INTRODUCTION
The technical description and operating instructions for the 7.62-mm Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD) are designed to study rifles and optical sights and maintain them in constant combat readiness.
This document contains specifications and information about the design and principle of operation of the rifle and optical sight, as well as the basic rules necessary to ensure the correct operation of the rifle with a scope and the full use of their technical capabilities.
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1.TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
1.1. The purpose of the rifle
1.1.1. 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (index 6B1) is a sniper weapon and is designed to destroy a variety of emerging, moving, open and masked single targets (Fig. 1).
The sniper optical sight (index 6Ts1) is used for precise aiming from a sniper rifle at various targets.
Rice. 1.7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle with telescopic sight and bayonet-knife:
1 - 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle 6V1. Sat;
2 - 6Ts1 optical sniper sight. ALZ. 812,000;
3 - bayonet-knife assembly 6X5 sb
1.1.2. For shooting from a sniper rifle, rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, as well as sniper cartridges, are used. Fire from a sniper rifle is single shots.
1.1.3. The optical sight allows you to fire at night at infrared sources, as well as in unfavorable lighting conditions, when it is difficult to shoot at targets with an open sight.
When observing infrared sources, the infrared rays emitted by the source pass through the sight lens and affect the screen located in the focal plane of the lens. In the place of action of infrared rays, a glow appears on the screen, giving a visible image of the source in the form of a round greenish spot.
1.2. Technical details
1.2.1. The main design ballistic characteristics of the rifle, rifle cartridge and design data of the optical sight are given in table. 1.
Table 1
1. Caliber, mm 7.62
2. Number of grooves 4
3. Sighting range, m:
with optical sight 1300
with an open sight 1200
4. starting speed bullets, m / s 830
5. The range of a bullet, up to which its lethal effect is preserved, m 3800
6. Weight of a rifle without a bayonet-knife with a telescopic sight, unloaded
store and cheek, kg 4.3
7. Magazine capacity, cartridges 10
8. Rifle length, mm:
without bayonet 1220
with attached bayonet-knife 1370
9. Weight of a cartridge, g 21.8
10. Mass of an ordinary bullet with a steel core, g 9.6
11. Mass of powder charge, g 3.1
12. Magnification of the optical sight, times. 4
13. Field of view of the sight, degree 6
14. Pupil diameter of the exit, mm 6
15. Removal of the exit pupil, mm 68.2
16. Resolution, second, 12
17. Length of sight with eyecup and extended hood, mm 375
18. Width of sight, mm 70
19. Sight height, mm 132
20. Weight of the sight, g 616
21. Weight of the sight with a set of spare parts and a cover, g 926
1.3. Rifle composition
1.3.1. The sniper rifle kit includes (Fig. 1):
sniper optical sight, index 6Ts1 - 1 pc .;
bayonet-knife, index 6X5 - 1 pc .;
bag for sight and magazines (Fig. 3), index 6SH18 - 1pc .;
bag for spare parts (fig. 4), index 6SH26 - 1 pc .;
carrying strap small arms(fig. 5), index 6SH5 - 1 pc.
1.3.2. The sniper optical sight is completed with a cover, winter lighting system and individual spare parts.
1.4. The device and operation of the rifle
Rice. 2.7.62mm Dragunov sniper rifle:
1- frame 6B1. 2-7; 2 - drummer 6В1 2-5; 3- cover 6B1. Sat. 5; 4- guide rod 6B1. 5-6; 5- guide bushing 6B1. 5-5; 6- shutter 6B1. 2-1; 7- axis of the ejector 6B1. 2-3; 8- pin of striker 6B1. 2-6; 9- ejector spring 6B1. 2-4; 10 - ejector 6B1. 2-2; 11- return spring 6B1. 5-4; 12- collar for aiming bar 6B1. 48; 13- aiming bar 6V1. 1-21; 14- left pad assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-3; 15- pusher spring 6B1. 1-24; 16- gas tube latch 6B1. 1-38; 17- gas chamber 6B1. 1-15; 18- gas piston 6B1. 1-22; 19- gas pipe 6B1. 1-25; 20- gas regulator 6B1. 1-53; 21- front sight body 6B1. 1-20; 22- front sight 6B1. 1-17; 23- pusher 6B1. 1-23; 24- base of front sight 6B1. 1-16; 25 - barrel 6B1. 1-1; 26- upper ring assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-1; 27 - check rings 6Bl. Sat. 1-7; 28- oil seal assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-8; 29- right pad assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-4; 30- bottom ring with spring 6B1. Sat. 1-5; 31- store building 6B1. Sat. 6-1; 32- magazine spring 6B1. 6-12; 33- magazine cover 6B1. 6-11; 34- strip assembly 6B1. Sat. 6-3; 35 - feeder 6B1. Sat. 6-2; 36- box 6B1. 1-2; 37- shield assembly 6B1. Sat. 3; 38- trigger mechanism 6B1. Sat. 4; 39- cover check 6B1. Sat. 1-2; 40- stock 6B1. Sat. 7
1.4.1. The sniper rifle has the following main parts and mechanisms (Fig. 2):
barrel with box;
shutter with frame;
shield assembly;
trigger mechanism;
cover with a return mechanism;
shop;
butt;
top ring assembly;
left overlay assembly;
right pad assembly;
sighting bar assembly;
front sight base and body assembly.
1.4.2. The sniper rifle is a self-loading weapon. Rifle reloading is based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged from the bore to the gas piston.
When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the frame, into the rear position.
When the frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel bore, removes the sleeve from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the frame compresses the return springs and cocks the trigger (puts it on the self-timer cocking).
The frame with the shutter returns to the front position under the action of the return mechanism, while the shutter sends the next cartridge from the store to the chamber and closes the barrel bore, and the frame removes the self-timer sear from under the cocking of the trigger self-timer and the trigger becomes combat platoon. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and the lugs of the bolt entering the cutouts of the receiver.
Rice. 3. Bag for sight and magazines 6SH18. Sat.
Rice. 4. Bag for spare parts 6SH26. Sat.
Rice. 5. Belt for carrying small arms 6SH5. Sat.
Sight cover
To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the thrust moves forward and its hook jumps over the sear, and when the trigger is pressed, the thrust hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the trigger. The trigger, turning on its axis under the action of the mainspring, strikes the striker, and the latter moves forward and pricks the cartridge igniter. A shot occurs.
When the last cartridge is fired, when the shutter moves back, the magazine feeder raises the shutter stop, the shutter rests against it and the frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal to reload the rifle.
The rifle has a gas regulator, with the help of which the recoil speed of moving parts is changed.
Under normal operating conditions with lubricated parts, the regulator is set to division 1. During prolonged shooting without cleaning and lubrication and heavy contamination of the rifle, a delay may appear - incomplete retreat of moving parts. In this case, the regulator is transferred to setting 2. The regulator is moved from one position to another using the sleeve flange or cartridge.
1.5. Design and operation of the sight and its components
1.5.1. The sniper optical sight (Fig. 6) has the following main parts:
frame;
lens;
eyepiece;
hood;
eyecup;
handwheel with a scale of aiming angles;
handwheel with lateral correction scale;
handle;
light filter in the frame;
guide;
power supply;
lamp;
cap.
A lens in a frame with a retractable hood is screwed into the body, and an eyepiece assembly with an eyecup is screwed in from the other end of the body. On top of the body there is a handwheel with a scale of aiming angles printed on its cylindrical part. The handwheel nut bears the inscriptions "Up", "Down", "STP" and arrows showing the direction of rotation of the handwheel when aligning the sight.
The aiming angle scale has ten divisions (from 0 to 10). Graduation - 100 m.Starting from division 3, using the retainer in the handwheel, you can set the aiming angles after 50 m.
On the right of the body there is a handwheel with a scale of lateral corrections, on the cylindrical part of which 21 divisions are applied (from 0 to 10 in both directions). Dashes and numbers to the right of 0 are black, and those to the left of 0 are red.
The scale division is 0-01. With the help of the latch located in the handwheel, you can set corrections through O-00, 5. On the nut securing the handwheel of the lateral correction mechanism, the inscriptions -Right-, -Left-, -STP- and arrows showing the direction of rotation when aligning the sight are applied.
Rice. 6. Appearance of the PSO-1 sight:
1- hood AL7. 006.002; 2- lens in frame AL5.917.001; 3- light filter in the frame AL5.940.003; 4- handle AL8.333.004; 5- nut AL8.373.004; 6- handwheel AL8.330.007; 7- case AL8.020.016; 8- eyepiece assembly АЛ5.923.010; 9- eyecup AL8.647.030; 10- cap АЛ6.628.000; 11- cap АЛ8.634.003.
On the belts of the handwheel of the aiming angles and the handwheel of the lateral corrections, 60 divisions are applied. The graduation is 0-00, 5. The divisions on the handwheel belts are used to count the correction when aligning the sight on the rifle.
The power supply for the backlight is located in the housing socket. The socket is closed with a cap.
1.5.2. The optical system of the sight is designed to build images of objects located on the ground and is a monocular telescopic system with constant magnification.
The optical system (Fig. 7) consists of objective lenses, reticle, reversing system, eyepiece lenses, screen, light filter, light orange light filter and protective glass.
The lens is designed to build an image of the observed object. The image of objects in the focal plane of the lens is turned upside down from left to right and from top to bottom.
The wrapping system is designed to produce a valid live image.
The eyepiece is used for viewing the image of the observed object and the grid.
The light orange filter is designed to improve the operation of the scope in cloudy weather to increase the contrast of the image.
