The muscular system of the nose is formed following muscles - nasal muscle, muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.

but) Outer, or transverse part, bends around the wing of the nose, expands somewhat and at the midline passes into a tendon, which connects here with the tendon of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's see the picture:

b) Inner, or wing, attaches to the posterior end of the nasal wing cartilage. The wing portion lowers the wing of the nose.

Figure 7. Transverse and wing parts of the nasal muscle.

Muscle lowering the septum of the nose, most often it is part of the wing of the nose. This muscle lowers the septum of the nose and lowers down the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Figure 8. Muscle lowering the septum of the nose.

Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in conjunction with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and attaches to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.

Figure 10. Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Muscles of the cheekbones

In the area of the cheekbones there are small and large zygomatic muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid upper attachment point - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscle of the mouth.

Small zygomatic muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and attaches to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth, and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as with the contraction of the zygomaticus major muscle.

Figure 11. Small zygomatic muscle

Big zygomatic muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It attaches simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The large zygomatic muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.

Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle

Buccal muscle

The cheek muscle has a quadrangular shape and is the muscle base of our cheeks. It is located symmetrically on both sides of the face. By contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle - "the trumpet muscle", rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and focus of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The facial muscles are the muscles of the face. Their specificity lies in the fact that they are attached to the bones at one end, and to the skin or other muscles at the other. Each muscle is clothed in a fascia - a connective sheath (thin capsule) that all muscles have. What fascia, every housewife can imagine - when cutting meat, we get rid of white films, which, due to their density, worsen its soft consistency. In a relationship facial muscles of the face, in comparison with the muscles of the body, these membranes are so transparent and thin that from the point of view of classical anatomy it is believed that the facial muscles of the fascia do not. In any case, the surface of each muscle fiber on the face has a denser structure than its interior... These connective tissue membranes are woven into the structure of the entire fascial system of the body (through the aponeuroses).

It is the contractions of the facial muscles that give our face a variety of expressions, as a result of which the skin of the face shifts and our face takes on one or another expression.

Muscles of the cranial vault

A large percentage of the muscles of the cranial vault are complex in structure supracranial muscle, which covers the main part of the skull and has a rather complex muscular structure. The cranial muscle consists of tendinous and muscular parts, while the muscle part, in turn, is represented by the whole structure of the muscles. The tendon portion is formed from connective tissue, so it is very strong and virtually indestructible. There is a tendon part in order to maximally stretch the muscle part in the areas of its attachment to the bones.

Schematically, supracranial muscle can be represented as the following diagram:

The tendon part is very extensive and is also called the tendon helmet or supracranial aponeurosis. The muscular part consists of three separate muscular abdomen:
1) frontal abdomen located under the skin on the forehead. This muscle consists of vertically running bundles that start above the frontal tubercles, and, heading down, are woven into the skin of the forehead at the level of the brow ridges.

2) occipital abdomen formed by short muscle bundles. These muscle bundles originate in the region of the highest nuchal line, then rise up and are woven into the posterior sections of the tendon helmet. In some sources, the frontal and occipital abdomen are combined into frontal-occipital muscle.

Figure 1. Frontal, occipital abdomen. Tendon helmet.

3) lateral abdomen is located on the lateral surface of the skull and is poorly developed, being the remnant of the ear muscles. It is divided into three small muscles, suitable for the auricle in front:

Lateral abdomen:

Anterior ear muscle displaces the auricle forward and upward.
Upper ear muscle shifts the auricle upward, pulls on the tendon helmet. A bundle of fibers of the upper ear muscle, which intertwined in a tendon helmet, called temporoparietal muscle ... Front and upper muscles covered with temporal fascia, so their image in anatomy textbooks is often difficult to find.
Posterior ear muscles but pulls the auricle back.

Figure 2. Lateral abdomen: anterior, superior, posterior ear muscles

Muscles of the circumference of the eye

The muscles around the eye are made up of three main muscles: muscle wrinkling the eyebrow,muscles of the proud and the circular muscle of the eye.

Eyebrow puckering muscle, starts from the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, then goes up and attaches to the skin of the eyebrows. The action of the muscle is to bring the eyebrows to the midline, forming vertical folds around the bridge of the nose.

Figure 3. Eyebrow puckering muscle.

