Great attention in the Revitonik methodology is paid to the neck muscles. And the point is not that our necks are almost always open and betrayed their age. In addition to the aesthetic reason, there is also a physiological one. The muscles of the neck keep the head in balance, participate in the movement of the head and neck, as well as in the processes of swallowing and making sounds.
Moreover, the youthfulness of the face directly depends on the condition of the neck muscles. Without correct neck static and good posture, there is no point in “fixing” our face. You can read more about biomechanical causal relationships in the "Neck Muscle Imbalance" section.

Figure 1. Neck muscles (full face and profile)

Despite the large variety of neck muscles (more than 20), we will list the main muscles that are involved in the Revitonika fitness complex:

Trapezius muscle

The trapezius muscle is a thin and wide plate that almost completely occupies the back of the neck. If you connect the muscles on both sides, a trapezium is formed, which is why it has such a strange name. Each muscle individually has the form of a triangle, the base of which goes directly along the vertebrae, and the apex is directed towards the scapula. It is divided into three parts.

Figure 2. Trapezius muscle

The upper part originates from the cervical vertebrae and at the base of the skull, on the occipital tubercles. If you lower your chin and bend your head, these bumps and the place of muscle attachment can be very well felt. The muscle then goes obliquely downward, creating a bend between the shoulders. The middle part starts from the upper thoracic vertebrae and runs horizontally, and the lower part starts from the lower thoracic vertebrae and goes obliquely upwards.

All three parts of the trapezius muscle connect and attach to one of the processes of the scapula, the outer edge of the clavicle and humerus... When the top or bottom is cut, it rises or falls shoulder girdle and a scapula. With the contraction of only the middle part, the scapula moves towards the spine. If all three parts contract at once, both shoulder blades move closer together.

When the shoulder girdle and shoulder blades are fixed, contracting, this muscle turns the head in the opposite direction from itself. And when both muscles contract, the head unbends somewhat, giving a proud posture and keeping the neck in good shape.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the most superficially located muscles. It received such an unusual name because it has a special structure and is attached in three different places. Unlike most muscles in our body, it has two heads. The first head is attached at the upper edge of the sternum, which is why it was called the sternum. The second - clavicular - is attached to the sternal edge of the clavicle. Then these two heads are connected, forming one abdomen, and are attached to the process of the temporal bone, called the mastoid. If you turn the head to the left, then under the skin you can fully feel how this muscle goes to the right, moving your hand from the tubercle just behind the auricle to the sternum. Similarly, you can find this muscle on the left by turning your head to the right.

Figure 3. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Like the muscle itself, its functions are unusual and varied. If only left muscle, the head tilts to the left, while the face turns to the right and rises slightly upward. Conversely, if only the right muscle contracts. When both muscles are contracted at once, the head is in an upright position, it is not for nothing that it is also called a "head holder". Also, if both muscles contract more strongly, the head is tilted back and the face is lifted up. If the head is fixed, then this muscle will help with breathing, lifting the chest.

Subcutaneous muscle of the neck

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck refers to superficial muscles and looks like a wide plate. It is located just under the skin and is special in that it starts at chest at the level of the second rib, and ends at the lower edge of the jaw. And although it is very delicate and cannot be touched, even if it is tense, it performs a very important function.

Figure 4. Subcutaneous muscle of the neck

When it tenses, the skin above it is pushed forward, thereby helping to dilate the veins that run just below the muscle. This is necessary for large physical activity since thereby increasing the outflow of blood from the head, preventing overflow of the brain with blood.

Maxillofacial muscle

The jaw-hyoid muscle begins on the inner surface of the lower jaw and runs horizontally. In the midline, it is intertwined with the same muscle on the opposite side, after which they both attach to a special bone called the hyoid. Such an interesting move is necessary to create the floor of the mouth. Thanks to this attachment, this muscle is involved in lowering the lower jaw. And if the lower jaw is motionless, this muscle raises the hyoid bone, thereby participating in swallowing food. Also, this muscle, when in good shape, does not allow the chin to "sag", strengthening it.