Rice. 7. Optical scheme:
1,2,3- objective lenses AL7. 504.012, AL7.563.006, AL7.523.003; 4- welded shield 51-IK-071 Sb.14 5,6,7,8- lenses AL7.504.013, AL7.563.007, AL7.563.008, AL7.504.014 (reversing system); 9- grid AL7.210.009; 10,11,12 - eyepiece lenses AL7.546.001, AL7.508.004, AL7.508.005; 13- light orange filter AL7.220.005; 14- light filter AL7.220 006; 15- protective glass AL8.640.004.
The grid is a plane-parallel plate. The plate contains scales of aiming angles and side corrections, as well as a rangefinder scale. The view of the sight field of view is shown in Figure 8. The aiming angle scale is made in the form of squares up to a range of 1300 m. When the scale of the handwheel of aiming angles is set to division 10, the top of the second sighting mark from the top of the scale on the reticle will correspond to a range of 1100 m, the top of the third mark - 1200 m , and the top of the fourth is 1300 m. 
Rice. 8. View of the field of view
To the left and to the right of the sighting marks there is a scale of lateral corrections. The scale divisions are 0-01. The lateral correction values 0-05 and 0-10 are marked with an elongated stroke. The O-10 correction is marked with number 10. To the right and left of the lateral correction scale, two horizontal dashes are drawn.
The rangefinder scale, located on the left under the lateral correction scale, is designed to determine the distance to the target. The rangefinder scale is made in the form of two lines. The top line (curve) is calculated for a target height of 1.7 m and is marked with numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10.
The sight reticle moves in two mutually perpendicular directions, always remaining in the focal plane of the lens.
1.6. Belonging to the rifle
1.6.1. The accessory (fig. 9) is used for disassembly, assembly, cleaning and lubrication of the sniper rifle and is carried in the scope and magazine bag.
1.6.2. Accessories include: cheek piece, ramrod, wiper, brush, screwdriver, drift, pencil case and oiler.
The cheek is used when firing a rifle with a telescopic sight. In this case, it is put on the rifle butt and fixed on it with a lock.
The ramrod is used to clean and lubricate the bore, channels and cavities of other parts of the rifle. It consists of three links screwed together.
The wiper is designed to clean and lubricate the barrel bore, as well as channels and cavities in other parts of the rifle.
The brush is used to clean the bore with RFS solution.
The screwdriver is used when disassembling and assembling the rifle, cleaning the gas chamber and gas tube, and also as a key when adjusting the height of the front sight.
The punch is used to push out the axles and pins.
The pencil case is used to store a wiper, a brush, a screwdriver and a punch. It consists of two parts: a key case and a case cover.
The pencil case key is used as a ramrod handle for cleaning and lubricating the rifle, as a screwdriver handle for disassembling and assembling a rifle, and as a key for separating the gas tube and assembling the ramrod.
The case cover is used as a muzzle pad when cleaning the barrel.
The oiler is used to store the grease.
Rice. 9. Belonging to the rifle:
1- case cover 6Yu7. 1-6; 2- ruff 56-U-212. Sat. 5; 3- screwdriver 6Yu7. 1; 4- wiping 56-10-212. Sat. 4; 5- drift 56-Yu-212. 5: 6 - case of the pencil case 6Yu7. Sat. 1-1; 7- oiler 6Yu5. Sat. Sat; 8- cheek 6Yu7. Sat. 6; 9- ramrod 6U7. 2-1; 10- extension rod 6Yu7. 2-2; 11- front ramrod extension 6Yu7. 2-3
1.7. Scope affiliation
1.7.1. The accessory (Fig. 10) is designed to ensure the normal operation of the sight and to replace individual elements that have failed during operation.
1.7.2. The accessories include: cover, winter lighting system, light filter in the frame, key. napkin, lamp power supply (in cassette) and cap.
Rice. 10 External view of the PSO-1 sight with an individual set of spare parts:
1- key AL8. 392.000; 2- section from mercury-zinc elements 2RTS63; 3- light filter AL5.940.004; 4- lamp CM 2,5-0,075 (in cassette AL8.212.000); 5- cap АЛ8.634.004; b- lighting system AL6.622.004
The cover serves to protect the scope from dust, rain, snow, exposure to sunlight, etc.
The winter lighting system is designed to provide illumination of the sight reticle when working with the scope in an ambient temperature below 0 ° C. WITH.
A light filter in the frame is used to work with the scope in cloudy weather.
The wrench is used for screwing and unscrewing the grid illumination lamp.
The napkin is used for cleaning optical parts. The power supply, lamps and cap are designed to replace those that are out of order.
1.8. Container and packaging
1.8.1. Sniper rifles are delivered to the consumer in wooden boxes painted in a khaki color. Six sniper rifles with all accessories are placed in each box and secured with special inserts.
1.8.2. The box consists of two compartments, separated by a wooden partition. The bottom and all sides of the box are lined with waxed paper. Before sealing, the bottom and walls of the large compartment of the box are additionally lined with inhibited paper. The small compartment of the box is not lined with inhibited paper, and the optical sights and belts for carrying small arms that are sealed in this compartment are wrapped only in waxed paper.
2. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
2.1. General instructions
The sniper rifle and telescopic sight must be kept in good working order and ready for action. This is achieved by timely and skillful cleaning and lubrication, respect, proper storage, timely technical inspections and elimination of detected faults.
2.2. Safety instructions
2.2.1. Rifle disassembly and assembly training should only be done on training rifles. Training on combat rifles is permitted only in exceptional cases, with the utmost care in handling parts and mechanisms.
2.2.2. Before preparing the rifle for shooting, and before cleaning and lubricating it, make sure it is not loaded.
During all training activities with a loaded rifle, do not point it at people or in the direction where people and pets may be.
Shoot in a closed range only if there is supply and exhaust ventilation, since the powder gases emitted during firing are toxic. At the end of the shooting, be sure to unload the rifle and put it on safety.
2.3. Preparing a sniper rifle and telescopic sight for shooting
2.3.1. Preparation of the rifle and sight for firing is intended to ensure their trouble-free operation during firing. Preparation of the rifle and sight for shooting is carried out in the following order:
a) clean the rifle;
b) inspect the disassembled rifle and lubricate;
c) inspect the assembled rifle and scope;
d) check the correctness of interaction between the parts and mechanisms of the rifle;
e) check the serviceability of the lighting system and grid illumination;
f) check the operation of the mechanisms of aiming angles and side corrections of the sight;
g) check if the screen is turned on and off;
h) charge the sight screen.
Immediately before shooting, wipe dry the barrel bore (rifled part and chamber), inspect the cartridges and equip the magazine with them.
To charge the sight screen, turn the screen switch knob to the position along the sight, position the sight so that the entire surface of the filter is illuminated by a light source containing ultraviolet rays.
Full charge time: in daylight diffused light - 15 minutes, with direct sunlight and with an electric lamp with a power of 100 ... 200 W at a distance of 20 cm - 7-10 minutes. Charging the screen beyond the specified time does not increase its sensitivity. The charged screen retains the ability to capture infrared rays for 6 ... 7 days, after which it must be recharged. Charging ensures the operation of the sight for 3 days (when working 8 hours a day).
2. 4. Bringing the rifle to normal combat and the procedure for working with a telescopic sight
2.4.1. The sniper rifle in the unit must be brought up to normal combat. The need to bring the rifle to normal combat is established by a combat check.
Checking the battle of the rifle is carried out:
a) upon receipt of the rifle in the unit;
b) after repairing the rifle and replacing parts that could change its battle;
c) upon detection during firing of deviations of the midpoint of impact (STP) or dispersion of bullets that do not meet the requirements of the normal combat of the rifle.
In a combat situation, the rifle battle is checked periodically at every opportunity.
2.4.2. To test the battle, fire four shots, carefully and uniformly aiming through the open sight. Shoot at a black rectangle measuring 20 cm in width and 30 cm in height, mounted on a white shield 0.5 m wide and 1 m high. The aiming point is the middle of the lower edge of the black rectangle. Along a plumb line 16 cm above the aiming point, mark with chalk or a colored pencil the normal position of the midpoint of impact when firing with an open scope. This point is the control point (CT).
Firing range 100 m, sight 3. Position for shooting "prone from support". To check the battle of the rifle and bring it to normal combat, cartridges with an ordinary bullet with a steel core are used. Shoot without a knife bayonet.
At the end of the shooting, inspect the target and the location of the holes, determine the accuracy of the battle and the position of the midpoint of impact.
Accuracy of the rifle is considered normal if all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm.
If the accuracy of the location of the holes does not meet this requirement, repeat the shooting. In case of repeated unsatisfactory shooting, send the rifle to a repair shop.
If the accuracy of the battle is normal, determine the midpoint of impact and its position relative to the control point. The determination of the midpoint of impact is shown in Fig. eleven.
Rice. 11. Determination of the midpoint of impact:
1 - by sequential division of segments; 2 - with a symmetrical arrangement of holes.
Rifle combat is considered normal if the midpoint of impact coincides with the control point or deviates from it in any direction by no more than 5 cm.
2.4.3. If, when checking the battle, the middle point of impact deviated from the control point in any direction by more than 5 cm, then change the position of the front sight in height or the front sight body along lateral position... If the STP is lower than the CT, then screw in the front sight, if it is higher, unscrew it. If the STP is to the left of the CT, move the front sight body to the left, if to the right - to the right.
When the front sight body is moved to the side by 1 mm when screwing in (unscrewing) the front sight for one full revolution, the STP when firing at 100 m is shifted by 16 cm.
