Long neck muscle. Deep neck muscles Long neck muscle

Muscles of the neck have a complex structure and topography, which is due to their unequal origin, differences in function, relationships with the internal organs of the neck, blood vessels, nerves and plates of the cervical fascia. The muscles of the neck are subdivided into separate groups according to genetic and topographic (according to the areas of the neck) characteristics. Guided by a genetic trait, one should distinguish between muscles that developed on the basis of the first (mandibular) and second (sublingual) visceral arches, branchial arches, and muscles that developed from the ventral sections of the myotomes.

Derivatives of the mesenchyme of the first visceral arch are the maxillary-hyoid muscle, the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle; the second visceral arch - the stylohyoid muscle, the posterior abdomen of the digastric muscle and the subcutaneous muscle of the neck; branchial arches - the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle, which is seen in the back muscle group. From the ventral part of the myotomes, the sternohyoid, sterno-thyroid, thyroid-hyoid, scapular-hyoid, sublingual, anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles develop, as well as the prevertebral muscles: the long neck muscle and the long muscle of the head.

Topographically, the neck muscles are divided into superficial and deep. TO superficial muscles the neck includes the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the muscles attached to the hyoid bone - these are the lingual muscles: the biceps, the stylohyoid and the sublingual-hypoglossal, the maxillary-hyoid and the sublingual muscles: the sternum- sublingual, sterno-thyroid, thyroid-hyoid and scapular-hyoid.

Deep neck muscles in turn are subdivided into a lateral group, which includes those lying on the side of spinal column anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles, and the prevertebral group: the longus muscle of the head, the anterior rectus muscle of the head, the lateral rectus muscle of the head, the longus muscle of the neck, located in front of the spinal column.

SURFACE NECK MUSCLES

Subcutaneous muscle of the neckplatysma (see fig. 133), thin, flat, lies directly under the skin. It begins in the thoracic region below the clavicle from the superficial plate of the thoracic fascia, extends upward and medially, occupying almost the entire anterolateral surface of the neck (with the exception of a small area above the jugular notch, which looks like a triangle).

The bundles of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, rising above the base of the lower jaw into the face area, are woven into the chewing fascia. Part of the subcutaneous muscle bundles of the neck joins the muscle that lowers the lower lip and the laughing muscle, woven into the corner of the mouth.

Function: lifts the skin of the neck, protecting superficial veins from compression; pulls the corner of the mouth down.

Innervation: n. Facialis (r. Colli).

Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. facialis.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle,T.sternocleidomastoi- deus (see Fig. 129), is located under the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, with the head turned to the side, its contour is indicated in the form of a pronounced roller on the anterolateral surface of the neck. It starts in two parts (medial and lateral) from the anterior surface of the sternum handle and the sternal end of the clavicle. Rising upward and posteriorly, the muscle attaches to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and to the lateral segment of the superior nuchal ling "and. Above the clavicle between the medial and lateral parts of the muscle, a small supraclavicular fossa is distinguished. fossa sup/ aclavicularis minor.

Functions, I: with a one-sided contraction, he tilts his head to his side, at the same time his face turns in the opposite direction. With bilateral contraction of the muscle, the head is tilted back, since the muscle is attached behind the transverse axis of the atlantooccipital joint. With a fixed head, it pulls the chest upward, facilitating inhalation, like an auxiliary respiratory muscle.

Innervation: NS.accessorius.

Blood supply: sternocleidomastoideus (from the superior thyroid artery), a. occipitalis.

MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE HYLBONE

Allocate the muscles lying above the hyoid bone - above hyoid muscles, tt. suprahyoidei, and the muscles below the hyoid bone - the subhyoid muscles, tt. infrahyoidei (see fig. 130). Both muscle groups show their strength in special conditions, since the hyoid bone does not connect directly to any other bone of the skeleton, although it is a support for the muscles involved in important functions: acts of chewing, swallowing, speaking, etc. The hyoid bone is held in its position solely by the interaction of muscles that approach it from different sides.

The suprahyoid muscles connect the hyoid bone to the lower jaw, base of the skull, tongue, and pharynx.

The subhyoid muscles approach the hyoid bone from below, starting on the scapula, sternum and cartilage of the larynx.

Suprahyoid muscles

Digastric,T.digdstricus, has two abdomens - posterior and anterior, which are interconnected by an intermediate tendon. Back abdomen, venter posterior, starts from the mastoid notch of the temporal bone, is directed

forward and downward, directly adjacent to the back surface

stylohyoid muscle. Further, the posterior abdomen passes into the intermediate tendon, which penetrates the stylohyoid muscle, and attaches to the body and the great horn of the hyoid bone through a dense fascial loop. The intermediate tendon of the muscle continues into the anterior abdomen-to about, venter anterior, which runs forward and upward, attaching to the digastric fossa of the lower jaw. The posterior abdomen and the anterior abdomen are limited from below by the submandibular triangle.

Function: with a strengthened lower jaw, the posterior abdomen pulls the hyoid bone upward, posteriorly and in its direction. With a bilateral contraction, the posterior abdomen of both the right and left muscles pulls the ulcer bone back and up. When the hyoid bone is strengthened, the lower jaw drops by contraction of the digastric muscles.

Innervation: the posterior abdomen - g. Digastricus, n. Facialis, the anterior abdomen, n. Mylohyoideus (a branch of n. Alveolaris inferior). Blood supply: anterior abdomen - a. submentalis, back - a. occipitalis, a. auricularis posterior.