Figure 5 Maxillofacial muscle

Digastric

The peculiarity of the digastric muscle is clear from its name. It has two abdomens: anterior and posterior.

The posterior abdomen at one end, like the sternocleidomastoid muscle, attaches to the mastoid process of the temporal bone (the tubercle behind the auricle), and the second to the hyoid bone, meeting there with the anterior abdomen.

Figure 6. Digastric muscle.

The anterior, in turn, is directed somewhat perpendicularly and is attached to the inner surface of the lower jaw in a special fossa, named after her, the digastric one. This arrangement of the muscle forms a kind of niche (submandibular triangle) in which the submandibular salivary gland is located, which is necessary for digestion.

Like the jaw-hypoglossal muscle, the digastric muscle lowers the lower jaw, opening the mouth, or participates in the process of swallowing if the jaw is motionless.

The stylohyoid muscle

The stylohyoid muscle consists of a single thin abdomen that attaches to the temporal bone and runs behind the mandible, near the lateral surface of the tongue. Its lower end splits and covers the digastric muscle on both sides, then attaches to the hyoid bone. Thus, by contracting, it raises the hyoid bone and participates in swallowing food, like the two previous muscles.

Figure 7. The stylohyoid muscle.

Sternohyoid muscle

The sternohyoid muscle begins at the posterior surface of the sternum and runs vertically up the anterior surface of the trachea and larynx, joining the lower edge of the hyoid bone.

The right and left sternohyoid muscles run parallel to each other without touching, so there is a small narrow triangular space between their inner edges.

Figure 8. Sternohyoid muscle

The sternohyoid muscle pulls down the hyoid bone, acting in opposition to the digastric, maxillary-hyoid and stylohyoid muscles and keeping it in place and thereby allowing these muscles to lower the lower jaw.

Today I will tell you about one amazing muscle in our body - the subcutaneous muscle of the neck (platysma). It differs in many ways from the usual muscles of the body, it is subject to age-related changes and damage. The subcutaneous muscle of the neck is interesting to us because it defines appearance neck and part of the chin. And the neck, as you know, is an important manifestation of age. In today's article I will talk about platism and what to do to strengthen this muscle and keep proud and beautiful neck until the very old age. Anatomy of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck (platysma) is not connected to the bone structure and tends to lose elasticity. It also contains very thin adipose tissue and has fewer sebaceous glands than the face. The lack of sebaceous glands makes the area very prone to dryness and wrinkle formation.

Individual characteristics. In some people, this muscle is so thin that it breaks up into separate thin bundles. In about a quarter of women, most of the bundles of platysma are initially missing, so the skin of the neck is held mainly on its own elasticity. And various exercises for training muscles do not help, because you cannot pump up something that does not exist.

Age-related changes in platysma and neck skin

The neck is no less cosmetically vulnerable part of the body. Thin skin and unexpressed subcutaneous fat layer are a prerequisite for its rapid dehydration. The absence of an abundant network of small vessels and slow blood microcirculation, low activity of the muscles of the anterior surface of the neck contribute to the loss of their tone and tissue atrophy, early ptosis of the skin, the formation of longitudinal and transverse wrinkles, cords and annular folds, which deepen and increase.

The ligaments between the skin and muscle of the platysma are very tight, so there is no noticeable slip between these tissues. Indeed, the muscle of the platysma has the same embryological origin as the skin. They undergo the aging process at the same time, which is why their close interaction is maintained.

Gradually, deep transverse folds appear on the front surface of the neck, wrinkling, the skin along the lower edge of the face and chin quickly loses its tone, stretches and begins to sag. The subcutaneous muscle of the neck - platysma - is responsible for the appearance of this area. With age, it loses its elasticity, the edges of the muscle along the midline can disperse and then longitudinal strands ("turkey neck") form on the neck, and the cervico-chin angle also increases.

Subcutaneous cervical muscle young man is a muscular lobe and forms an almost right angle with the horizontal part, it is located at the level of the rhizorius and almost fills the space below the clavicle. With aging, the front edges of all muscles of the platysma are displaced forward to the edge of the subcutaneous cervical muscle, and their midline connection has already been studied by Connell and Gaol. It must be remembered that in young people they are located in front, and their condition depends on the severity of the platysma ligaments, which can be more or less visible, depending on the formation of the angle between the neck and chin.

