The lips are covered with thickened skin with a lot of sebaceous glands. The skin on the lips of men has hair,
women - fluff. On the lips themselves, the skin passes into a non-keratinizing epithelium, through which the venous network shines through, creating a red border. Behind the moderately expressed subcutaneous tissue are muscles (Fig. 33), surrounding the oral slit and defining its position. The skin of the lips behind the red border passes into the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the mouth.

Rice. 33. Muscles of the mouth:
1 - m. zygomaticus minor; 2 - m. levator labii superior; 3 - m. levator labii superior alaque nasi; 4 - m. orbicularis oris, pars marginalis; 5 - m. orbicularis oris, pars labialis; 6 - depressor labii inferior; 7 - m. mentalis; 8 - m. depressor anguli oris: 9 - m. zygomaticus major; 10 - ductus parotideus; 11 - m. buccinator; 12 - the coronoid process of the lower jaw is cut. 13 - raphe pterygomandibularis; 14 - m. pterygoideus medialis; 15 - pterygoid process; 16 - m. pterygoideus lateralis; 17 - the zygomatic arch is cut off.

In the thickness of the lips is the circular muscle of the mouth (m. Orbicularis oris), which is divided into labial and marginal, or facial, parts (Charley). The first part is located within the red border, the second - in the area of ​​the lips, lined with skin. The labial part is represented by circular muscle fibers - the sphincter, and the front is formed from the binding of circular fibers and muscle bundles, following from the mouth opening to the places of fixation on the bones of the skeleton.

The group of circular mice, when contracted, closes the mouth opening, presses the lips to the teeth, and reduces the visible part of the red border. With an isolated contraction of the peripheral part of the circular muscle, the lips protrude forward, the visible part of the red border increases, contributing to the opening of the oral gap. The circular muscle is involved in the act of eating and making sounds. Of the muscles following from the circular muscle of the mouth to the places of bone fixation, we will point out the main ones.

The muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. Levator labii superior, s. Caput infraorbitale m. Quadratus labii superior), starts from the lower edge of the orbit and the beginning of the zygomatic process of the upper jaw, goes down and attaches to the skin of the upper lip. During contractions, it raises the upper lip, except for the corner of the mouth. The face is given an expression of sadness, crying.

The muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose (m. Levator labii superior alaeque nasi, s. Caput angulare m. Quadrati labii superior), starts from the lower edge of the eye and the frontal process of the upper jaw, goes down and attaches to the skin of the upper lip. By contracting, the muscle raises the upper lip and the wings of the nose.

The muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m. Levator anguli oris, s. Caninus) starts from fossa canina under for. infraorbitale of the upper jaw, followed by the previously mentioned muscles to the corner of the mouth. Contracting, pulls the corner of the mouth obliquely to the side and. up.

The small zygomatic muscle (m. Zygomaticus minor, s. Caput zygomaticus m. Quadrati labii superior) starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone, follows downward and inward and attaches to the corner of the mouth. When contracted, it raises the corner of the mouth, makes the expression of sadness, crying, tenderness more pronounced. Artists call this group of muscles "crying muscles"

The large zygomatic muscle (m. Zygomaticus major) starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone, follows downward and inwardly and attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. By contracting, the muscle pulls the corner of the mouth and the nasolabial fold up and back, stretches the mouth gap. Participates in the expression of laughter (m. Risorius - "muscle of laughter").

The buccal muscle (m. Buccinator) starts from the pterygo-maxillary suture and alveolar processes of the jaws in the molar region together with the buccal crest of the lower jaw and attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth and to the muscles of the upper and lower lips with a partial intersection muscle fibers at the corner of the mouth. Muscle contraction leads to a transverse expansion of the mouth gap, takes part in the act of spitting out or blowing air out of the mouth ("trumpet muscle").

The muscle lowering the lower lip (m. Depressor labii inferior, s. Quadratus labii inferior) starts from the lower edge of the lower jaw, outward from the chin tubercle and is attached throughout the lower lip. With contractions, it pulls the lower lip down, pushes the corner of the mouth outward. The visible part of the red border of the lip increases, the lip is turned inside out and the chin-labial fold stands out. Facial expressions reflect disgust, disgust.