Muscle of the proud (pyramidal muscle)- originates from the nasal bone on the dorsum of the nose and is attached to the skin at the other end. During the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse folds form at the root of the nose.

Figure 4. Muscle of the proud

The orbicularis muscle of the eye is divided into three parts:

Orbital, which starts from the frontal process of the upper jaw, and follows along the upper and lower edges of the orbit, forming a ring of muscle;
The age-old- it is a continuation of the circular muscle and is located under the skin of the eyelid; has two parts - upper and lower. They begin at the medial ligament of the eyelids - the upper and lower edges and go to the lateral corner of the eye, where they attach to the lateral (lateral) ligament of the eyelids.
Tearful- starting from the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone, it is divided into 2 parts. They cover the lacrimal sac in front and behind and are lost among the muscle bundles of the peripheral part. The peripheral part of this part narrows the palpebral fissure, and also smoothes the transverse folds of the forehead skin; the inner part closes the palpebral fissure; the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac.

Figure 5. The orbicular muscle of the eye

Circular muscle of the mouth

The circular muscle of the mouth has the form of a flat muscle plate, in which two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscle bundles are very tightly adhered to the skin. The deep layer muscle fibers run radially towards the center of the mouth.

Figure 6. The orbicular muscle of the mouth

The superficial layer consists of two arcuate bundles that surround the border of the lips and are repeatedly intertwined with other muscles that fit the mouth. That is, in the corners of our mouth, in addition to the fibers of the circular muscles of the lip themselves, muscle fibers of the triangular and buccal muscles are also woven. This is very important for understanding the biomechanics of aging in the lower part of the face in the section "Spasm of the facial muscles".

The main function of the circular muscle of the mouth is to narrow the mouth and extend the lips.

Muscular system nose

The muscular system of the nose is formed by the following muscles - the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and the wing of the nose.

Nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.

b) Inner, or wing, attaches to the posterior end of the nasal wing cartilage. The wing portion lowers the wing of the nose.>

Figure 7. The transverse and wing parts of the nasal muscle.

Figure 8. Muscle lowering the septum of the nose.

Figure 10. Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Muscles of the cheekbones

In the area of the cheekbones, there are the small and large zygomatic muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid upper attachment point - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscle of the mouth.

Figure 11. Small zygomatic muscle

Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle

Buccal muscle

The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with the other, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the mouth. The surface of the buccal muscle from the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of adipose and connective tissue.

Figure 13. Buccal muscle

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth (triangle muscle)

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth is located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - Triangle muscle. The wide base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.
The action of this muscle is directly opposite to the action of the zygomatic muscles. If the zygomatic muscles raise the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This is how the expression of contempt and displeasure is formed.

Bartzok-course of gymnastics for the face

To prepare and perform the exercises, you need a mirror, attention, and clean hands. To learn how to do the exercises correctly, without the risk of harming yourself, you will need 15-20 minutes. Exercises in the future will take no more than 1 minute or one and a half minutes each with audio support.

What these exercises can do to help:

raising or preventing lowering of the tip of the nose, eliminating its expansion and the formation of humps on the nose;
reduction of nasolabial folds and smoothness of the skin above the upper lip;
improving breathing through the nose, preventing the common cold and colds.

Exercises are done in isometric form: muscle strengthening occurs without stretching the skin.

The muscles of the nose are rarely involved in facial expressions; they narrow or widen the nostrils, hold the skin of the nose. The nasal muscle located in the wings of the nose is a steam room, it has a common tendon that runs along the center of the nose. Descending from the tendon downward, the muscles are woven into the skin of the lateral surface of the nose. The inner part of the nasal muscle is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth. The nasal muscle lowers the wings of the nose, narrowing the nostrils. A small muscle that lowers the nasal septum also narrows the nostrils. On the contrary, the front and back muscles dilating the nostrils. The mobility of all these muscles is provided by their connection with the skin of the nose and adjacent areas.

As a mimic, the muscles of the nose, depending on the type of face and the work of other mimic muscles, are capable of giving the face a whole range of expressions from amiable to extremely irritated.

But these muscles are rarely used. The weakening of the muscles of the nose disrupts its respiratory function and shape, the nose lengthens, its tip drops and expands. Sliding down the skin associated with the muscles of the nose deepens the nasolabial fold and disturbs the smoothness of the skin above the upper lip.