With aging, the destruction of elastin and collagen occurs in the skin, it loses its elasticity, which leads to the manifestation of "gravitational ptosis" - soft tissue sag due to gravity. Age-related degenerative changes in muscle tissue are primarily manifested by weakness of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck ( muscle fibers which are located in a thin layer under the skin of the entire front surface of the neck). But changes in it are often manifested not by the formation of a double chin, but by sagging skin like a "turkey neck".

14.02.2017 site

Pay attention to your facial expressions: if you very often express negativity and disgust on your face, i.e. lower the corners of your mouth, this negatively affects the condition of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck. Try to relax the muscle that lowers the corners of your mouth. And the effect of correction of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck is achieved by relaxing the depressor muscles and activating the levator muscles of the middle third of the face.

Massaging the platysma is not worth it, as this will stretch the skin and only accelerate or aggravate the signs of neck aging.

Another important point in maintaining a good condition of platysma is to avoid overstraining it during training. Observe yourself in the mirror and if you notice that your neck muscles are overly tense, take a break and relax. Try to avoid overuse if possible.

Hormonal imbalance also negatively affects the condition of the neck, namely:

• in case of hypothyroidism;
• with menopause;
• in case of goiter.

Exercises to help tone the subcutaneous muscle of the neck

By doing correct exercises, You can increase the tone of platysma. Here is some of them:

1. Tighten the subcutaneous muscle of the neck as much as possible while inhaling, hold the tension for 6 seconds, and while exhaling, completely relax the muscle. To reduce platysma, it is necessary to forcefully lower the chin and lower lip (at the same time). The face will not look very attractive, so try to focus your attention on the muscle you are working with: it goes from the chest to the chin, corners of the mouth and lower lip. It is important that new folds do not appear on the cheeks, around the mouth and under the lower lip during the tension of the platysma. Repeat the exercise 4-5 times.
2. Playing wind instruments is a great workout for the platysma muscle, which helps prevent neck laxity.

1. Simple exercises that support the tone of platysma are:

• head tilts forward;
• tilting the head back;
• head tilts to the sides;
• head rotation.

Read also: 8 simple exercises for neck lift

1. Tilt your head forward, fix your chest skin with your palms at the level of II-III ribs. As you inhale, slowly raise your head and pull it back.
2. The lion pose is performed as follows: sit on your knees and put your palms on them, spread your fingers; stretch your neck and press your chin to your chest; eyes look sullenly; inhale and as you exhale, stretch your tongue forward and downward as much as possible, straining your neck and pulling it up.

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Muscles of the neck have a complex structure and topography, which is due to their unequal origin, differences in function, relationships with the internal organs of the neck, blood vessels, nerves and plates of the cervical fascia. The muscles of the neck are subdivided into separate groups according to genetic and topographic (according to the areas of the neck) characteristics. Guided by a genetic trait, one should distinguish between muscles that developed on the basis of the first (mandibular) and second (sublingual) visceral arches, branchial arches, and muscles that developed from the ventral sections of the myotomes.

Derivatives of the mesenchyme of the first visceral arch are the maxillary-hyoid muscle, the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle; the second visceral arch - the stylohyoid muscle, the posterior abdomen of the digastric muscle and the subcutaneous muscle of the neck; branchial arches - the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle, which is seen in the back muscle group. From the ventral part of the myotomes, the sternohyoid, sterno-thyroid, thyroid-hyoid, scapular-hyoid, sublingual, anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles, as well as the prevertebral muscles: the long neck muscle and the long muscle of the head, develop.

Topographically, the neck muscles are divided into superficial and deep. TO superficial muscles neck includes the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the muscles attached to the hyoid bone - these are the lingual muscles: the biceps, the stylohyoid and the sublingual-hypoglossal, the maxillary-hyoid and the sublingual muscles: the sternum- sublingual, sterno-thyroid, thyroid-hyoid and scapular-hyoid.