Shylohyoid muscleT.stylohyoideus, starts from the styloid process of the temporal bone, goes down and forward, attaches to the body of the hyoid bone. Near the point of attachment to the hyoid bone, the muscle tendon splits and covers the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. Function: pulls the hyoid bone up, back and in its direction. "With the simultaneous contraction of muscles on both sides, the hyoid bone moves back and up.

Innervation: n. Facialis. _ Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. facialis.

Maxillofacial muscleT.mylohyoideus, wide, flat,. begins on the inner surface of the lower jaw from the maxillary-hyoid line. Within the anterior two-thirds, the bundles of the right and left halves of the muscle are oriented transversely; they pass towards each other and grow together along the midline, forming a tendon suture. The bundles of the posterior third of the muscle are directed to the hyoid bone and are attached to the anterior surface of its body. Located between both halves of the lower jaw in front and the hyoid bone in the back, the muscle forms muscle base diaphragm of the mouth. Above, from the side of the oral cavity, the chin-hypoglossal muscle and the sublingual gland are adjacent to the maxillary-hyoid muscle, and the submandibular gland and the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle are adjacent to the bottom.

Function: with upper support (when the jaws are closed), the maxillary-hyoid muscle raises the hyoid bone together with the larynx; with a strengthened hyoid bone, it lowers the lower jaw (the act of chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: item mylojiyoideus (branch of item alveolaris inferior).

Blood supply: a. sublingualis, a. submentalis.

The chin-hyoid muscleT.geniohyoideus, located on the sides of the midline, on the upper surface of the maxillary-hyoid muscle. It starts from the chin spine, attaches to the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: when the hyoid bone is strengthened, it lowers the lower jaw; when the jaws are closed, it raises the hyoid bone along with the larynx (the act of chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Ci-

Blood supply: a. sublingualis, a. submentalis.

The muscles of the tongue and pharynx are also anatomically and functionally closely related to the listed group of suprahyoid muscles: mm. genio & lossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, stylopharyn-geus, the anatomy of which is described in the section "Splanchnology".

Subhyoid muscle

Scapular-hyoid muscle,T.omohyoideus, starts from the upper edge of the scapula in the area of its notch and attaches to the hyoid bone. This muscle has two abdomens - lower and upper, which are separated by an intermediate tendon. Lower abdomen, venter inferior, starts from the upper edge of the scapula immediately medially from the notch of the scapula and from the superior transverse ligament. Rising obliquely up and forward, it crosses the scalene muscles from the lateral side and in front and passes (under the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle) into the intermediate tendon, from which the muscle bundles that form the upper abdomen begin again, venter superior, attaching to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: with a strengthened hyoid bone, the scapular-hyoid muscles of both sides stretch the pretracheal plate of the cervical fascia, thereby preventing compression of the deep veins of the neck. This muscle function is especially important in the inspiratory phase, since at this moment the pressure in the chest cavity decreases and the outflow from the veins of the neck to the large veins of the chest cavity increases; when the scapula is strengthened, the scapular-hyoid muscles pull the hyoid bone posteriorly and downward; if a muscle contracts on one side, the hyoid bone moves down and back to the corresponding side.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci-Ci).

Sternohyoid muscleT.sternohyoideus, begins on the posterior surface of the sternum handle, posterior sternoclavicular ligament and from the sternal end of the clavicle; attached to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone. Between the medial edges of the sternohyoid muscles of both sides, there is a

the intercut is in the form of a triangle tapering upward, within which the superficial and middle (pretracheal) plates of the cervical fascia grow together and form a white line of the neck.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone downward.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci-Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

Sterno-thyroid muscle,T.sternothyroideus, begins on the back surface of the sternum handle and cartilage of the 1st rib. It is attached to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, lies in front of the trachea and thyroid gland, being covered by the lower part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the upper abdomen of the scapular-hyoid muscle and the sternohyoid muscle.

Function: pulls the larynx down.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci - Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

Hyoid muscleT,thyrohyoideus, is, as it were, a continuation of the sterno-thyroid muscle in the direction of the hyoid bone. It starts from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, rises upward and attaches to the body and the great horn of the hyoid bone.

Function: brings the hyoid bone closer to the larynx. With a strengthened hyoid bone, the larynx pulls up.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis(Ci-Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

The subhyoid muscles, acting as a whole group, pull the hyoid bone, and with it the larynx downward. The sterno-thyroid muscle can selectively move the thyroid cartilage (along with the larynx) downward. When the thyroid muscle contracts, the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage move closer to each other. No less important is another function of the subhyoid muscles: by contracting, they strengthen the hyoid bone, to which the maxillary-hyoid and sublingual-hypoglossal muscles are attached, lowering the lower jaw.

DEEP NECK MUSCLES

Deep muscles necks are divided into lateral and medial (prevertebral) groups.

The lateral group is represented by the scalene muscles. According to their location, the anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles are distinguished.

Anterior scalene muscleT.scalenus anterior, starts from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the III-VI cervical vertebrae; attached to the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle on the I edge.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Cv-Cvin) -

Blood supply: a. cervicalis ascendens, a. thyroideainferior.

Middle scalene muscleT.scalenus medius, begins \, from the transverse processes of the II-VII cervical vertebrae, runs from top to bottom and outward; attached to the I rib, posterior to the sulcus of the subclavian artery.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Csh-Cvin) -

Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, a. verterbralis.

Back scalene muscle m. scalenus posterior, starts from the posterior tubercles of the IV-VI cervical vertebrae, attaches to the upper edge of the outer surface of the II rib.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Cvh-

Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, a. transversa

colli, a. intercostalis posterior.