Regular execution simple exercises will make the muscles of the nose stronger, prevent the tip of the nose from dropping, restore or maintain its normal position, prevent slipping of the nasal skin and deepening of the nasolabial fold, stimulate blood circulation and oxygen flow to the area of the nose and upper lip, noticeably improve your breathing and control of it.

Exercise 1. For the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum.

Exercise preparation.

Pull down the tip of your nose. If you do this hard enough, your nostrils will flatten and you will feel tension under your nose (above your upper lip). The tip of the nose will drop slightly. This is the first move.

You will need a mirror to control the second movement. Feel the tension on the wings of the nose. To do this, open your mouth and pull your upper lip down. The mouth should be ajar so that you can see in the mirror that there are no folds in the corners of the mouth. The forehead and eyebrows should also not work. To strengthen the muscles, they must be regularly strained as much as possible, and then completely relaxed.

An exercise.

Place your index finger on the tip of your nose. Simultaneously with inhalation, pull down with all force both the lower lip and the tip of the nose, which will press on your finger. The finger should prevent the tip of the nose from dropping, but not raise it, that is, press on the nose with the same force as the nose presses on the finger. Hold the tension for 6 seconds, then, with an exhalation, completely relax the muscles.

Perhaps it would be convenient for you to practice with audio accompaniment. "Audio Support: Exercise for the Nasal Muscle" is intended for such an activity.

Exercise 2. For the muscles that dilate the nostrils.

This, at the same time, and breathing exercise, which improves breathing through the nose and prevents colds. Look at yourself in the mirror. Inflate your nostrils as much as you can. Feel the tension under the nose (above the upper lip) and in the center of the nasolabial fold. The skin above the nostrils will move slightly upward. Place your index fingers on these areas and press lightly on the skin, not allowing it to rise. Expand the nostrils at the same time as inhaling to increase the tension in the muscles of the nose. Hold the tension for 6 seconds, then release the tension as you exhale and move your fingers away from the skin.

Please note that no other facial muscles should be tense while doing this. Especially, the muscle that lifts the upper lip, as well as the muscles of the forehead, eyebrows and lips.

Feel how the inhalation becomes freer as the nostrils widen, and the skin around and around the nose warms as the muscles relax. By improving local blood circulation in this way, you activate the work of the nasal mucosa, and it will be more difficult for you to catch a cold.

Repeat the exercise 4-5 times with an interval of 2-3 seconds between tensions.

Perhaps it would be convenient for you to practice with audio accompaniment. "Audio Support: Exercise for the muscles of the nose and improve breathing" is intended for such an activity.

About training the muscles of the nose.

To eliminate drooping or widening of the tip of the nose, to reduce the nasolabial fold, to eliminate the formed humps on the nose, regular training and patience are needed to strengthen the muscles of the nose and local blood circulation. To achieve these goals, it is advisable to do exercises 5-6 times a week, gradually increasing the number of approaches to 10-12. With this regularity, a visible effect can be achieved after a few months of training.

To prevent colds, improve nasal breathing, prevent drooping of the tip of the nose and deepening of the nasolabial fold, it is enough to train 1-2 times a week or when there is a danger of a runny nose and cold.

Details Updated: 05/11/2019 19:23 Published: 01/12/2013 11:35

Anastasia Listopadova

What determines the shape of the nose? Are there any corrective nose exercises?

Each person has their own, unique shape, size and configuration of the nose. What a nose looks like depends on many factors. These are, first of all, race, gender, age, heredity.

From nose shape largely depends on how a person's face looks. In the world, a huge number of people are not happy with their nose and would like to correct it. Most often, they turn to plastic surgeons to make the nose smaller, shorten the nose, remove the hump, and correct the shape of the nostrils. Some "order" the nose to the surgeon, others are afraid of the operation and possible adverse consequences, they are looking for alternative ways make your nose more beautiful.

We will try to understand this issue and use popular language to answer your numerous questions on this topic that have come to our site.

The structure of the nose. Bones, cartilage, soft tissues

The nose, or rather its visible part, consists of the so-called: the root of the nose, back, wings and apex.
The internal structure of the nose consists of a hard, bony base, softer cartilage and soft tissues.

Nose bones

Bony skeleton of the nose formed by the frontal processes of the maxillary bones and the nasal bones. The nasal bones are in the upper third of the nose and are shaped like a pyramid.