Deep neck muscles in turn are subdivided into a lateral group, which includes those lying on the side of spinal column anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles, and the prevertebral group: the longus muscle of the head, the anterior rectus muscle of the head, the lateral rectus muscle of the head, the longus muscle of the neck, located in front of the spinal column.

SURFACE NECK MUSCLES

Subcutaneous muscle of the neckplatysma (see fig. 133), thin, flat, lies directly under the skin. It begins in the thoracic region below the clavicle from the superficial plate of the thoracic fascia, extends upward and medially, occupying almost the entire anterolateral surface of the neck (with the exception of a small area above the jugular notch, which looks like a triangle).

The bundles of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, rising above the base of the lower jaw into the face area, are woven into the chewing fascia. Part of the subcutaneous muscle bundles of the neck joins the muscle that lowers the lower lip and the laughing muscle, woven into the corner of the mouth.

Function: lifts the skin of the neck, protecting superficial veins from compression; pulls the corner of the mouth down.

Innervation: n. Facialis (r. Colli).

Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. facialis.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle,T.sternocleidomastoi- deus (see Fig. 129), is located under the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, with the head turned to the side, its contour is indicated in the form of a pronounced roller on the anterolateral surface of the neck. It starts in two parts (medial and lateral) from the anterior surface of the sternum handle and the sternal end of the clavicle. Rising upward and posteriorly, the muscle attaches to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and to the lateral segment of the superior nuchal ling "and. Above the clavicle between the medial and lateral parts of the muscle, a small supraclavicular fossa is distinguished. fossa sup/ aclavicularis minor.

Functions, I: with a one-sided contraction, he tilts his head to his side, at the same time his face turns in the opposite direction. With bilateral contraction of the muscle, the head is tilted back, since the muscle is attached behind the transverse axis of the atlantooccipital joint. With a fixed head, it pulls the chest upward, facilitating inhalation, like an auxiliary respiratory muscle.

Innervation: NS.accessorius.

Blood supply: sternocleidomastoideus (from the superior thyroid artery), a. occipitalis.

MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE HYLBONE

The muscles lying above the hyoid bone are distinguished - the suprahyoid muscles, tt. suprahyoidei, and the muscles below the hyoid bone - the subhyoid muscles, tt. infrahyoidei (see fig. 130). Both muscle groups show their strength in special conditions, since the hyoid bone is not directly connected to any other bone of the skeleton, although it is a support for the muscles involved in important functions: acts of chewing, swallowing, speech, etc. The hyoid bone is held in its position exclusively by the interaction of muscles that are suitable for her from different sides.

The suprahyoid muscles connect the hyoid bone to the lower jaw, base of the skull, tongue, and pharynx.

The subhyoid muscles approach the hyoid bone from below, starting on the scapula, sternum and cartilage of the larynx.

Suprahyoid muscles

Digastric,T.digdstricus, has two abdomens - posterior and anterior, which are interconnected by an intermediate tendon. Back abdomen, venter posterior, starts from the mastoid notch of the temporal bone, is directed

forward and downward, directly adjacent to the back surface

stylohyoid muscle. Further, the posterior abdomen passes into the intermediate tendon, which penetrates the stylohyoid muscle, and attaches to the body and the great horn of the hyoid bone through a dense fascial loop. The intermediate tendon of the muscle continues into the anterior abdomen-to about, venter anterior, which runs forward and upward, attaching to the digastric fossa of the lower jaw. The posterior abdomen and the anterior abdomen are limited from below by the submandibular triangle.

Function: with a strengthened lower jaw, the posterior abdomen pulls the hyoid bone upward, posteriorly and in its direction. With a bilateral contraction, the posterior abdomen of both the right and left muscles pulls the ulcer bone back and up. When the hyoid bone is strengthened, the lower jaw drops by contraction of the digastric muscles.

Innervation: the posterior abdomen - g. Digastricus, n. Facialis, the anterior abdomen, n. Mylohyoideus (a branch of n. Alveolaris inferior). Blood supply: anterior abdomen - a. submentalis, back - a. occipitalis, a. auricularis posterior.

