora of reservoirs, fish only when permitted.
Literature.
1. "Fisherman - amateur" I.S. Forty.
2. "Life of the inhabitants of reservoirs" O.E. Zhirenko.
3. "The world around us" A.A. Pleshakov. Slide 7
PIKE is a river orderly.
Fish - water, bird - air, man - home.
We are ready to bet that everyone at least once heard that the pike is the orderly of the reservoir, have you wondered why? The pike is a predatory fish, and very voracious: it eats not only small fish, but also frogs, water rats, and even squirrels that swim across the reservoir. However, despite its gluttony, the pike, unlike the perch, for example, prefers not to chase after prey, it hides in ambush and waits until a fish swims nearby. At the same time, it chooses a weak and sick fish for attack, in fact, for this feature, it was called the "orderly", because destroying low-value fish, it not only contributes to natural selection, but also prevents the sick fish from spreading the infection throughout the reservoir.
Moreover, for healthy fish, the danger from pike is almost reduced to zero, if the fish leaves the throw, the pike does not continue the pursuit, it returns to ambush again. By the way, with the help of its teeth, the pike only captures and holds the prey, and does not chew, it swallows the victim whole. You should not get too carried away with catching pike, where this predator is destroyed, there will certainly be a breeding ground for mass fish diseases, the number of infected fish can reach 40-60%.
It is interesting that pikes live alone, choose a place for themselves and live there, in one place you rarely find two pikes of the same size, but if the place is suddenly vacated, another pike immediately takes it, and continues to clear the place of bad fish. Among other things, pike is a cunning, aggressive and cunning fish, therefore it is considered the main object of fishing among fishermen. After all, you need to have excellent fishing skills to catch this beautiful fish. And if you then cook fish soup from it, you will definitely understand that the pike is not only a medic.
Illarionov Illarion Ivanovich, student 9 - in class
MBOU Amginskaya secondary comprehensive school № 1
named after V.G. Korolenko with in-depth study of individual subjects
Amginsky ulus with. Amga
Head: Sleptsova Nadezhda Yakovlevna, teacher of geography and ecology
PREDATORY FISH PIKE AND RIVER BAKERY - "SANITARIES" OF FRESH WATER BODIES.
Common pike and river burbot belong to the class Bony fish.
The pike is one of the most carnivorous freshwater fish, a voracious predator. She has very sharp teeth bent inward, from which the victim cannot escape. If a pike's teeth break for any reason, new ones will soon grow in their place. A pike with elongated bodies, shining eyes and razor sharp teeth - lurks in coastal algae and strike a passing victim no less accurately than a harpoon.
Pike usually inhabits all rivers from the upper reaches to the delta, inclusive, and lakes with depths and with a favorable oxygen regime. Normal view. Pikes are characterized by diurnal forage migrations in its approaches to the shores. It hunts in the evening and morning hours, less often during the day. The main way of hunting is keeping watch, followed by a quick throw. The caught prey is swallowed only from the head. It hibernates in deep places and remains active. The age limit in Yakutia is 16 years.
Burbot is a predatory fish that belongs to the Cod family and is their only freshwater representative. It has a specific appearance and it is impossible to confuse it with another fish. But outwardly it looks like the largest freshwater predator of the catfish.
Burbot is found in the basins of all the rivers of Yakutia flowing into the northern seas. In habitats, common fish, lives in reservoirs with clean cold water with rocky or sandy ground, it is considered one of the most cold-loving and sensitive to water quality freshwater fish. Leads a bottom and bottom way of life. A typical nocturnal predator, not waiting for the prey, but actively sneaking up on it. Hearing, smell and touch are developed. From the beginning of autumn, the active period of his life begins. At the beginning of winter, burbot stays close to the ice. During winter, it lives in shallow areas of the river and moves along the banks. Activity is higher in late autumn, winter and in early spring... In summer it is not very active, it is known that in the hottest periods of summer it falls into a state close to numbness and keeps, without feeding for weeks in the deepest, coldest, sections of the river, usually climbing into holes, under stones. Underyearlings and yearlings inhabit small bays during the flood period. The age limit in Yakutia is 24 years.
Nutrition.
Pike larvae hatching from eggs feed on small crustaceans. With a body length of about 2-3 cm, the beetle begins to catch fish fry. At one-year-old age, pike massively eats juvenile fish. From the age of three, she becomes a typical predator. The composition of the adult pike is very diverse and varies from season to season depending on the availability of the prey. The food is based on the most numerous and less mobile fish: crucian carp, minnow, tugun, perch and young burbots. Large pikes sometimes catch murine rodents, waterfowl chicks and waders.
