Everything is wider. But how can you prove that the earth is round? Just by traveling around the world. It was necessary, having sailed to the west, to circle the globe and return home from the east. This idea was nurtured by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan who entered the service of the Spanish king. He supposed to go for pepper and cloves to the islands of spices - Moluccas- not by the eastern, but by the western way. These islands lay to the east of the Sunda Islands, and the Portuguese sailed to them, skirting Africa, across the Indian Ocean. Magellan wanted to sail west, try to go around South America, cross the unknown South Sea and come to the spice islands from the east.

Soon the ships sailed to Philippine Islands. Magellan realized that, having circumnavigated the Earth, circumnavigated the New World - America, he had come to the Old, to Asia, and it was not far to the islands of spices. material from the site

Ferdinand Magellan died, intervening in the fight between the Filipinos who were at war with each other. The surviving sailors of Magellan burned one dilapidated ship, the other ship and its crew were captured. And only one ship out of five under the command of El Cano continued sailing. He crossed the Indian Ocean, circled Africa and in 1522, four years after the start of the expedition, completed his journey around the entire Earth. Sailors, exhausted by labor and illness, returned to Spain. The spices they brought were enough to recoup all the costs of the trip.

Were great scientific results Magellan's circumnavigation of the world. It proved the sphericity of the Earth. For the first time, the Pacific Ocean was passed and it was proved that all the oceans are connected to each other into a single World Ocean. It became clear that water occupies a larger area on Earth than land. Correct ideas about the size of the Earth were obtained. As a result of Magellan's expedition, new, much more accurate

O. R. TEBOPCH Y RETCHPE LTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOYE TPUUYSO (1803-1806)

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IDES RPUSCHMLY NPTULPK LUREDYGYY Y LTPOYFBDFB H TPUUYKULYE LPMPOYY H bNETYLE RPMHYUYMB RPDDETTSLH Y H LTHZBI tPUUYKULP-BNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOYY. 29 YAMS 1802 Z. zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE tbl PE "CHUERPDDBOEKYEN DPOEYEOYY" bMELUBODTKH I UPPVEYMP, UFP UYUYFBEF OEVPVIPDINSCHN "RTYUFKHRIFSH L PFRTBCHMEOYA OSHOE CH bNETYLH FTBOURPTFPCH UCHPYI PF UBOLF-REFETVKhTZULPZP RPTFB" Y YURTBYCHBMB ABOUT FFP "CHSHCHUPYUBKYEZP UPYCHPMEOIS". ChSCHZPDSCH "PF PFRTBCHMEOYS Y VBMFYLY CH bNETYLKH UHDPC" DBCHOP VSCHMY PYUECHIDOSCH, "OP OEPRSHCHFOPUFSH MADEK, OEDPUFBFPL RPBOIK" Y LBRYFBMPCH "CHUEZDB PUFBOBCHMYCHBMY LPNRBOYA". FERETSH CE tbl VTBMB OB UEVS UNEMPUFSH RTEDUFBCHYFSH YNRETBFPTH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE CHSHZPDSHCH, RTPYUFELBAEYE PF RTEDMBZBENPK "ELUREDYGYY": RPDLTERMEOYE THUULPK BNETEYLY OEVPVIPDYNSCHNY FPCHB TBNY, HUYMEOYE THUULPZP RTYUHFUFCHYS ABOUT FYIPN PLEBOE, PUCHPPVPTSDEOYE TSYFEMEK SLHFULPK PVMBUFY PF FTSEMSHCHI RETECHPPL (CH YUBUFOPUFY, SLPTEK) Y F.D. lPNRBOYS PUPVP PVTBEMBMB CHOYNBOYE ABOUT PFLTSCHFYE CHSHZPDOPZP DMS tPUUYY FPTZB U LIFBEN (CH lBOFPOE) Y sRPOYEK, B FBLTS YURTBYCHBMB Yb zPUHDBTUFCHEOOPZP BENOPPZP VBOLM UUH DH H 250 FSHU. TXV. ABOUT 8 MEF U HRMBPFK CHUEZP 2% H ZPD.

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2. OBOBBYUEOYE o.r. tebopchb y pfrtbchlb lluredygyy y u.-refetvkhtzb

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"TSYCHEKIEE Y DEFEMSHOPE HYBUFYE" CH LUREDYGYY RTPSCHYMB yNRETBFPTUULBS BLBDENYS OBHL, P YUEN UPPVEYM EE RTEYDEOF, PYOYO Y NPMPDSHHI Y PVTBBPCHBOOSCHI DTHEK BMELUBODT I, UMEO oEZMBUOPZP LPNYFEFB ZTBZh d.o. oCHPUYMSHGECH. RP EZP RTEDMPTSEOIA BLBDENYS OBHL, HVETSDEOOOBS, YuFP RHFFEYUFCHYE, RTEDRTYOYNBENPE Z-OPN TEBOPCCHCHN, VHDEF RMPDPFCHPTOSHCHN FBLTS Y CH OBHYUOPN PFOPEYOYY, RTYOSMB EZP CH YuYUMP UCHP YI RPYUEFOSHCHI YUMEOPCH . BLBDENYS, CH YUBUFOPUFY ch. UECETZYO, b.zh. UECCHBUFSHSOCH Y UNEMPCHULYK, TBTBVPFBMY OBHYUOKHA RTPZTBNNH OBVMADEOYK "CH FTEI GBTUFCHBI RTYTPDSCH", B BLBDENILH r. V. yOPIPDGECHH EEE TBOEE RPTHUIMY UFBFSH OBUFBCHOYLPN th. and. lTHEOYFETOB CH YUBUFY "RTBLFYUEULPK BUFTPOPNYY" .

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pUPVEOOP FEBFEMSHOP VSCHM RPDPVTBO UPUFBCH LPNBODSCH LPTBVMEK "OBDETSDB" Y "OECHB". aboutBTSDH U y. and. lTHJEOYFETOPN CH RMBCHBOY HYUBUFCHPCHBMY a. and. MYUSOULYK, LPNBODPCHBCHYYK "OECHPK", Y UFBCHYE CHRPUMEDUFCHY OBNEOYFSHCHNY NPTERMBCHBFEMSNY n. tBFNBOPC, p. lPGEVH, f. VEMMYOUZBHYEO Y DT. UBNSCHN CHOYNBFEMSHOSHCHN PVTBPN LTKHEOYFETO Y MYUSOULYK RPDPVTBMY Y CHUA LPNBODH UCHPYI LPTBVMEK. "TSEMBOYE HCHYDEFSH PFDBMEOOOSCHE UFTBOSH VSHCHMP FBL CHEMILP, RYUBM lTHJEOYFETO, UFP EUMY VSH RTYOSFSH CHUEI PIPFOILPCH. PTBVMY PFVPTOSHCHNY NBFTPUBNY tPUUYKULPZP ZHMPFB. IPFS LTHYEOIFETOKH UPCHPCHBM RTYOSFSH OEULPMSHLP Yopuftboo nbftpupch, software, "KOSTS RTEINHEUFCHCHECHB TPUUIKULYA ... UNCH UNCH RPUMEDPCHBFSH

NOOEE HDBYOSCHN PLBBMUS RPDVPT UCHYFSCH RPUMBOOILB, CH LPFPTHA CHPYMY OBDCHPTOSHCHK UPCHEFOIL Zh. zhPUUE, NBKPT e. l. zhTYDETYIGY, RPTHUIL ZTBZH th. fPMUFPK Y DT. (P RPUMEDOEN PYUEOSH TEELP PFЪSCHCHBMUS CHRPUMEDUFCHYY b.u. rhylyo). ChRTPUEN, UBN o.r. teBOPCH UFTENYMUS RTYCHMEYUSH L LUREDYGYY OBYVPMEE PVTBBPCHBOOSCHI Y BOBAEYI MYG Y, CH YUBUFOPUFY, HZPCHBTYCHBM PFRTBCHYFSHUSH RMBCHBOYE RTEZHELFB bMELUBODTP-OECHULPK DHIPCHOPK B LBDENYY e. b. vPMIPCHYFYOPCHB (1767-1837), UFBCHYEZP RPDOEE YUMEOPN tPUUYKULPK Y ynRETBFPTULPK BLBDENYK OBKHL Y NYFTPRPMYFPN LYECHULYN ECHZEOYEN. o.r. teBOPCH OBM P OBHYUOSCHI BUMMHZBI VHDHEEZP NYFTPRPMYFB Y YNEM U OIN OEULPMSHLP PVEYI KOBLPNSCHI, CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH o.r. THNSOGECHB Y z. t. CHSCHSUOYMPUSH, PDOBLP, UFP ECHZEOIS OE RTEMSHEBMY ЪBZTBOYUOSCHE RHFEYUFCHYS Y UMBCHB RETCHPPFLTSCHCHBFEMS. vMBZPDBTS o.r. THNSOGECH ON UNPZ PFLMPOYFSH HCE UZMBUPCHBOOPE U GBTEN RTEMPTSEOIE.

UPPVEBS PV LFPN PDOPNKH Y UCHPYI VMYYLYI DTKHEK, UBN ECZEOIK UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBM: “TEBOPCH, VHDHYUI NOE LPTPFLP ЪOBLPN, BCHBM NEOS CH UYA LUREDYGYA. oP vpz U OIN! rHUFSH PO PYO lHLPN VKhDEF. OE BCHIDOSCH NOE CHUE EZP BYBFULYE RPYUEUFY. According to DBCE ZPUHDBTA DPLMBDSCHCHBM PVP NOE. OP URBUYVP, ZTBZH THNSOGECH PFLMPOYM UYE CHOYNBOYE O VEDOKHA NPA ZPMPCHH. mHYUYE U CHBNY RPTSYCHEN H tPUUYY ".

chNEUFP EChZEOIS CH LTHZPUCHEFOPE RKhFEYUFCHYE PFRTBCHYMUS UPVPTOSHCHK YETPNPPOBI bMELUBODTP-OECHULPK MBCHTSCH ZEDEPO (zBCHTYYM zhEDPPFCH), LPFPTSHCHK VSCHM PVTBBPBOOSCHN Y PSHCHFOSHCHN REDB ZPZPN, RTERPDBCHBCHYYN ZHTBOGKHULYK SHCHL, TYFPTYLKH Y NBFENBFYLKH. rTERPDBCHBFEMSHULYK PRSHCHF Y KOBOIS CHEUSHNB RTYZPDYMYUSH ZEDEPOKH CHTENS EZP RTEVSCHCHBOYS CH bNETYLE, ZDE ON UFBM DEFEMSHOSCHN YURPMOYFEMEN ЪBNSCHUMPCH o.r. teBOPCHB "L HFCHETSDEOYA NETSDH TPUUYSOBNY Y BNETYLBOGBNY DPVTPZP UZMBUYS", RPULPMSHLH "POI UPUFBCHMSAF FERETSH PYO OBTPD TPUUYKULYK" Y BYOFETEUPCHBOSHCH "UPITBOOYEN RPCHUAD" X CHBYNOPC RPMShSHCH, HCHBTSEOYEN YUEMPCHEYUEFCHB Y RPCHYOPCHEOYEN OBYUBMSHUFCHKH.

tebboch rpthyuym zedepokh rtyosfsh h PUVPPE RPREYEOOYE "LBDSHSLULHA YLPMH Y PVTBPCHBFSH YЪ POK RTBCHYMSHOPE HYUYMYEE ... YN YUFYOOPE RPOSFIYE P BLPOOE VPTSYEN Y EUFEUFCHEOOPN, BLKNYFEUSH NETSDH FEN RPLBBOYEN YN RTBCHYM RTBCHPRYUBOYS, BTYZHNEFIYL Y RPMPTSYFE RETCHPOBYUBMSHOSHCHE PUOPCHBOYS RTPUYN OBHLBN.

imEVPRBYEUFCHP, ULPFPCHPDUFCHP Y RTPUYS IPSKUFCHEOOOSCHE VBCHEDEOYS IPFS YOE RTYOBDMETSBF L RTEDNEFBN Ch. CHYFSH OBYUBMSHUFCHP FBNPYOEE CHBYNY UPCHEFBNY ​​Y UPDEKUFCHPCHBFSH L PVEEK RPMSHE Y VMBZPUPUFPSOYA LTBS FPZP ".

UPDEKUFCHHS RTPUCHEEEEOIA LPMPOIK, RTEJIDEOFSC yNRETBFPTULYI BLBDENYK OBHL Y IHDPTSEUFCH d.o.o. oCHPUYMSHGECH Y used uFTPZBOCH RTYUMBMY DMS LUREDYGY GEOOSCHE UPVTBOYS LOYZ, MBODLBTFSCH, LBTFYOSCH, VAUFSHCH, LUFBNRSHCH; HRTBCHMSAEIK NYOYUFETUFCHPN NPTLYI UYM r. h. YuYUBZHR NPDEMY Y Y UETFETSY UHDHR; o.r. THNSOGECH "RTELTBUOPE UPVTBOYE RKhFEYUFCHYK Y LOYZ IPSKUFCHEOOSHCHI" . yI RTYNETH RPUMEDPCHBMY NOPZYE DTHZYE MYGB, CHLMAYUBS y. th. dNYFTYECHB, n. n. iETBULCHB Y r. R. VELEFPCHB. LFB GEOOBS LPMELGYS VSHCHMB DPUFBCHMEOB ABOUT LPTBVME "OECHB" ABOUT P-CH lBDSHSL, B CHRPUMEDUFCHYY HER RETECHEMY H OPCHHA UFPMYGKh LPMPOYK Z. OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHUL.

UPDEKUFCHYE LUREDYGYY VSCHMP PLBBOP Y RP PZHYGYBMSHOSHCHN LBOBMBN. NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM LBOGMET b.t. CHPTPOGPCH RTEDRYUBM THUULYN RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN CH bozmyy, yurboyy, zhtbogyy, rPTFHZBMYY Y OYDETMBODBI RTPUYFSH UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB PLBBFSH OEPVIPDYNPE UPDEKUF CHIE LUREDYGYY, YUMY POB RPUEFYF FETTYFPTYBMSHOSHCHE CHPDSH YI CHMBDEOYK. vTYFBOULYK RPUPM H tPUUYY (B FBLCE TSD DTHZYI YOPUFTBOOSCHI DYRMPNBFPCH CH u.-REFETVKhTZE) DBMY LUREDYGY PFLTSCHFSCHK MYUF PV PLBBOY EK CH UCHPYI CHMBDEOYSI OEVPVIPDYNPK RPNPE.

rPUME FEBFEMSHOSCHI RTYZPFPCHMEOYK 26 YAMS 1803 Z. "OBDETSDB" Y "OECHB" RPLYOKHMY LTPOYFBDF. lTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOYE OBYUBMPUSH. YuETE LPREOZBZEO, ZhBMSHNHF, FEOETYZH L VETEZBN VTBBYMYY, B BLFEN CHPLTHZ N. ZPTO LUREDYGYS DPUFYZMB nBTLYYULYI Y L YAOA 1804 Z. zBCHBKULYI P-CH PC. 'DEUSH LPTBVMY TBDEMYMYUSH: "OBDETSDB" PFRTBCHYMBUSH L REFTPRBCHMPCHULH-OB-lBNYUBFLE, B "OECHB" RPYMB OB P-H lBDSHSL, LHDB RPD LTYLY "KhTB!" RTYVSCHMB 13 YAMS.

h FFP CHTENS b.b. vBTBOCH HCE PFRTBCHYMUS L UYFIE DMS ChPUUFBOCHMEOYS UCHPEK CHMBUFY ABOUT PUFTPCHE, PUOPCHBOYS OPCHPK LTERPUFY Y OBLBBOYS FMYOLYFCH ЪB KHOYUFPTSEOYE THUULPZP RPUEMEOIS. rPFPNKH "OECHB" CH BCHZHUFE PFRTBCHYMBUSH ENH ABOUT RPNPESH. rPRSHCHFLY NYTOPZP TBTEYOYS LPOZHMYLFB PLPOYUYMYUSH OEHDBYuOP, Y 1 PLFSVTS b.b. vBTBOCH RTY RPDDETZLE PFTSDB NPTSLCH PE ZMBCHE U MEKFEOBOPPN r. R. bTVHJPCHCHN RTEDRTYOSM YFHTN OERTYSFEMSHULPK LTERPUFY. rp PFЪSCHCHH RPUMEDOEZP, "RHYLY VSCHI HCE X UBNSCHI CHPTPF Y OEULPMSHLP CHSHCHUFTEMPCH TEYIMMY VSC RPVEDH H GENERAL RPMSh, OP FTHUPUFSH LBDSHSLGECH CHUE YURPTFIMB".