Shylohyoid muscleT.stylohyoideus, starts from the styloid process of the temporal bone, goes down and forward, attaches to the body of the hyoid bone. Near the point of attachment to the hyoid bone, the muscle tendon splits and covers the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. Function: pulls the hyoid bone up, back and in its direction. "With the simultaneous contraction of the muscles on both sides, the hyoid bone moves back and up.

Innervation: n. Facialis. _ Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. facialis.

Maxillofacial muscleT.mylohyoideus, wide, flat,. begins on the inner surface of the lower jaw from the maxillary-hyoid line. Within the anterior two-thirds, the bundles of the right and left muscle halves are oriented transversely; they pass towards each other and grow together along the midline, forming a tendon suture. The bundles of the posterior third of the muscle are directed to the hyoid bone and are attached to the anterior surface of its body. Located between both halves of the lower jaw in front and the hyoid bone in the back, the muscle forms muscle base diaphragm of the mouth. Above, from the side of the oral cavity, the chin-hypoglossal muscle and the sublingual gland are adjacent to the maxillary-hyoid muscle, and the submandibular gland and the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle are adjacent to the bottom.

Function: with upper support (when the jaws are closed), the maxillary-hyoid muscle raises the hyoid bone together with the larynx; with a strengthened hyoid bone, it lowers the lower jaw (the act of chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: item mylojiyoideus (branch of item alveolaris inferior).

Blood supply: a. sublingualis, a. submentalis.

The chin-hyoid muscleT.geniohyoideus, located on the sides of the midline, on the upper surface of the maxillary-hyoid muscle. It starts from the chin spine, attaches to the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: when the hyoid bone is strengthened, it lowers the lower jaw; when the jaws are closed, it raises the hyoid bone along with the larynx (the act of chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Ci-

Blood supply: a. sublingualis, a. submentalis.

The muscles of the tongue and pharynx are also anatomically and functionally closely related to the listed group of suprahyoid muscles: mm. genio & lossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, stylopharyn-geus, the anatomy of which is described in the section "Splanchnology".

Subhyoid muscle

Scapular-hyoid muscle,T.omohyoideus, starts from the upper edge of the scapula in the area of ​​its notch and attaches to the hyoid bone. This muscle has two abdomens - lower and upper, which are separated by an intermediate tendon. Lower abdomen, venter inferior, starts from the upper edge of the scapula immediately medially from the notch of the scapula and from the superior transverse ligament. Rising obliquely up and forward, it crosses the scalene muscles from the lateral side and in front and passes (under the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle) into the intermediate tendon, from which the muscle bundles that form the upper abdomen begin again, venter superior, attaching to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: with a strengthened hyoid bone, the scapula-hyoid muscles of both sides stretch the pretracheal plate of the cervical fascia, thereby preventing compression of the deep veins of the neck. This muscle function is especially important in the inspiratory phase, since at this moment the pressure in the chest cavity decreases and the outflow from the veins of the neck to the large veins of the chest cavity increases; when the scapula is strengthened, the scapular-hyoid muscles pull the hyoid bone posteriorly and downward; if a muscle contracts on one side, the hyoid bone moves down and back to the corresponding side.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci-Ci).

Sternohyoid muscleT.sternohyoideus, begins on the posterior surface of the sternum handle, posterior sternoclavicular ligament and from the sternal end of the clavicle; attached to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone. Between the medial edges of the sternohyoid muscles of both sides, there is a

the intercut is in the form of a triangle tapering upward, within which the superficial and middle (pretracheal) plates of the cervical fascia grow together and form a white line of the neck.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone downward.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci-Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

Sterno-thyroid muscle,T.sternothyroideus, begins on the back surface of the sternum handle and cartilage of the 1st rib. It is attached to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, lies in front of the trachea and the thyroid gland, being covered by the lower part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the upper abdomen of the scapular-hyoid muscle and the sternohyoid muscle.