Cartilage of the nose

The middle and lower parts of the nose (lower 2/3) are cartilage. Cartilage shapes the tip of the nose and the lower dorsum of the nose.

Cartilaginous skeleton The t of the nose consists of several symmetrical cartilages and the unpaired cartilage of the nasal septum. The nasal septum cartilage complements the bony nasal septum. Namely, the anterior edge of this cartilage largely determines the shape of the nasal dorsum.

In most people, the nasal septum is curved, while the nose may look symmetrical. A slight curvature of the nasal septum is considered normal and does not require correction.

In the lateral walls of the noses, complementing their bony base, there are lateral cartilages. In the thickness of the wings are wing cartilage and small, irregularly shaped accessory and sesamoid cartilages.

Muscles and soft tissues of the nose

On top of the supporting structures is located soft tissue, which consists of muscle, fat and skin... The structure, thickness of the skin and fatty layer in the nose is individual for each person, which also affects how the nose looks. As a consequence, some people have a thin, narrow nose, while others are fat and bulging.

The lateral, large pterygoid cartilage of the nose and the frontal process are covered with muscles from above. With the help of these muscles, the person pulls the wings of the nose and squeezes the nasal openings.

Muscles are also attached to the legs of the wing cartilage. It is the muscle that pulls the septum down and the muscle that lifts the upper lip.

Muscles of the nose training which can affect the shape of the nose:

What determines the shape of the nose?

The shape of the outer nose is influenced by:

the angle at which the nasal bones are directed forward;
the size of the cartilage of the nose;
way of connecting cartilage;
the distance between the forehead and the bottom of the nasal cavity;
the size and shape of the pear-shaped hole.

Conclusion : the shape of the nose is due to the structure and mutual arrangement of its bone and cartilaginous components... In addition, it is necessary to take into account the subcutaneous fat and the skin covering it from the outside, as well as the muscles of the nose.

Nose shape and age

The shape of the nose in humans is formed gradually. and changes noticeably in childhood and adolescence. The baby's nose is usually small and wide. This is due to the relative lag in the development of the corresponding parts of the nasal and ethmoid bones of the skull.

The external shape of the nose reflects the condition of the skin and subcutaneous layer. In connection with age-related changes of these tissues, the bone and cartilaginous basis of the nose protrude more prominently in old age, the nose sharpens.

Changes in ambient temperature and general state the body significantly affects the degree of blood circulation in the vessels of the nasal skin. As a result, a change in the color of the skin of the nose, its redness or blue discoloration.

Can exercise affect the shape of your nose?

Exercise fails to fix immobile, hard bone tissue. Bone can only be deleted plastic surgery using special tools.

But, exercise can affect the movable cartilaginous components of the nose. This is not fiction, many people using special exercises for the nose have achieved more beautiful shape their nose and refused plastic surgery.

Sculptural gymnastics for the face of Carol Madgio - Video tutorials - Non-surgical facelift and facial rejuvenation

MIMIC MUSCLES

According to the location (topography) of the facial muscles (mimic) are subdivided into the muscles of the cranial vault; muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure; muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils); the muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth and the muscles of the auricle (Table 19; Fig. 154, 155).

Rice. 154. Muscles of the head and neck; right side view.

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - circular muscle of the eye; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - small zygomatic muscle; 6 - circular muscle of the mouth; 7 - large zygomatic muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 9 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - posterior ear muscle; 15 - the occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 16 - upper ear muscle.

Rice. 155. Muscles of the face; front view. (On the left side, part of the muscles removed.)

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - muscle wrinkling the eyebrow; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - muscle lifting the corner of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 9 - chin muscle; 10 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 11 - circular muscle of the mouth; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - small zygomatic muscle; 14 - large zygomatic muscle; 15 - circular muscle of the eye; 16 - the muscle of the proud.

Muscles of the cranial vault

The cranial vault is covered with a single muscular-anoneurotic formation - the epicranial muscle (m.epicrdnius), in which the following parts are distinguished: 1) the occipital-frontal muscle; 2) tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 3) the temporoparietal muscle.

Occipital-frontal muscle (m.occipitofrontаlis) covers the arch along the length from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has frontal abdomen(venter frontаlis) and occipital abdomen(venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a wide aponeurosis tendon, called tendon helmet(galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head.