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, or the triangular muscle of the mouth (m. Depressor anguli oris, s. Triangularis oris), starts from the lower edge of the lower jaw outward from the chin and is attached to the corner of the mouth and the adjacent areas of the upper and lower lips. It partially extends over the previous muscle. The muscle shifts the corner of the mouth and the upper parts of the nasolabial fold down and back; simultaneous muscle contraction contributes to the closure of the mouth gap, and a limited one reproduces an expression of sadness and a more pronounced expression of contempt.

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck (m. Platysma) lines almost the entire anterior region of the neck with a thin layer and, with its bundles, extending to the face area, is woven into the muscles of the corner of the mouth. By contracting, it contributes to the displacement of the latter to the side and downward.

The development of the oral mimic muscles is not the same, which, together with the individual qualities of the facial skeleton, creates different forms of the mouth. With hyperplasia of the mucous glands and submucous tissue, a protrusion of the area of ​​the mucous membrane adjacent to the red border is formed. A double lip is created, more typical of the upper lip (labium duplex).

Branches of the facial artery pass through the thickness of the lips: the upper and lower arteries of the lips (aa.labialis superior et inferior). They are located on the border of the posterior and middle quarters of the lip thickness, closer to the mucous membrane, at a distance of 6-7 mm from the free edge (A. A. Bobrov) and form a ring, providing good blood flow. Additionally, the lips receive blood from small branches a. infraorbitalis and a. mentalis. The veins of the region are of the same name with the arteries and accompany them.

The lymphatic vessels of the lips drain lymph into the submandibular and, in addition, to the buccal, parotid, superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes. Vessels from the middle part of the lower lip carry lymph to the chin nodes. The lymphatic vessels on both sides of the lips are widely anastomosed with each other. Therefore, the pathological process can cause reactions of the lymph nodes of the other side, which makes it necessary to remove the submandibular lymph nodes on both sides in case of cancer of the lower lip.

The skin of the lips is innervated by the superior labial nerves (branches of the infraorbital), the lower labial (branches of the chin) and in the area of ​​the corners of the mouth - by the branches of the buccal nerve.

The shape and size of both the oral slit and the lips varies. With incorrect embryonic development, their pathological structure is observed.

The face of the embryo is formed from 5 processes or tubercles: a single frontal and paired maxillary and mandibular. These processes limit the naso-oral fossa. By the end of the second month of uterine life, the frontal process, descending, creates a nose and lip filterum, fuses with the maxillary processes and forms the upper lip and upper jaw, and the lower processes, connecting, form the lower lip and lower jaw. In addition, the frontal process divides into nasal processes and forms the nostrils and the middle part of the upper jaw or the intermaxillary fossa. There are clefts between the mentioned processes: median, transverse and oblique clefts of the face and lateral clefts of the upper lip. The schematic drawings give an idea of ​​what has been said (Fig. 34).

Rice. 34. Scheme of the formation of a human face, an embryo (I) and a hard palate according to Stones (II).
1.1 - frontal process; 2 - maxillary process; 3 - mandibular process; 4 - nasal fossa: 5 - median cleft of the face; 6 - transverse cleft of the face; 7 - oblique cleft of the face; 8 - peephole; 9 - external nasal process; 10 - internal nasal process; 11 - primary nasal opening. II 1 - nasal septum; 2 - palatine plates; 3 - language. A - the palatine plates stand vertically on the sides of the tongue; B - palatine plates took a horizontal position; B - palatine plates have grown together.

In cases where the processes do not fully or partially grow together, a congenital deformity occurs - clefts of the lip, face and palate. When the tissues do not join together, they speak of hidden crevices only in separate layers. The most common non-union of the external and internal nasal processes, ie, the preservation of the lateral cleft lip ("cleft lip"). The defect corresponds to the position of the 2nd incisor, it can be bilateral and unilateral, more often on the left. The slit is distinguished between partial, not penetrating into the nasal cavity, and full, opening into this cavity. Of the other rare malformations of the lip, we also point out the following: 1) congenital underdevelopment (shortening) of the middle part of the upper lip - brachycheilia; 2) a significant fusion of the lateral parts of the lips, which reduces the mouth gap - microstomy; 3) absence of lips - acheilia; 4) the absence of a mouth gap - atresia.

Non-union of the maxillary and mandibular tubercles leads to the formation of a pathological, large mouth - macrostomy. The transverse cleft can extend to the temporal region, often reaches the masticatory muscle, leading to salivation.