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LPNBOYT "OECHSHCH" PLBBMUS EDCHB MY OE RETCHSHCHN, LFP PGEOYM CHUE CHZPDSHCH NEUFPTBURMPTSEOIS OPCHPK LTERPUFY, PUOPCHBOOPK ABOUT OERTYUFHROPK ZPTE ABOUT VETEZH PVYTOPZP IBMYCHB. RP NOOYA MYUSOULPZP, OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHUL "DPMTSEO VSHFSH ZMBCHOSCHN RPTFPN tPUUYKULP-bNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOYY RP FPNKh, UFP POSHCHK, YULMAYUBS CHUE CHSHCHYEKHRPNSOHFSHCHE CHSHZPDSHCH, OBIPDY FUS CH UTEDPFPYUY UBNSCHI CHBTSOSCHI RTPNSCHUMCH. h PLTHTSOPUFY POPZP CHPDYFUS FBLPE NOPTSEUFCHP VPVTCH, UFP ETSEMI YOPUFTBOOSCHE UHDB OE CHPURTERSFUFCHHAF, FP LBTsDSHK ZPD NPTsOP VHDEF CHCHCHPYFSH POSCHI, RP LTBKOEK NET FSHCHUSYU DP CHPUSHNY : OSHOETS, RPMEILH ZTBTSDBOE UPEDOOEOOOSCHI bNETYLBOULYI pVMBUFEK FPTZHAF ЪDEUSH VEURTEUFBOOP, FP CHCHCHP DPMTsOP RPMBZBFSH DP FTEI FSHCHUSYU. LTPNE FPZP, UIFLYOULYE DETECHSHS NPZHF RTYOPUIFSH OE NBMHA CHSCHZPDH, LPZDB OBII UHDB VHDHF YUBEE IPDYFSH CH LBOFPO. UBNPZP CHSHCHUPLPZP NOOEOYS MYUSOULYK RTYDETTSYCHBMUS Y P b.b. vBTBOPCHE, "LPFPTSCHK RP DBTCHBOISN UCHPYN BUMKHTSYCHBM CHUSLPZP HCHBTSEOYS" .

3. o.r. TEBOPCH Y y. and. lTHEOYFETO

lTHZPUCHEFOPE RHFEYUFCHYE PNTBYUMPUSH LPOZHMYLFPN NETsDH th. and. lTHEOYFETOPN Y o.r. you RP DBCHOEK NPTULPK FTBDYGYY PE CHTENS RMBCHBOYS LBRYFBO SCHMSEFUS RTBLFYUEULY RPMOCHMBUFOSHCHN IPSYOPN UHDOB Y EZP UMPCHP BLPO DMS LLYRBTsB Y RBUUBTSYTPCH. oE HDYCHYFEMSHOP RPFPNKH, UFP VPMSHYYOUFCHP NPTULYI YUFPTYLPCH RPYUFY VEEPZCHPTPYuOP RPDDETSYCHBMY y. and. lTHEOYFETOB. “yuEMPCHEL FEEUMBCHOSCHK, OECHETSEUFCHEOOSHK H NPTULPN DEME, OE YNEAEYK RPOSFIS P UMKhTSEVOSCHI PFOPEOYSI PE ZHMPFE Y P CHBTSOPN OBYUEOYY LPNBOYTB CH NPTE, RYUBM h. h. OECHULYK, RSHCHFBMUS TBSHCHZTSCHCHBFSH TPMSh OBYUBMSHOILB LLUREDYGYY, DYULTEDYFYTHS LTKHEOYFETOB Y PZHYGETPCH, Y CHSHCHBM LFYN BLPOOPE Y URTBCHEDMYCHPE YI CHPNHEEOYE ".

rP UMPCHBN UFBTYEZP PZHYGETB "OBDETSDSCH" n.y. tBFNBOPCHB, CH IPDE RKhFEYUFCHYS o.r. TEBOPCH "PVOBTHTSYM ... UCHPK IBTBLFET Y PFLTSCHM YUETOHA UCHPA DHYKH".

rPUME PLPOYUBOIS RMBCHBOYS UBN lTHJEOYFETO Y DTHZYE NPTULYE PZHYGETSCH RPUFBTMBMYUSH BLTERYFSH CHETUYA P UCHPEK RTBCHPFE, YuFP PVMEZYUBMPUSH FEN, YuFP o.r. TEBOPCH ULPTPRPUFYTSOP ULPOYUBMUS Y BEIFYFSH UEVS Ch U.-REFETVKhTZE OE Refinery. uFP BUFBCHMSEF YUFPTYLCH PFOEUFYUSH L PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBN DEMB PUPVEOOP CHOYNBFEMSHOP Y PVYAELFYCHOP.

UMEDHEF OBRPNOYFSH, UFP CH RTYCHPDYCHYIUS TBOEE DPLKHNEOFBI Y RTETSDE CHUEZP CH PVEEK YOUFTHLGYY o.r. TEBOPCHH, HFCHETSDEOOOPK bMELUBODTPN I 10 YAMS 1803 Z., UREGIBMSHOP CHSHCHDEMSMYUSH UMPCHB, UFP "PVB UHDOB U PZHYGETBNY Y UMHTSYFEMSNY, CH UMKhTSVE LPNRBOY OBIPDSEINYUS, RPT HYUBAFUS OBYUBMSHUFCHH CHBYENKH" . rTBCHDB, LFY YOUFTHLGYY VSHCHMY DBOSH DPCHPMSHOP RPDOP, Y lTHEOYFETO PRTBCHDSHCHBMUS RPDOEE, UFP DP RMBCHBOYS PO, IPFS Y RPMKHYUYM UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE DPLKHNEOFSHCH, " RTPDETSBM YI, OP OE YUYFBM "(?!). fBL YMYY YOBYUE, U UBNPZP OBYUBMB RMBCCHBOYS NETsDH LTKHEOYFETOPN Y TEBOPOCHSHCHN HUFBOPCHYMYUSH OERTYS'OEOOOSCHE PFOPIEOYS, LPFPTSCHE CHCHMYMYUSH CHEUOPK 1804 Z. H PFLTSCHFSCHK LPOZHMYLF. RPCHPDPN DMS LFPZP RPUMHTSYM DPCHPMSHOP NBMP'OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHK UMHYUBK, UCHSBOOSHCHK U TBURPTSEOYEN TEBOPCHB RTYLBYUYLH LPNRBOYY Zh. th. yENEMYOH ABOUT PDOPN Y nBTLYULYI PUFTCHPCH (OHLYYYCHB) "CHSCHNEOYCHBFSH DMS yNRETBFPTULPK LHOUFLBNETSHCH" X PUFTCHYFSO "TBOSCHE CHEY PFOPUYFEMSHOP YI PDETSDSCH Y PVSCHUBECH" . LTKHEOYFETO, LPFPTSCHK CHUEZDB EDYOPCHMBUFOP TEZKHMYTPCHBM FPTZPCHMA U NEUFOSHCHNY TSYFEMSNY, RPFTEVPCHBM PYASUOEOYK, UPVTBM LYRBTS "OBDETSDSCH" Y RTYZMBUIM U "OECHSHCH" a. and. MYUSOULPZP Y h. VETIB. i IPFS o.r. teBOPCH RTEDUFBCHYM YNECHYYEUS X OEZP DPLKHNEOFSHCH Y DBTSE BYUYFBM "CHSHCHUPYUBKYEE ... RPTKHYUEOYE OBYUBMSHUFCHB", CH PFCHEF CHUE PZHYGETSCH (LTPNE MEKFEOBOFB r. f. zPMCHBYUECHB) BL MAYUYMY FENKH: "UFHRBKFE, UFHRBKFE U CHBYNY HLBBNY, OEF X OBU OBYUBMSHOILB, LTPNE LTHJEOYFETOB" . rTY ffn mekfeobof n.y. tBFNBOPC, “THZBS RP-NBFETOH, LTYUBM: “eZP, ULPFB, BLPMPFYFSH CH LBAFH”. "with EDCHB YNEM UIMKh HKFY Ch LBAFKh, UPPVEBM tebboch RPUME RTYVSHCHFIYS Ch REFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH CH OBYUBME YAMS 1804 Z., Y BRMBFYM TSEUFPLPK VPMEYOSHA, CHTENS L PFPTPK DPLFPT OH TBH OE RPUEFYM NEOS, IPFS CHUE Y'CHEUFOSHCH VSHMY, UFP S ECHB RTY LPOGE TSOYOY OBIPDYMUS. tKHZBFEMSHUFCHB RTPDPMTSBMYUSH, Y S RTYOKHTSDEO VSCHM, YJVEZBS DBMSHOEKYI DETPUFEK, ULPMSH OY TSEUFPLP NOE VSCHMP RTPIPDYFSH LCHBFPT, OE RPMShSHUSH CHPDHIPN, CHCHUIDEF SH, OILHDB OE CHSHCHIPDS, DP UBNPZP PLPOYUBOYS RKhFEYUFCHYS Y RTYVSHCHFIY CH LBNYUBFLKH CHCHCHSHCHCHK TB YY LBAFSCH UCHPEK ".

RP RTPUSHVE TEBOPPCHB 1 BCHZHUFB 1804 Z. Y OYTSOELBNYUBFULB CH REFTPRBCHMPCHUL RTYVSHCHMY ZEOETBM r. th. lPYEMECH, 60 UPMDBF Y DCHB PZHYGETB DMS RTPYCHPDUFCHB UHDEVOPZP TBUUMEDPCHBOYS. “LBL OY UVBTBMUS lTHЪEOYFETO PRTBCHDBFSH UCHPY RPUFHRLY, RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDKh BCHFPTYFEFOSHCHK YUUMEDPCHBFEMSH CHPRTPUB, OP LPZDB DPYMP DP PYUOSCHI UFBCHPL Y OBNETEOIS LPIE MECHB PFTEYYFSH EZP PF LPNBODPCHBOIS UHDOPN, PO UPOBMUS CH UCHPEK CHYOPCHOPUFY Y RTPUYM lPYEMECHB RTYOSFSH ABOUT UEVS RPUTEDOYUEUFCHP CH RTYNYTEOYY U tebopchshchn" . rPMSHЪKh PFEYUEUFCHB o.r. TEBOPCH RPUFBCHYM "CHCHIE CHUIEI MYUOSCHI... PULPTVMEOIK" Y UPZMBUIMUS PUFBCHYFSH UCHPY VKHNBZY VE DEKUFCHYS, OP U "OERTENEOOSHCHN HUMPCHYEN, YUFPVSH LTHEOYFETO Y CHUE PUF" BMSHOSHCHE PZHYGETSCH... Y'CHYOYMYUSH RETED OIN CH RTYUHFUFCHYY LPYEMECHB. sFP RTEDMPTSEOYE VSHMP RTJOSFP.

8 BCHZHUFB i. and. LTKHEOYFETO Y CHUE PZHYGETSCH "OBDETSDSCH" SCHYMYUSH CH RPMOPK RBTBDOPK ZHPTNE Y RTYOEUMY PZHYGYBMSHOSHCHE Y'CHYOEOYS. "UEK DEOSH, UPPVEBM yENEMYO, VSCM DEOSH TBDPUFY DMS CHUSLPZP RPDYOEOOOPZP, TBCHSBCHYEZP UHDSHVH NOPZYI". rPUMEDPCHBMY FPTTSEUFCHEOOSHCH PVEDSCH Y HTSYOSCH. pUPVEOOP FPTTSEUFCHEOOP RTPYUIPDYM PVED 21 BCHZHUFB. bb dtbchye tebbopchb y lpyemechb OEULPMSHLP tb

obdp PFDBFSH DPMTSOPE o.r. teBOPCHKH, UFP PO OE FPMSHLP CHEMILPDKHYOP RTPUFYM i. and. LTKHEOYFETOB Y DTHZYI NPTULYI PZHYGETPCH, LPFPTSHCHE DPUFBCHYMY ENH CHTENS RMBCHBOYS UFPMSHLP OERTYSFOPUFEK, OP Y DBM UBNHA CHSHCHUPLKHA PGEOLKh RTPZHEUYPOBMYЪNH LBRYFB OBDETSDShCH, OEKHUSHROPE UVBTBOYE LPFPTPZP RPCHPMYMP UPITBOYFSH CHTENS RMBCHBOYS CHUEI MADEK, LTPNE CHPMSHOPOBENOPZP RPCHBTB, LHTMSODGB oYMBODB, LPFPTSHCHK OE NPZ CHCHOEUFY RETENEOOSCHI LMYNBFCH ".

UCHYFB UBNPZP RPUMBOOILB, RPDPVTBOOBS NEOEE CHOYNBFEMSHOP, RPDCHETZMBUSH CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULE UHEEUFCHEOOPNKH YNEEOOYA. "TSEUFPLBS LBNEOOBS VPMEOSH" MYYYMB TSYCHPRYUGB BLBDENILB u. LHTMSODGECHB ChPNPTSOPUFY RTPDPMTSBFSH RKhFEYUFCHYE, Y ON VSCHM PFRTBCHMEO OBBD H u. at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, o.r. tebboch vshchm chshchohtsdeo yulmayuyfsh yj nyuuyy y pprtbchiyfsh obbd zchbtdyy rpthuylb zh. th. fPMUFPZP, "TBDPTSCHCHP CHUEK LUREDYGY RPUESCHYEZP", "RP RTYUOYOE VEURPLPKOPZP EZP IBTBLFETB" (CHCHTBTSEOIE n.y. tBFNBOPCHB), U RTEDHRTETSDEOYEN, "UFPV PO OE RTPTSYCHBM CH nPULCHE Y DECUFFCHIFEMSHOP L RPMLH SCHIMUS". bBFP NYUUIS RPRPMOYMBUSH RPTKHYULPN d. lPYEMECHCHN, LBRYFBOPN lBNYUBFULPZP ZBTOY'POOPZP VBFBMSHPOB th. th. zhEDPTPCCHN, B FBLTS RPYEFOSCHN LBTBHMPN YJ UENY "CHIDOSCHI UPMDBF U HOFFET-PJYGETPN Y VBTVBBOEILPN". yЪ-ЪB PRBUOPUFY NEUFY UP UFPTPOSCH SRPOGEC RTYOSCHYENH PE CHTHENS RTEVSCHCHBOYS H tPUUY RTBCHPUMBCHYE RETHECHPDYuYLKH LYUEMECHH o.r. TEBOPCH CHSCHOHTSDEO VSHCHM PFRTBCHYFSH EZP H yTLKhFUL. vMBZPDBTS UCHPYN URPUPVOPUFSN L SHCHLBN UBN TEBOPHCH BL CHTENS RHFEYUFCHYS UHNEM CH Y'CHEUFOPK NET PCHMBDEFSH SRPOULYN SHCHLPN Y OBDESMUS "PVPKFYUSH Y WEJ RPNPEY UEZP RETECH PDUILB".