Functions of the scalene muscles. With a fortified cervical spine spine raise I and II ribs, contributing to the expansion of the chest cavity. At the same time, support is created for the external intercostal muscles. With a strengthened chest, when the ribs are fixed, the scalene muscles, contracting on both sides, flex the cervical spine forward. With a unilateral contraction, the cervical part of the spine is bent and tilted to one side.

The medial (prevertebral) muscle group is located on the anterior surface of the spinal column on the sides of the midline and is represented by the long muscles of the neck and head, the anterior and lateral rectus muscles of the head.

Long neck muscleT.longus colli, adjacent to the anterolateral surface of the spine from the third thoracic to the first cervical vertebra. This muscle has three parts: the vertical, the lower oblique, and the upper oblique. The vertical part originates on the front surface of the bodies of the three upper thoracic and three lower cervical vertebrae, runs vertically upward and attaches to the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae. The lower oblique part starts from the anterior surface of the bodies of the first three thoracic vertebrae and attaches to the anterior tubercles of the IV-V cervical vertebrae. The upper oblique part starts from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes, III, IV, V of the cervical vertebrae, rises up and attaches to the anterior tubercle of the I cervical vertebra.

Function: bends the cervical part of the spinal column. With a one-sided contraction, tilts the neck to the side.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; C-

Blood supply: a. vertebralis, a. cervicalis ascen-dens, a. cervicalis profunda.

Long muscle of the head,T.longus capitis, what begins< тырьмя сухожильными пучками от передних бугорков поперечных отростков VI-III шейных позвонков, проходит кверху и медиально; прикрепляется к нижней поверхности базилярной части затылочной кости.

Function: tilts the head and cervical spine forward.

Innervation: cervical plexus (musculares; Ci-Civ).

Blood supply: a. vertebralis, a. cervicalis profunda.

Anterior rectus muscle of the head,T.rectus capitis anterior, located deeper than the long muscle of the head. It starts from the anterior arch of the atlas and attaches to the basilar part of the occipital bone, posterior to the site of attachment of the longus muscle of the head.

Function: tilts the head forward.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Ci-C).

Blood supply: a. verterbralis, a. pharyngea ascen-dens.

Lateral rectus muscle of the head,T.rectus capitis latera- lis, located outwards from the anterior rectus muscle of the head, starts from the transverse process of the atlas, extends upward and attaches to the lateral part of the occipital bone.

Function: tilts the head to the side, acts exclusively on the atlantooccipital joint.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Ci).

Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. vertebralis.

FASTION OF THE NECK

Anatomy description cervical fascia,fascia cervicalis (Fig. 131, 132), presents certain difficulties. They are explained by the presence of a large number of muscles and organs that are in complex anatomical and topographic relationships in different areas of the neck, both among themselves and with individual plates of the cervical fascia.

Distinguish trk ^ pl & stkm cervical fascia: superficial, pretracheal, ~ prevertebral.

Surface plate,lamina superficidlis (fascia super- ficidlis - BNA), located directly behind the subcutaneous muscle of the neck. It covers the neck on all sides and forms the fascial sheaths for the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. In front and below, at the level of the border between the neck and chest, the superficial plate is attached to the anterior surfaces of the clavicle and the handle of the sternum, at the top to the hyoid bone, above which it covers the supra-hyoid muscles. The superficial plate of the cervical fascia, spreading over the base of the lower jaw, continues cranially into the chewing fascia.

Pretracheal platelamina pretrachealis (fascia propria, s. fascia media - BNA), expressed in the lower neck. It extends from the posterior surfaces of the sternum handle and clavicle below to the hyoid bone above, and laterally to the scapular-hyoid muscle. This plate forms the fascial sheaths for the scapular-hyoid, gross

foreign-hyoid, sterno-thyroid and thyroid-hyoid muscles. With the contraction of the scapular-hyoid muscles, the pretracheal plate is stretched in the form of a sail (Richet's sail), facilitating the outflow of blood through the cervical veins.

Prevertebral plate,lamina prevertebralis (fascia prevertebralis, seu fascia profunda - BNA), located behind the pharynx, covers the prevertebral and scalene muscles, forming fascial sheaths for them. It connects to the sleepy vagina, vagina carotica, enveloping the neurovascular bundle of the neck (a. carotis communis, v. juguldris interna, NS.vagus).

The prevertebral plate of the cervical fascia, continuing upward, reaches the base of the skull. It is separated from the posterior pharyngeal wall by a well-developed layer of loose tissue; downward, the plate passes into the intrathoracic fascia.

In some textbooks on human anatomy, topographic anatomy, a description of five sheets of the cervical fascia according to V.N. Shevkunenko is given. One cannot agree with this classification. The superficial plate of the cervical fascia (superficial fascia) lies under the subcutaneous muscle of the neck and does not form a bed for it. Subcutaneous muscle the neck, being mimic in origin, is woven into the connective tissue base of the skin (dermis) with its bundles. She only has her own fascia. The so-called visceral fascia, its visceral leaf, is nothing more than adventitia of the internal organs of the neck: larynx, pharynx, esophagus, etc. The parietal leaf of the visceral fascia is a compacted connective tissue plate formed around these mobile internal organs... As you know, the fascia serves as the connective tissue sheaths of the muscles, develop and form simultaneously with the muscles. The three plates of the cervical fascia allocated by the International Anatomical Nomenclature correspond to the three groups of neck muscles, with which they develop: 1) the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of gill origin; 2) the subhyoid muscles lying deeper, originating from the ventral part of the myotomes, and 3) the deep muscles of the neck, developing similarly to the intercostal muscles.