Function: pulls the larynx down.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci - Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

Hyoid muscleT,thyrohyoideus, is, as it were, a continuation of the sterno-thyroid muscle in the direction of the hyoid bone. It starts from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, rises upward and attaches to the body and the great horn of the hyoid bone.

Function: brings the hyoid bone closer to the larynx. With a strengthened hyoid bone, the larynx pulls up.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis(Ci-Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

The subhyoid muscles, acting as a whole group, pull the hyoid bone, and with it the larynx downward. The sterno-thyroid muscle can selectively move the thyroid cartilage (along with the larynx) downward. When the thyroid muscle contracts, the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage move closer to each other. No less important is another function of the subhyoid muscles: by contracting, they strengthen the hyoid bone, to which the maxillary-hyoid and sublingual muscles are attached. hyoid muscles lowering the lower jaw.

DEEP NECK MUSCLES

Deep neck muscles are divided into lateral and medial (prevertebral) groups.

The lateral group is represented by the scalene muscles. According to their location, the anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles are distinguished.

Anterior scalene muscleT.scalenus anterior, starts from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the III-VI cervical vertebrae; attached to the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle on the I edge.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Cv-Cvin) -

Blood supply: a. cervicalis ascendens, a. thyroideainferior.

Middle scalene muscleT.scalenus medius, begins \, from the transverse processes of the II-VII cervical vertebrae, runs from top to bottom and outward; attached to the I rib, posterior to the sulcus of the subclavian artery.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Csh-Cvin) -

Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, a. verterbralis.

Back scalene muscle m. scalenus posterior, starts from the posterior tubercles of the IV-VI cervical vertebrae, attaches to the upper edge of the outer surface of the II rib.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Cvh-

Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, a. transversa

colli, a. intercostalis posterior.

Functions of the scalene muscles. When strengthened cervical spine spine raise I and II ribs, contributing to the expansion of the chest cavity. At the same time, support is created for the external intercostal muscles. With a strengthened chest, when the ribs are fixed, the scalene muscles, contracting on both sides, flex the cervical spine forward. With a unilateral contraction, the cervical part of the spine is bent and tilted to one side.

The medial (prevertebral) muscle group is located on the anterior surface of the spinal column on the sides of the midline and is represented by the long muscles of the neck and head, the anterior and lateral rectus muscles of the head.

Long neck muscleT.longus colli, adjacent to the anterolateral surface of the spine from the third thoracic to the first cervical vertebra. This muscle has three parts: the vertical, the lower oblique, and the upper oblique. The vertical part originates on the front surface of the bodies of the three upper thoracic and three lower cervical vertebrae, runs vertically upward and attaches to the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae. The lower oblique part starts from the anterior surface of the bodies of the first three thoracic vertebrae and attaches to the anterior tubercles of the IV-V cervical vertebrae. The upper oblique part starts from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes, III, IV, V of the cervical vertebrae, rises up and attaches to the anterior tubercle of the I cervical vertebra.

Function: bends the cervical part of the spinal column. With a one-sided contraction, tilts the neck to the side.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; C-

Blood supply: a. vertebralis, a. cervicalis ascen-dens, a. cervicalis profunda.

Long muscle of the head,T.longus capitis, what begins< тырьмя сухожильными пучками от передних бугорков поперечных отростков VI-III шейных позвонков, проходит кверху и меди­ально; прикрепляется к нижней поверхности базилярной части затылочной кости.

Function: tilts the head and cervical spine forward.

Innervation: cervical plexus (musculares; Ci-Civ).

Blood supply: a. vertebralis, a. cervicalis profunda.

Anterior rectus muscle of the head,T.rectus capitis anterior, deeper long muscle heads. It starts from the anterior arch of the atlas and attaches to the basilar part of the occipital bone, posterior to the site of attachment of the longus muscle of the head.

Function: tilts the head forward.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Ci-C).

Blood supply: a. verterbralis, a. pharyngea ascen-dens.

Lateral rectus muscle of the head,T.rectus capitis latera- lis, located outward from the anterior rectus muscle of the head, starts from the transverse process of the atlas, extends upward and attaches to the lateral part of the occipital bone.