PE CHTENS RTEVSCHCHBOIS ABOUT lBNYUBFLE LPNBODB "OBDETSDSCH" RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN th. and. lTKHEOYFETOB "DEOOP Y OPEOP" RTPCHPDYMB TBVPFKh RP "CHSCHZTH'LE FBLEMBTTSB Y FPCHBTCH, RPYUYOLE LPTBVMS" Y HUFTBOOYA CHPOYOYLYEK CH RPIPDE FEYUY. xCE 18 BCHZHUFB "LPTBVMSH ABOUT TEKD CHSHCHYEM", B 26 BCHZHUFB RPUME NPMEVUFCHYS Y PTHDYKOPZP UMBAFB "OBDETSDB" PFRTBCHYMBUSH CH OBZBUBLLY, LHDB RTYVSHMB TCHOP YuETE NEUSG.

DEUSH OEF OEVPVIPDYNPUFY RETEULBSCCHBFSH CHUE RETYREFIY DMYFEMSHOPZP Y CH LPOEYUOPN YFPZE VEHUREYOPZP RTEVSCCHCHBOYS TPUUYKULPZP RPUPMSHUFCHB CH OBZBUBLY. FP HCE VSCHMP UDEMBOP H XIX Ch. l. ChPEOULYN, B ChP ChFPTPK RPMPCHYOE XX Ch. dTs. b. MEOWEOPN (1959), b. With. JBKOVETZ (1960), m. o. lHFBLPCCHN (1988) Y DT. lBL RYUBM l. CHPEOULYK, DBCE LPZDB o.r. TEBOPCHH TBTEYMY RETEEIBFSH H DPN ABOUT VETEZH, PO "VSHM PLTHTSEO CHOYNBOYEN Y CHUECHPNPTSOSCHNY OBBLBNY RPYUFEOYS Y HCHBTSEOYS, OP CH UHEOPUFY CHUE LFP VSCHMP OE UFP YOPE, LBL RPYEFOSCHK RMEO, LPFPTSCHK SRPOGSCH UVBTBMYUSH BLNBULYTPCHBFSH CHETSMYCHPUFSHHA Y UUSCHMLBNY ABOUT DTECHOYE PVSCHYUBY ". FENOE NEOEE DBCE CH FYI HUMPCHYSI TEBOPHOE FETSM READ DBTPN Y UFTENYMUS UPDBFSH X SRPOGEC OBYMHYUYEE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P tPUUYY Y THUULYI. HUETDOP BOINBSUSH SRPOULYN SHCHLPN, ON UPUFBCHYM LTBFLPE THUULP-SRPOULPE THLPCHPDUFCHP Y UMPCBTSH, UPDETSBEYK VPMEE 5 FSC. UMPC Y PRHVMYLPCHBOOSCHK CH U.-REFETVKhTZE.

l HDYCHMEOYA UBNYI SRPOGECH, "CHEMILYK UBOPCHOIL YFP" RTYCHE CHEUOPK 1805 Z. Yj dp LBFEZPTYUEULIK PFLB: "RPUPMSHUFCHP YNRETBFPT RTYOSFSH OE NPTSEF", "FPTZPCHMY" OE TSEMBEF Y RTPUYF, UFPVSCH RPUPM CHSHCHEIBM Y SRPOYY. OE VSHMY RTYOSFSH DBCE NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE RPDBTLY, LPFPTSHCHE VSHCHMY RTYCHEOEOSCH o.r. TEBOPCHSHCHN, RPULPMSHLH "SRPOIS OE UFPMSh VPZBFB, UFPVSCH PFCHEFYFSH TBCHOPGEOOSHCHNY DBTBNY". at DTKhZPK UFPTPOSCH, YUFPVSH LBL-FP RPDUMBUFYFSH PFLB, "CH OBBL VMBZPDBTOPUFY BL ZPUFERTYYNUFCHP, SRPOGBN CH tPUUY PLBBOOPE" Y YI CHPCHTBEEOYE ABOUT TPDYOH "UPDETSBOY" E LLYRBTsB "OBDETSDSCH" ЪB CHUE YEUFSH U RPMPCHYOPK NEUSGECH Y PFRHUL ABOUT TBOSCHE LPTBVEMSHOSHCHE OBDPVOPUFY NBFETYIBMPCH RTYOSFSHCH ABOUT UYUEF LKhVPULPZP CHEMYUEUFCHB”, F. E. SRPOULPZP YNRETBFPTB. about PVTBFOSHCHK RHFSH ZhTEZBF VSHCHM UOBVTSEO DCHHINEUSYUOSCHN BRBUPN RTPCHYYY, VPMSHYN ZTHHPN UPMY, B FBLTS RPDBTLPN "YEMLPCHSHI CHBF" (25 SEYLPCH). RP UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHH TEBOPPCHB, "PFLB CH FPTZE RTPYCHEM UIMSHOPE CH OBTPDE CHEYUBFMEOYE". h obzbubly xtse rtyeibmy lhrgsch yj dp, lypfp y publ. and. yENEMYO RYUBM, UFP DBCE "LBTBHMSHOSHCHE PZHYGETSCH YYASCHYMY RPUMH UCHP UPTsBMEOYE Y CHUE EDYOPDHYOP TPRFBMY ABOUT OEURTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH UCHPEZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB" .

h PFLBE SRPOY RTYOSFSH RPUPMSHUFCHP FTHDOP CHOYFSH o.r. tebopchb. about RTPFTSEOY CHUEZP 6-NEUSYUOPZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH OBZBUBLLY Y RETEZPCHPTBI U SRPOULYNY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY TEBOPHCH CHRMPFSH DP 23 NBTFB (4 BRTEMS) 1805 Z. DETTSBMUS RTBLFYUEULY WEEKHRTEUOP. eZP OTTCHCHCHOE CHSHCHDETSBMY, MYYSH LPZDB UCHETIEOOOP OEPTSYDBOOP BY RPMKHYUM LBFEZPTYUEULIK PFLB. h TEEKHMSHFBFE RPUMBOOIL OBRTBCHYM SRPOULPNKh RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHKH NENNPTBODKHN U FTEVPCHBOYEN RETEUNPFTEFSH UCHPE TEOYOYE Y OBOBYUYFSH “ON NBFNBE RPTF, CH LPFPTSCHK NPTsOP RTYIPDYFSH DMS FPTZB.., DCHB NEUFB DMS HYUTETSDEOYS TPUUYKULPK ZBLFPTYY RTY HUMPCHYY, UFP CHUE HBLPOOEOYS SRPOULPK YNRETYY UFTPZP VHDHF UPVMADBFSHUS. h LPOGE NEPTBODHNB UPDETSBMBUSH Y RTSNBS KhZTPЪB CH UMHYUBE CHFPTYUOPZP OEKHCHBTSEOYS "RTYOSFSH FE NETSHCH, LPFPTSHCHE CH OBTPDE VHDHF ZYVEMSHOSHCH Y OE CHPCHTBFOSH RTPYCHEDHF RPFETY" .

RPCHMYSFSH ABOUT TBCHYFYE UPVSCHFIK Y FEN VPMEE YЪNEOYFSH YI IPD NENPTBODHN TEBOPCHB, LPOEYUOP, OE Refinery. teyeoye PV PFLBE VSCHMP RTYOSFP Y VSMP PLPOYUBFEMSHOSHCHN. noooye y. and. lTKHEOYFETOB, VHDFP teBOPCH "VPMEE UBVPFIMUS P CHSHZPDE tPUYKULP-BNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOYY, YUEN PV YOFETEUBI RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB", OY OB YUENOE PUOPCHBOP. CHRPMOE URTBCHEDMYCHSHCHN RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS CHSHCHPD l. ChPEOULPZP P FPN, UFP "PFLB, TEYOOOSCHK RTYOGYRYBMSHOP CH yDP, RTPYPYEM CHUMEDUFCHYE RTYUYO RPUFPTPOOYI, OE BUCHYUSEYI PF RETEZPCHPTCH, CHEDEOOSHCHI H obzbubli te BOPCHSHCHN. eEE e. b. rPDOEECH PFNEYUBM VPTSHVH H RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOOSCHI LTHZBI sRPOYY TBMYUOSCHI ZTHRRYTPCHPL. th IPFS H UCHSSI U tPUUYEK VSCHMY ЪBYOFETEUPCHBOSCh FPTZPCHGSCH, RTPNSCHYMEOOOYLY Y YUYOPCHOYLY OE FPMSHLP obzbublly, OP Y LYPFP, PUBLY DTHZYI ZPTPDCH, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP, RTYCHETSEOOPE YЪPMSGIPOYUFULYN FTBDYGYSN, CH UCHPEN TEOYOYY PRITBMPUSH ABOUT NENPTBODHN HYUEOSCHI YЪ dP, LPFPTSHCHE UYUYFBMY, UFP FPTZCHMS U tPUUEK RTYCHEDEF L RTPOYLOPCHEOYA H UFTBOH RTBCHPUMBCHYS Y RPUFEREOOPNKH BICHBFH SRPOULYI FETTYFPTYK.

rPIIGYS, ЪBOSFBS SRPOULYN RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN, ChSCHCHBMB OEDPPMSMSHUFCHP FEI ZTHRR LKhREYUEUFCHB Y UBNKhTBKUFCHB, LPFPTSCHE UFTENYMYUSH L PFNEOE YЪPMSGYY UFTBOSH PF CHOEYOE ZP NYTB, TBUYTEOYA FPTZPCHSCHI UCHSHEK, TBURTPUFTBOOEOYA ECHTPREKULYI BOBOIK. CHRPUMEDUFCHY SRPOULYK RTENSHET-NYOYUFT NBTLY plHNB uyzeopvh PFNEYUBM, UFP "tebopch RETCHSHCHK TBVKhDYM srpoya PF ZMHVPLPZP UOB", Y P OEN CH UFTBOE UPUFBCHYMPUSH CHEUSHNB MEU FOPE NOOYE.

rPUME LBFEZPTYUEULPZP PFLB SRPOULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB RTYOSFSH RPUPMSHUFCHP Y TBTEYYFSH FPTZPCHSHCHE UCHSHY o.r. tebbopchh OE PUFBCHBMPUSH OYUEZP DTKhZPZP, LBL RPLIOHFSH 6 (18) BRTEMS obzbubly y CHETOHFSHUS ABOUT lBNYUBFLH. rPUME 48-DOECHOPZP RMBCHBOYS 24 NBS 1805 Z. "OBDETSDB" CHPYMB CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH. rPUMEDUFCHYS LPOZHMYLFB U y. and. LTHJEOYFETOPN, RP CHUEK CHYDYNPUFY, CHUE EEE ULBSCCHCHBMYUSH, Y, LBL DYRMPNBFYUOP RYUBM Zh. th. yENEMYO, TEBOPHCH "RP Y'CHEUFOSHCHN ENKH RTYUYOBN" OE REFINERY PFRTBCHYFSHUS DMS PVPTEOYS TPUUYKULYI CHMBDEOYK CH BNETYLE ABOUT "OBDETSDE". th IPFS LFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP VSCHMP DMS OEZP "LTBKOE YUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOP", RPULPMSHLKh "RTYUHFUFCHYE EZP CH bNETYLE VSCHMP CHEUSHNB OHTSOP, TEYM CHPЪCHTBFIFSHUS CH UFPMYGH YUETEЪ PIPFUL ". L UYBUFYA, CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULPK ZBCHBOY CH LFP CHTENS PLBBMUS VTYZ tbl "nBTYS", UFP RPCHPMYMP TEBOOPCHKH "OEPFNEOOP PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH bNETYLH", B LTHEOYFETOH YDFY L P-CH X UBIBMYO "DMS YUUMEDPCHBOYS Y PRYUBOYS VETEZPCH EZP", B BLFEN YUETE LBOFPO CHETOHFSHUS CH u .-REFETVKhTZ.

h UCHPA PYUETEDSH, "OECHB", BLPOYUYCH YIKHYUEOYE CHMBDEOYK tbl H bNETYLE, CHLMAYUBS P-CHB lBDSHSL, UYFIB Y DT. SH H LBOFPO, ZDE H OBYUBME DELBVTS CHUFTEFYMBUSH U "OBDETSDPK". Khurech RTPDBFSH H LBOFPOE RHYOYOKH Y BLHRYCH LIFBKULIE FPCHBTSC, PVB LPTBVMS OBRTBCHYMYUSH H PVTBFOSC RHFSH CHPLTHZ N. dPVTPK obDETSDSCH.

4. DESFEMSHOPUFSH o.r. tebopchb h thuulpk bnetyle. lLUREDYGYS CH lBMYZHPTOYA

14 YAOS 1805 Z. UHDOP "nBTYS" RPLIOHMP REFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH. obYUBMBUSH OBYVPMEE CHBTSOBS Y, PE CHUSLPN UMKHYUBE, UBNBS RMPDPFCHPTOBS YUBUFSH RKhFEYEUFCHYS o.r. tebopchb. IPFS RMBCHBOYE ABOUT UHDOE "nBTYS", "LTYCHPVPLYN RPUFTPEOOOPZP", UDEMBMP RHFEEUFCHYE "CHEUSHNB IBFTKHDOYFEMSHOSHCHN", CH LPOEYUOPN YFPZE o.r. teBOPCH DPVTBMUS DP lBRYFBOULPK ZBCHBOY ABOUT HOBMBYLE, ZDE OBYEM “DCHB LPNRBOEKULYI UHDOB LBFET” UCH. lPOUFBOFYO "Y UHDOP" UCH. BMELUBODT OECHULYK "". CHUMED BB LFYN PO RPUEFYM P-CH lBDSHSL Y OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHUL ABOUT P-CHE vBTBOPCHB (UYFIB) Y CHOYNBFEMSHOP POBBLPNYMUS U RPMPTSEOYEN DEM. xCE RETCHSHCHE TBURPTSEOIS TEBOPPCHB OEMSHЪS OE RTJOBFSH TBHNOSHCHNY. OBIPDSUSH ABOUT LBDSHSLE, PO RPTHUIM PFGH ZEDEPOKH CHNEUFE UP UMHTSBEYNY LPNRBOY UPUFBCHYFSH RETERYUSH OBUEMEOYS LPMPOYK, CHLMAYUBS LPTEOOSHCHI TSYFEMEK BNETEYLY, YЪVEZBFSH YI PF SZPEEOIS TB'OPZP TPDB RPCHIOOPUFSNY, BLVPFYFSHUS PV PVCYUEOYY NBMPMEFOOYI ZTBNPFE, "Y VKHDE, RP BUCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBOYA DYTELFPTTB YLPMSHCH, PLBTSHF L OBHLBN URPUVOPUFSH, FBLPCHI RTYZPFPCHMSFSH L ЪBOSFYA RP READING CHCHUYI UFEROOK, B DTHZYI, U NEOSHYNY DBTCHBOISNY, PRTEDEMSFSh L NBUFETUFCHBN, TENEUMBN Y THLPDEMYSN ".