Check the correct movement of the front sight and front sight body by repeated firing. After bringing the rifle to normal combat, hammer the old risk on the body of the front sight, and instead apply a new one.
2.4.4. To bring the rifle into normal combat with a telescopic sight, attach the scope to the rifle and slide the cheek onto the stock. Turn the handwheels to set the handwheel for aiming angles at division 3, and the handwheel for lateral corrections at division 0.
Shoot with a telescopic sight under the same conditions as when checking the combat of a rifle with an open sight, only mark the control point at a height of 14 cm from the aiming point. If, as a result of firing, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, but the STP deviated from the CT by more than 3 cm, determine the STP deviation and make the appropriate corrections in the installation of nuts on the handwheels of the aiming angles and lateral corrections. Moving the nuts by one division relative to the scale on the flywheel belt when shooting at 100 m changes the position of the STP by 5 cm.To make adjustments, unscrew the screws at the ends of the handwheels by one, one and a half turns, and turning the aiming angle mechanism nut or the lateral correction mechanism nut by hand, shift them to the required size and tighten the screws.
Re-fire after adjusting the handwheel settings. If, during repeated firing, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, and the STP coincides with the CT or deviates from it in any direction by no more than 3 cm, then the rifle is considered normalized. At the end of bringing the rifle to normal combat, enter the position of the STP into the form.
2.4.5. Determination of the range to the target is carried out in the following sequence:
- align the target image with the rangefinder scale of the grid so that the base of the target is on the horizontal line of the rangefinder scale, and the top point of the target touches the upper (dashed) line of the scale without a gap;
- take a reading on the rangefinder scale at the point of touching the target;
- the number indicating the point of contact will determine the distance to the target (in Fig. 12, the distance to the target is 400 m).
Rice. 12. Rangefinder scale
2.4.6. To fire at dusk and at night, turn the micro-toggle handle to the -ON- position. In this case, set the aiming angles and lateral corrections by counting the clicks of the lock from the zero position. At the same time, remember that the fixation of the handwheel of the aiming angles from 0 to 3 occurs through an integer division, i.e. after 100 m, and then until setting 10 every half-division, i.e. after 50 m. The handwheel fixation of lateral corrections occurs every half division, i.e. through 0-00, 5.
2.4.7. When working with a winter lighting system, the case with the 2RTs63 section must be stored in a warm place (in the pocket of a sniper's tunic or overcoat).
2.5. Checking the technical condition, typical malfunctions and methods for their elimination
2.5.1. To check the operability of the rifle, as well as in order to establish its suitability for further use, carry out periodic inspections of the rifle.
When inspecting, make sure that all parts of the rifle are present and check for rust, dirt, dents, scratches, nicks, spalling and other damage on the outer parts that may cause malfunction of the rifle and telescopic sight mechanisms; in addition, check the condition of the lubricant on the parts visible without disassembling the rifle, the presence of magazines, a bayonet-knife, accessories, a cover for an optical sight, a bag for a sight and magazines and a bag for spare parts; make sure that there are no foreign objects in the bore; check the correct operation of parts and mechanisms.
When checking the correct operation of parts and mechanisms, remove the rifle from the safety catch, pull the frame back by the handle until it stops and release it; the frame should stop in the rear position by stopping the bolt. Separate the store, pull the frame back a little by the handle and release it; the frame should vigorously return to the front position.
Put the rifle on the safety and pull the trigger; the trigger should not fully retreat back, and the trigger should remain on the cocked. Remove the rifle from the safety and pull the trigger: a click should be heard - an energetic blow of the trigger on the drummer. Put the safety on the rifle again and attach the magazine; the frame should not move back; the fuse must be held securely in the installed position.
Check the supply of cartridges to the chamber; extraction and reflection of casings (cartridges); equip the magazine with training cartridges, attach it to the rifle and, without pressing the magazine latch, try to separate the magazine with your hand; the magazine should freely enter the receiver window and be securely held by the magazine latch. Reload the rifle several times, while the training cartridges should be sent from the magazine to the chamber without delay and vigorously thrown out of the receiver.
When checking the operability of the optical sight, make sure that the eyepiece and objective lenses are intact, check the smooth rotation of the handwheels and their fixation in the installed position, whether the handwheels are swinging, whether the sight is not swinging and whether it is securely fixed with a clamping screw on the rifle; check the correctness of the lighting of the grid; for which put the cap on the lens, turn on the toggle switch and look through the eyepiece (if the device is working properly, the grid is clearly visible, if the grid is not visible, replace the battery or the light bulb).
If the scope is rocking or the handle bend does not fit into the cutout on the bracket when the scope is firmly attached to the rifle, adjust the clamping screw. To do this, separate the sight from the rifle, press the slider against the handle (squeeze the spring) and screw or unscrew the adjusting nut of the clamping screw.
Inspect the cartridges before shooting. Check them on inspection. is there any rust and bruises on the sleeves, is the bullet loose in the muzzle of the sleeve, is there green plaque and cracks on the primer, is the primer protruding above the surface of the bottom of the case, is there any training ammunition among the live cartridges. Return all defective cartridges to the warehouse.
2.5.2. Repair any malfunctions of the rifle, telescopic sight, magazines and accessories immediately. If the malfunctions cannot be eliminated in the unit, send the rifle (telescopic sight, magazines, accessories) to the repair shop.
2.5.3. Parts and mechanisms of a sniper rifle, with proper handling and care of the rifle, work reliably and trouble-free for a long time. However, as a result of contamination of mechanisms, wear of parts and careless handling of the rifle, as well as in case of malfunctioning cartridges, delays in firing can occur.
Eliminate the delay arising during shooting by reloading, for which quickly pull the frame back by the handle, release it and continue shooting. If the delay is not eliminated, then find out the cause of its occurrence and eliminate the delay, as indicated in Table 2.
table 2
| Malfunction name, external manifestation and additional symptoms | Probable cause | Elimination method |
| Failure to feed the cartridge, the bolt is in the forward position, but the shot did not happen - there is no cartridge in the chamber | 1. Contamination or malfunction of the store 2. Malfunction of the magazine latch | Replace magazine if delay repeats If the magazine catch is faulty, send the rifle to a repair shop |
| Sticking the cartridge. The cartridge buried a bullet in the breech section of the barrel, the moving parts stopped in the middle position | Curvature of the folds of the side walls of the store | While holding the frame handle, remove the buried cartridge and continue shooting. Replace magazine if delay repeats |
| Misfire. The bolt is in the forward position, the cartridge is in the chamber, the trigger is released - the shot did not occur | 1. Malfunction of the cartridge 2. Malfunction of the drummer or percussion trigger; contamination or solidification of the lubricant | Reload your rifle and keep shooting If the delay repeats, inspect and clean the striker and firing mechanism; if they are broken or worn out, send the rifle to the repair shop |
| Failure to remove the liner. The cartridge case is in the chamber, the next cartridge buried in it with a bullet, the moving parts stopped in the middle position | 1. Dirty cartridge or dirty chamber 2. Dirty or defective ejector or its spring | Take the frame back by the handle and, holding it in the rear position, separate the magazine and remove the buried cartridge. Use a bolt or a ramrod to remove the sleeve from the chamber Continue shooting. If the delay repeats, clean the chamber. Inspect and clean the ejector from dirt and continue shooting |
| Sticking or non-reflection of the liner. The sleeve was not thrown out of the receiver, but remained in it in front of the bolt or was sent back to the chamber by the bolt | 1. Contamination of rubbing parts, gas paths or chamber 2. Dirt or malfunction of the ejector Pull the frame back by the handle, discard the sleeve and continue shooting. If delay repeats, clean gas paths, friction parts and chamber | If the ejector fails, send the rifle to the repair shop. |
2.6. Disassembly and assembly of the rifle
2.6.1. Disassembly of a sniper rifle can be incomplete and complete: incomplete - for cleaning, lubricating and inspecting the rifle; full - for cleaning when the rifle is heavily soiled, after being in the rain or snow, when switching to a new lubricant and during repairs. Frequent disassembly of the rifle is not allowed, as this accelerates the wear of parts and mechanisms.
When disassembling and assembling the rifle, do not use excessive force and sharp blows.
When assembling. rifle, compare the numbers on its parts with the number on the receiver.
2.6.2. The order is not complete disassembly sniper rifle:
a) separate the store. Taking the magazine with your hand, press the magazine latch and, feeding the lower part of the magazine forward, separate it. After that, check if there is a cartridge in the chamber, for which lower the safety catch down, take the frame back by the handle, inspect the chamber and lower the handle;
b) separate the telescopic sight. Raising the handle of the clamping screw, turn it towards the eyecup until it stops, slide the sight back and separate it from the receiver;
c) separate the cheek. Turning the cheek lock latch down, remove the loop from the clip hook and separate the cheek;
d) separate the receiver cover with the return mechanism. Turning the lid cotter back before placing it on the cotter screw, lift it up back cover and separate the cover with a return mechanism;
e) separate the frame with the shutter. Pulling the frame with the bolt back to failure, lift it up and separate it from the receiver;
f) separate the bolt from the frame. Pulling the bolt back, turn it so that the leading protrusion of the bolt comes out of the shaped groove of the frame, and then bring the bolt forward;
g) separate the firing mechanism. Turning the flap up to a vertical position, slide it to the right and separate it from the receiver; grasping the bracket, move downward to separate the firing mechanism;
h) separate the barrel linings. Pressing the pin of the ring to the gas tube until the bend of the pin of the pin comes out of the cutout of the upper ring, turn the contactor clockwise until it stops; slide the top ring towards the muzzle; pushing the pad down and pulling it to the side, separate it from the barrel;
i) separate the gas piston and the pusher with the spring. Pulling the pusher back, remove its front end from the hole of the gas piston; separate the gas piston from the gas tube; having introduced the front end of the pusher into the gas tube, press the pusher spring until it comes out of the channel of the aiming pad, and then separate the pusher with the spring; separate the pusher spring from the pusher.