Function: tilts the head to the side, acts exclusively on the atlantooccipital joint.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. Musculares; Ci).

Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. vertebralis.

FASTION OF THE NECK

Anatomy description cervical fascia,fascia cervicalis (Fig. 131, 132), presents certain difficulties. They are explained by the presence of a large number of muscles and organs that are in complex anatomical and topographic relationships in different areas of the neck, both among themselves and with individual plates of the cervical fascia.

Distinguish trk ^ pl & stkm cervical fascia: superficial, pretracheal, ~ prevertebral.

Surface plate,lamina superficidlis (fascia super- ficidlis - BNA), located directly behind the subcutaneous muscle of the neck. It covers the neck on all sides and forms the fascial sheaths for the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. In front and below, at the level of the border between the neck and chest, the superficial plate is attached to the anterior surfaces of the clavicle and the handle of the sternum, at the top to the hyoid bone, above which it covers the supra-hyoid muscles. The superficial plate of the cervical fascia, spreading over the base of the lower jaw, continues cranially into the chewing fascia.

Pretracheal platelamina pretrachealis (fascia propria, s. fascia media - BNA), expressed in the lower neck. It extends from the posterior surfaces of the sternum handle and clavicle below to the hyoid bone above, and laterally to the scapular-hyoid muscle. This plate forms the fascial sheaths for the scapular-hyoid, gross

foreign-sublingual, sterno-thyroid and thyroid-hyoid muscles. With the contraction of the scapular-hyoid muscles, the pretracheal plate is stretched in the form of a sail (Richet's sail), facilitating the outflow of blood through the cervical veins.

Prevertebral plate,lamina prevertebralis (fascia prevertebralis, seu fascia profunda - BNA), located behind the pharynx, covers the prevertebral and scalene muscles, forming fascial sheaths for them. It connects to the sleepy vagina, vagina carotica, enveloping the neurovascular bundle of the neck (a. carotis communis, v. juguldris interna, NS.vagus).

The prevertebral plate of the cervical fascia, continuing upward, reaches the base of the skull. It is separated from the posterior pharyngeal wall by a well-developed layer of loose tissue; downward, the plate passes into the intrathoracic fascia.

In some textbooks on human anatomy, topographic anatomy, a description of five sheets of the cervical fascia according to V.N. Shevkunenko is given. One cannot agree with this classification. The superficial plate of the cervical fascia (superficial fascia) lies under the subcutaneous muscle of the neck and does not form a bed for it. The subcutaneous muscle of the neck, being mimic in origin, is woven into the connective tissue base of the skin (dermis) with its bundles. She only has her own fascia. The so-called visceral fascia, its visceral leaf, is nothing more than the adventitia of the internal organs of the neck: larynx, pharynx, esophagus, etc. internal organs... As you know, the fascia serves as the connective tissue sheaths of the muscles, develop and form simultaneously with the muscles. The three plates of the cervical fascia allocated by the International Anatomical Nomenclature correspond to the three groups of neck muscles, with which they develop: 1) the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of gill origin; 2) the subhyoid muscles lying deeper, originating from the ventral part of the myotomes, and 3) the deep muscles of the neck, developing similarly to the intercostal muscles.

Between the plates of the cervical fascia, as well as between them and the organs of the neck, there are spaces filled with a small amount of loose connective tissue. Knowledge of these spaces is essential for understanding the pathways of the spread of inflammatory processes localized in the neck. Distinguish between suprasternal interfascial space, pre-visceral space and posterior visceral space.

1 Suprasternal interfascial space localized above the jugular notch of the sternum, between the superficial and pre-tracheal plates of the cervical fascia. It contains an important venous anastomosis that connects the anterior jugular veins - the jugular venous arch. The suprasternal interfascial space, continuing to the right and left, forms lateral depressions behind the beginning of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

2Previsceral space limited to the pretracheal plate of the cervical fascia in the front and the trachea in the back.

3Posterior visceral space defined between the posterior wall of the pharynx in front and the plate of the cervical fascia in the back. It is filled with loose connective tissue in which inflammation can spread from the neck to the mediastinum.