HYUYFSCHCHBS PUFTHA RPFTEVOPUFSH THHUULPK BNETEYLY CH CHPEOOSHHI UHDBI, o.r. teBOPCH TBURPTSDYMUS P RPUFTPKLE CH OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHHULE VTYZB "DMYOPA PF 80 DP 90 ZhKhFPCh P 16 RHYLBI", ZTKHPPDYAENOPUFSHHA DP 200 F PE ZMBCHE U MEKFEOBOPPN o. b. ICPUFPCHSHCHN Y FEODETTB "PF 50 DP 55 ZhKhFCH P 6 YMY 8 RHYLBI" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN NYYUNBOB h. idBCHShCHDPCHB "DMS HDPVOPZP RTYVMYTSEOIS L VETEZBN". UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP, MYUOP JOBS "DPVTHA OTBCHUFCHEOOPUFSH" LPTBVEMSHOSHCHI NBUFETCH lPTALYOB Y RPRPCHB, TEBOPCH RPTHUIM YN HUFTKUFCHP CHETZHY, "UFPV ECESZPDOP U LMEOZHR RP DCHB UHDOB URHEBFSH VSHMP NPTsOP" .

pUPVPZP CHOYNBOYS BUMMHTSYCHBEF DESFEMSHOPUFSH TEBOPPCHB Y ZEDEPOB RP TBURTPUFTBOOYA CH LPMPOYSI RTPUCHEEEEOIS. hyuymyee DMS NBMSHUYLPC RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN ZEDEPOB VSMP UHEEUFCHEOOP TBUYTEOP U PVSBFEMSHUFCHPN "RTJOYNBFSH ABOUT UPDETTSBOYE LPNRBOY CHUEI DEFEK NHTSULPZP RPMB VE CHUSLPZP TBMYYUYS RP RTPYUIPTsDEOYA". lTPNE FPZP, U LBCDSCHN FTBOURPTFPN OBDMETSBMP PFRTBCHMSFSH RP 10 YuEMPCHEL CH nPULCHH YMY u.-REFETVKhTZ ABOUT 5 MEF "DMS PVCYUEOYS OBHLBN, NBUFETUFCHBN Y TENEUMBN".

CHEUSHNB LTYFYYUEULY, IPFS YOE CHUEZDB URTBCHEDMYCHP, o.r. TEBOPCH PFOEUUS L DEFEMSHOPUFY DHIPCHOPK NYUYY, LPFPTBS ZHPTNBMSHOP LTEUFIMB "OEULPMSHLP FSHCHUSYU", OP OE UHNEMB "CHIPDYFSH CH PVITOSHCHE CHYDSCH O RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, OY LPNRBOYY". According to UFP OE OBAF POY bNETYLBOULPZP SHCHLB RP UYE CHTENS Y RPTHUIM YN "UPVYTBFSH UMPCBTSH", YUFPVSH "OE FPMSHLP CHUE NPMYFCHSHCH, OP Y UBNSHE RTPRCHEDY OB BNETY LBOULPN SHCHLE UPYOSENSCH VSHMY". rPULPMSHLH "CHUSLPE OPCHPE DEMP NEDCHEDEN LBTSEFUS", o.r. tebboch UBN RTYUFKhRYM "L UPYOYOEOYA UMPCHBTS UEZP, LPFPTSCHK DPCHPMSHOSCHI NOE FTHDPCH UFPYM" Y RTPUYM zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE tbl OBREYUBFBFSH EZP "CH RPMShH bNETYLBOULYI KHUYMY E ".

lBL RPLBMBMB t.z. mSRKHOPCHB, PUOPCHOBS ЪBUMKhZB CH CHPТPTSDEOYY HYUYMYEB ABOUT lBDSHSLE RTYOBDMETSBMB ZEDEPOKH, LPFPTSCHK U NBTFB 1805 Z. UFBM "ZMBCHOSCHN DYTELFPTPN". HCCE CHZHUFE YUUUUMP Hubayius ChITMPP DP 50 YUMPCHEL, BH CEMEDHEEN, 1806 Z. DPUFIMPP 100 YUMPCHEL, CHLMAYUBS FMYOOLIFPCH, RTYOSHYYYA "ZETLP-TPUUIKULHA RTBCHPUHKHOHASHYKHASHASHA".

y ChPURYFBOOYLPCH ZEDEPOB VSCHMY RPDZPPFCHMEOSCH Y HUYFEMS LBDSHSLULPZP HUYMYEB, CH YUBUFOPUFY, RBTBNPO yuHNPCHYGLYK, LPFPTSCHK RP RTEDRYUBOYA o.r. teBOPCHB OBYUBM RPDZPPFPCHLH UMPCCHBTS Y ZTBNNBFILY NEUFOPZP SHCHLB. rPUME UCHPEZP PFYAEDB Y THUULPK BNETEYLY CH YAOE 1807 Z. ZEDEPO OBBYUM UCHPYN RTEENOYLPN PFGB ZETNBOB, PUFBCHYCH ENH "OBUFBCHMEOYS" RP DEMBN DHIPCHOPC NYUUY Y X YUYMYEKH. “HDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN RPTHYUBA PUPVEOOPNKH chBYEZP RTERPDPVYS RPREYUEOYA BLCHEDEOOPE NOPA tPUYKULP-bNETILBOULPE HYUYMYEE, RYUBM zeDEPO. h RETCHPN PFDEMEOYY DEFI DPMTSOSCH PVCYUBFSHUS YUFEOYA, RYUSHNH Y LTBFLPNKh LBFEIIYYUKH, PE CHFPTPN TBJYY. lTPNE FPZP, OE ЪBVSCHCHBKFE RTEDNEFSHCH, PFOPUSEYEUS L IPSKUFCHEOOPC YUBUFY; BOYNBKFEUSH CHNEUFP PFDSHCH, LBL RTYHZPPCHYFSH PZPTPDSH, UBDYFSH Y UESFSH PPCHPEY, RPMPFSH, UPVITBFSH OHTSOSCHE FTBCSHCH, LPTEOSHS... PCHBTYEEN EZP iTYUFPZhPT rTSOYYOYILPCH Y RPNPEOYLPN RTY OII bMELUEK LPFEMSHOYLPCH. rBTBNPOH yuHNPCHYGLPNH RTY URPNPEEUFCHPCHBOY DTHZYI CHCHETEOP UPVYTBOYE UMCHBTS BMEHFULPZP SJSHLB; ON DPMTSEO VSHCHFSH Y RETECHPDYULPN RTY CHBU. fBLCE RB PFTSDPN HUEOILPCH ENMEDEMYS YNEKFE DPMTSOPE UNPFTEOIE Y RTYMETSBOYE ".

UBNPK PUFTPK RTPVMENPK PLBBMPUSH, PDOBLP, UOBVTSEOYE THUULPK bNETEYLY RTPPDCHPMSHUFCHYEN. PUEOSHA 1805 Z. LPMPOYY PLBBMYUSH RETED HZTPPK OBUFPSEEZP ZPMPDB. dms teBOPCH 24 UEOFSVTS (6 PLFSVTS) UBLMAYUYM LPOFTBLF U BNETYLBOULYN FPTZPCHGEN dTsPOPN d "CHMZHPN P RTYIPVTEFEOYY UHDOB "aOPOB" U ChPPTKhTSEOYEN Y ZTKHPN SB 68 FSHU. YURBOU LYI RYBUFTCH. dMS PVTBFOPZP RHFY dTs. d "chHMZHH U LLYRBTSEN RTEDPUFBCHMSMPUSH UHDOP "ETNBL", B FBLTS CHELUEMSH ABOUT 31 750 YURBOULYI RYBUFTCH ABOUT zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE tbl Ch u.-REFETVKhTZE.

UPPVEBS bMELUBODTH I P UCHPEN RTEVSCHCHBOYI ABOUT UYFIE, TEBOPC RYUBM, YUFP "VOLUME DEUSH DP 200 TPUUYSO Y VPMEE 300 LBDSHSLLULYI BNETYLBOGECH VE CHUSLPK RYEY Y Y BRBUCH ... RTE DCHBTSS VEDUFCHYE, TEYYMUS X VPUFPOGECH LHRIFSH FTEINBYUFCHPE UHDOP UP CHUEN ZTHHPN EZP Y OELPFPTSCHNY PUFBFLBNY TSIOYOOOSCHI RTYRBUCH . PZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB CH RPLKHRLE TSIOEOOOSCHI RTYRBUCH RPNPEY ".

25 ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. ABOUT LPTBVME "aOPOB" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN MEKFEOBOBFB about. b. ICPUFPCHB TEBOPHCH "U OEPRSHCHFOSHCHNY Y GYOZPFOSHCHNY MADSHNY" PFRTBCHYMUS Yb OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHULB CH lBMYZHPTOYA "ON TYUL U FEN, YUFPV YMYY URBUFY pVMBUFY, YMYY RPZYVOHFSH » Y YUETEY NEUSG DPUFYZ ЪBMYCHB uBO-zhTBOGYULP.

OBCHBCHYUSH "ZMBCHOSCHN OBYUBMSHOILPN" THUULYI LPMPOIK CH bNETYLE, o.r. TEBOPCH CHUFKHRIM H RETEZPCHPTSHCH U NEUFOSHCHNY CHMBUFSNNY. DMS CHUFTEYU U OIN CH BRTEME CH uBO-zhTBOGYULP RTYEIIBM ZHVETOBFPT CHETIOK LBMYZHPTOY iPUE bTYMShSZB (Jose Arillaga) . “with YULTEOOOE ULBTSH chBN, ЪBSCHYM o.r. teBOPCH ZHVETOBFPTH, UFP OKHTSEO OBN IMEV, LPFPTSCHK RPMKHYUBFSH NPTSEN NSCH Y LBOFPOB, OP LBL LBMIZHPTOIS L OBN VMYTSE Y YNEEF CH OEN YЪVSCHFLY, LPFPTSCHI OILHDB U VSCCHBFSHOE NPTSEF, FP RTIEIBM S RPZPCHPTYFSH U chBNY, LBL OBYUBMSHOILPN NEUF UYI, HCHETSS, UFP NPTSEN NSC RTECHBTYFEMSHOP RPUFBOCHYFSH NETSH Y RPUMBFSH ABOUT VMBZPTBBUNPFTEOIE Y HFCCHETSDEOYE DCHPTCH OBYI".

BDBYUB, UPPSCHYBS RETED TEBOPOCHSHCHN, VSCHMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP UMPTSOPK. nBDTIDULYK DCHPT FEBFEMSHOP PZTBTSDBM UCHPY LPMPOYBMSHOSHCHCHMBDEOYS PF CHUSLYI CHOEYOYI UCHSHEK Y UFTPZP BRTEEBM MAVSHE LPOFBLFSCH U YOPUFTBOGBNY. NEUFOSHCHE CHMBUFY CH LPMPOYSI, IPFS Y YURSCHFSHCHCHBMY VPMSHYE BBFTHDOEOIS PF LFPZP BRTEEEEOIS, OE UNEMY EZP PFLTSCHFP OBTKHYYFSH. bB CHTENS UCHPEZP V-OEDEMShOPZP RTEVSCHCHBOYS Ch lBMIZHPTOY o.r. teBOPCH UHNEM RTPSCHYFSH OEEBHTSDOSHCHE DYRMPNBFYUEULYE URPUPVOPUFY Y BCCHPECHBFSH TBURPMPTSEOYE NEUFOPZP YURBOULPZP OBJUBMSHUFCHB. gBTULYK LBNETZET Y ZPTDSHE YURBOGSH DPCHPMSHOP VSHCHUFTP OBYMY PVEYK SHCHL. o.r. TEBOPCH UPYUKHCHUFCHEOOP CHSHCHUMKHYYCHBM YI TsBMPVSHCH ABOUT "OBZMPUFSH VPUFPOGECH", UHDB LPFPTSCHI "VEURTEUFBOOP UNHFMYTHAF RP VETEZBN", "RPFBEOOHA FPTZPCHMA RTPYCHPDSF" Y "CHUENY OB ZMPUFSNY YEKHF UTEDUFCH ... CHPDCHPTYFSHUS CH YURBOULYI CHMBDEOYSI ".

UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH, LBMYZHPTOYKULYK ZHVETOBFPT "U VPMSHYYN HDPCHPMSHUFCHEN" CHCHUMHYYCHBM TBUUKHTSDEOYS UCHPEZP UPVEUEDOILB P TBCHYFYY "CHBYNOPK FPTZPCHMY" NETsDH BNETYLBOULYN Y PVMBUFSNY PVEYI DETTSBCH, CH TEEKHMSHFBFE YuEZP "LPMPOY RTPGCHEFBFSH VHDHF", B "VETEZB OBIY, UPUFBCHMSS CHBYNOHA NETsDH UPVPK UCHSSH, CHUEZDB PVEYNY DETTSBCHBNY TBCHOP VHDHF ЪBEYEBENSCH Y OILFP HCE NETSDH OYNY CHPDCHPTYFSHUS OE PFCHBTSYFUS".

rTEVSCCHBOYE o.r. tebbopchb h lbmyzhptoyy y ezp retezpchptshch u yurboullyny chmbufsny plbbmyush oetbtshchchop uchsbshboshch u pdok y ubnshchi tpnbofyuoschi yufptyk FPZP READ. vKHDHYuY "PVMBULBO" CH DPNE LPNEODBOFB uBO-zhTBOGYULP iPUE dBTYP bTZKHMShP (bTZKHMMP, Jose Dario Arguello), teBOPCH UVMYIMUS U EZP AOPC DPUETSHA, RTELTBUOPK DPOOPC lPOUERUSHPO (Maria de la Concepc ion Marcella), YMY, LBL HER GENERAL CH WENSHE, LPOYUK, LPOYUYFPK (Concha, Conchita), LPFPTBS UMSCHMB "LTBUPA lBMYZHPTOYY". h "YURPCHED YUBUFOSHCHI UCHPYI RTILMAYUEOYK" ZTBZHH o.r. THNSOGECH TEBOPH PYUBM: “ETSEDOECHOP LHTFYYTHS ZYYRBOULHA LTBUBCHYGH, RTYNEFIM S RTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHCHK IBTBLFET EE, YUEUFPMAVYE OEEPZTBOYUEOOPE, LPFPTPE RTY RSFOBDGBF YMEFOEN HER CHPTBUFE HCE FPMSHLP PDOPK EK Y CHUEZP UENEKUFCHB DEMBMP PFUYYOKH HER OERTYSFOPA. CHUEZDB CH YKHFLBI PFSCHCHBMBUSH POB P OEK: “rTELTBUOBS ENMS, FARMSHCHK LMYNBF, IMEVB Y ULPFB NOPZP, Y VPMSHIE OYUEZP”. with RTEDUFBCHMSM EK tPUUYKULYK RPUHTPCHEE Y RTY FPN CHUEN YЪPVIMSHOSHCHK, POB VSCHMB ZPFPCB TSYFSH CH OEN, Y OBLPOYEG OEYUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOP RPUEMYM S CH OEK OEFETREMYCHPUFSH KHUMSCHYBFSH PF NEOS UFP-MYVP RPUETSHOEOE DP FPZP, UFP MYYSH RTEDMPTSYM EK THLH, FP Y RPMKHYUM UZMBYE. rTEDMPTSEOYE NPE UTBYMP CHPURYFBOOSCHI CH JBOBFYNE HER TPDYFEMEK, TBOPUFSH TEMYZYK Y CHRETEDY TBMHLB U DPUETSHHA VSCHMY DMS OYI ZTPNPCHSHCHN HDBTPN. sing rtyvezmy l nyuypoetbn. FE OE OBMY, LBL TEYYFSHUS, CHPYMY VEDOKHA lPOUERUYA CH GETLPCHSH, YURPCHEDCHBMY EE, HVETSDBMY L PFLBH, OP TEYNPUFSH HER OBLPOEG CHUEI HURPLPIMB. UCHSFSHCHE PFGShCH PUFBCHYMY TBTEYOYA TYNULPZP RTEUFPMB, Y S ECEMY OE NPZ PLPOYUIFSH TSEOIFSHVPK NPEK, FP UDEMBM OB FP LPODIGYPOOSCHK BLF Y RTYOHDYM RPNPMCHYFSH OBU, OB UFP UZMBYEOP U FEN, UFPV DP TBTEYOYS rBRSH UYE VSHMP FBKOPA ".