2.6.3. The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after incomplete disassembly:
a) attach the gas piston and pusher with a spring. Putting the pusher spring on the rear end of the pusher, insert the front end of the pusher into the gas pipe; pressing the spring, insert the rear end of the pusher together with the spring into the channel of the aiming pad; take the pusher back and take its front end out of the gas tube to the side; insert the gas piston into the gas pipe and the front end of the pusher into the piston hole;
b) attach the barrel pads. After inserting the rear end of the right (left) pad into the lower ring, press the pad down and fix it on the protrusions of the support ring; slide the upper ring onto the tips of the linings and turn the ring pin to the gas tube until the fold of the pin comes into the cutout on the ring;
c) attach the firing mechanism. With the cutouts in the firing mechanism body behind the stop pin, press the firing mechanism against the receiver; insert the axis of the shield into the hole of the receiver, and then turn the shield clockwise until the protrusion on the shield enters the lower recess of the receiver;
d) attach the shutter to the frame. After inserting the bolt into the hole in the frame, turn the bolt so that its leading protrusion enters the shaped groove of the frame; push the bolt forward until it stops;
e) attach the frame with the shutter. Insert the frame guides into the cutouts of the receiver and slide the frame forward;
f) attach the cover with a return mechanism. After introducing the return spring into the frame hole, insert the projections on the front end of the cover into the cutouts of the lower ring, press the rear end of the cover until it fully adheres to the receiver; turn the check of the cover forward until it is placed on the check stop;
g) attach the cheek. Putting the cheek on the butt with the lock to the right, put the loop on the clip hook and turn the latch up;
h) attach the optical sight. Aligning the grooves on the sight bracket with the protrusions on the left side of the receiver, push the sight forward until it stops and turn the handle of the clamping screw towards the lens until its bend enters the cutout on the bracket;
i) attach the store. After entering the front hook of the magazine into the receiver window, turn the magazine towards you so that the latch slips over the rear hook of the magazine.
2.6.4. The order of complete disassembly of a sniper rifle:
a) make an incomplete disassembly, guided by clause 2. 6. 2;
b) disassemble the store. Having sunk the protrusion of the striker plate into the hole on the cover of the store, slide the cover forward; holding the striker plate, remove the cover from the body; gradually freeing the spring, remove it together with the striker plate from the magazine body; separate the feeder;
c) disassemble the return mechanism. Remove the front return spring from the guide sleeve; squeeze the rear return spring and, holding on to the guide rod, pull it down and towards you from the hole of the earring; separate the rear return spring and the guide rod from the guide bush;
d) disassemble the shutter. Having pushed out the striker pin with a punch, remove the striker from the bolt hole; remove the ejector with a spring in the same way;
e) disassemble the firing mechanism (Fig. 13). Press the self-timer lever and disconnect the self-timer sear from the trigger, holding the trigger, pull the trigger and smoothly release the trigger from the cocking; remove the ends of the trigger spring from under the folds of the firing mechanism body; using a screwdriver, align the protrusions of the trigger, sear and self-timer axles with the cutouts for them on the right side of the trigger housing: pushing out the trigger, sear and self-timer axles, separate these parts; having pushed the hammer axis, separate the hammer from the mainspring, and then remove the mainspring;
f) separate the gas pipe from the gas regulator. Turning the regulator until the cutout on its front end is aligned with the latch of the gas tube, press the latch and, using the pencil case-key, unscrew the gas tube and remove the regulator from it.
2.6.5. The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after complete disassembly:
a) connect the gas pipe to the gas regulator. Putting the regulator on the gas pipe, press the latch of the gas pipe and screw the gas pipe using the key case until the cutout on the end of the pipe matches the latch; drowning the latch into the cutout of the tube, set the regulator to the required division;
b) assemble the firing mechanism. Insert the trigger with its spring into the body, insert the axle, align its protrusion with the cutout on the right side of the case and turn the axle with a screwdriver. Place the mainspring on the trigger pins and insert the trigger into the body.
Insert the sear into the body so that its tail goes over the loop of the long end of the mainspring; insert the axle; aligning its protrusion with the cutout on the right side of the case and turn the axle with a screwdriver. Insert the self-timer into the body so that its tail goes over the loop of the short end of the mainspring; insert the axle, aligning its protrusion with the cutout on the right side of the case and turn the axle with a screwdriver; insert the trigger shaft and put the ends of the trigger spring on the bends of the body;
c) assemble the shutter. Having inserted the ejector with a spring into the bolt seat, press the ejector and insert the ejector shaft, inserting the striker into the bolt hole, from the side of the driving lug insert the striker pin into the bolt hole and push it to the end;
Rice. 13. Trigger mechanism:
1- trigger housing 6B1. Sat. 4-1; 2- axis sear, hook and self-timer 6B1. 4-10; 3- trigger with pull rod 6B1. Sat. 4-4; 4- hook spring 6В1.4-13; 5- sear 6B1.4-9B; 6- self-timer 6В1 4-23; 7- trigger 6В1.4-6; 8- combat spring 6V1.4-7; 9- hammer axis 6В1.4-8; 10- magazine latch axis 6В1.4-16; 11- magazine latch 6В1.4-15; 12- magazine latch spring 6B1. 4-22.
d) Assemble the return mechanism. Insert the guide rod into the guide bush from the side of the large-diameter hole (flats first), put the return spring on the guide bush from the side of the rod and squeeze it so that the flattened end of the guide rod comes out from under the spring; while holding the guide rod in this position, insert it together with the spring and the bushing into the lower hole of the earring, and then along the edges of the flats, push the rod into the upper hole; release the spring - its end should go into the earring cup. Put the second return spring on the guide sleeve;
e) assemble the store. After inserting the feeder and the spring into the magazine body, squeeze the spring until the strike plate enters the body and, holding it in this position, put the magazine cover on the body so that the striking plate protrusion jumps into the cover hole;
f) carry out further assembly, guided by p.2.6.3.
2.7. Cleaning and lubrication
2.7.1. The rifle is cleaned:
when preparing for shooting;
after firing live and blank cartridges - immediately after the end of firing;
after the outfit and training in the field without shooting - upon returning from the outfit or training;
in a combat situation and during long exercises - every day during periods of quiet battle and during breaks in exercises;
if the rifle was not used, at least once a week.
2.7.2. Lubricate the rifle after cleaning. Apply the grease only to a well-cleaned and dry metal surface immediately after cleaning to avoid exposure of the metal to moisture.
2.7.3. To clean and lubricate the rifle, use:
liquid gun grease - for cleaning the rifle and lubricating its parts and mechanisms at an air temperature of plus 50 to minus 50 degrees C;
gun grease - for lubricating the barrel bore, rifle parts and mechanisms after cleaning; this grease is used at air temperatures above plus 5 degrees C;
RFS solution - for cleaning the bore and other parts of the rifle exposed to powder gases.
Note. The RFS solution is prepared in the unit in the following composition:
potable water - 1 liter;
ammonium carbonate - 200 g;
potassium dichromate (chromic peak) - 3-5 g.
The solution is prepared in the amount necessary for cleaning the weapon within one day. A small amount of RFS solution is allowed to be stored for no more than 7 days in glass vessels, sealed with a cork, in a dark place and away from heating devices.
Do not pour RFS solution into oilers!
rags or paper KV-22 - for wiping, cleaning and lubricating the rifle;
tow, cleared of wood, - only for cleaning the barrel bore.
2.7.4. Clean the rifle in the following order:
a) prepare materials for cleaning and lubrication;
b) disassemble the rifle;
c) prepare the accessory for use when cleaning;
d) clean the barrel bore.
To clean the barrel bore with liquid gun grease, put tow on the end of the wiper and lay the fibers of the tow along the wiper shaft; Pour some liquid gun grease over the tow. Insert the ramrod with rubbing and tow into the barrel bore and attach the case cover to the flame arrester. While holding the rifle, gently push the wiper with tow along the entire length of the barrel several times. Remove the cleaning rod, change the tow, saturate it with liquid gun grease and, in the same order, clean the barrel bore several times. After that, carefully wipe the barrel bore with clean dry tow and then with a clean rag.
Clean the barrel bore with RFS solution with a brush soaked in the solution; then wipe the barrel bore with tow. Continue cleaning with RFS solution until carbon deposits are completely removed. After cleaning the rifled part of the barrel bore, clean the chamber in the same manner; e) clean the gas chamber and gas pipe using a cleaning rod or a wooden stick wrapped in a rag soaked in liquid rifle grease or RFS solution; after cleaning, wipe dry the gas chamber and gas pipe; wipe again with a rag and inspect the barrel bore so that no scraps of tow, rags or other foreign objects remain in it;
f) clean the receiver, bolt carrier, bolt and gas piston with a rag soaked in liquid gun grease or RFS solution, then wipe it dry;
g) wipe the rest of the metal parts dry with a rag;
h) wipe the wooden parts with a dry cloth.
2.7.5. Lubricate the rifle in the following order:
a) lubricate the barrel bore with a wiper and a rag soaked in grease; lubricate the chamber;
b) lubricate all other metal parts and mechanisms of the rifle with an oiled rag;
c) apply a thin layer of grease, as excessive grease contributes to the contamination of parts and can cause delays in firing;
d) do not grease the wooden parts.