Non-union of the maxillary and frontal processes leads to the preservation of the oblique cleft of the face - coloboma. The slit goes through the upper lip, cheek, and lower eyelid.

The midline cleft of the face corresponds to the midline of the body and can be on the upper and lower lip, it can extend to the upper jaw.

Mimic muscles are the muscles of the face. Their specificity lies in the fact that they are attached to the bones at one end, and to the skin or other muscles at the other. Each muscle is clothed in a fascia - a connective sheath (thin capsule) that all muscles have. What fascia, every housewife can imagine - when cutting meat, we get rid of white films, which, due to their density, worsen its soft consistency. In relation to the facial muscles, in comparison with the muscles of the body, these membranes are so transparent and thin that from the point of view of classical anatomy it is believed that the facial muscles of the fascia do not. In any case, the surface of each muscle fiber on the face has a denser structure than its interior... These connective tissue membranes are woven into the structure of the entire fascial system of the body (through the aponeuroses).

It is the contractions of the facial muscles that give our face a variety of expressions, as a result of which the skin of the face shifts and our face takes on one or another expression.

Muscles of the cranial vault

A large percentage of the muscles of the cranial vault are complex in structure supracranial muscle which covers the main part of the skull and has a rather complex muscular structure. The cranial muscle consists of tendinous and muscular parts, while the muscle part, in turn, is represented by the whole structure of the muscles. The tendon portion is formed from connective tissue, so it is very strong and virtually indestructible. There is a tendon part in order to maximally stretch the muscle part in the areas of its attachment to the bones.

Schematically, supracranial muscle can be represented as the following diagram:

The tendon part is very extensive and is also called the tendon helmet or supracranial aponeurosis. The muscular part consists of three separate muscular abdomen:
1) frontal abdomen located under the skin on the forehead. This muscle consists of vertically running bundles that start above the frontal tubercles, and, heading down, are woven into the skin of the forehead at the level of the brow ridges.

2) occipital abdomen formed by short muscle bundles. These muscle bundles originate in the region of the highest nuchal line, then rise up and are woven into the posterior sections of the tendon helmet. In some sources, the frontal and occipital abdomen are combined into frontal-occipital muscle.

Figure 1. Frontal, occipital abdomen. Tendon helmet.

3) lateral abdomen is located on the lateral surface of the skull and is poorly developed, being the remnant of the ear muscles. It is divided into three small muscles, suitable for the auricle in front:

Lateral abdomen:

• Anterior ear muscle displaces the auricle forward and upward.
• Upper ear muscle shifts the auricle upward, pulls on the tendon helmet. A bundle of fibers of the upper ear muscle, which intertwined in a tendon helmet, called temporoparietal muscle ... Front and upper muscles covered with temporal fascia, so their image in anatomy textbooks is often difficult to find.
• Posterior ear muscles a pulls the auricle back.

Figure 2. Lateral abdomen: anterior, superior, posterior ear muscles

Muscles of the circumference of the eye

The muscles around the eye are made up of three main muscles: muscle wrinkling the eyebrow,muscles of the proud and the circular muscle of the eye.

Eyebrow puckering muscle, starts from the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, then goes up and attaches to the skin of the eyebrows. The action of the muscle is to bring the eyebrows to the midline, forming vertical folds around the bridge of the nose.

Figure 3. Eyebrow puckering muscle.

Muscle of the proud (pyramidal muscle)- originates from the nasal bone on the dorsum of the nose and is attached to the skin at the other end. During the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse folds form at the root of the nose.

Figure 4. Muscle of the proud

The orbicularis muscle of the eye is divided into three parts:

• Orbital, which starts from the frontal process of the upper jaw, and follows along the upper and lower edges of the orbit, forming a ring of muscle;
• The age-old- it is a continuation of the circular muscle and is located under the skin of the eyelid; has two parts - upper and lower. They begin at the medial ligament of the eyelids - the upper and lower edges and go to the lateral corner of the eye, where they attach to the lateral (lateral) ligament of the eyelids.
• Tearful- starting from the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone, it is divided into 2 parts. They cover the lacrimal sac in front and behind and are lost among the muscle bundles of the peripheral part. The peripheral part of this part narrows the palpebral fissure, and also smoothes the transverse folds of the forehead skin; the inner part closes the palpebral fissure; the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac.