Between the plates of the cervical fascia, as well as between them and the organs of the neck, there are spaces filled with a small amount of loose connective tissue. Knowledge of these spaces is essential for understanding the pathways of the spread of inflammatory processes localized in the neck. Distinguish between suprasternal interfascial space, pre-visceral space and posterior visceral space.

1 Suprasternal interfascial space localized above the jugular notch of the sternum, between the superficial and pre-tracheal plates of the cervical fascia. It contains an important venous anastomosis that connects the anterior jugular veins - the jugular venous arch. The suprasternal interfascial space, continuing to the right and left, forms lateral grooves behind the beginning of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

2Previsceral space limited to the pretracheal plate of the cervical fascia in the front and the trachea in the back.

3Posterior visceral space defined between the posterior wall of the pharynx in front and the plate of the cervical fascia in the back. It is filled with loose connective tissue in which inflammation can spread from the neck to the mediastinum.

Long muscle neck - deep neck muscle, located on the anterolateral surface of the vertebral bodies, next to the thyroid gland, trachea and esophagus. The middle sections of the muscle are slightly expanded, and the muscle bundles go from the atlas (C1) to the III-IV thoracic vertebrae. The long neck muscle is the deepest muscle in the neck. Muscle bundles have different lengths, therefore, three parts are distinguished in the muscle.

The upper oblique part originates from the transverse processes of the II-V cervical vertebrae and goes to the body of the II cervical vertebra and the anterior tubercle of the atlas.

The medial-vertical part originates from the anterior parts of the vertebral bodies C5-T3, rises medially and attaches to the anterior surface of the bodies of the II-III cervical vertebrae and the anterior tubercle of the atlas

The third lower oblique part starts from the bodies T1-3, the three upper thoracic vertebrae, goes laterally upward and attaches to the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the three lower cervical vertebrae.

Together, these segments create a structure that connects the anterior surfaces of the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae. The long neck muscle allows you to tilt the head to the sides and forward, as well as rotate the head and neck to one side while contracting both parts of the muscle. Together with the anterior rectus muscle of the head and the lateral rectus muscle of the head, the longus neck muscle forms the so-called paravertebral group. This muscle group helps stabilize the front of the neck when performing activities high intensity such as sneezing and quick throwing hand movements.

Also, the long neck muscle actively participates in stabilizing the cervical spine - it compensates for the lordotic bending of the cervical spine, which occurs due to the constant impact of the head's weight on the cervical vertebrae, and prevents the head from tilting back.

The long neck muscle is clearly divided into the right and left side- it is separated by the cervical vertebrae. This is what provides the possibility of lateral flexion. The oblique direction of the fibers of the upper and lower segments provides easy rotation of the inactive part of the muscle during unilateral contraction.

Weakness of the long neck muscle is very common. In addition, this muscle is prone to whiplash injuries. Poor posture, weakness of the long muscle of the neck associated with this violation of the stability of the cervical vertebrae are the main causes of hypertonicity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and anterior scalene muscle, as they compensate for the tension in dysfunction of the long muscle of the neck.

In especially severe cases, the destabilization of the cervical vertebrae leads to severe chronic migraines. Long neck dysfunction is easily diagnosed by visual inspection of the head position. The main signs of dysfunction are muscle hypertonicity, adhesion and pain in the compensator muscles.

Also, in clients with long neck muscle dysfunction, there is an inability to bend the neck without additional extension of the chin forward. To restore the normal functioning of the long neck muscle, manual techniques aimed at working with the compensator muscles and directly with the long neck muscle will help. In some cases, the use of special neuromuscular techniques may be required.

PALPATION OF THE LONG NECK MUSCLE

Starting position - the client lies on his back

1. Sit at the client's head and locate the sternocleidomastoid muscle with the fingertips of one hand.
2. Move medially to the location between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trachea.
(Be careful, the thyroid gland and the carotid artery are located in this area. To avoid their damage and cause discomfort to the client, correctly regulate the pressure during palpation).
3. Flex your fingers and palpate the deeper areas of the muscle opposite the cervical spine to locate the vertical fibers of the long neck muscle (between C1 and T3)
4. Ask the client to tilt their neck to the side to make sure that you have correctly located the muscle.

CUSTOMER EXERCISES AT HOME

1. Lie on the floor, bend your knees, place your feet on the floor, and place a low pillow under your head.
2. Relax your jaw and stretch your neck, then tilt your neck forward, pressing your chin to your chest and looking down.
3. Try to lift your head while keeping your chin tucked in.
4. Hold this position for a couple of seconds, then lower your head back onto the pillow.

5. Completely relax the neck muscles, then repeat the exercise again.

The anatomy of the human body is very entertaining, and if you know its features, then you will understand what causes certain diseases, how to prevent them. IN human body many muscles, and one of them is the long muscle of the neck. It is worth considering it especially carefully, including the features and departments into which it is subdivided.

Where is located

The muscle is located in the anterolateral surface of the vertebral bodies, namely from the atlas to the fourth thoracic vertebra. It must be understood that the middle sections of the muscle are somewhat expanded. For the reason that muscle bundles have a variety of lengths, it is customary to subdivide it into three parts. The following departments are noted:

Upper oblique section. It starts from the transverse processes from the second to the fifth cervical vertebrae to the body of the second vertebra and the anterior tubercle of the atlas.
The lower oblique section, which goes from the bodies of the three upper thoracic vertebrae, the muscle is directed upward, attaches to the anterior tubercles, which are possessed by the transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebrae.
Medial-vertical section. It originates from the fifth cervical vertebra and continues to the third thoracic vertebra. It is worth noting that it rises upward and medially, while attached to the anterior surface of the cervical vertebral bodies and the anterior tubercle of the atlas.