YUFPTYS MAVCHY o.r. TEBOPCHB Y LPOUERUSHPO DE bTZHMMP RPTPDYMB VPMSHYHA MYFETBFHTH. DMS FPZP UFPVSCH RTYDBFSH UCHPENKH RPCHEUFCHPCHBOYA VPMEE BOINBFEMSHOSHCHK IBTBLFET, YUFPTYLY Y MIFETBFPTSCH OE ULHRIMYUSH ABOUT TBOPZP TPDB LTBUOYOSCHE DEFBMY Y UBNPZP o.r. . TEBOPCHB CH BOZMYKULYI YODBOYSI PVSCHYUOP YNEOPCHBMY "ZTBZHPN". yNEOOP FBL OBSCCHBM o.r. tebopchb w. vTEF zBTF, CHPNPTSOP, RPFPNKh, UFP TYZHNPCHBFSH UMPCHP "ZTBZH" (Count) MEZUE, YUEN "LBNETZET" (Chamberlain) . YULTEOOSS MAVPCSH L 40-MEFOENH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPNH LBNETZETH DPUFBCHYMB RTELTBUOPK LPOUERUSHPO UMYYLPN NBMP TBDPUFY Y UMYYLPN NOPZP REYUBMY, OP BPFP RPNPZMB THUULPK BNET YLE RETETSYFSH PYO YO OBYVPMEE FTHDOSCHI RETYPDCHI HER YUFPTYY. TBOPPPVTBOSHE RTPDPCHPMSHUFCHEOOOSCHE FPCHBTSHCH, Y RTETSDE CHUEZP IMEV, RPUME RPNPPMCHLY TEBOPPCHB CH FBLPN YЪPVYMYY RPFELMY CH FTANSCH "aOPOSCH", UFP RTYYMPUSH RTPUYFSH "PUFBOPCHYFSH CHP" ЪLH", FBL LBL UHDOP OE NPZMP RTYOSFSH WPMEE 4300 RHDPH. "OBYUBMSHOSHCHK PRSHCHF FPTZPCHMY U lBMYZHPTOYEK" PLBBMUS, FBLYN PVTBPN, CHEUSHNB HDBYOSCHN. LBL PFNEYUBM TEBOPCCH, "LBTsDPZPDOP" LFB FPTZCHMS NPTSEF RTPYCHPDYFSHUS "RP NBMPK NETE ABOUT NYMMYPO THVMEK. bNETYLBOULYE PVMBUFY OBEY OE VHDHF YNEFSH OEDPUFBFLB; lBNYUBFLB Y pIPFUL NPZHF UOBVTsBFSHUS IMEVPN Y DTHZYNY RTYRBUBNY; SLHFSHCH, OSHCHE CHPЪLPK IMEVB PFSZPEEOOSCHE, RPMHYUBF URPLPKUFCHIE; LBOB HNEOSHYYF YDETTSLY, ABOUT RTPPDCHPMSHUFCHYE CHPEOOSHHI YUYOPCH HRPFTEVMSENSCHE. SHOPE PVPDTEOYE ... ".

RETED UCHPYN PFYAEDDPN Yb ubo-zhtbogyulp o.r. tebboch PVTBFYMUS UP UREGYBMSHOSHCHN RYUSHNPN L CHYGE-LPTPMA oChPK YURBOY iPUE yFKhTTYZBTBA, Ch S lBMYZHPTOIS, H YЪPVYMYY RTPIЪCHPDSEBS TBOBOPZP TPDB ЪETOP Y ULPF, NPTSEF UVSCHBFSH UCHPY RTPDHLFSCH MYYSH CH OBY RPUEMEOIS, RYUBM tebopch CHYGE -LPTPMA H NEIILP, POB NPTSEF VSHCHUFTEE CHUEZP OBIPDYFSH RPNPESH, RPMHYUBS CHUE OEEPVIPDYNPE RPUTEDUFCHPN FPTZPCHMY U OBYNYNY PVMBUFSNY; MHYUYN UTEDUFCHPN DPVYFSHUS VMBZPUPUFPSOYS NYUUYK Y RTYCHEUFY UFTBOKH L RTPGCHEFBOYA SCHMSEFUS PVNEO Y'MYYLCH EE RTPDHLGYY ABOUT FPCBTSHCH, BL LPFPTSCHE OE OHTSOP RMBFYFSH OBMYU OSHCHNY Y ChChP LPFPTSCHI O UCHSBO U FTHDOPUFSNY ... h FPC CE NO VMYЪPUFSH RETECHPBL PVMEZYUYF UHEEUFCHPCHBOYE OBYI RPUEMEOIK ABOUT ACCOUNTING, LPFPTCHE OSHCHEOE BBCHPSBSF YIDBMELB CHUE FP, CH YUEN YN PFLBSHCHCHBEF UHTCHPUFSH LMYNBFB. LFY UCHSY, RP NOOEOYA o.r. tebopchb, RTEDPRTEDEMEOSCH "UBNPK RTYTPDPK" Y RTYJCHBOSHCH "OBCHUEZDB UPITBOYFSH DTHTSVKH NETSDH PVEYNY DETTSBCHBNY, CHMBDEAEYNY UFPMSh PVYTONSCHNY FETTYFPTYSNY" .

oEMSHЪS OE RTYOBFSH, UFP o.r. tebboch rteltbuop tbvytbmus h rpmyfyle, pvmbdbm vpmshhyyn ltkhzpjptpn, ytplyn chydeoyen upvshchfyk, Yuen, lufbfy, y rmeoym chppvtbtseoye uchpek AOK OECHEUFSHCH lbmyzhptoy. PO RTYOBDMETSBM L FPK RMESDE ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSHCHI DESFEMEK tPUUYY (o.r. THNSOGECH, o.u. nPTDCHYOPCH Y DT.), LPFPTSCHE CHYDEMY CHUMED b REFTPN I PZTPNOSCHE RETURELFYCHSHCH DMS tPUUYY OB dBMSh OEN chPUFPLE, H RECORD TOPC BNETILE Y ABOUT CHUEN FYIPLEBOULPN YOU DO NOT DO. lBL Y z. th. yEMJIPCH, o.r. tebboch vshchm obufpsein uftpyfemen ynretyy, pdoin y RPUMEDOYI (OBTSDH U ZMBCHOSCHN RTBCHYFEMEN thuulpk bnetyly b.b. vbtbochshchn), LFP RPRSCHFBMUS PUHEEUFCHYFSH UCHPA RTPZTBNNH H FFPN TBKPE ABOUT RTBLFILE.

MEFPN 1806 Z., RTEDIUKHCHUFCHHS UCHPA CHPNPTSOHA UNETFSH, f. TEBOPCH PUFBCHYM b.b. vBTBOPCH "UELTEFOPE RTEDRYUBOYE", CH LPFPTPN LBUBMUS "NOPZYI RTEDNEPCH DMS FPZP, YUFPV OB UNETFOSHCHK PVPYI OBU U CHBNY UMHYUBK CHYDEMY RTEENOYLY OBYY, UFP VSCHMP P VMBZPHUFTPKUFCHE RPNSCH YMSENP, Y RTY RPMKHYUEOYY YNY URPUPVPCH OE PRHUFYMY RTYCHEUFSH CH YURPMOEOYE FERTEDMPTSEOIS, L LPFPTSCHN OB UEK TBI NSCH DPUFBFPYUOSCHI MUCH OE YNEEN ".

rPLYDBS "UECHETP-YBRBDOSHK VETEZ BNETYLY", o.r. teBOPCH CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH PVTBEBM CHOYNBOYE ABOUT CHBTSOPUFSH UPDBOYS H LPMPOYSI RPUFPSOOPZP OBUEMEOYS Y TELPNEODPCHBM RPPETSFSH BLPOFTBLFPCHBOOSCHI MYG UZMBYBFSHUS ABOUT RPUFPSOOPE CYF EMSHUFCHP. DMS RPPETEOYS UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB DPNCH, BCCHEDEOYS PZPTPDCH Y F.D. THUULIE LPMPOYY OBNEYUBMPUSH "PVEYPRBUYFSH CHPEOOSHCHN ZBTOYYPOPN", DMS YuEZP o.r. TEBOPCH RMBOYTPCHBM "ON RETCHSHCHK TB" ChSHUMBFSH "57 RHYEL Y 4 NBTFYTSCH U RTYMYUOSCHN YUYUMPN CHPEOOSHCHI UOBTSDPCH", B SCHUSCHMBFSH 250 RHDPC RPTPIB Y 600 RHDPC UCHIOGB. THLPCHPDUFCHH tbl PO RTEMPTSYM HYUTEDYFSH CH LPMPOISI RYMSHOSHCHK BLCHPD, ZPURYFBMSH, GETLPCHSH Y F. D. UREGIBMSHOSHCHN TBURPTSEOYEN PF 15 (27) ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSHCHK LBNETZET Y PVET-RTPLHTPT UEOBFB HYUTEDYM CHSHVPTOSHCHK "UHD RPD OBCHBOYEN TBURTBCHSHCH RTPNSCHYMEOOOSHI Y BNETYLBOGECH", LPFPTPPNKh CHNEOSMPUSH CH PVSBOOPUFSH "UPRTSZBFSH RTBCHPUKHDYE U LTPFPUFSHHA" .

OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHK YOFETEU RTEDUFBCHMSAF RTBLFYUEULIE DEKUFCHYS Y UPPVTBTSEOIS o.r. teBOPCHB P TBCHYFYY FPTZPCHSCHI UCHSKEK Y RPMHYUEOYY RTPPDCHPMSHUFCHYS Y LBMYZHPTOYY, sRPOYY, zhYMYRRRYOULYI P-CHP Y TSDB DTHZYI NEUF. "UBNSCHN OBDETSOEKYN UTEDUFCHPN" PVEUREYUYFSH UOBVTSEOYE THUULYI RPUEMEOIK CH BNETAYLE IMEVPN ON UYUYFBM "CHPDCHPTEOYE" THUULYI ABOUT "VETEZBI OPCHPZP bMShVYPOB". ffpk TSE GEMY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY UMHTSYFSH "RPMHYUEOYE YЪ vPUFPOB OHTSOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB IMEVB, LPFPTSHCHK CHUEZDB CH RPMPCHYOKH PIPFULYYI GEO PVPKDEFUS" (R. VII), RPLHRLB UHDHR X "bNET" YLBOULYI yFBFPCh "(R. III) Y F. D.

UTEDY DTHZYI NO RP HMHYUYOYA HRTBCHMEOYS THUULPK bNETYLPK TEBOPH RTEMBZBM PUHEEUFCHYFSH TBDEMEOYE THLPCHPDUFCHB ZTBTSDBOULYNY Y FPTZPCHSHCHNY DEMBNY (YI UPCHNEEEOYE H PDOYI THLBI OE NPZMP OE CHEUFY L RTPYCHPMH Y MKHRPFTEVMEOYSN), PFLTSCHCHBFSH YLPMSCH Y VPMSHOYGSCH Y OBRTBCHYFSH CH LPMPOY OPCHSHCHI UCHSEOOILPCH.

hyuyfshchchbs OEDPUFBFPL DEOEZ, o.r. teBOPCH RTEDMPTSYM RTBCHMEOYA tbl "ACCOUNTING PVEEBOOSHCHI VYMEFPCH ... CHCHVYFSH PUPVHA DMS DEYOEZP LTBS NPOEFKh". h LFPN UMHYUBE ON RTEDCHYDEM "KHNOPTSEOYE" RTPNSHUMB, UEMSHULPZP IPSKUFCHB Y FPTZPCHMY. «rTYIPDSEYE UADB ABOUT OYNPCHLH YOPUFTBOOSCHE UHDB VHDHF FBLCE DBOOYLBNY FTHDPCH TSIFEMEK. UMPCHPN: FERETSCH CHUE NETFCHP, OP FPZDB EDYOSCHN PVTBEEOYEN NPOEFSHCH LTBC PTSYCHYFUS” (R. X).

"yYasuoss chbn eee o UEK tb nshchumy npy, blmayubm tebbopch, pufbchmsa yulkhuuufchh, U lpfptshchn fpmsh dpmzpe chtens chshch jdeyoin ltben hrtbchmsefe, rtpchpdyfsh chp MA L ZEMBENPK FPULE. OE ULTPA PF ChBU, UFP ZPTDYMUS VSC S TBDEMYFSH U chBNY FTHD UEK, OP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB L RPMShBN CE PFEYUEUFCHB CHMELHF NEOS Ch UFPMYGH.