Figure 5. The orbicular muscle of the eye

Circular muscle of the mouth

The circular muscle of the mouth has the form of a flat muscle plate, in which two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscle bundles are very tightly adhered to the skin. The deep layer muscle fibers run radially towards the center of the mouth.

Figure 6. The orbicularis muscle of the mouth

The superficial layer consists of two arcuate bundles that surround the border of the lips and are repeatedly intertwined with other muscles that fit the mouth. That is, in the corners of our mouth, in addition to the fibers of the circular muscles of the lip, muscle fibers of the triangular and buccal muscles are also interwoven. This is very important for understanding the biomechanics of aging in the lower part of the face in the section "Spasm of the facial muscles".

The main function of the circular muscle of the mouth is to narrow the mouth and stretch the lips.

Muscular system nose

The muscular system of the nose is formed following muscles - nasal muscle, muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.

a) Outer, or transverse part, bends around the wing of the nose, expands somewhat and at the midline passes into a tendon, which connects here with the tendon of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's see the picture:

b) Inner, or wing, attaches to the posterior end of the nasal wing cartilage. The wing portion lowers the wing of the nose.>

Figure 7. The transverse and wing parts of the nasal muscle.

Muscle, lowering the septum of the nose, most often it is part of the wing of the nose. This muscle lowers the septum of the nose and lowers down the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Figure 8. Muscle, lowering the septum of the nose.

Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in conjunction with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and attaches to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.

Figure 10. Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Muscles of the cheekbones

In the area of ​​the cheekbones there are small and large zygomatic muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid upper attachment point - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscle of the mouth.

Small zygomatic muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and attaches to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth, and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as when the zygomaticus major muscle is contracted.

Figure 11. Small zygomatic muscle

Big zygomatic muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It attaches simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The large zygomatic muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.

Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle

Buccal muscle

The cheek muscle has a quadrangular shape and is the muscle base of our cheeks. It is located symmetrically on both sides of the face. By contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle - "the trumpet muscle", rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and focus of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with the other, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the mouth. The surface of the buccal muscle from the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of adipose and connective tissue.

Figure 13. Buccal muscle

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth (triangle muscle)

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth is located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - Triangle muscle. The wide base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.
The action of this muscle is directly opposite to the action of the zygomatic muscles. If the zygomatic muscles raise the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This is how the expression of contempt and displeasure is formed.

TO the muscles of the mouth include:

1. M. levator labii superioris, the muscle that lifts the upper lip, starts from the infraorbital edge of the upper jaw and ends mainly in the skin of the nasolabial fold. A bundle is split off from it, going to the wing of the nose and therefore received its own name - m. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. When contracted, it raises the upper lip, deepening the sulcus nasolabialis; pulls the wing of the nose upward, widening the nostrils.
2. M. zygomaticus minor, a small zygomatic muscle, starts from the zygomatic bone, is woven into the nasolabial fold, which deepens with contraction.
3. M. zygomaticus major, a large zygomatic muscle, goes from the facies lateralis of the zygomatic bone to the corner of the mouth and partly to the upper lip. Pulls the corner of the mouth upward and laterally, and the nasolabial fold is greatly deepened. With this action of the muscle, the face becomes laughing, therefore m. zygomaticus is primarily a laughing muscle.
4. M. risorius, muscle of laughter, a small transverse bundle going to the corner of the mouth, is often absent. Stretches mouth when laughing; in some individuals, due to the attachment of the muscle to the skin of the cheek, a small dimple is formed when it contracts on the side of the corner of the mouth.
5. M. depressor anguli oris, the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, begins at the lower edge of the lower jaw lateral to the tuberculum mentale and attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth and upper lip. Pulls the corner of the mouth downward and makes the nasolabial fold straight. The drooping of the corners of the mouth gives the face an expression of sadness.
6. M. levator anguli oris, the muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, lies under m. levator labii superioris, etc. zygomaticus major - originates from fossa canina (which is why it was previously called m. caninus) below the foramen infraorbitale and attaches to the corner of the mouth. Pulls the corner of the mouth up.
7. M. depressor labii inferioris, the muscle that lowers the lower lip. It starts at the edge of the lower jaw and attaches to the skin of the entire lower lip. Pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, as, by the way, is observed with mimicry of disgust.
8. M. mentalis, the chin muscle departs from the juga alveolaria of the lower incisors and canine, attaches to the skin of the chin. Raises the skin of the chin upwards, and small dimples form on it, and brings up the lower lip, pressing it to the upper lip.
9. M. buccinator, the buccal muscle, forms the sidewall of the mouth. At the level of the second upper large molar, the duct of the parotid gland, ductus parotideus, passes through the muscle. Outer surface m. buccinator is covered with fascia buccopharyngea, on top of which lies a fatty lump of the cheek. Its beginning is the alveolar process of the upper jaw, the buccal crest and the alveolar part of the lower jaw, the wing-mandibular suture. Attachment - to the skin and mucous membrane of the corner of the mouth, where it passes into the circular muscle of the mouth. Pulls the corners of the mouth to the sides, presses the cheeks to the teeth, compresses the cheeks, protects the oral mucosa from biting when chewing.
10. M. orbicularis oris, orbicular muscle of the mouth, lying in the thickness of the lips around the mouth gap. With the reduction of the peripheral part of m. orbicularis oris lips tighten and move forward, as if kissing; when the part lying under the red lip border contracts, the lips, tightly converging with each other, turn inward, as a result of which the red border disappears. M. orbicularis oris, located around the mouth, performs the function of a pulp (sphincter), that is, the muscle that closes the opening of the mouth. In this respect, it is an antagonist of the radial muscles of the mouth, i.e., the muscles radiating from it along the radii and opening the mouth (mm.levatores lab.sup. Et anguli oris, depressores lab.infer, et anguli oris, etc.).