If we consider the function, then the muscle is responsible for the tilted part of the neck, meaning forward and side tilting. In Latin, the name sounds like Musculus longus colli. An important point is that various parts of the muscle are attached to the structures of the cervical spine.

Features of the female and male organisms

It is worth considering the features that the neck muscles in men and women have. The differences are physiological:

If we talk about the representatives of the stronger sex, then their neck is compared to a litmus test. It is generally accepted that those who are involved in sports, boxing, wrestling, and fist fights should have appropriate strong and even thick necks. Today, when playing sports, so much time is not given to the muscles of the neck; earlier, trainers paid much more attention to this aspect. In society, there is such an expression as "the crown of the figure", this is how it is customary to call the neck.

If a man has a strong physique, then his neck will not turn out to be thin and fragile. Weak muscles this part of the body can lead not only to various injuries, but they also look not particularly beautiful. If you have happened to be in bodybuilding competitions, then you probably know about what they do and measure the neck to make calculations of development.

The female neck looks more elegant, more tidy, respectively, and her muscles are weaker. It is worth doing gymnastics, exercises to keep them in shape. Often, women prefer to keep the neck area open because it is especially attractive to the opposite sex.

But there is also a drawback that can cause a lot of inconvenience, a woman's neck always shows her age well, no matter what anti-aging agents the lady uses. It is important to note that the state of the neck muscles directly affects the youth and appearance of the face.

That is why it will be useful for women to pump up their neck by performing simple gymnastics, for example. Do not be afraid that it will become fat, everything will depend on the load applied. It is this kind of gymnastics that can help remove a double chin and visibly tighten the face.

What functions are performed by the muscles in the cervical spine

If we look at the picture as a whole, then the actions of all the muscles of the head and neck are aimed at keeping the head in balance, ensuring the movement of the head and neck. They also have a direct impact on speech and the ability to swallow food and liquids.

It is customary to divide all available muscles into two main groups:

Own, they are also called deep, because they have an appropriate location, they are located almost on the bones of the spine. It is they who, when contracted, are able to bring the head and the skeleton itself into motion, for this they must contract.
Another group has an interesting name, alien or superficial muscles. By the name you can understand that they are on top, their work is associated with the functioning of the hands. But under certain conditions superficial muscles can affect the movement of the head, as well as the body in general.

What are the muscles in the cervical spine?

You should take a closer look at those muscles that are located in the cervical spine. Knowing where a given neck muscle is located can help prevent overloading it, for example, you can take preventive measures if you want to avoid the occurrence of diseases associated with this muscle. You can note following muscles head and neck.

Own muscles

The longest muscle of the neck, which is responsible for tilting the head to the side and forward. If we consider the location, then it is located on the front side of the spine, it is believed that it starts from the first cervical, ends at the level of the third thoracic.
There are also long muscles of the head. They allow you to bend not only the head, but also the body itself. It originates on the tubercles of the anterior processes of the cervical vertebrae, meaning the vertebrae from the second to the sixth. It runs upward and medially, attaches to the lower part of the back of the head, in contact with the bisellar part.
Middle staircase. She is able to raise the ribs, actively acts when inhaling, if rib cage fixed, then able to bend the neck. It is worth paying attention to what is attached to the first rib.
Front staircase. It is also responsible for lifting the ribs, actively participates in the respiratory process, and is able to bend the neck. If we talk about what the muscle is attached to, then this is also the first rib.
Rear staircase. When the ribcage is secured, it helps to tilt the cervical spine. At the same time, it participates in the respiratory process, raises the ribs, starts from the cervical processes, which are considered transverse, is attached to the second rib.
Chin-sublingual. It is located near the hyoid bone, respectively, pulls it up, like the larynx. It originates in the area of the lower jaw and is attached to the hyoid bone.
Sternohyoid. This muscle pulls the hyoid bone of the larynx to the bottom. The same effect is performed by the scapular-hyoid muscle, sterno-thyroid, thyroid-hyoid muscle.

Muscle alien

Awl sublingual. It belongs to the superficial, it is with its help that a person can lower the lower jaw, the action is to pull the hyoid bone up and forward. It starts from the styloid process of the temporal bone, and ends near the hyoid.
Maxillofacial. Contributes to the fact that a person can lower the lower jaw during a variety of processes, for example, when eating, when yawning. It originates from the jaw itself from below, but is attached to the hyoid bone.
Subcutaneous muscle. If you strain it, then the skin of the neck will stretch, with this process the saphenous veins will be well preserved from compression. It originates from the fascia large pectoral muscle attached to the fascia chewing muscle... It also attaches to the muscles of the facial region, which are responsible for facial expressions and jaw movements.
Digastric. Able to pull the hyoid bone up and forward. Just like other superficial muscles, it contributes to lowering the jaw, because only the full functioning of all muscles and tissues can provide us with a decent standard of living. It originates from the mastoid process, while attached directly to the lower jaw.
Trapezoid or its other name is trapezoidal. Able to bring the scapula closer to the spine. With this process, all of its beams are fully reduced. Top part located at the cervical vertebrae, right at the base of the skull, right on the tubercles of the back of the head of a person. It ends at one of the processes possessed by the scapula, the outer part of the clavicle, the humerus.
Flat wide. It is located behind the neck in the upper back, it also belongs to the superficial.
Sternocleidomastoid. If contracted on both sides, it contributes to tilting the head back. When contraction occurs on one side, the face can turn upward. It is attached to the sternum of the clavicle, ends in the temporal region.