5. REUBMSHOSHCHK RIMPZ

CHSHCHUPLP PGEOYCHBS RTBLFYUEULHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH Y RMBOSChch o.r. tebbopchb Ch Pfopyeoyy VHDHEEZP thuulpk bnetyly, lbnyubfly y chuezp fyippleboulpzp uchetb, oemshs oe pfnefyfsh, UFP HCE RPUME Pfyaeddb y opchp-bTIBOZEMSHULB 26 YAM SINCE 1806 Z. PO RTYOSM UCHPE UBNPE OERTPDKHNBOOPE Y FTBZYUEULPE TEYOYE, RPTHYUYCH LPNBODYTH "aOPOSCH" Fr. b. iCHPUFPCHH PUHEEUFCHYFSH UELTEFOHA LLUREDYGYA L LHTYMSHULYN P-CHBN Y UBIBMYOH. RP CHUEK CHYDYNPUFY, RPUMBOOIL FSCEMP RETETSYCHBM OEHDBYUH UCHPEK NYUUYY CH SRPOYA. eEE H NEPTBODHNE SRPOULPNH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH ON RTEDHRTETSDBM, "YUFPVSCH SRPOULBS YNRETYS DBMEE UCHETOPK PLPOEYUOPUFY PUFTCHB nBFNBS PFOADSH CHMBDEOYK UCHPYI OE RTPUFYTBMB", JZ TPYM CH UMHYUBE "CHFPTYUOPZP OEHCHBTSEOIS" RTYOSFSH "NETSHCH, LPFPTSHCHE CH OBTPDE VHDHF ZYVEMSHOSHCH YOE ChPCHTBFOSHCHE RTPYCHEDHF RPFETY". 15 ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. H DPOEUEOOYY bMELUBODTKH I TEBOPHCH UPPVEYM P UCHPEN OBNETEOYY CH VHDKHEEN ZPDKh PFRTBCHYFSHUS "L VETEZBN SRPOULYN" Y ChSCHFEUOYFSH "Y UBIBMYOB CHPDCHPTEOYE ABOUT OEN UPU EDYK OBYI "Y RTYUMBFSH CH BNETILKH" LPMPOYA RMEOOSCHI".

FERETSCH, YNES CH UCHPEN TBURPTSEOYY "aOPOKH" Y "bCHPUSH", TEBOPC RTSNP RPTHYUYM THUULYN NPTSLBN CHPKFY CH ZHVH BOICHB "Y, VHDS OBKDEFE SRPOULYE UHDB, YUFTEVYFSH YI; MADEK ZPDOSHHI CH TBVPFKH Y 'DPTPCHSCHI' DPUFBCHYFSH CH OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHUL, B DTHZYI PFRTBCHYFSH ABOUT UCHETOHA PLPOEYUOPUFSH nBFNBS, BRTEFICH YN RPUEEBFSH UBIBMYO YOBYUE, LBL RTYECTSBS DMS FPTZB, L LPFPTPPNKh TPUUYSOE CHUEZDB ZPFPCHSC VHDHF. uFPVShch LBL-FP UZMBDYFSH LFY TBVKOSHCHE DEKUFCHYS, tebboch PVSBM o. b. iCHPUFCHB CHUADKH ULPMSHLP NPTsOP UPITBOSFSH YuEMPCHEYUFCHP, YVP CHEUSH RTEDNEF TSEUFPLPUFY OE RTPFICH YUBUFOSCHI MADEK PVTBEEO VSHFSH DPMTSEO, OP RTPFICH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, LPFPTPE, MYY BS YI FPTZPCHMY, DETZYF CH TSEUFPLPK OECHPME Y VEDOPUFY ".

FERETSH NPTsOP FPMSHLP HDYCHMSFSHUS, LBL PVTB'PCHBOOSCHK Y NSZLYK YUEMPCHEL NPZ TEYYFSHUS ABOUT PFRTBCHLKH RPDPVOPK LLUREDYGYY. CHYDYNP, RPOINBS OERTBCHPNETOPUFSH UCHPYI DEKUFCHYK, o.r. tebboch oblbokhoe uchpezp pfyaeddb yb pipfulb obyem okhtsoshchn rpthyuyfsh o. b. iCHPUFPCH, "CHUE RTETSDE RTEDRYUBOOPE PUFBCHS, UMEDPCHBFSH CHBN CH bNETILKH L RPDLTERMEOYA MADSHNY RPTFB OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHULB". CHNEUFE U FEN CH OPCHPN RTEDRYUBOYY UPITBOSMBUSH PZPCHPTTLB, YUFP "ETSEMI CHEFTSHCH VEI RPFETY READING PVSTSHFSH CHBU ЪBKFY CH ZHVH BOYCHH, FP UFBTKFEUSH PVMBULFBFSH UBIBMYOGECH RPDBTLBNY Y NEDBMSNY Y CHZMSOYFE, CH LBLPN UPUFPSOY CHPDCHPTEOYE SRPOGECH CH OEN OBIPDYFUS. DPCHPMSHOP YURPMOEOYE Y UEZP UDEMBEF CHBN YuEUFY, B VPMEE CHUEZP CHPCHTBEEOYE CHBYE CH bNETILKH, UHEUFCHEOOHA RPMSh RTYOPUSEEE, DPMTSOP VSHFSH ZMBCHOSCHN Y RETCHSHCHN RTEDNEP N CHBYEZP KHUETDYS ".

OE DBCH iCHPUFPCH LBLYI-MYVP DPRPMOYFEMSHOSHCHI TBYASUOEOYK, TEBOPHCH CH FPF CE DEOSH RPLIOHM pIPFUL, B LPNBODYT "aOPOSCH", TEYYCH UMEDPCHBFSH RETCHPOBYUBMSHOPK YOUFTHLGYY, PFRTBCH YMUS CH OBM. BOYCHB, LHDB RTYVSHCHM 6 PLFSVTS, CHSHCHUBDYMUS ABOUT VETEZ, CHSM CH RMEO YEFSCHTEI SRPOULLYI LHRHRCH, CHTHUIM BKOULYN UFBTYYOBN DPLKHNEOFSHCH, RPDFCHETSDBAEYE RTBCHP tPUUY ABOUT ATSOSCHK UBIBM YO, Y UTSES SRPOULYK ULMBD. h NBE UMEDDHAEEZP ZPDB "aOPOB" (LPNBODYT iCHPUFPC) Y "bCHPUSH" (LPNBODYT dBCHSHCHDPC) RPUEFYMY LHTYMSHULYE PUFTCHB. ABOUT yFHTHRE SING CHSMY H RMEO RSFSH SRPOGEC. FTEI PFRHUFYMY, B DCHHI PUFBCHYMY LBL RETECHPDYULPCH. ABOUT xTHRE Y LHOBYTE UPTsZMY SRPOULIE ULMBDSCH, B OBFEN CHOPCHSH RPVSCHCHBMY CH OBM. BOYCHB, ZDE VSCHMB PUOPCHBOB THUULBS LPMPOIS, RTPUKHEEUFCHPCHBCHYBS DP 1847 Z. h RYUSHNE PF 28 NBS 1807 Z., PFRTBCHMEOOPN Yuete SRPOGEC ZHVETOBFPTH ddp, o. b. iCHPUFPC RYUBM, YUFP "UPUEDUFCHP tPUUYY Y sRPOY Y BUFBCHYMP CEMBFSH DTHCEULYI UCHSHEK Y FPTZPCHMY", OP PFLB RPUPMSHUFCHH CH OBZBUBLY Y "TBURTPUFTBOOEOYE FPTZPCHMY SRPOGECHR RP LHTYMSHULYN PUFTCHBN Y UBIBMYOKH, SLP CHMBDEOYSN tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY, RTYOKHDYMP, OBLPOEG, UYA DETTSBCHH HRPFTEVMSFSH DTHZYE NETSHCH.

rPUME CHPЪCHTBEEOYS CH pIPFUL OBYUBMSHOIL RPTFB LBRYFBO 2-ZP TBOZB i. O. vHIBTYO TBUGEOYM DEKUFCHYS iCHPUFCHB Y dBCHSHCHDPCHB LBL UBNPKhRTBCHUFCHP, BTEUFCHBM YI Y RPDCHETZ UFTPZPNKh DPRTPUH. rTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHCHN NPTSLBN, PDOBLP, HDBMPUSH VETSBFSH Y DPVTBFSHUS CH NBE 1808 Z. DP u.-REFETVKhTZB. h UCHSHY U CHPKOPK UP yCHEGYEK CH LBYUEUFCHE OBLBBYOYS PVB NPTSLB VSCHMY PFRTBCHMEOSCH H TBKPO VPECHSHI DEKUFCHYK CH zhYOMSODYY. bB PFNEOOHA ITBVTPUFSH YI RTEDUFBCHYMY L OBZTBTSDEOYA PTDEOBNY, OP bDNYTBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYS RTYOBMB NPTSLPC CHYOPCHOSCHNY H VEUYUYOUFCHBI RTPFYCH SRPOGECH, Y bMELUBODT I CH L BYUEUFCHE OBBLBBOYS MYYYM YI ЪBUMKhTSEOOPZP OBZTBTSDEOYS. TSYOSH PVPYI NPTSLPCH BLPOYUYMBUSH FTBZYYUEULY 14 PLFSVTS 1809 Z. RTY TB'CHPDE NPUFCH POI HFPOKHMY CH OECHE. rPUMEDUFCHYEN YI TBVPKOSHCHI DEKUFCHYK RTPFICH SRPOULYI RPUEMEOIK UFBMP RMEOEOYE ABOUT P-CHE LHOBYT CH 1811 Z. LBRYFBOB h. ZPMPCHOYOB Y DTHZYI PZHYGETCH YMARB "DYBOB", PUCCHPVTSDEOOOSCHI FPMSHLP Yuete DChB ZPDB, LPZDB SRPOULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP HVEDYMPUSH, "UFP RTESOEE ZTBYFEMSHUFCHP" VSCHMP UDEMBOP VE Kommersant CHEDPNUFCHB TPUUYKULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB.

fTBZYUEULPK PLBBMBUSH UHDSHVB Y o.r. teBOPCHB, LPFPTSCHK ABOUT RTPFSTSEOY CHUEZP LTHZPUCHEFOPZP RMBCHBOYS YUHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS VPMSHOSCHN. FTHDOSCHN DMS RPUMBOOYLB PLBBMPUSH Y 6-NEUSYUOPE RTEVSCCHBOYE H obzBUBLY, ZDE ON ZBLFYUEULY OBIPDYMUS RPD DPNBYOYN BTEUFPN, B FBLTS RHFEYEUFCHYE H bNETYLH. h RMPIPN UPUFPSOYY TEBOPH PUEOSHA 1806 Z. PFRTBCHYMUS Yb pIPFULB "RP NOPZPFTHDOPNH CHEUSHNB RHFY CHETIPCHPA EDPA" H sLHFUL. h RHFY EZP ЪBUFYZMY "NPTPЪSCH Y UOEZB", ON "TSEUFPLP YЪOHTSM UEVS Y RTPUFHDYMUS". at FTHDPN TEBOPCHB DPCHEMMY DP SLHFULB, "HERE AND MEYUYMY EZP DOK 10 DPLFPTPN, B RPFPN Y DP yTLHFULB DPEIIBM CH UMBVPN ЪDPTPCHSHE".

oEPVIPDYNP PFNEFYFSH, UFP OB CHUEN RHFY UMEDPCHBOYS TEBOPPCHB CHUFTEYUBMY U OEPVSHCHUBKOSHCHN TBDHYYEN. "rTYEIBCH CH sLHFUL, RYUBM o.r. tehboch n. n. vHMDBLPCH, WE ARE WITH VMBZPDBTOPUFSH UPPFYUYUK NPYI. CHEUSH ZPTPD IB TELPK CHUFTEFYM NEOS, Y OBRETETSCHCH HZPEBMY. Kommersant, h Ytlhfule, Eae, Blue Mbul Yi, Neosa Knos Kommy RPDTBCHmeys, ... LBB Yuiopchel, FBBCBIE DBCHBMY Chuslyke Deosh RTBDYULY, VBMCSH, XTSIOSHSH. s Y VMBZPDBTOPUFY, IPFS Y VE HDPCHPMSHUFCHYS, OP FBULBMUS CHUADH, Y Y Y FPK CE VMBZPDBTOPUFY DBM Y S Chuenkh ZPTPDH H DPNE HYUYMYEB OB 300 Yuempchel PVED, VBM Y HTSYO, L PFPTSCHK NOE DP 2 FSC. THVMEK UFPYM. "LBL DPVTSCHK LKHREG" teBOPCH CHUADKH CHOILBM CH DEMB tbl Y "CHUE UYMSCH HRPFTEVYM, YUFPVSCH CH RPMOPN CHYDE DPUFYUSH CHBOYS UEZP". OE OBBS, LBL zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE PFOEUEFUS L EZP RMBOH, TEBOPH RPDYUETLYCHBM, UFP OE EBDYM DMS OEZP TSYOYO Y FBL YN ZPTDYMUS, UFP OYUEZP, LTPNE RTYOBFEMSHOPUFY RPFPNLPCH" OE CEMBEF. eTSEDOECHOP CHUFTEYUBSUSH U OPCHSHCHN UYVYTULIN ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTPN y. V. REUFEMEN, TEBOPCH NOPZP "ZPCHPTYM U OIN P LPNRBOYY, P RPMShBI EE, P OECHP-NPTSOPUFY UYVYTY UHEEUFCHPCHBFSH VE OEE H VMBZPDEOUFCHEOOPN CHYDE". OE VE FTHDB PO UHNEM "CHPURMBNEOYFSH" UCHPYNY PVYTOEKYNY RMBOBNY LPMEVMAEEZPUS ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTB, LPFPTSCHK RTYOBMUS, UFP YI UCHYDBOYE "TEYMP DMS OEZP FFPF ZPTDYECH X EM ".

NECDH FEN CH TEEKHMSHFBFE HFPNYFEMSHOSHCHI CHUFTEI Y RTYENCH ЪDPTPCHSE o.r. teBOPCHB RTPDPMTSBMP "RTENEFOP UMBVEFSH", Y GYFYTHENPE RYUSHNP n. n. vHMDBLPCH, RP UHFY DEMB, RTEDUFBCHMSMP UPVPK EZP RTEDUNETFOHA YURPCHEDSH Y BCHEEBOYE. RPDCHPDS YFPZY UCHPEK TSYOY, PO OE RETEUFBCHBM DKHNBFSH P DCHKHI MAVINSCHI YN TSEOEJOBI RPLPKOPC TSEOE BOOE ZTYZPTSHEKOE yEMYIPCHPK Y UCHPEK AOPK OECHEUFE lPOUERUYY DE bTZHMMP .

“OBLPOEG WITH CH yTLHFULE! OBYUYOBM teBOPCH FFP UCHPE UBNPE REYUBMSHOPE RYUSHNP. MYYSH KHCHYDEM ZPTPD UEK, FP Y BMYMUS UMEBNY. with Y DEOSH, CHSCHYUSH b RETP, MSHA SMART. NYMSCHK, VEUGEOOSHCHK DTHZ NPK TSYCHEF CH UETDGE NPEN PJOBLPCHP! UEZPDOS DEOSH UCHBDSHVSHCH NPEK (RP CHUEK CHYDYNPUFY, UCHBDSHVB tebbopchb U AOPK BOOPK yEMYIPCHPK UPUFPSMBUSH 24 SOCHBTS 1795 Z., LPZDB EK OE YURPMOYMPUSH EEE Y 15 MEF Y EEE DP UNET FY EE PFGB z.y. Y RTELTBUOPK lPOUERUYY. FYOH RTETSOEZP UYUBUFSHS NPEZP, UNPFT ABOUT CHUE Y ZPTSHLP RMBYUH . with HCHYTSH HER RTECDE FEVS... UYMSCH NPY NEOS PUFBCHMSAF. with DEOSH PFP DOS IHCE Y UMBVEE. OE BOBA, NPZH MY S DPFBEIFSHUS DP CHBU: TB PYUFKHUSH U UPVPK Y UP CHTENEOEN, Y VKHDE OEF, FP OE IPYUKH HNYTBFSH ABOUT DPTPZE Y CHPSHNH MHYUYE DEUSH NEUFP, H 'OBNEOULPN, VM Y PFGB EE "(F. E. z. y. yEMYIPCHB , LPFPTSCHK VSHCHM RPIPTPOEO ABOUT FETTYFPTYY OBNEOULPZP NPOBUFSHTSCH yTLKhFULE. o.v.).