Bartzok-course of gymnastics for the face

Maybe you want to remove wrinkles above the upper lip, achieve lip augmentation at home, or tighten sagging lips. All this can be done with just one lip exercise, more precisely, for the circular muscle of the mouth. Correct gymnastics for lips more effective than injections or surgical intervention, as it creates not only the visible shape of the lips, but also improves the quality of the skin, making it more elastic and less susceptible to wrinkles. Plus, returning or augmenting your lips at home is a pleasant, face-toning exercise.

To prepare and perform the exercise, you need a mirror, attention and close monitoring of the workout progress, and a clean face and hands. It will take you 20-30 minutes to learn how to do the exercise correctly without hurting yourself. Further exercise will take about 1 minute or one and a half minutes when using audio support.

What doing this lip exercise can do:

• prevent or remove wrinkles above the upper lip;
• prevent lip thinning, achieve lip augmentation at home;
• remove sagging lips, eliminate wrinkles on the lips, improve the shape and color of the lips, eliminate their lethargy.

The proposed exercise for the lips is done in an isometric form: the strengthening of the circular muscle of the mouth should occur without stretching the skin.

The orbicularis muscle of the mouth is located around the mouth opening, which is the basis of the structure of the lips. The muscle closes the mouth, pulls the lips forward, provides the shape of the lips. The beginning and attachment of the orbicularis muscle of the mouth: the skin of the corner of the mouth and the skin at the midline of the mouth. Tightening, the muscle contracts towards the center of the mouth.

Close your mouth and purse your lips, straining the circular muscle of the mouth - not the same thing. Pursed lips indicate that the person is unhappy, frowned. Often compressed lips indicate a closed character of a person.

The lips are compressed due to the formation of skin folds over the upper lip. This also applies only to slightly compressed lips, if they do not relax after compression, maintaining residual tension for a long time. Over time, they can develop into early wrinkles. Thus, if unbeknownst to yourself, you often purse your lips, then soon you will have to decide how to remove wrinkles above the upper lip.

If the lips are compressed extremely rarely, then they begin to lose their shape, becoming pale, lethargic and more and more thin. By loosening and sagging, the circular muscle of the mouth creates the effect of sagging lips, stretches and wrinkles the skin above the upper lip and it ceases to be smooth and elastic.

An isometric exercise does not pose such a hazard. In addition, such a lip gymnastics exercise is much more energetic.

Regular training of the circular muscle of the mouth without stretching the skin will make it stronger, restore the shape and color of the lips, increase the elasticity of the skin around the mouth and prevent or reduce wrinkles above the upper lip. By learning to control this muscle, you can easily remove residual muscle tension and use the muscle freely without fear of getting premature wrinkles.

Preparing for a lip gymnastics exercise.