2.7.6. Assemble the rifle and check the operation of its parts and mechanisms.
2.7.7. Wipe the outside of the scope with a clean cloth. Remove the cap of the mesh lighting device and wipe the battery, housing and cap. If the surface of the objective lens and eyepiece is dirty, wipe them with a tissue. Lenses and glasses are not allowed to be wiped with a rag that was used to wipe other parts of the scope, lubricate and touch with your fingers.
It is forbidden to open the sight!
2.8. Storage and transportation rules
2.8.1. The rifle should always be kept unloaded, while the optical sight and magazine are separated, the bayonet-knife is removed, the trigger is released, the guard is on the fuse, the sight clip is set to the -П- division.
2.8.2. In the barracks and camp position, the rifle is stored in a pyramid; in a special compartment of the same pyramid, an optical sight in a case, magazines, a bag for a sight and magazines, a bayonet knife in a scabbard, a bag for spare parts, a belt for carrying small arms and accessories are stored. The scope and magazine bag, case and strap must be kept clean and dry.
2.8.3. When temporarily located in a building, the rifle is stored in a dry place away from doors, ovens and heaters. In a combat situation, keep the rifle with you, in your hands.
2.8.4. When driving to classes and on a hike, the rifle is carried on a belt. The strap must be adjusted so that the rifle does not hit hard items of equipment. The rifle is carried with a magazine attached. The rest of the stores are in the bag.
2.8.5. When traveling in cars or armored personnel carriers, hold the rifle between your knees vertically. When moving on tanks, hold the rifle in your hands, protecting it from hits against armor.
2.8.6. When transported by rail or water, the rifle is installed in a special pyramid. If the carriage or water transport is not equipped with pyramids, the rifle can be held in hand or placed on a shelf so that it cannot fall or get damaged.
2.8.7. To prevent swelling or bursting of the barrel, it is forbidden to plug the barrel bore with anything.
2.8.8. Protect the optical sight from falling, sharp blows and jolts, from moisture and dust penetration into the optical part; store the scope in a case in a dry, heated room; if the sight is on the rifle and shooting is not carried out, put on a cover on the sight. Carefully wipe the wet sight with a dry cloth, dry the covers. It is forbidden to keep the scope near stoves and fires.
55 years ago, the 7.62-mm sniper rifle E.F. Dragunov - SVD. A high-precision self-loading rifle, standardly equipped with an optical sight and capable of confidently firing at considerable distances, had a positive effect on the capabilities of rifle units. And the mass production of such and full-scale deliveries affected the combat effectiveness of the entire army as a whole. Despite its considerable age, the SVD does not even think about removing it from service. Moreover, the process of modernization of a very successful design continues, leading to the emergence of new samples.
At the time of its appearance, the SVD was the only self-loading rifle in the world with increased accuracy characteristics, originally equipped with an optical sight and intended for sniper shooting. In this regard, the SVD influenced not only the performance of the Soviet army, but also the development of small arms in foreign countries. Seeing the Soviet successes, they also began to develop their own direction of specialized weapons for the so-called. infantry snipers.
Sniper with a rifle of the SVD family. Photo of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
In the meantime, the domestic arms industry continued to develop the existing design in order to improve the main characteristics and gain new opportunities. As a result, over half a century of work, several rifles were created at once, some of which should be considered a modification of the SVD, while others can claim the title of an independent model. Consider the development paths of the basic design and the results of further design work.
OTs-03 / SVU
With all its positive features and advantages, the SVD rifle is quite large in size. The length of the product without a bayonet-knife exceeds 1.2 m, which can complicate its transportation. Such problems were especially evident in airborne troops... In this regard, back in the seventies, there was a proposal to create a special modification of the Dragunov rifle, characterized by reduced dimensions and greater ease of transportation.
The gunsmiths of the Tula Central Design and Research Bureau of Sports and Hunting Weapons (TsKIB SOO) offered their own version of the shortened SVD. They determined that a significant reduction in size was only possible with a bullpup layout. The new project with the working designation OTs-03 provided for the restructuring of the SVD using such a layout. The main tasks were successfully completed. When using a 520 mm barrel, the new rifle had a total length of only 900 mm.
A shortened rifle with automatic fire SVU-A. Photo Vitalykuzmin.net
However, at that time the project was not developed. They remembered him again only in 1990, when TsKIB SOO offered a shortened rifle to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Interior Ministry snipers have to work in urban environments, and in their case, the dimensions of the weapon are of particular importance. The Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the proposal, and soon the OTs-03 was put into service under the designation IED ("Shortened sniper rifle"). At the same time, the ministry demanded the creation of a modification of the weapon with the possibility of automatic fire. This is how the OTs-03A / SVU-A product appeared. Later, a standard folding bipod was installed on the rifle: this modification is known as the SVU-AS.
Despite the radically changed appearance, inside the OTs-03 / SVU rifle almost completely corresponds to the base SVD. Retained rifled barrel with gas outlet, gas engine, rotary shutter etc. Only the layout has changed. The control handle was moved under the modified forend, which is why the store was behind it. The transfer of the handle forced the designers to provide a thrust that transfers the force from the trigger to the firing mechanism of the existing design. The SVU-A rifle has a modified trigger. With a short pull of the trigger, it shoots in single, with a long one - in bursts. There is a special lever that limits the stroke of the hook and actually performs the functions of a fire translator.
An interesting innovation of the project was a special muzzle device that performs the functions muzzle brake and a flame arrester. Also, a recoil pad had to be installed on the back of the receiver. SVU-AS is equipped with a bracket for installing a standard folding bipod. To avoid stress on the barrel, the bracket is attached to the receiver.
The total length of all products of the OTs-03 family is 900 mm. The mass of the SVU-A rifle with a sight and an empty magazine is 4.4 kg. The bracket and bipod increase the weight of the SVU-AS by 1.1 kg. Due to the decrease in the length of the barrel, the aiming range is reduced to 800 m. In terms of accuracy and accuracy, the IED is similar to the basic SVD. The technical rate of fire of rifles with burst mode is 650 rounds per minute. At the same time, the effectiveness of automatic fire is limited by the small capacity of the magazine.
The OTs-03 rifle was developed for the Airborne Forces, but the Ministry of Internal Affairs became the starting customer. Such weapons were supplied to various special forces. Since a certain time, products of the IED family have been supplied to various structures of the Federal Security Service.
SIDS
In 1991, the Izhmash plant, which carried out the serial production of SVD rifles, developed a new version of the rifle for the landing. The design team headed by A.I. Nesterov did not apply fundamentally new solutions and managed with relatively simple modifications. The result of these works was named SVDS - "SVD folding".
Rifle SVDS. Photo Concern "Kalashnikov" / kalashnikov.com
The barrel length was reduced from the original 620 to 565 mm. The basic slotted flame arrester, which was distinguished by its long length, was replaced by a small-sized system with sufficient characteristics. Also, the SVDS project provided for the abandonment of a wooden or plastic butt of a skeletal structure. Instead, it was proposed to use a separate plastic pistol grip and a folding triangular buttstock. The latter was built on the basis of curved metal tubes equipped with a butt pad and a cheek piece. The new butt was folded by turning to the right and placed along the receiver.
The SVDS rifle in the firing position has a length of 1135 mm. With the stock folded, the length is reduced to 875 mm. At the same time, the mass of the weapon without sight and cartridges increased from the original 3.9 kg to 4.5 kg. Reducing the length of the barrel and the use of a new muzzle device did not have a significant effect on the fire characteristics of the weapon.
The SVDS folding sniper rifle entered service in the early nineties and is still being produced. The main customer of such weapons was the Russian army. There is information about the supply of rifles abroad.
SVDK
In the middle of the last decade, a new version of a serious revision of the original design appeared. As part of the "Cracker" theme, the Russian army initiated the development of a promising sniper rifle capable of hitting an enemy with effective personal protective equipment or a combat vehicle protected by armor. One of the main results of the "Cracker" program was the appearance of the SVDK rifle ("SVD large-caliber").
Large-caliber rifle SVDK. Photo Vitalykuzmin.net
A further increase in performance when using the standard cartridge 7.62x54 mm R was considered impossible, and therefore they began to build a new rifle for ammunition 9.3x64 mm 7N33. The latter was developed at the Central Research Institute of Tochmash on the basis of the 9.3x64 mm Brenneke hunting cartridge. Such a cartridge is equipped with a 16.5 g bullet; the SVDK rifle accelerates it to 770 m / s, which gives a muzzle energy of 4.9 kJ. At a distance of 100 m, penetration of 10 mm of armor is provided.
As part of the SVDK project, the existing rifle design was modified and strengthened. The barrel, bolt group and receiver had to be redone in accordance with the dimensions and energy performance of the new cartridge. At the same time, the main design features and operating principles remained the same. To reduce the loads on the main parts, a special casing was introduced into the design of the rifle, covering the rear of the barrel and tube of the gas engine. It is completely inside the plastic forend and takes the main load, freeing the barrel.
The SVDK project provides for the use of a folding stock based on the details of the SVDS product. The butt has been slightly modified taking into account the improvement of ergonomics and the growth of the main loads. It is possible to install a lightweight folding two-legged bipod. The rifle has its own sights, but the standard sight is the 1P70 "Hyperion" product with a variable magnification of 3-10x.