Who can suffer from neck problems

If a person's body is constantly straining in the wrong position, for example, many people are hunched over, or the work is sedentary, the muscles of the cervical spine cannot withstand the load.

The exerted load negatively affects the muscles and the body as a whole, and therefore overstrain occurs. Hence, pain, fatigue, discomfort appear, which can greatly annoy a person. At the same time, one should not forget that the nutrition of the brain suffers.

Such problems are often faced by people who choose sedentary professions. Namely, this is the driver who is behind the wheel for a long time vehicle, programmers who have to sit at a PC, seamstresses, accountants, secretaries and others.

It is worth thinking about appearance, experts recommend performing simple gymnastics at least once or twice a week.

What groups are neck exercises divided into

They are divided into three groups:

Weighted. Special weights are used for them, you can also perform them on the simulator.
WITH own weight... This is the usual wrestling bridge, rolls in the position of the bridge, everyone should cope with such tasks, even if there is no special physical preparation.

Overcoming resistance. This will require a partner or rubber, you can create resistance with your own hands. The head rotates, lowers to the sides, forward, backward, while overcoming the resistance provided.

What to look for in training

It is important to take into account some points, if you decide to pump up your neck, to prevent the appearance of cervical diseases:

During classes, experts do not recommend closing your eyes.
Different exercises train different muscles, including the long muscle of the neck.
It is worth observing measured breathing.
It is worth consulting a doctor, as some activities can increase blood pressure.
Do not allow sudden movements, classes should be smooth and measured.
After giving the necessary load to the neck, it would be good to massage it, resort to relaxation, breathing exercises.
It is important to know the anatomy of the neck in order to properly distribute the load.
During exercise, control every movement, especially those whose muscles are rather weak.
Keep your muscles tense during exercise, this will allow you to achieve a more effective result.

Why do the muscles of the cervical spine hurt?

The reasons can be very diverse, therefore it is important not to confuse the symptoms of some diseases with the symptoms of others. This will allow you to find the true reason and find The right way fight. Treatment methods can vary significantly depending on the underlying causes. Plus, they will depend on the individual characteristics of the organism, the presence of various pathologies. Remember that if you managed to get rid of the pain now, this does not mean that it will not come back to you tomorrow.

What are the most common reasons

There are several groups of reasons that lead to pain in the neck:

Inflammatory process in the muscles.
Diseases of the spine.
Pathology of the internal organs of the cervical spine.
Diseases that are transmitted by consanguinity, such as Duchenne disease.
Blood supply disorders.

If we consider diseases of the spine, then the reason that most often torments people is osteochondrosis. But in order to diagnose just such a disease, the doctor must exclude other diseases from the list of possible and similar symptoms. These include herniated spinal disc, tumor, syringomyelia, tuberculosis.

To make the correct diagnosis, you can use modern methods, these are studies such as MRI, MSCT. With their help, you can understand the state of the spine, whether there are hernias. To correctly determine the problem, it is worth contacting a doctor, who will be able to make the final verdict.

But you need to understand that regardless of the detection of the disease, with problems with the spine, the nerve roots become inflamed.

These roots come out of spinal cord, in case of problems, they can be squeezed, which is why unpleasant sensations appear.

You can think about the presence of some diseases, when pain was discovered after suffering hypothermia, or a viral disease. Testing such as applying pressure to muscles and points around the spine will help determine the problem. When pressure on the spine does not create pain, and when pressure is applied to the muscles, pulling sensations appear, then this is inflammation.

Plus, the muscles will seem flabby, an inflammatory disease is called myositis. When the muscles hurt in the front, then you can think of problems with the esophagus, thyroid gland. In this case, inflammation can be transmitted to tissues that are nearby. The following options are also possible:

If you have additional symptoms such as sweating, increased heart rate, feeling of weakness, you might think about thyroid problems.
Neck pain on breathing, wheezing, and coughing indicate lung problems.
When painful sensations appear when eating, when the body is in a horizontal position, it is worth checking the esophagus.
If you notice that the muscles that are on the side hurt, then it is quite possible that there are problems such as varicose veins of the esophagus, atherosclerosis of the vessels.
Lack of nutrition, blood supply to blood vessels, accumulation of toxins - all this together leads to a feeling of pain.
Excessive physical activity.

You can refute or confirm the disease with the help of a specialist. Today, a lot of treatment options are offered, ranging from medication to surgery.

It is not advisable to use a variety of treatment methods on your own, because this way you cannot be sure of the correct diagnosis. You need to understand that hereditary muscle diseases are extremely rare, but still they are possible. The main symptom is that the muscles are weak, but there is a strong increase.

We diagnose, treat, prevent

It is worth highlighting the main methods that will help to cope with pain. cervical muscles:. Pain relievers. It is to this method that people are accustomed to address, while some funds simply relieve pain without affecting the cause painful sensations... Better to use anti-inflammatory drugs, these include ibuprofen, diclofenac, ketarol and others. Both pain and inflammation will be eliminated.