Look at yourself in the mirror and forcefully press your lips towards the center, without pulling them forward. An expression of distrust will be reflected in the mirror.

Now try to compress your lips with all your might. Press your index or middle fingers flat (you can both at once) to the edges of the lips, and gently, but forcefully, pull your lips to the sides with your fingers so that the lips can take their usual length. The lips need to be stretched exactly to their normal length so that folds do not form on the cheeks. This will make your lips look tight and flat. Feel and remember the force that your fingers had to apply now, and relax your lips.

To prevent the formation of folds on the cheeks, it is more convenient to perform the exercise in reverse order... To do this, use the acquired skill. Place your fingers on the edges of your lips and try to squeeze your lips towards the center, but use your fingers to gently press on the skin so that the lips cannot clench. The lips should become tight and flat, but not change in length. In this case, folds on the cheeks should not form. The face remains calm, all muscles of the face, except circular mouth are relaxed.

Without forgetting to carefully monitor what is happening with the help of a mirror, repeat this technique several times in order to adapt to the correct and confident execution of the exercise, helping to contract the circular muscle of the mouth mentally and starting its tension simultaneously with inhalation. As you exhale, relax your lips, moving your fingers slightly away from the skin. Feel the spread of relaxation from the corners of the mouth to the periphery of the face.

Performing a lip gymnastics exercise.

While looking at yourself in the mirror, place your fingers on the edges of your lips. The fingers lie softly and only slightly press inward.

In this exercise, you should try to push the lips towards the center as much as possible, but your fingers should press the skin at the edges of the lips so that the corners of the mouth remain in place.

Helping mentally, while inhaling, increase the force of compressing the lips to the limit. Count to yourself 6 seconds and relax your lips at the same time as you exhale, slightly moving your fingers away from your lips.

Repeat the exercise 4-5 more times with intervals of 2-3 seconds between tensions.

You must learn to feel well not only the tension, but also the relaxation of the circular muscle of the mouth: after each approach, try to feel relaxation, which diverges from the edges of the lips to the periphery of the face.

During the exercises, carefully observe your face: all other facial muscles should remain relaxed, new folds should not appear on the face or existing folds deepen.

Perhaps it would be convenient for you to practice with audio accompaniment, reminding you of what to look for when doing lip exercises. "Audio Aid: Circular Mouth Exercise" is intended for such an activity.

If this lip gymnastics exercise caused you difficulties, you can take the lesson you need from the trainer via Skype.

Regularity of training.

To remove wrinkles above the upper lip, to achieve lip augmentation at home, to eliminate sagging lips or to return the lips to their shape and color, it is advisable to train 5-6 times a week. To remove wrinkles above the upper lip or sagging lips, to get lip augmentation at home in a short time, you need to gradually, in 2-4 weeks, increase the number of repetitions of tension to 10-12. With this kind of training, a visible effect can be achieved after 2-3 months of training.

To prevent wrinkles and thinning of the lips, to maintain normal blood circulation, it is enough to train 1 - 2 times a week.

Exercising the circular muscle of the mouth will give you the ability to easily express emotions and use it without fear of wrinkles, as your skin will become more elastic.

MIMIC MUSCLES

According to the location (topography) of the facial muscles (mimic) are subdivided into the muscles of the cranial vault; muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure; muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils); the muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth and the muscles of the auricle (Table 19; Fig. 154, 155).

Rice. 154. Muscles of the head and neck; right side view.

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - circular muscle of the eye; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - small zygomatic muscle; 6 - circular muscle of the mouth; 7 - large zygomatic muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 9 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - posterior ear muscle; 15 - the occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 16 - upper ear muscle.

Rice. 155. Muscles of the face; front view. (On the left side, part of the muscles removed.)

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - muscle wrinkling the eyebrow; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - muscle lifting the corner of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 9 - chin muscle; 10 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 11 - circular muscle of the mouth; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - small zygomatic muscle; 14 - large zygomatic muscle; 15 - circular muscle of the eye; 16 - the muscle of the proud.

Muscles of the cranial vault

The cranial vault is covered with a single muscular-anoneurotic formation - the epicranial muscle (m.epicrdnius), in which the following parts are distinguished: 1) the occipital-frontal muscle; 2) tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 3) the temporoparietal muscle.