The length of a large-caliber sniper rifle is only 1250 mm with a 620-mm barrel. The product without sight and bipod weighs 6.5 kg. The aiming range is determined at 600 m. In terms of accuracy at short and medium distances, the SVDK is comparable to other rifles of the SVD family.
According to known data, the SVDK rifle has become the subject of several contracts for mass production. The first customer of such weapons was the Russian army. Later interest in large-caliber rifle showed the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. Serial rifles are used by various units, primarily special purpose.
SVDM
The newest variant of the Dragunov rifle development is the SVDM product presented by the Kalashnikov concern several years ago. In this modification of the rifle, several developments from previous projects are combined, and completely new solutions and components are introduced. Due to this, it is argued, SVDM surpasses its predecessors in some characteristics.
General view of the SVDM rifle. Photo Concern "Kalashnikov" / kalashnikov.com
First of all, the new SVDM differs from the basic SVD in a barrel shortened to 550 mm, having thicker walls. This refinement made it possible to improve the ergonomics of the weapon while maintaining or increasing the technical and combat characteristics. The barrel is equipped with a compact muzzle device. The automatics and the trigger mechanism remained unchanged. At the same time, the receiver was slightly modified. Its cover has received a long longitudinal Picatinny rail, allowing the use of various compatible sights. The standard sight of the SVDM rifle is the 1P88-4 product. The rifle's own open sight has a simplified design.
The rifle is equipped with a folding metal stock, which is a modified version of the stock for SVDS. It is also possible to use butts of a different design. In front of the plastic forend there is a knot for installing a folding bipod.
SDVM in the hands of the shooter. Photo Arms-expo.ru
The total length of the SVDM in the firing position is 1155 mm, folded - 875 mm. Weapon weight without cartridges and sight - 5.3 kg. Technical and combat characteristics, in general, do not change, although the weighted barrel made it possible to increase the accuracy of fire.
The many faces of SVD
It should be noted that only the main modifications of the sniper rifle by E.F. Dragunov, developed in the interests of the domestic military and security forces. At the same time, one should not forget that there are other types of weapons for one purpose or another based on the good old SVD.
First of all, you should remember domestic series self-loading hunting carbines "Tiger", intended for the civilian market. In fact, this weapon is a slightly modified SVD, adapted for solving non-military tasks. It is curious that it was in this line that a modification of the Dragunov rifle chambered for 9.3x64 mm first appeared. Subsequently, the developments on the "Tiger 9" product were used to create the SVDK rifle for the army. The Tiger series clearly demonstrated the broad prospects of a successful design, originally developed for combat use.
At the end of the seventies, China began to produce its version of the Dragunov rifle called "Type 79". Subsequently, Chinese gunsmiths have developed several own projects upgrading this weapon. To date, NORINCO has introduced the NSG-85 civilian carbine to the market, which can be considered a direct analogue of the Russian "Tiger".
SVD in basic configuration. Photo Concern "Kalashnikov" / kalashnikov.com
Also, SVD rifles were produced in Iraq under the name Al Kadesiah, in Iran (Nakhjir 3) and in Poland (SWD). In need of updating the material part, these countries not only produced weapons in the basic configuration, but also independently carried out their modernization.
Waiting for the future
Currently, the SVD sniper rifle is in service with almost four dozen armies around the world. More importantly, it still remains the main and most massive weapon of its class in the Russian armed forces. Despite the known shortcomings and complaints, this product still meets the requirements and is able to meet the assigned tasks. Thus, the existing situation will persist for a long time, and the SVD will not go to rest very soon.
However, already now in our country attempts are being made to create a fundamentally new rifle for infantry snipers, capable of replacing the existing SVD. Certain successes have been achieved, but it is still far from complete rearmament. Perhaps, in the future, new samples will nevertheless take the place of the E.F. Dragunov, but this should not be expected in the near future. Moreover, it can be assumed that by the time such weapons are abandoned in favor of newer models, domestic and foreign industries will be able to create new modifications that have certain advantages over their predecessors. And this, in turn, will continue the long history of the entire SVD family.
Based on materials from sites:
https://kalashnikov.com/
http://modernfirearms.net/
http://arms-expo.ru/
http://guns.com/
http://kalashnikov.ru/
https://ria.ru/
The Dragunov sniper rifle has been in service with our country since 1963 and is the second most popular sniper rifle in the world after the ones created on the basis of the American Remington 700.
Excellent technical characteristics even today, recognizable appearance and original sound of the shot made the SVD popular among civilians. She is present in games, books, many stories about her accuracy and penetrating power, often with a grain of fiction.
History of creation
In the 50s, the rearmament of the USSR army took place, in connection with which a modern self-loading sniper rifle was required, firing single shots.
E.F. Dragunov, who has been working since 1945 as a senior gunsmith, and is known for the creation of his sports firearms, in 1962 he began to design his rifle. In parallel, development was carried out by A. Konstantinov, both designers completed their projects at about the same time, Dragunov's weapon proved to be more accurate in tests and demonstrated greater accuracy of fire.
In 1963, the rifle, called the SVD, was adopted by the Soviet army.
Peculiarities
The future rifle was supposed to fulfill only certain goals and versatility was not required from it, but the goals were not easily achievable. High reliability was required, implying increased clearances between moving parts, while high accuracy implied the most rigid structure with minimal clearances.
Also, heavy weapons have better stability and show higher accuracy when firing, but a light rifle was required.
When creating the Dragunov, he used a bolt design that he used in sports weapons. The barrel bore was closed by a bolt that rotated counterclockwise and had two lugs, plus it used a cartridge rammer as a third. Such a scheme of work makes the area of the combat stops no longer changing the dimensions of the bolt itself, which has a positive effect on the accuracy of fire.
The safety catch not only blocks the trigger, but also locks the bolt carrier, preventing it from moving back. The only firing mode is single. The barrel has a flame arrester that protects the barrel from contamination and conceals shooting at night.
The store contains 10 cartridges of 7.62x54R caliber, ordinary, tracer, armor-piercing igniting rifle cartridges, sniper 7N1 and 7N14 cartridges, cartridges with expansive bullets JSP and JHP are used.
Technical characteristics, accuracy and accuracy
Thanks to self-loading, produced using the energy of powder gases, the SVD has a good combat rate of fire - up to 30 rounds per minute.
The PSO-1 sight is used, which provides shooting at a range of up to 1300 meters, however, such shooting does not differ in accuracy and makes sense only as a distraction or in the presence of group targets.
The rifling in the barrel, when put into service, was in steps of 320 mm, later the step was reduced to 240 mm, due to which the dispersion of armor-piercing incendiary bullets decreased, but the dispersion of others increased from 8 to 10 cm when firing at a distance of 100 meters.
It is possible to use a specially designed sniper cartridge, which includes a bullet with a steel core, which increases the accuracy by 2.5 times.
According to the standards, the range of a direct shot at a target with a height of 30 centimeters is 350 meters, at a target with a height of 50 centimeters - 430 meters, at a moving target with the speed of a running person with a height of 150 centimeters - 640 meters.
Excellent tactical and technical characteristics allow experienced shooters to hit helicopters and airplanes flying at low speed. In 1989, the Cessna A-37B jet attack aircraft was shot down; cases of the defeat of the RQ-11 Raven reconnaissance drones are also known.
SIDS
In 1991, the rifle underwent modernization, having received a shortened barrel, an improved flame arrester together with a gas outlet, a butt folding to the right and a new PSO-1M2 sight.
The modernization was caused by the need to reduce the length of the original weapon, which made it inconvenient to transport it inside military equipment.
SVDK
In 2006, a large-caliber 6В9 modification appeared, designed to destroy targets protected by body armor, inside light vehicles or behind cover.
A 9.3 × 64 mm 7N33 cartridge is used, whose bullet has an energy of about 4900 J, which allows with a probability of 80% at a distance of 100 meters to penetrate 1 centimeter thick armor.
Created on the basis of the SVD, however, many nodes have undergone changes in order to adapt the weapon to the use of a powerful cartridge.
The barrel is partially covered with a perforated steel casing, designed to reduce the load on the forend and bipod. The stock and pistol grip are similar to those used on the SVDS, but the back of the rubber stock is significantly increased due to the increased recoil when firing. A replaceable flame arrester is installed.
Aiming is carried out using the 1P70 Hyperon sight, accuracy when firing at a distance of 300 meters is at the level of 18 centimeters.
IED
The shortened sniper rifle appeared in the 90s and is used as a sniper weapon used in urban settings. Created on the basis of SVD, but with a bullpup layout, providing for the release of the trigger in front of the magazine and the percussion mechanism.
There is a muffler on the barrel that lowers the sound of the shot by 10% relative to the SVD and scatters it to make it impossible to determine the position of the sniper, and also suppresses the muzzle flame.
It is capable of conducting automatic fire in bursts, but this mode is used only in emergency situations due to the high recoil and a small store.
conclusions
Despite its impressive age, the rifle remains relevant even today. The successful design makes it an ergonomic and balanced weapon, from which aimed shooting is carried out with convenience, and the rate of fire, reaching 30 rounds per minute, sets it apart from ordinary sniper rifles.
The 7.62 caliber SVD was developed in 1958-1963 by Soviet designers under the leadership of EF Dragunov. It is a self-loading weapon, its automation is based on the use of the energy of powder gases diverted to the gas piston from the barrel.