External drugs. You can use the same anti-inflammatory drugs only in the form of ointments. Also, among the external agents on the market, you can find all kinds of pain relieving patches, applicators, but they are used much less often. There are also special products for athletes.
If there are problems with the spine, then experts recommend therapy with vitamins B. They normalize nerve impulses, protect bundles of nerve endings from possible inflammation.
Physiotherapy. It is considered especially effective for integrated approach... Spasms can be relieved by the action of electrical impulses, and magnet therapy is also popular. You can count on a beneficial effect if you combine physiotherapy and medication.
Massage. Effective massage techniques from an experienced specialist will help relieve both tension and pain. At the same time, blood supply will increase, not only pain is eliminated, but also the inflammatory process. Four basic techniques are used, these are stroking, kneading, vibration, rubbing. Additional effects include the removal of toxic substances, relieving spasm, which also leads to the elimination of pain. You can resort to such a procedure at least for those reasons that it is an excellent prophylactic against diseases of the spine.
Physiotherapy. It can also serve as a good prevention of the problem, if you regularly perform physical education to prevent diseases of the muscles of the neck and spine. Physiotherapy helps to nourish the muscles, warm them up, strengthen the corset of the muscles. You can perform this kind of charging even at work, since it does not require any special conditions... It is especially useful for office workers and those who are constantly at the computer.

Features of physiotherapy exercises

It is important to understand that the movements should not be sharp, fast, you need to perform the exercises measuredly and slowly. Nice results give the so-called static exercises, which involve tension in the muscles of the neck. You can rest your head on something and put pressure on your hand.

You can also move your head and neck while applying pressure to the area of concern. This will help reduce pain. But it is important to use the exercises constantly, this is the only way to achieve desired effect... You can do the exercises a couple of times a week for 15 minutes.

When the pathology is nevertheless detected, you should not use only local remedies and gymnastics. The right decision will undergo a full examination, which will help to identify the true cause, will clarify the diagnosis. In this case, the specialist will be able to prescribe the appropriate treatment, which is necessary for the disease found. You need to understand that discomfort can indicate serious problems, therefore it is worthwhile to initially find the cause, and not blindly treat the disease.

If you managed to eliminate the pain with local remedies, remember that it will definitely return to you in the future if the cause of the problem is not eliminated.

Long neck muscle, i.e. longus colli. Located on the anterolateral surface of the spine from C2 to TK. Part of the fibers connects the vertebral bodies with the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes. F: bends the cervical spine and tilts the neck to the side. Inn .: anterior branches of the spinal nerves. Rice. G.
Anterior scalene muscle, i.e. scalenus anterior. H: transverse processes NW - b. R: eponymous tubercle on the first rib. F: raises the first rib; rotates the neck and tilts it to the side. Separates the space between the stairs and the space between the stairs. Inn .: see 1. Fig. G.
Middle scalene muscle, i.e. scalenus medius. H: transverse processes C2 - 7. P: 1st rib, behind the groove of the subclavian artery. F: raises the rib, tilts the neck to the side. Inn .: see 1. Fig. G.
CHDDMRP scalenus muscle, i.e. scalenus posterior. H: transverse processes C4 - 6. P: upper edge of the second rib. F: raises the rib, tilts the neck to the side. Inn .: see 1. Fig. G.
[The smallest scalene muscle, i.e. scalenus minimus]. Located between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. H: transverse processes C6 or C7. R: first rib and dome of the pleura. Occurs inconsistently. Rice. G.
Suprahyoid muscles, vols. suprahyoidei. This group includes the following four muscles. Rice. BUT.
Digastric muscle, i.e. digastricus. H: mastoid notch. R: digastric fossa of the lower jaw. The intermediate tendon, with the help of a connective tissue loop, is attached to the small horn of the hyoid bone. F: raises the hyoid bone. Rice. BUT.
Anterior abdomen, venter anterior. Located between the lower jaw and the intermediate tendon. F opens his mouth and moves the lower jaw forward. Inn .: jaw-hypoglossal nerve. Rice. A, D.
Back abdomen, venter posterior. Located between the mastoid process and the intermediate tendon. F: shifts the hyoid bone back. Inn .: facial nerve. Rice. A, D.
Stylohyoid muscle, t. Stylohyoideus. It starts from the styloid process. Covers the intermediate tendon of the rrudigastricus at the point of attachment to the small horn of the hyoid bone. F: pulls the hyoid bone back and up. Inn .: facial nerve. Rice. A, D.
The jaw-hyoid muscle, i.e. mylohyoideus. H: eponymous line on the lower jaw. R: body of the hyoid bone. F: pulls the hyoid bone up and forward. Forms the diaphragm of the mouth. Inn .: jaw-hypoglossal nerve. Rice. A, B.
The chin-hypoglossal muscle, i.e. geniohyoideus. H: chin spine. R: body of the hyoid bone. F: pulls the hyoid bone forward and upward. Inn .: C 1 through the hypoglossal nerve. Rice. B.
Subhyoid muscles, vols. infrahyoidei. Located below the hyoid bone. Inn .: neck loop. Rice. BUT.
The sternohyoid muscle, i.e. sternohyoideus. H: posterior surface of the sternum handle. R: body of the hyoid bone. F: lowers the hyoid bone. Inn .: see 13, Fig. BUT.
The scapular-hyoid muscle, i.e. hyoideus. H: medially from the scapula notch. R: body of the hyoid bone. The intermediate tendon, which lies over the internal jugular vein. F: lowers the hyoid bone and tightens the fascia of the neck. Inn .: see 13, fig. And V.
Upper abdomen, venter superior. Located between the hyoid bone and the intermediate tendon. Rice. BUT.
Lower abdomen, venter inferior. Located between the intermediate tendon and the notch of the scapula. Rice. BUT.
Sterno-thyroid muscle, i.e. sternoihyroiaeus. H: posterior surface of the sternum handle and the first rib. R: oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. F: lowers the larynx. Inn .: see 13, fig. BUT.
The hypoglossal muscle, t. Thyrohyoideus. H: oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. R: great horn of the hyoid bone. F: brings the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage closer to each other Inn .: C 1 through the hypoglossal nerve. Rice. BUT.
[Thyroid lifter], [ie. levator glandulae thyroidea]. It is split off from the thyroid hyoid muscle and sent to the thyroid gland.
Cervical fascia, fascia cervicalis. This term is used to refer to the connective tissues of the neck.
Superficial plate, lamina superficialis. Covers the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Attaches to the front edge of the sternum handle, collarbone and lower jaw. FigB.
Pretracheal plate, lamina pretrachealis. It is stretched between the two scapular-hyoid muscles and is attached to the posterior edge of the sternum handle and collarbone. Covers the hyoid muscles. Rice. IN.
Prevertebral plate, lamina prevertebral. Located between the vertebral column on one side, pharyngeal constrictors and esophagus on the other. Covers the scalene muscles, sympathetic trunks and phrenic nerves. IN.
Sleepy vagina, vagina carotica. The connective tissue sheath around the neurovascular bundle (carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve). Continues into the pretracheal plate. Rice. IN.