Occipital-frontal muscle (m.occipitofrontаlis) covers the arch along the length from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has frontal abdomen(venter frontаlis) and occipital abdomen(venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a wide aponeurosis tendon, called tendon helmet(galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head.

Occipital abdomen divided into symmetrical parts by a well-defined fibrous plate, which occupies a median position. This abdomen begins with tendon bundles on the highest nuchal line and at the base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, goes up and passes into the tendon helmet.

Frontal abdomen more developed, it is also divided by a fibrous plate running along the midline, into two parts of a quadrangular shape, which are located on the sides of the midline of the forehead. Unlike the posterior abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen do not attach to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. The frontal abdomen at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture) also becomes a tendon helmet.

Tendon Helm is a flat fibrous plate that occupies most of the cranial vault. The vertically oriented connective tissue bundles connect the tendon helmet to the scalp. Between the tendon helmet and the underlying periosteum of the cranial vault, there is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Therefore, with the contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle, the scalp, along with the tendon helmet, moves freely above the cranial vault.

Temporo-parietal muscle (m.temporoparietalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull, poorly developed. Its bundles begin in front of the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle and, fan-like diverging, are attached to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. This muscle in humans is the remnants of mammalian ear muscles. The action of this muscle is not expressed.

Function: The occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle pulls the scalp back, providing support for the frontal abdomen. With the contraction of the frontal abdomen of this muscle, the skin of the forehead is pulled upward, transverse folds are formed on the forehead, the eyebrows are raised. The frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle is also an antagonist of the muscles that narrow the palpebral fissure. This abdomen pulls the skin of the forehead and with it the skin of the eyebrows upward, which at the same time gives the face an expression of surprise.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: occipital, posterior ear, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries.

Muscle of the proud (m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles go up and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with tufts of the frontal abdomen.

Function: with the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse grooves and folds are formed at the root of the nose. Pulling the skin down, the muscle of the proud, as an antagonist of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, helps to straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, anterior ethmoid artery. ,

Eyebrow puckering muscle (m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the superciliary arch, goes up and laterally, attaches to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Part of the bundles of this muscle is intertwined with bundles of the circular muscle of the eye.

Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, as a result of which two vertical folds are formed above the root of the nose.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

The eye slit is surrounded by bundles of the circular muscle of the eye, in which several parts are distinguished.

Circular muscle of the eye (m.orbiculаris oculi) flat, occupies the periphery of the orbit circumference, is located in the thickness of the eyelids, partially extends into the temporal region. The lower muscle bundles continue into the cheek area. The muscle consists of 3 parts: secular, orbital and lacrimal.

The age-old part(pars palpebrаlis) is represented by a thin layer of muscle bundles that begin on the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The muscle bundles of the eyelid pass along the anterior surface of the cartilage of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye; here the fibers are intertwined, forming a lateral seam of the eyelid. Some of the fibers are attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit.

Orbital part(pars orbitаlis) is much thicker and wider than secular. It begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the upper jaw and the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle extend outward to the lateral wall of the orbit, where the upper and lower parts continue into each other. The upper part is interwoven with bundles of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow.

Lacrimal part(pars lacrimalis) begins on the lacrimal crest and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. The fibers of the lacrimal part pass laterally behind the lacrimal sac and are woven into the wall of this sac and into the secular part of the circular muscle of the eye.

Function: the circular muscle of the eye is the sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The age-old part closes the eyelids. With the contraction of the orbital part, folds form on the skin in the orbital region. The greatest number of fan-shaped diverging folds is observed from the side of the outer corner of the eye. The same part of the muscle shifts the eyebrow downward while pulling the cheek skin upward. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, thereby regulating the outflow of tear fluid through the nasolacrimal duct.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital and infraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal openings

In the area of ​​the nasal openings, there are several small, poorly developed muscles that expand or narrow these openings. This is the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum.

Nasal muscle (m.nasаlis) consists of two parts: transverse and wing.

Transverse part(pars transversa) begins on the upper jaw, slightly higher and lateral to the upper incisors. The bundles of this part of the muscle follow upward and medially, continuing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads over the cartilaginous part of the nasal dorsum and passes into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.

Function: narrows the opening of the nostrils.

Wing part(pars alaris) begins on the upper jaw below and medial to the transverse part and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, widening the opening of the nose (nostrils).

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial and angular arteries.