Invertebrate amphipods, crustaceans and caviar of other fish species - nelma, whitefish, whitefish are often found in the diet. Burbot fry on early stage development feed on zooplankton, as they grow, they move to bottom, invertebrates - copepods, rotifers, beetle larvae, dragonflies. From 3-4 years old, burbot feeds exclusively on fish. In addition to this food, there are also various carrion. The fish picks up almost all the animals decaying at the bottom. Therefore, the predator is often caught on extinct meat or dead fish, which he loves very much. He is a typical pond nurse.
Practical part:
We made two stuffed pike heads and one burbot caught in the Amga River to study the teeth due to predation.
Specimen No. 1 was caught on September 19 on the Amga River in the Byyatsnaakh locality near the Somorsun village. Length 78 centimeters, weight - 5 kg. 600 grams. On lower jaw large teeth are located: the first tooth - size - 1 centimeter, the second slightly higher - 1.1 centimeters. Age - 10 years.
Specimen - No. 2 was caught with a spinning rod at the end of September on the Amga River in the Buluts area near the village of Pokrovka. Length 96 centimeters, weight - 8 kg. 400 grams. Age - 12 years old.
Specimen No. 3 - burbot was caught this year in autumn, in October, on a hook in the Mekke area. Length about 60 centimeters, weight -2kg 650 g. I have determined approximately age - 8 years.
Conclusion:
Predatory fish- hunting pikes and burbots, maintain the number of their victims at a certain level, preventing them from greatly increasing their numbers. In this regard, these fish have a peculiar structure of the teeth:
The pike has wedge-shaped, very sharp teeth bent inward on the lower jaw, from which the victim cannot escape. On the upper jaw, on the tongue and on the palate, there are smaller and sharper teeth. If a tooth in a pike breaks for any reason, an adjacent replacement tooth becomes its base in its place.
Burbot has bristle-like teeth, located on the jaws and vomer; they are absent in the palate.
Studying the mouth cavity of fish, I was convinced that pike and burbot, eating sick, weakened fish, are orderlies fresh water oem of our Republic.
My friend - an avid hunter and fisherman - recalled an interesting incident. Once, with a gun and a fishing rod, he spent his vacation time on one of the Poronai tributaries.
Small quiet river. Nearby - oxbows, overgrown with willows and bushes. I had to stand for a long time in the thickets, but the ducks did not sit down, the fish did not bite. It began to get dark. He already wanted to reel in his fishing rods, but then a couple of teals flopped down on the lake quite close.
I could not resist, fired. The birds turned over and froze in the water. Suddenly one teal, lying on its back, rushed through the water.
Running closer to the shore, the friend saw that he was being pulled by a hefty pike. Without hesitation, he grabbed a spinning rod, quickly planted a small fish on the hook and threw the bait closer to the shot teal. The toothy robber immediately grabbed onto the tasty prey ...
Having gutted the fish, the friend was amazed: he found a beetle in its belly. The ferocious cannibal predator has swallowed her brother! A hungry pike mercilessly devours its young if the squids do not have time to quickly hide.
FISHING A FISH IN MUDDY WATER
In the pike family, ichthyologists distinguish five species. The common pike lives in vast areas of Eurasia. Maskinong, striped and red-finned are overseas predators. They are found only in the waters of the eastern part. North America, where they have always been the usual food of the Indians. And only Amur pike is found in the basin of the river of the same name and here, on Sakhalin. About her - a special conversation.
Our countrywoman, inhabiting calm rivers, oxbows and lakes, is somewhat inferior to her European sister - the common pike. The islander grows to a maximum of over one meter and weighs about a pound. She usually keeps near the coast. Only during spawning does it rise somewhat up the river or out into the floodplain during floods.
The pike is a cunning and terrible predator. It is not for nothing that it is called the freshwater shark. She also has some tricks. When hunting, the pike uses the following trick: it gets stranded with its head downstream and muddies the water with its tail. The mud hides it from the fish. All that remains is to open the toothy mouth and grab the prey.
Often it hunts from ambush, hiding among the water thickets, where it seems to dissolve. Like a chameleon, it can change color depending on the color of the algae and then, merging with the surrounding background, it becomes invisible. Having let the unsuspecting fish come closer, the freshwater vulture quickly rushes at it.