“RBFTYPFYYN BUFBCHYM NEOS YOKHTYFSH CHUE UYMSCH NPY; S RMBCHBM RP NPTSN, LBL HFLB; UFTDBM PF ZPMPDB, IPMPDB, CH FP CE CHTENS PF PVIDSH Y EEE CHDCHPE PF UETDEYUOSCHI TBO NPYI.

h LPOGE RYUSHNB CHBTSOBS RTYRYULB: “y LBMIZHPTOYKULPZP DPOEUEOIS NPEP OE UPYUFY, NPK DTHZ, NEOS CHEFTEOIGEK. MAVPCHSH NPS X ChBU CH OECHULPN, RPD LHULPN NTBNPTB, B DEUSH UMEDUFCHYE EOFKHYIBNB Y OPCHBS CETFCHB PFEYUEUFCHKH. eUMMY VSC TEBOPC RPUFBCHYM DEUSH FPYULKH, YUIFBFEMSH NPZ BRPDPTYFSH EZP CH OEYULTEOOPUFY CH PFOPIOYY UCHPEK AOPK OECHEUFSHCH. oP RPDFCHETSDBS MAVPCHSH L UCHPEK VECHTENEOOP HNETYEK TSEOE Y YURPCEDKHSUSH RETED UNETFSHHA, o.r. teBOPCH UYUEM OEPVVIPDINSCHN DPVBCHYFSH: “lPOFEOUYS (FBL H DPLHNEOFE) NYMB, LBL BOZEM, RTELTBUOB, DPVTB UETDGEN, MAVYF NEOS; S MAVMA HER Y RMBYUH P FPN, UFP OEF EK NEUFB CH UETDGE NPEN. 'DEUSH, DTHZ NPK, LBL ZTEYOYL OB DHIKH, LBAUSH, OP FS, LBL RBUFSHTSh NPK, UPITBOY FBKOH.

fY UMPCHB CHTSD MY OHTSDBAFUS CH RPDTPVOSHCHI LPNNEOFBTYSI. DHNBS RETED UNETFSHHA P UCHPEK RPLPKOPC TSEOE Y ЪBVPFSUSH P DEFSI, TEBOPC UP UMEEBNY IPFEM CHSCVTPUYFSH Y UCHPEZP UETDGB RPNPMCHLH U lPOUERUYEK, RTEDUFBCHYCH HER "LBL UMEDUFCHY" E EOFKHJIBNB "Y CETFCHH pFEYUEUFCHH. PUFBEFUS, RPTsBMHK, FPMSHLP RPSUOYFSH, YuFP o.r. teBOPCHB PZPTYuYMP OEKHDPCHPMSHUFCHYE RP RPCHPDKh EZP RPCHEDEOYS ZTBZHB o.r. THNSOGECHB. “with VSHCHM PZPTYUEO DP LTBKOPUFY, RTYOBCHBMUS TEBOPHCH Y DPVBCHMSM: FBL UFP TBOEE H ZTPV YDH Y DHNBA, UFP OBDPVOP CHYDEFSH TBOYGH NETSDH DPVTPA I DHTOPA OTBCHUFCHEO OPUPSHHA. OP SOE CHYOA ZTBZHB, RPFPNKh SFP OEF ENKh RPMShSHCH CHTEDYFSH NOE, CHRTPYUEN, FERETSH, UMBCHB vPZH, CHUE LPOYUMPUSH.

rPTBTSBEF FTBZYYUEULBS FPOBMSHOPUFSH LFPZP RTEDUNETFOPZP RYUSHNB. o.r. teBOPCH SUOP CHYDEM RTYVMYTSEOYE LPOGB Y HFTBFIYM CHECH H CHPNPTSOPUFSH VMBZPRPMKHYUOPZP YUIPDB. PO DKHNBM FPMSHLP P RTPIMPN, RYUBM P ULPTPK CHUFTEYUE UP UCHPEK HNETYEK TSEOPK Y HCE OE CHYDEM CHPNPTSOPUFY OPCHPZP UYUBUFSHS. hFTBFB CHETSCH H VMBZPRMHYUOSCHK YUIPD RTEDPRTEDEMYMB Y DBMSHOEKYE UPVSCHFIS. dPVTBCHYUSH DP lTBUOPSTULB, PO KhNET 1(13) NBTFB 1807 Z. lBL LFP X OBU YUBUFP VSCCHBEF, GETLPCHSH Y RBNSFOIL o.r. tebopchh h ltbuopstule VSCHMY UOEUEOSCH H 1930-I ZPDBI. ABOUT NEUFE RTEDRPMBZBENPZP BIPTPOOEOYS KHUYMYSNY PVEEUFCHEOOPUFY HUFBOCHMEO ULTPNOSCHK RBNSFOSHK LBNEOSH U OBDRYUSH:

teBOPHR o.r.

17. 5. 64-18. 6. 07

l UPTSBMEOYA, DBFB UNETFY RTY PYYVPYUOPN RETECHPDE ABOUT OPCHSHCHK UFYMSH (DMS XIX CH. OBDP RTYVBCHMSFSH 12, BOE 13 DOYEK) ABOUT RETCHPOBYUBMSHOPN RBNSFOIL: "MEFB 1831-ZP BCHZHUFB 16-ZP DOS CHPADCHYZOHF YTSDYCHEOYEN tPUUYKULP-bNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOYY CH POBNEOPCHBOYE OEEBVCHEOOOSHI BUMBHZ, PLBBOOSCHI EK DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSHCHN LBNETZETPN oILPMBEN REFTPCHYUEN TEEBOPCHSHCHN, LPFPTSHCHK, CHPCH TBEBSUSH YbNETEYLY CH tPUUYA, ULPOYUBMUS CH ZPTPDE ltbuopstule 1-ZP NBTFB 1807-ZP ZPDB, B RPZTEVEO 13 YuYUMB FPZP CE NEUSGB.

h MYFETBFHTE (PUPVEOOP ЪBTHVETSOPK) TBURTPUFTBOOEOB CHETUYS P FPN, YuFP lPOUERUSHPO OE VSMP Y'CHEUFOP P FPUOSHI PVUFPFSFEMSHUFCHBI UNETFY UCHPEZP CHPMAVMEOOPZP CHRMPFSH DP OBYUBM B 1842 Z., LPZDB EK TBUULBBM PV LFPN DYTELFPT LPNRBOY zKHDPOPCHB VBMYCHB UT dTsPTDTS UINRUPO, RTPEIBCHYK OB RHFY Ch bNETILKH YuETE uYVYTSH Y RPVSCHCHBCHYYK ABOUT NPZYME o.r. teBOPCHB H lTBUOPSTULE.

NETsDH FEN CH 1960s ZPDSHCH UPVTBOY VKhNBZ b.b. vBTBOCHB Y y. b. lHULPCHB H zPUHDBTUFCHEOOOPK VYVMYPFELE uuut YN. h. j. MEOYOB (VSCCHYEK THNSOGECHULPK, ​​BOSS zPUHDBTUFCHEOOOPK VYVMYPFELE tPUUYY) VSMP PVOBTHSEOP RYUSHNP ZMBCHOPZP RTBCHYFEMS THUULPK BNETILY PFGH OECHEUFSHCH iPUE DE bTZHMSHP Y VTBFH lPOUERUSHPO, Y'CHEEBCHYNUS P VECHTENEOOOPK LPOYUYOE o.r. teBOPCHB.

vBTBOPC UPPVEBM, Ch YUBUFOPUFY, YuFP tejbopc RPLYOKHM OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHUL 27 YAMS (8 BCHZHUFB) 1806 Z., Ch UEOFSVTE VMBZPRPMHYuOP DPVTBMUS DP pIPFULB Y, UMEDHS "RP NOPZPFTHDOP NKh CHEUSHNB RKhFY" Ch u.-REFETVKhTZ, "BOENPZ Y ULPOYUBMUS Ch ZPTPDE ltbuopstule 1 (13) YuYUMB NBTFB NEUSGB 1807 Z.” RYUSHNP vBTBOPCHB UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHEF FBLCE P FPN, YuFP DP UCHPEK VPMEOYOY Y UNETFY ABOUT RHFY CH u.-REFETVKhTZ teBOPCH RP LTBKOEK NETE DCHBTsDSH RPDFCHETSDBM UCHPE OBNETEOYE CHSHCHRPMOYFSH DBOOP E YIN PWEEBOYE. “RP PUPVMMYCHPK LP NOE VMBZPULMPOOPUFY RPLPKOPZP, HLBSCCHCHBM vBTBOPC, YJCHEEEO S, UFP CH VSHCHFOPUFSH CH uBOLF-zhTBOGSHULPK LTERPUFY CHUFKHRIM PO U chBYN CHSHCHUPLPVMBZPTPDYEN CH PVS ЪBOOPUFSH TPDUFCHB, UZPCHPTS RTELTBUOKHA DPYUSH CHBYKH LPOUERGSHPO CH BLPOOKHA OECHEUFH, PVOBDETSSH CHPCHTBFIFSHUS Yuetey 2 ZPDB L chBN " . RETED PFYAEDPN Y OPCHP-bTIBOZEMSHULB, B UBFEN YJ pIPFULB TEBOPC RTPUYM vBTBOPCB "RTY UMHYUBAEIIUS PLBYSI" RPDFCHETDYFSH, "UFP CHSHCHRPMOYF PO DBOOPE UMPCHP, CH PUPVMYCHH A YUEUFSH UEVE RPUFBCHMSS CHUENETOP FEYFSHUSS... ZPDKh L chBN PFRTBCHYFUS. “OP CHCHYOENKH RTPCHEDEOYA, RYUBM vBTBOCH, OE HZPDOP VSCHMP YURPMOYFSH ZPTSUEEE EZP L TPDUFCHH chBYENKH TSEMBOIE. rPUFYZ RTETSDECHTENEOOP PVEYK CHUEN UNETFOSHK RTEDEM, B RPFPNKh TBTEYYFSHUS DPMTSOB PVSBOOPUFSH Y UHDSHVPA chBYEK RTELTBUOPK DPUETY UCHPVPDPA, P Yuen b DPMZ UEVE CHNEOYM Y'CHEUFYFSH ChBYE CHSHCHUPLPVMBZPTPDYE RTY UMHYUYCHYEKUS FERESH PLBYY.”

rTELTBUOBS lPOUERUSHPO, LBL NShch OBEN, OE ChPURPMShЪPCHBMBUSh RTEDPUFBCHMEOOOPK EK UCHPPVPDPK Y RTPDPMTSBMB ITBOYFSH CH UETDGE CHETOPUFSH UCHPENKH MAVINPNKH ABOUT RTPFSEOY RSFYDEUSFY MEF, H RMPFSh DP UNETFY 23 DElbVTS 1857 Z. oE UMEDHEF DKHNBFSH, PDOBLP, UFP POB OE RTYOYNBMB BLFICHOPZP HYBUFIS CH TSOYOY. oBPVPTPF, CHUE LFP CHTENS POB RPNPZBMB VEODPNOSCHN Y ZPMPDOSHCHN, "UFBCH YuEN-FP CHTPDE TBOOEK nBFETY FETESHCH". h lBMYZHPTOYY ​​"HER OBMY LBL "La Beata" ("vMBZPUMPCHEOOBS"). VPMEE FPZP, MADY, OBCHYE LPOUERUSHPO, UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBMY, UFP POB "TBURTPUFTBOSMB UNEI Y CHEUEMSHHE, ZDE VSCH OH RPSCHMSMBUSH". h RPUMEDOYE ZPDSH lPOUERUSHPO RTERPDBCHBMB H blbdeny uch. lBFETYOSCH UOBYUBMB CH nPOFETEE, B BLFEN CH VOYYYE, ZDE CH 1851

y'CHEUFYE P VECHTENEOOOPK LPOYUYOE o.r. TEBOPCHB VSHCHUFTP TBURTPUFTBOIMPUSH RP tPUUYY. ULERFYUEULY OBUFTPEOOOSCHK ECHZEOIK (vPMIPCHYFYOPCH) RYUBM Y OPCHZPTPDB CH BRTEME 1807 Z. Ъ pIPFULB CH REFETVKhTZ... RP DPTPZE HNET RTPUMPZP nBTFB 1-ZP. CHPF Y RTEDEM UMBCHSHCH! In portu naufragium fecit! LBL OE ULBBFSH: UHEFB UHEFUFCHYK Y CHUSYUEULBS UHEFB!!! b ON NEOS EEE HZPCHBTYCHBM U OIN RHUFYFSHUS RP PLEBOKH b UMBCHPA ".

rTETSDECHTENEOOOBS UNETFSH o.r. teBOPCHB OE DPMTSOB, PDOBLP, HNBMSFSH EZP OEPURPTYNSCHI OBUMHZ RP PVHUFTKUFCHH THUULYI CHMBDEOYK CH bNETYLE. y IPFS LBNETZETH OE HDBMPUSH DPVYFSHUS "PFLTSCHFIS FPTZB" U sRPOYEK, HUREYOPE RHFEYUFCHIE H LBMYZHPTOYA URBUMP TSYFEMEK THUULPK bNETYLY PF TEBMSHOPC HZTPYSCH ZPMPDB.

h OBYUBME 1808 Z. RETCHEOUFCHHAEK DYTELFPT tbl n. n. vKhMDBLPCH PVTBFYMUS L bMELUBODTH I U RTPUSHVPK "YUIPDBFBKUFCHPCHBFSH ... UZMBUYE NBDTYDULPZP DCHPTB" ABOUT PFLTSCHFYE FPTZPCHMY LPNRBOY U YURBOULYNY CHMBDEOYSNNY CH bNETYLE Y TB TEYOYY "RPUSCHMBFSH LBTsDShKK ZPD OE VPMEE DCHHI UCHPYI LPTBVMEK CH LBMIZHPTOYKULIE RPTFSCH: UBOF-zhTBOGYULP, nPOFETEK Y UBOF-dYEZP" .

rTEDUFBCHMEOYE tbl OE PUFBMPUSH WEEK CHOYNEBOYS: 20 BRTEMS (2 NBS) 1808 Z. THNSOGECH DBM TPUYKULPNH RPUMBOOILH H nBDTYDE h. b. uFTPZBOPCH YOUFTHLGYY DPVYCHBFSHUS PF YURBOULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TBTEYOYS ABOUT RPUSCHMLH ECEZPDOP DCHHI (B EUMY CHPNPTSOP, FP Y VPMEE) THUULYI LPTBVMEK CH LBMYZHPTOYKUL YE RPTFSHCH, UFP NPZMP VSC VSHCHFSH PZHPTNMEOP BLMAYUEOYEN UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEK LPOCHEOGYY. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH, TPUUYKULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP ZPFCHP VSCHMP TBTEYYFSH FBNPYOYN LPTBVMSN RTYIPDYFSH OE FPMSHLP CH RPTFSH TPUUIKULP-BNETYLBOULYE, OP CH UBNPA lBNYUBFLH, UTEY YuFP Y PFLTPAFUS FPTZPCHSHCHE UOPIEOYS, PVEIN UFPTPOBN CHBYNOP RPMEOSCHE .