Snipers are specially trained shooters who are fluent in the art of camouflage, observation and marksmanship; know how to hit targets from the first shot. Officially, the first snipers appeared in the British army during the First World War. The main task of such fighters is to destroy important moving, open, camouflaged and emerging single targets. These can be enemy snipers, observers, officers, messengers, etc. The shooter is armed with a rifle equipped with a special sight. For shooting, he chooses and equips a hidden position. During the Second World War, all participants in the armed conflict widely deployed the training of snipers, for this purpose special schools were created, training camps and courses were held. In the USSR, the mass mastery of this art was called the sniper movement. In addition, this concept has become a household name, as a result, they began to be called well-aimed shooters of aviation, artillery and tank troops.
Sniper rifles are equipped with optical sights that improve aiming accuracy and ensure good observation in all conditions. For firing at night, an optical reticle is installed or switched on on the weapon. Until the beginning of the 60s of the last century, the Soviet Army did not have specialized sniper rifles, but used Mosin carbines of the 1891/30 model. However, the methods of warfare changed, and the experience of past local conflicts set a number of requirements for the sniper case. So, it came new stage in the development of this type of weapon. Now, all elements were developed and manufactured according to special orders, from the cartridge and the telescopic sight to the rifle.
In 1958, the USSR Ministry of Defense issued a tactical and technical assignment for the development of a self-loading 7.62 caliber sniper weapon. The main competitors in this competition were the Izhevsk designer Dragunov E.F. and the Kovrovsky designer Konstantinov A.S., in addition, Simonov S.G. and the design team of Kalashnikov M.T. the first to "meet" the stringent requirements of the military, after which a modified SSV-61 model appeared. After carrying out comparative tests of prototypes, Konstantinov and Dragunov made a decision to adopt the Dragunov project. Thus, the SVD, a rifle whose characteristics met all the requirements set, entered the troops already in 1963, under the index 6B1.
With the world on a string ...
The development of ammunition for the new rifle was carried out by employees of the research institute No. 61 Sabelnikov V.M., Sazonov P.F. and Dvoryaninov V.N.This cartridge with a bullet having a steel core was adopted four years after the rifle itself ( in 1967) and received the index 7Н1. Soviet engineers I. and Glyzov L.A. were responsible for the development of the PSO-1 optical sight. The technology for the production of a high-precision barrel for this rifle was developed by I.A. automatic equipment with discharge of powder gases from the barrel through a side hole, locking the channel by turning the bolt and double-acting non-automatic flag safety device. In addition, the hammer percussion mechanism has a similar mainspring shape. There is no doubt that some elements were borrowed from the AK, however, the SVD rifle is not a copy of an assault rifle, it is an independent system, and the features of this weapon, which we present below, serve as proof of this.
Interesting differences of the Dragunov rifle associated with "sniper" "tasks
Let's take a look at the differences that make these weapons a stand-alone system. The SVD rifle has a bolt carrier that is not combined with a gas piston, which (like the pusher) is made as a separate part with its own return spring. They borrow starting position after dropping the frame. The movement of the automation is decomposed into successive movements of individual parts. Accordingly, this leads to an increase in the response time of the mechanism and a decrease in the total mass of the jointly moving parts. This principle increases the smooth operation of the automation and smoothes the impulse load. In addition, the gas outlet unit has a gas regulator, which is necessary to adapt the self-loading mechanism to work in difficult operating conditions.
Shutter mechanism
The SVD rifle is equipped with a bolt-action device that has three symmetrical lugs. This makes the locking process more reliable and also reduces the angle of rotation of the mechanism. The recharging handle is located with right side and is made as a whole with the bolt frame. The combination of this massive design with a lightweight bolt can provide very reliable performance.
Trigger mechanism
USM of this sniper rifle is assembled in a separate case, it is able to provide only single fire. An original feature of the mechanism under consideration is the use of the trigger (in addition to its main function) in the role of a sear and trigger uncoupler. The non-automatic flag safety lock, when on, blocks the thrust and the trigger, and also overlaps the cutout at the receiver.
Stock and stock SVD
The SVD rifle has a characteristic cutout in the buttstock, which forms a pistol grip with its front edge. The frame shape allows you to hold the weapon with your left hand, while firing from a stop. On the butt you can attach a non-adjustable removable "cheek" and butt pad. The forend is formed by two symmetrical barrel pads, which have slots for better rifle cooling. The pads are equipped with a spring-loaded mount, so that the pivot point of the stock is on the axis of the barrel. As a result, the force created by the hand supporting the rifle does not affect the shooting results. In addition, when the barrel is lengthened, caused by its heating during firing, the fore-end moves slightly forward; since the engagement conditions do not change, the so-called midpoint of impact does not shift. Since the beginning of its existence, the SVD (the photos given in this article demonstrate the weapon we are considering) has undergone several stages of modernization. As a result, the wooden stock and forend were replaced with a glued plywood board, and the modern version is produced with a plastic stock and black glass-filled polyamide pads. Thanks to these changes, the weight of the SVD has decreased.
Ammunition
As mentioned earlier, the SVD caliber is 7.62x53. The rifle is powered from a two-row metal box-shaped detachable clip of a sector shape, the capacity of which is ten rounds. The designers provided for the location of the store in such a way that the center of gravity of the weapon was located above it. As a result, the consumption of cartridges has practically no effect on the balance of the rifle, and therefore on the displacement of the midpoint of hits. For firing from Dragunov's sniper rifle, in addition to the special cartridge 7N1, they also use the 57-N-223 rifle cartridge with a light bullet, 7T2 with and 7B3 with an armor-piercing incendiary charge, etc.
Optical instruments
SVD PSO-1 has a fourfold magnification in the field. It is equipped with a retractable protective hood and a rubber eyecup. The reticle has a main square, designed for shooting at a distance of up to one kilometer, as well as additional ones - for 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 km - and a side correction scale. In addition, PSO-1 provides a rangefinder scale, when using which the aiming range of the SVD provides an accuracy of up to 50 m on a target with a height of 1.7 m (a human figure in full growth). the case. A luminescent plate is introduced into the field of view of the optics, which makes it possible to detect sources of infrared radiation. As an auxiliary, a mechanical device is used - a sector sight designed for a range of up to 1.2 km, as well as an adjustable front sight. The PSO-1 optics served as the basis for the creation of a whole family of sights, including the PSO-1 M2. The aiming range of the SVD with this model is in the range from 0.1 to 1.3 km. In 1989, new devices 1P21 appeared. This SVD optics has a variable magnification from 3 to 9, its field of view is 6 ° 11 "- 2 ° 23", respectively. In addition, the device allows you to use the illumination of the reticle with the ability to adjust the brightness.
SVD rifle: weapon characteristics
The total length of the weapon without a bayonet is 1225 mm, and the barrel length is 620 mm. Weight with loaded magazine and telescopic sight - 4.52 kg. Cartridge - 7.62x53. The muzzle velocity is 830 m / s. Combat rate of fire - 30 rounds per minute (a pretty good result, considering only the single mode of fire for the SVD rifle). The firing range with an optical sight is 1300 meters, and with mechanical device- 1200 meters. Magazine capacity - 10 rounds.
Principle of operation
Weapon automatics operate on the principle of using the discharge of combustible powder gases through a special hole in the barrel bore. Locking is carried out by turning the bolt mechanism counterclockwise. The main difference from the Kalashnikov scheme is that the cartridge rammer is also used as an additional combat stop (the third in a row). This made it possible, without changing the transverse dimensions of the shutter and the angle of rotation, to increase the area of the lugs by about one and a half times. As a result, three pivot points provide a very stable position of the mechanism, which could not but affect the increase in the accuracy of fire. When firing, part of the powder gases that follow the bullet rushes through the gas outlet channel in the barrel wall into the gas chamber and presses on the front wall of the piston. As a result, the piston, together with the pusher and the bolt carrier, are thrown into the rear position.
At this moment, the barrel bore opens, the bolt removes the sleeve from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver. After that, the bolt carrier compresses the return spring and cocks the hammer, that is, sets the automatic release cocking. Further, under the action of the return mechanism, all structural elements return to their original forward position. In this case, the bolt sends the next cartridge from the clip into the chamber and locks the barrel bore, the bolt carrier removes the self-timer sear from the trigger cocking and puts it on a combat platoon. The barrel bore is locked with the bolt by turning it to the left and placing the lugs in the cutouts of the receiver.
In order to fire the next shot, release and press the trigger again. After its release, the thrust moves to the forward position and, with its hook, jumps over the sear. When the hook is pressed, the hook turns the sear, thereby separating it and the cocking of the trigger. The latter, under the action of the mainspring, turns on its axis and hits the drummer, which moves to the forward position and pierces the primer. The cartridge's powder mixture is ignited and a shot is fired. When the last shot is fired, the bolt moves back, and the clip feeder raises the bolt stop up. It rests and the frame stops in the rear position. This serves as a signal to the shooter to reload the weapon.
Usage concept
For hand-to-hand combat, a standard-type bayonet-knife (6X4) can be attached to the SVD. Although this attribute on a sniper rifle is very rare and hardly necessary. And nevertheless, one should not forget that this weapon was created as equipment for small sabotage units, and this obliged to provide for its use even in close combat.
In general, the design of the SVD, the characteristics of which turned out to be quite impressive, was a very good compromise between the general combat and sniper requirements. In addition, it should be noted that this rifle became the first army weapon, in the design of which features were clearly manifested. sports equipment... For the 60-70s of the last century, the SVD had a very high accuracy. Experience suggested that with the help of this sniper rifle, it was possible to hit subtle targets at a distance of up to 800 meters. The SVD range for a target of the "chest figure" type (50x50 cm) reaches 600 meters, and for the "head figure" (25x30 cm) - 300 meters.