Muscle, lowering the septum of the nose (m.depressor septi nasi) is more often part of the wing of the nasal muscle. The bundles of this muscle begin above the medial incisor of the upper jaw, are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: pulls the septum down.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth

There are several well-defined muscles around the mouth opening. These muscles include the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the lower lip, the chin and cheek muscles, the muscle that lifts the upper lip, the small and large zygomatic muscles, the muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, and the muscle of laughter.

Circular muscle of the mouth (m.orbiculаris oris) forms the muscle base of the upper and lower lips. This muscle consists of the marginal and labial parts, the bundles of which do not have the same orientation.

Edge part(pars marginаlis) is a peripheral, wider section of the muscle. This part is formed by muscle bundles that approach the upper and lower lips from the other facial muscles closest to the mouth opening. The marginal part is formed by bundles of the buccal muscle; the muscle that lifts the upper lip; muscle lifting the corner of the mouth; the muscle that lowers the lower lip; muscles lowering the corner of the mouth, etc.

Lip part(pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the upper and lower lips. Tufts of muscle fibers extend from one corner of the mouth to the other.

Both parts (marginal and labial) of the upper and lower lips are woven into the skin and mucous membrane, and also connect to each other in the area of ​​the corners of the mouth and pass from the lower lip to the upper lip and vice versa.

Function: the circular muscle of the mouth narrows, closes the mouth gap, participates in the act of sucking and chewing.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: upper and lower labial and chin arteries.

Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth (m.depressor anguli oris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, between the chin and the level of the first small molar. The fibers of this muscle, converging, pass upward and are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth. At the beginning of the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, some of its bundles are intertwined with bundles subcutaneous muscle neck.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth down and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Muscle lowering the lower lip (m.depressor labii inferioris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, below the chin foramen. Partially covered by the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth. The muscle bundles that lower the lower lip extend upward and medially and attach to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

Function: pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, acting together with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, can turn the lip outward; participates in the formation of the expression of irony, sadness, disgust.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Chin muscle (m.mentalis) is represented by a cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers, which begin at the alveolar elevations of the lateral and medial incisors of the lower jaw, pass downward and medially, connect with the fibers of the same muscle of the opposite side and attach to the skin of the chin.

Function: pulls up and laterally the skin of the chin (dimples appear on the skin); promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Buccal muscle (m.buccinator) thin, quadrangular, forms muscle base cheeks. It begins on an oblique line on the branch of the lower jaw and the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw at the level of the large molars, as well as at the anterior edge of the pterygo-mandibular suture that runs between lower jaw and pterygoid crochet. The muscle bundles are directed to the corner of the mouth, partially intersect and continue into the thickness of the muscular base of the upper and lower lips. At the level of the upper large molar, the muscle is penetrated by the parotid duct (the duct of the parotid salivary gland).

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth back; presses the cheek to the teeth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: buccal artery.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superioris), begins on the entire infraorbital edge of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles converge downward and are woven into the thickness of the corner of the mouth and into the wing of the nose.

Function: lifts the upper lip; participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove extending from the lateral side of the nose to the upper lip; pulls the wing of the nose up.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and superior labial arteries.

Small zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus minor) begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that lifts the upper lip. The bundles of the small zygomatic muscle pass down medially and are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Function: raises the corner of the mouth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Big zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the zygomatic bone, attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m.levator anguli oris), begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw in the canine fossa; attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the upper lip up and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

Muscle of laughter (m.risorius) begins on the chewing fascia, goes forward and medially, attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Usually mild, often absent.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally, forms a dimple on the cheek.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse artery of the neck.

Muscles of the auricle

The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. Very rarely, the ability to move the auricle is found, which is combined with a simultaneous contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle. Distinguish between the anterior, upper and posterior ear muscles.

Anterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris anterior) in the form of a thin bundle begins on the temporal fascia and tendon helmet. Heading back and downward, it is attached to the skin of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle forward.

Upper ear muscle (m.auriculаris superior) begins with weakly pronounced bundles on the tendon helmet above the auricle; attached to the upper surface of the auricle cartilage.

Function: pulls the auricle up.

Posterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris posterior) is developed better than other ear muscles. It starts in two tufts on the mastoid process, goes forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle posteriorly.

Innervation of the ear muscles: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superficial temporal artery - anterior and superior muscles; posterior ear artery - posterior muscle.