Due to the fact that the dorsal and pelvic fins of the pike are shifted to the tail, it is able to make sharp throws. Surprisingly, the fierce predator is able to chase fish even in the air, jumping high out of the water. Her jumps are amazing!
Possessing movable eyes, the pike sees almost as well both above itself and from the side. With the help of the lateral line, she feels the approach to different objects - to the boat, to the shore.
... FOR CARP TO DO NOT SLEEP
In rivers and lakes, pikes are caught both the wise gudgeon and the tiny minnow. In addition to fish, they consume any other living creatures that they can catch. For them, everything that has crawled into the mouth is useful.
Predators do not refuse frogs either. Larger freshwater sharks swallow ducklings and waders, devour water rats, and squirrels crossing the river.
Once, wrote the famous Russian zoologist of the 19th century Leonid Sabaneev, a pike grabbed a large and strong goose by the leg and did not open its mouth even when it pulled it ashore.
Pikes can swallow even such fish, the length and weight of which is about half of their own. The victim is always captured from the head. It is held by those teeth of the lower jaw, which have different sizes. Other, smaller teeth are pointed towards the pharynx and may sink into the mucous membrane of the mouth. If the fish tries to escape, they rise from the mucous membrane and dig in like a thousand needles.
The pike feeds in the morning and evening, and almost always sleeps at noon and at night. She eats until, in the words of L. Sabaneev, she is full of fish up to her throat. A hungry predator loses all caution and rushes at everything living and even inanimate - if only it shines. The robbers assimilate only the soft parts of the fish body, belching bones and scales.
BY MAGIC
With the onset of cold weather, the pike leaves for the nearest pools, where it rests and almost does not eat. There she hibernates.
Immediately after the ice melts off the banks of rivers and lakes, the hungry pike begins to have a spring fever. At this time, in shallow water, she spawns. There is quite enough oxygen, which favorably affects the development of eggs.
During spawning, pikes, having started mating games, splash noisily. Near one toothy beauty, from two to four gentlemen curl up, and larger matrons gather up to eight suitors.
The future mother rubs against pieces, stumps and other objects. At this time, caviar is spawned. Several males follow her at once, obeying the pike's command, they fertilize a significant part of the litter.
One fish, depending on its size, gives out “on the mountain” from 17 to 215 thousand large eggs, which quickly stick to the vegetation. Beads adhering to the legs and feathers of birds can be carried over long distances.
After a couple of days, the eggs, having lost their stickiness, crumble and lie at the bottom. Their development ranges from eight days to a crescent. Having finished with the contents of the yolk sac, the larvae switch to "pasture" food: they eat cyclops and daphnia, and soon they swing at larger inhabitants of reservoirs. During this time, they grow and develop rapidly. Males become sexually mature in the fourth, less often - in the third year of life, females - in the fifth.
RIVER SANITARY
How many years does a pike live? L. Sabaneev in his book "Life and Catching Freshwater Fish" gives such a curious example.
The German emperor Frederick II Barbarossa allegedly personally caught a pike in 1230 and, putting a ring on it, released it into Lake Beckingen near the Rhine. The ringed pike was caught 267 years later. Its length was about six meters, and it weighed almost one and a half centners. From old age, the mighty fish has completely turned white. The portrait of the long-liver is still preserved in the castle of Lautern, and the skeleton and the ring are in the cathedral in Mannheim.
A German naturalist became interested in the legendary pike. He reasoned that no living creature is capable of living for two and a half centuries. And, of course, I revealed a lot of exaggerations.
The most compelling argument debunking the version of the Beckingen long-liver is that the common pike, according to leading ichthyologists, lives for a little more than 20 years. True, there is information about the capture of a 33-year-old pike, but this is an exception. That is, beautiful stories about long-lived pikes are just fairy tales.
The freshwater shark is a natural regulator of the fish population. Throughout its life, the pike eats insignificant trifles, destroys the sick and the weak, allowing the rest of the scaly tribe to grow faster. For example, in the oxbows of Poronai and Tymi, where there is a pike, the crucian carp is always large, kilogram. And where it does not exist, it is small, degenerates. The destruction of a river orderly in a reservoir threatens to disrupt the biological balance.
BY THE WAY
In Russia, pike was referred to as "black", that is, third-rate fish, since it requires either complex culinary processing or techniques aimed at softening meat in order to drown out a specific smell. In addition, it is skinny, contains no more than three percent fat. In general, pike meat is not for everybody. Nevertheless, the fresh pike cutlets that I was once treated to are simply delicious.