Combat glory
This sniper rifle gained quite high popularity during the military conflicts in Afghanistan and Chechnya. This is due to the high power of the SVD, the characteristics of which made it possible to conduct accurate fire in mountainous conditions. It can be noted that no type of combat is complete without the active participation of snipers, therefore this type of weapon has been and will always be in demand.
To date, various modifications of the SVD are in service with the armies of more than a dozen countries. Various versions were produced in China, Iraq, Romania. In addition, in the fate of the model we are considering, the mutual influence of sniper, hunting and sporting weapons... After all, constructed using experience shooting sports The SVD rifle had a serious impact and served as the basis for the creation of a series of hunting carbines such as "Bear", "Tiger" and OTs-18.
SVD sniper rifle: price
Novice hunters are often interested in whether they can purchase, in particular, an SVD rifle, as a hunting one. However, the law of the Russian Federation prohibits the sale of SVDs to private ownership. And nevertheless, there is a way out: the Izhevsk plant is revising the original combat copies of the Dragunov rifle, taken from conservation. As a result, anyone can purchase this copy, produced in accordance with the requirements of the criminologists of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation according to the restrictions imposed on the circulation of service and civilian weapons. However, we will immediately reassure the reader - these changes in no way affect the operation and technical characteristics of this rifle. The prefix KO is added to its name, which means "hunting carbine". The cost of KO SVD is 62 thousand rubles. If the hunter is not scared away high price, then he will receive a reliable, powerful, time-tested excellent weapon that will serve him faithfully for more than a year.
Finally
The Dragunov sniper rifle has established itself as a powerful and reliable weapon, remaining the best combined-arms model for many years. However, the change, complication and expansion of military tasks solved by a sniper in modern conflicts required the development of new shooting systems with significantly better firing accuracy, as well as a sight with a greater brevity of magnification. In fact, the SVD was not a sniper rifle in the modern sense of this term, its main task was to increase the effective range of fire for soldiers of motorized rifle squads (up to 600 meters in total). And also she was called upon to provide the necessary fire support (to suppress firing points). In this regard, the SVD is not obliged to have the range and accuracy of modern sniper weapons. Therefore, despite the adoption of new rifle systems of greater power, the military is in no hurry to abandon the classics tested in battles. So, special forces receive sniper rifles chambered for 8.61 mm, and motorized rifle units continue to use SVD.
SVD sniper rifle with wooden stock and forend, optical sight PSO-1
SVDM sniper rifle with plastic stock and forend, optical sight PSO-1
| Tactical technical SVD characteristics
Caliber.................................................. ..................... 7.62 mm |
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Until the early 1960s, the 7.62-mm magazine sniper rifle mod. 1891/30 Meanwhile, qualitative changes in military affairs and the experience of local wars set a number of new requirements for sniper weapons. A new stage in the development of sniper rifles has come - now all elements of the "weapon-cartridge-sight" complex have been specially developed and manufactured. In 1958, the Main Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense issued a tactical and technical assignment for the development of a 7.62-mm self-loading sniper rifle. The main competitors were the Izhevsk designer EF Dragunov and the Kovrovsky AS Konstantinov, their samples were also presented by SG Simonov and the design team of MT Kalashnikov. Introduced by Dragunov in 1959, the experimental SSV-58 rifle was the first to meet the strict accuracy requirements of the military, then a modified version of the SSV-61 appeared. After lengthy comparative tests of the Dragunov and Konstantinov samples, in 1963 the “7.62-mm Dragunov sniper rifle” (SVD, index 6В1) was adopted.
The development of the 7.62-mm sniper cartridge was carried out at the Research Institute-61 by V.M.Sabelnikov, P.F.Sazonov and V.N.Dvoryaninov. The cartridge was put into service later than the rifle itself - in 1967 - and received the 7N1 index. The PSO-1 optical sight was developed by A.I. Ovchinnikov and L.A. Glyzov.
The technology of manufacturing a high-precision rifle barrel was worked out by IA Samoilov. The similarity of the SVD system with the AK assault rifle is often mentioned, namely: automatics with a gas engine with the removal of powder gases through a side hole in the wall of the barrel; locking by turning the shutter, moving the sleeve when unlocking the shutter, a similar shape of the shutter; hammer-type percussion mechanism with the same shape of the mainspring; flag non-automatic double-acting safety device. But much more interesting are the differences between the SVD, associated with "sniper" "tasks and making it an independent system. The SVD bolt carrier is not combined with a gas piston - the piston and the pusher are made as separate parts with their own return spring and return to the front position after the frame is thrown back ("short piston stroke"). The movement of the automation is "decomposed" into successive movements of individual parts and stretches in time, decreases total weight jointly moving parts. All this increases the smoothness of the automation, smoothes impulse loads. The gas outlet unit is equipped with a gas regulator to adapt the automation to work in difficult operating conditions.
The SVD bolt has three symmetrically located lugs, which makes the locking more reliable and reduces the angle of rotation of the bolt. The reloading handle is located on the right and is made integral with the bolt carrier. The combination of a relatively massive bolt carrier with a light bolt ensures reliable operation of the locking unit. The receiver is milled. A slotted flash suppressor is attached to the muzzle of the barrel.
The trigger provides only single fire and is assembled in a separate body. An original feature is the use of the trigger as a trigger release sear. The checkbox non-automatic fuse, when turned on, blocks the trigger and thrust and overlaps the cutout of the receiver.
The SVD stock is split. The notch in the butt and its front edge form the pistol grip. The frame shape of the stock allows you to hold the rifle with your left hand when firing from a stop. A removable "cheek" is attached to the butt. The "cheek" and the back of the butt are not adjustable. The fore-end is formed by two symmetrical barrels with slots for better and, moreover, symmetrical barrel cooling. The pads are spring-loaded on the barrel, so that the fore-end support point is on the axis of the barrel bore, and the force from the supporting hand does not affect the shooting results. In addition, when, when the barrel is lengthened (caused by its heating), the fore-end moves forward, the conditions for fixing it do not change, and there is no displacement of the midpoint of hits. In the production process, in the manufacture of the butt, the wood was replaced by pressed plywood board, and in the manufacture of overlays - with veneer. Then the rifle received a plastic stock and forend made of glass-filled polyamide in black.
Food - from a two-row metal detachable box magazine with a sector shape with a capacity of 10 rounds. The center of gravity of the loaded rifle is located above the magazine, and the consumption of cartridges has little effect on the balance of the weapon, and therefore on the shift of the midpoint of hits. For firing, in addition to the 7N1 sniper cartridge (with a SI bullet and tighter manufacturing tolerances), rifle cartridges 57-N-223 with a light ordinary bullet (LPS), 7T2 with a tracer bullet (T-46) are also used. 7BZ with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet (B-32), etc.
The PSO-1 optical sight (index 1P43) has a magnification factor of 4x, a field of view of 6% is equipped with a rubber eyecup and a retractable protective hood. The aiming reticle includes the main square for shooting at a range of up to 1000 m.Additional for ranges of 1100, 1200 and 1300 m. A lateral correction scale, as well as a rangefinder scale for determining the range for a visible target 1.7 m high (average height of a person) with an accuracy of up to 50m .. The grid illumination device is powered by a battery inserted into the case. A special luminescent plate is introduced into the sight's field of view, which allows detecting sources of infrared radiation.
As auxiliary, mechanical sights are used - a sector sight, notched at a distance of up to 1200 m, and an adjustable front sight with a safety lock.
The PSO-1 sight served as the basis for a whole family of optical sights, including the PSO-1 M2. The aiming scales PSO-1 M2 are designed for firing at ranges from 100 to 1300 m. The sight weight is 0.58 kg, the magnification is 4x, the field of view is 6 °.
In 1989, the 1P21 sight with a mass of 1.25 kg appeared (the theme of the development work "Minut", it is also the "sniper pancratic sight" PSP-1). The sight differs in variable magnification from 3x to 9x, its field of view is 6 ° 11 "- 2 ° 23", respectively. Illumination of the grid with adjustable brightness is possible. The sight can be used on SVD.
For hand-to-hand combat, a standard 6X4 bayonet-knife can be attached to the rifle, although a bayonet on a sniper rifle is an attribute rare and hardly necessary. However, it should be noted that the SVD was created as a sniper weapon for small units, and this required to provide for its use in close combat.
The design of the SVD as a whole was a fairly good compromise between "sniper" and "general combat" requirements. It is also worth noting that the SVD was one of the first "army" rifles, in the design of which "sporting" features were clearly manifested. For the 60-70s of the XX century, the SVD had good accuracy. Experience has shown that the SVD can hit small targets at ranges up to 800 m. On the target, the "chest figure" (500x500 mm), the SVD works reliably up to 600 m, the "head figure" (250x300 mm) - up to 300 m.
The SVD gained high popularity during the hostilities in Afghanistan and Chechnya - its relatively high power turned out to be very useful in mountainous conditions. Almost no type of battle could do without the active participation of snipers, the SVD with minor design changes is in service with the armies of another fifteen countries. Its variants were produced, ”for example, in Romania, China, Iraq.
The fate of the SVD manifested itself in the mutual influence of sports, sniper and hunting weapons. Created with the use of "sporting" experience, the SVD rifle, in turn, served as the basis for hunting carbines - Izhevsk series "Bear" (no longer produced) and "Tiger" and Tula OTs-18.
SVD has established itself as a reliable and powerful weapon, remaining for many years the best combined arms sniper rifle. However, the expansion and complication of the tasks solved by snipers in modern military conflicts demanded to supplement the SVD with a rifle with a significantly improved accuracy of fire and a sight with a higher magnification.