Occipital abdomen divided into symmetrical parts by a well-defined fibrous plate, which occupies a median position. This abdomen begins with tendon bundles on the highest nuchal line and at the base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, goes up and passes into the tendon helmet.

Frontal abdomen more developed, it is also divided by a fibrous plate running along the midline, into two parts of a quadrangular shape, which are located on the sides of the midline of the forehead. Unlike the posterior abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen do not attach to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. The frontal abdomen at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture) also becomes a tendon helmet.

Tendon Helm is a flat fibrous plate that occupies most of the cranial vault. The vertically oriented connective tissue bundles connect the tendon helmet to the scalp. Between the tendon helmet and the underlying periosteum of the cranial vault, there is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Therefore, with the contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle, the scalp, together with the tendon helmet, moves freely above the cranial vault.

Temporo-parietal muscle (m.temporoparietalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull, poorly developed. Its bundles begin in front of the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle and, fan-like diverging, are attached to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. This muscle in humans is the remnants of mammalian ear muscles. The action of this muscle is not expressed.

Function: The occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle pulls the scalp back, providing support for the frontal abdomen. With the contraction of the frontal abdomen of this muscle, the skin of the forehead is pulled upward, transverse folds are formed on the forehead, the eyebrows are raised. The frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle is also an antagonist of the muscles that narrow the palpebral fissure. This abdomen pulls the skin of the forehead and with it the skin of the eyebrows upward, which at the same time gives the face an expression of surprise.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: occipital, posterior ear, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries.

Muscle of the proud (m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles go up and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with tufts of the frontal abdomen.

Function: with the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse grooves and folds are formed at the root of the nose. Pulling the skin down, the muscle of the proud, as an antagonist of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, helps to straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, anterior ethmoid artery. ,

Eyebrow puckering muscle (m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the superciliary arch, goes up and laterally, attaches to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Part of the bundles of this muscle is intertwined with bundles of the circular muscle of the eye.

Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, as a result of which two vertical folds are formed above the root of the nose.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

The eye slit is surrounded by bundles of the circular muscle of the eye, in which several parts are distinguished.

Circular muscle of the eye (m.orbiculаris oculi) flat, occupies the periphery of the orbit circumference, is located in the thickness of the eyelids, partially extends into the temporal region. The lower muscle bundles continue into the cheek area. The muscle consists of 3 parts: secular, orbital and lacrimal.

The age-old part(pars palpebrаlis) is represented by a thin layer of muscle bundles that begin on the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The muscle bundles of the eyelid pass along the anterior surface of the cartilage of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye; here the fibers are intertwined, forming a lateral seam of the eyelid. Some of the fibers are attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit.

Orbital part(pars orbitаlis) is much thicker and wider than secular. It begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the upper jaw and the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle extend outward to the lateral wall of the orbit, where the upper and lower parts continue into each other. The upper part is interwoven with bundles of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow.

Lacrimal part(pars lacrimalis) begins on the lacrimal crest and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. The fibers of the lacrimal part pass laterally behind the lacrimal sac and are woven into the wall of this sac and into the secular part of the circular muscle of the eye.

Function: the circular muscle of the eye is the sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The age-old part closes the eyelids. With the contraction of the orbital part, folds form on the skin in the orbital region. The largest number of fan-shaped diverging folds is observed from the side of the outer corner of the eye. The same part of the muscle shifts the eyebrow downward while pulling the cheek skin upward. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, thereby regulating the outflow of tear fluid through the nasolacrimal duct.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital and infraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal openings

In the area of the nasal openings, there are several small, poorly developed muscles that expand or narrow these openings. This is the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum.

Nasal muscle (m.nasаlis) consists of two parts: transverse and wing.

Transverse part(pars transversa) begins on the upper jaw, slightly higher and lateral to the upper incisors. The bundles of this part of the muscle follow upward and medially, continuing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads over the cartilaginous part of the nasal dorsum and passes into the muscle of the opposite side of the same name.

Function: narrows the opening of the nostrils.

Wing part(pars alaris) begins on the upper jaw below and medial to the transverse part and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, widening the opening of the nose (nostrils).

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial and angular arteries.