Deep neck muscles are divided into two groups: lateral and medial (anterior). The lateral group includes the anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles. They got this name because they begin and are attached with ledges - drabinopod. With the middle (anterior spine), the group includes the long muscles of the neck and head, the anterior and lateral rectus muscles of the head (the latter two are described in the "Muscles of the back" section), located on the anterior surface of the spinal column on both sides of the midline (fig. 146).

Anterior scalene muscle (T. Scalenus anterior) represented by a long tape tapered downward.

Start: DRY teeth from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the II-VI cervical vertebrae.

Attachment: muscle bundles are directed from top to bottom and are attached with a short tendon to the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle on the upper surface and ribs (in front of the groove of the subclavian artery). In front of the anterior scalene muscle, it is covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Blood supply: the ascending artery of the neck and the lower thyroid artery.

Innervation:

Middle scalene muscle (i.e. Scalenus medius) longer and thicker than the previous one, located on the side and behind the u-th.

Start: short tendon teeth from the transverse processes of the II-VII cervical vertebrae, laterally from the beginning of the anterior scalene muscle.

Attachment: the muscle runs from top to bottom and to the side of the anterior scalene muscle, is attached by a short tendon to the upper surface and ribs behind the sulcus of the subclavian artery.

Since the anterior and middle scalene muscles are attached in front and behind the sulcus of the subclavian artery, between these muscles above the AND rib is formed mijdrabin part space (spatium interscalenum), through which the subclavian artery and the trunks of the brachial plexus pass.

Rice. 146. Deep muscles of the neck(front view)

Blood supply: deep artery of the neck, vertebral artery, transverse artery of the neck.

Innervation: muscle branches of the cervical plexus (C3-C8).

Posterior scalene muscle (i.e. Scalenus posterior) shortest from the scalene muscle.

Start: thin tendon bundles from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the IV-VI cervical vertebrae.

Attachment: the muscle runs from top to bottom and attaches to the upper edge and the outer surface of the II rib.

Blood supply: deep neck artery, transverse neck artery, posterior intercostal artery.

Innervation: muscle branches of the cervical plexus (C7-C8).

Functions: all scalene muscles with a fixed cervical spine raise ribs I and II, contributing to the expansion of the chest cavity, that is, they participate in the act of inhalation. With fixed I and II ribs and bilateral contraction of the scalene muscle, the neck is tilted forward. With a unilateral contraction, bend and tilt the head to their side.

Long neck muscle (i.e. Longus colli) is one of the longest in this area, it is located on the anterolateral surface of the spine from the third thoracic to the first cervical vertebra. The muscle has an elongated triangular shape, in the center it is wide. The muscle bundles of the long muscles of the neck are different in length and direction, therefore, three parts are distinguished in it - vertical (medial), upper and lower oblique:

- Vertical(on average) part: Start: from the anterolateral surface of the bodies NO thoracic - V cervical vertebrae attachments: to the anterolateral surface of the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae

- Top oblique part:

Start: from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the II1-V cervical vertebrae attachments: to the anterior tubercle and cervical vertebra (atlas) and to the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae together with the bundles of the vertical part of this muscle;

- Bottom oblique part:

Start: from the anterolateral surface of the bodies I-III of the thoracic vertebrae

attachments: in the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the V-VII cervical vertebrae.

Function: with bilateral contraction, the long neck muscle bends the cervical part of the spinal column. With a unilateral contraction, the muscle tilts its head to its side. With the contraction of the upper oblique part of the muscle, the head turns in its direction, with the contraction of the lower oblique part, the head turns in the opposite direction to the muscle.

Blood supply:

Innervation: muscular branches of the cervical plexus (C2-C6).

Long muscle of the head (T. Longus capitis) represented by a wide, thick, narrowed plate, located in front of the upper oblique part of the long neck muscle.

Start: from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the VI and II cervical vertebrae.

Attachment: muscle bundles, directed from bottom to top and medially, are attached to the lower surface of the main part of the occipital bone at the pharyngeal tubercle.

Function: tilts the head and cervical spine forward.

Blood supply: vertebral artery, ascending and deep cervical arteries.

Innervation: muscular branches of the cervical plexus