Muscle lowering the septum of the nose (m.depressor septi nasi) is more often part of the wing of the nasal muscle. The bundles of this muscle begin above the medial incisor of the upper jaw, are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: pulls the septum down.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth

There are several well-defined muscles around the mouth opening. These muscles include the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the lower lip, the chin and cheek muscles, the muscle that lifts the upper lip, the small and large zygomatic muscles, the muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, and the muscle of laughter.

Circular muscle of the mouth (m.orbiculаris oris) forms the muscle base of the upper and lower lips. This muscle consists of the marginal and labial parts, the bundles of which do not have the same orientation.

Edge part(pars marginаlis) is a peripheral, wider section of the muscle. This part is formed by muscle bundles that approach the upper and lower lips from other facial muscles closest to the mouth opening. The marginal part is formed by bundles of the buccal muscle; the muscle that lifts the upper lip; muscle lifting the corner of the mouth; the muscle that lowers the lower lip; muscles lowering the corner of the mouth, etc.

Lip part(pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the upper and lower lips. Bunches muscle fibers extend from one corner of the mouth to the other.

Both parts (marginal and labial) of the upper and lower lips are woven into the skin and mucous membrane, and also connect to each other in the corners of the mouth and pass from the lower lip to the upper lip and vice versa.

Function: the circular muscle of the mouth narrows, closes the mouth gap, participates in the act of sucking and chewing.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: upper and lower labial and chin arteries.

Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth (m.depressor anguli oris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, between the chin and the level of the first small molar. The fibers of this muscle, converging, pass upward and are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth. At the beginning of the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, some of its bundles are intertwined with bundles subcutaneous muscle neck.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth down and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Muscle lowering the lower lip (m.depressor labii inferioris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, below the chin foramen. Partially covered by the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth. The muscle bundles that lower the lower lip extend upward and medially and attach to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

Function: pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, acting together with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, can turn the lip outward; participates in the formation of the expression of irony, sadness, disgust.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Chin muscle (m.mentalis) is represented by a cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers that begin at the alveolar elevations of the lateral and medial incisors of the lower jaw, extend downward and medially, connect to the fibers of the same muscle of the opposite side and attach to the skin of the chin.

Function: pulls up and laterally the skin of the chin (dimples appear on the skin); promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Buccal muscle (m.buccinator) thin, quadrangular, forms muscle base cheeks. It begins on an oblique line on the branch of the lower jaw and the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw at the level of the large molars, as well as at the anterior edge of the pterygo-mandibular suture, which runs between lower jaw and pterygoid crochet. The muscle bundles are directed to the corner of the mouth, partially intersect and continue into the thickness of the muscular base of the upper and lower lips. At the level of the upper large molar, the muscle is penetrated by the parotid duct (the duct of the parotid salivary gland).

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth back; presses the cheek to the teeth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: buccal artery.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superioris), begins on the entire infraorbital edge of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles converge downward and are woven into the thickness of the corner of the mouth and into the wing of the nose.

Function: lifts the upper lip; participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove extending from the lateral side of the nose to the upper lip; pulls the wing of the nose up.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and superior labial arteries.

Small zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus minor) begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that lifts the upper lip. The bundles of the small zygomatic muscle pass down medially and are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Function: raises the corner of the mouth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Big zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the zygomatic bone, attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m.levator anguli oris), begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw in the canine fossa; attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the upper lip up and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

Muscle of laughter (m.risorius) begins on the chewing fascia, goes forward and medially, attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Usually mild, often absent.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally, forms a dimple on the cheek.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse artery of the neck.

Muscles of the auricle

The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. Very rarely, the ability to move the auricle is found, which is combined with a simultaneous contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle. Distinguish between the anterior, upper and posterior ear muscles.

Anterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris anterior) in the form of a thin bundle begins on the temporal fascia and tendon helmet. Heading back and downward, it is attached to the skin of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle forward.

Upper ear muscle (m.auriculаris superior) begins with weakly pronounced bundles on the tendon helmet above the auricle; attached to the upper surface of the auricle cartilage.

Function: pulls the auricle up.

Posterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris posterior) is developed better than other ear muscles. It begins in two bundles on the mastoid process, goes forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle posteriorly.

Innervation of the ear muscles: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superficial temporal artery - anterior and superior muscles; posterior ear artery - posterior muscle.