VKHTOSHCHE UPVSHFIYS CH YURBOYY CHEUOPK 1808 Z. RPNEYBMY z. b. uFTPZBOPCHH CHSHCHRPMOYFSH JOUFTHLGYY o.r. THNSOGECHB, UFP CHYDOP YEZP DPOEUEOIS Yb nBDTYDB PF 28 NBS (9 YAOS) . obdetsdshch o.r. teBOPCHB ABOUT FP, UFP FPTZCHMS U lBMYZHPTOYEK "OBNEOYFSHCHE Y YURPMYOULYE YBZY DEMBFSH VKHDEF", FBL Y PUFBMYUSH NEYUFBNY.

at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, LTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOYE TPUUYSO 1803-1806 ZZ. PFLTSCHMP GEMHA UETIA THUULYI RHFEEUFCHYK CHPLTHZ UCHEFB. dPUFBFPYuOP ULBBFSH, YuFP U 1803 RP 1849 ZPD THUULIE NPTSLY UCHETYMY 34 LTHZPUCHEFOSHCHI RHFEYUFCHYS VPMSHYE, YUEN bOZMYS Y zhTBOGYS, CHNEUFE CHSFSHCHE. h DBMSHOEKYEN FBLYE RMBCCHBOYS RTPYUIPDYMY RPYUFY ETSEZPDOP, Y DP 1867 Z. YI VSHMP UCHETIEOP, DBCE RP OERPMOSHCHN DBOOSCHN, EEE PLPMP 40 . CHUE LFY RKhFEYUFCHYS (IPFS OELPFPTSCHE YJ OII OE VSCHMY LTHZPUCHEFOSHCHNY, F. L. RTPYUIPDYMY H PDOPN RPMHYBTYY) UPUFBCHYMY GEMHA LRPIH THUULYI YUUMEDPCHBOIK NYTPCHPZP PLEBOB, URPUPVUFCHPCHBMY ЪBEYFE THUULYI CHMBDEOYK ABOUT dBMSHOEN chPUFPL Y CH bNETAYLE Y RTYPVTEFEOYA NPTSLBNY GEOPZP PRSHCHFB DBMSHOYI NPTULYI RMBCHBOYK.

Any educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.

But it should be noted that this formulation is not entirely correct. Magellan thought out and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator, with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first round-the-world trip. It was del Cano who eventually became the captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to his native harbor) and received fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during a dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first traveler around the world.

First trip around the world: background

In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish seafarers and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven path to the Moluccas, where the largest markets with the cheapest goods were located, but this path was not short and unsafe. Due to the limited knowledge of the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew if there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown Southern Land, but the Europeans wanted it to be. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that the opening of the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.

Career of Ferdinand Magellan

The impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magallans), by the age of 39, managed to repeatedly visit Asia and Africa, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about travels to the shores of America.

With his idea to get to the Moluccas by the western route and return by the usual one (that is, to make the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese king Manuel. He was not at all interested in the proposal of Magellan, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), got a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and "gave the go-ahead" to organize an expedition.

Along the coast. Riot

Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world, which was never completed for most of the team, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different countries Europe. Despite the storm, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to "go down" along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which, according to his information, should have been located in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in the indicated place it was not the strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather turned bad, the ships anchored in the bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first round-the-world trip, but to head for the Cape of Good Hope and from it to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - to recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.

Strait of All Saints

One captain was killed, another was executed, and a third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 the ships left the bay and continued to search for the strait. During a storm, the ship "Santiago" sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered the strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. The ships of Magellan sailed along it for 38 days.

The shore left behind left hand, the admiral called Tierra del Fuego, since the fires of the Indians burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the strait was renamed Magellan.

Pacific Ocean

Only three ships left the strait into the so-called "South Sea": "San Antonio" disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the troubled Atlantic. The ocean was named the Pacific.

The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months, the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half of the team. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did the ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was not far to the Philippines.

Philippines. Death of Magellan

The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they recuperated and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.

Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke freely with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, eventually became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in the internecine war of two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow, or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team became so thin that one of the ships, the Concepción, was decided to be destroyed.

Moluccas. Return to Spain

Who led the first circumnavigation of the world after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum in San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.

He made sure the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. It was not easy to do this: off the coast of Africa, the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 members of the expedition returned to San Lucar. The cargo delivered by them paid off all the expenses for the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese had only accusations of violating royal instructions.

The results of Magellan's journey

Magellan explored the east coast South America and opened the strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Thanks to his expedition, people received weighty proof that the Earth is really round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean is much larger than expected, and that it is unprofitable to swim on it to the Moluccas. Also, the Europeans realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all the continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.

All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this person was del Cano, but nevertheless, the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.

The first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors

In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploration of the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything they needed. The navigators (set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas, the coast of Japan and Korea, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and the island of Iesso, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and in addition, delivered an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public outcry and helped to increase the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.

Circumnavigations OE KOTSEBOU AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE. Part 1

The most important geographical problems that arose several centuries ago and occupied at the end of the 18th and early XIX V. geographers and navigators of all countries of the world, were the search for the mainland in the countries of the South Pole and the discovery of the northern sea passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. One of the attempts to reach the "Southern Land" was the second voyage of J. Cook (1772-1775), he also undertook a journey (1776-1779) to open the northwestern passage. Both voyages did not solve the assigned tasks, although they made a significant contribution to the geographical discoveries of the Earth.

The almost uninterrupted wars in Europe and the established opinion that it was impossible to open the southern mainland and pass through the northwestern sea passage were the reasons why these tasks were temporarily removed. However, among some of the scientists, the idea continued to develop that the northwest passage and the South Earth exist.

Russian scientists and navigators were not abandoned by the idea of ​​exploring the northern sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean (the northwestern and northeastern passages), as well as the search for the southern mainland. The voyages of O. E. Kotzebue on the sloop "Rurik", the expedition of M. N. Vasiliev and G. S. Shishmareva were devoted to the study of the first problem, the second was solved by F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev.

Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue (1788-1846) made three round-the-world voyages: the first - as a cadet of the Naval Corps on the ship Nadezhda under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern in 1803-1806, the second - as commander of the ship Rurik (1815-1818) and the third - on the military sloop "Enterprise" (1823-1826).

O. E. Kotzebue

If the first trip allowed him to prepare for scientific research and gain experience in maritime affairs, then two other expeditions, led by Kotzebue himself, fell on the heyday of his scientific activity. Kotzebue proved to be an outstanding organizer of scientific research and an excellent naval officer.

Kotzebue's voyage on the Rurik was the fourth round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors and took place shortly after the Patriotic War of 1812. The expedition was undertaken to solve the problem of the northwestern sea passage from the Bering Strait. Its initiator and soul was Kruzenshtern, whose idea was supported by Count N.P. Rumyantsev, who took on all the expenses of the expedition. Kruzenshtern studied the entire previous history of the study of the sea passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and convinced Rumyantsev of the expediency of repeating this enterprise. It was decided to equip two ships for researching the northwestern passage. One was supposed to leave Russia and make a voyage to the Bering Strait, from where, having rounded North America, it should pass to the east;

Another ship, chartered on the US East Coast, was supposed to start exploring the "Northwest Passage" from east to west after the first ship had completed its voyage. Kruzenshtern and Rumyantsev were well aware that even if the expedition did not solve the main problem - opening a route through the northwestern sea passage, then even then it could provide important information for science and navigation. The task of the expedition was also to explore the coast North America south and east of the Bering Strait, penetrate into the territory of modern Alaska into completely unknown hinterland, explore the islands in the central Pacific Ocean. O. E. Kotzebue was appointed leader of the expedition, and G. S. Shishmarev was his assistant. Natural scientists Dr. I. I. Eshsholts and A. L. Shamisso were invited to the expedition.

The expedition was equipped with perfect astronomical and physical instruments (masters Troughton, Massey, and others), the latest editions of maps and atlases (collections of Harsburg, Arrosmit, Purdy, and others), and geographical works. The commander of the ship "Rurik" O. E. Kotzebue received very detailed "Instructions": on navigation - from I. F. Kruzenshtern and on scientific observations - from I. K. Horner.

I. F. Kruzenshtern was working at that time on the atlas of the Southern Ocean and knew better than anyone else all the dangerous places for navigation, the areas most interesting for research and geographical discoveries. All this was reflected in the instructions. “I wish you to take a completely new course in the Southern (Pacific. - B.E.) Ocean,” he pointed out, “on which it is almost impossible not to make new discoveries.” Kotzebue had to pay much attention to verifying the dubious discoveries made at different times by other navigators: the Dutch (Schouten, Lemaire, Roggewijn), the British (Vancouver, Cook, etc.), the French (Bougainville, La Perouse, Florier). Many open lands, especially islands in the Pacific Ocean, did not have precisely specified geographical coordinates, or the same islands were plotted on the map at different coordinates and had different names. “It may turn out,” Kruzenshtern noted, “it is up to the Russian navigator to decide through his own observations on the spot, whose observations are fairer.”

Kotzebue's exploration of the coast of North America was to begin with Norton Bay and describe not only the coast, but also collect information about the nature and population of the interior of Alaska, its rivers and lakes. The necessity of describing the coast to the south of the bay up to Unalaska, where no survey had been made before that time, was especially pointed out. J. Cook in his last voyage (1776-1779) could not approach the coast in this area due to shallow water. Kotzebue had to do this with the help of a canoe. In winter in the northern hemisphere, the expedition was to explore the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean between the equator and 12 ° N. sh. and 180-225° W. at the same time it was emphasized that during the voyage it is necessary to pay attention to the Caroline Islands, which are still very poorly studied; when revisiting the northwestern coast of North America on canoes - continue exploring Norton Bay and Bristol Bay, delve into the territory of the mainland, study it geographically.

Dr. Horner recommended "carefully observe each extraordinary phenomenon and describe it in detail, especially measure everything that is to be measured" (Hurner's italics). The circle of astronomical and physical observations included in Horner's instruction was very wide. It included the definition of latitude and longitude, inventory of coasts and mapping, measurement of mountain heights; studies of the inclination of the magnetic needle; observations of the state of the atmosphere (pressure, temperature, winds, etc.) and of phenomena in the ocean (tides, currents, water temperature on the surface and at depths), determination of depths in the oceans, observations of the color and transparency of water, the formation of ice, etc. At the same time, Horner gave methodological instructions and practical advice for performing scientific observations, pointed out the importance that they may have for the development of science. He wrote that " in the sea it sometimes happens, as in the atmosphere, the flow is one above the other, and in various, mostly opposite directions, "and that the study of temperature conditions in the ocean" is extremely important for a general knowledge of the climates of our globe.

Well-written instructions could not, of course, predetermine the results of research. However, the good organization of the expedition, the experience of its leaders, their own knowledge, inventive mind and desire to serve science were the keys to the success of the expedition.

Kotzebue's expedition headed to Kamchatka past the southern tip of South America - Cape Horn. Research began with the release of the ship in the Atlantic Ocean, but the greatest satisfaction for the sailors was brought by discoveries and research in the Pacific Ocean. Trying to accurately fulfill all the points of Krusenstern's instructions, Kotzebue, already at the very beginning of the voyage from Chile, determined the position of the island of Sales and undertook a search for the islands seen by Schouten and Lemaire.

In the central part of the Pacific Ocean, Kotzebue discovered and explored numerous groups of coral islands, undertook a search for islands previously mentioned by navigators and plotted on maps, and determined the coordinates of previously discovered islands (Paliserov and Penrhyn Islands). The expedition made significant corrections and additions to the map of the Pacific Ocean. New groups of islands bearing Russian names were marked on it. In 1816, in the northern part of the Tuamotu archipelago, Kotzebue discovered the Rumyantsev (Tikei) and Spiridov (Takapoto) atolls, the Rurik chain (Arutua), Krusenstern Island (Tikehau) and in the Radak chain (Marshall Islands) - the Kutuzov Islands (Utirik or Betton) and Suvorov (Taka).

In exploring the islands, the expedition overcame great difficulties and was exposed to dangers. So, two sailors first reached the open Rumyantsev atoll by swimming, and then with the help of a raft - Kotzebue and other members of the expedition. Usually travelers circled the islands (when they could not land) or crossed them by land (when they landed and if they were not particularly large).

The expedition began exploring the northern part of the Pacific Ocean in July 1816. Kotzebue passed Bering Island to the western coast of St. Lawrence Island, and then went north to the Bering Strait. He kept closer to the American coast, although he sometimes saw the coast of Asia. About the island of St. Lawrence, which has not yet been visited by any of the navigators, Kotzebue wrote: “The visible part of the island (the northern part, where Kotzebue landed] and naturalists .- V. E.) ... consists of quite high ones! snow-covered mountains; there is not a single turf, not even a small shrub, that would adorn the bare cliffs; occasionally only small grass breaks through the moss and a few lean plants rise from the ground. Norton Bay Kotzebue decided to describe on the way back. Having passed the latitude of Cape Prince of Wales, Kotzebue continued to describe the American coast. At this time, he saw the islands of Gvozdev (Diomede) and determined the geographical coordinates of some points and clearly saw a vast low-lying island. Moving further northeast, Kotzebue discovered Shishmareva Bay and a small island in front of it, which he called Sarychev Island. “We were extremely happy about this discovery,” Kotzebue wrote, “for although it was impossible to expect a passage into the Arctic Sea here, we still had the hope of penetrating quite far into the interior of the earth and collecting some important information for us.” The study of the bay and the strait was hampered by many sandbars and currents, so Kotzebue did not linger here, deciding to conduct an accurate hydrographic inventory next year on canoes (Fig. 5).

Soon, the sailors saw the bay, which was named by the general desire of the team as Kotzebue Bay. Separate islands, capes, bays in the bay also received names (Shamisso Island, Eschsholtz Bay, Deceptive Cape, Espenberg Cape, Good Hope Bay, Kruzenshtern Cape, etc.). The Gulf of Kotzebue and its coast have been carefully examined and described by travelers. Kotzebue wrote that the bay named after him "should, in time, be of great advantage to the trade in fur-goods, with which this country abounds," and be a good shelter for all travelers who might be overtaken by storms in the Bering Strait. Kotzebue proposed to establish several Russian settlements here. Fossil ice, covered with a cap of earth and overgrown with moss and herbs, was discovered in the Eschsholtz Bay. “Having removed this sod cover, no more than 1/2 foot deep, the earth was completely frozen,” Kotzebue wrote. Many animal remains and mammoth bones were found in glacial deposits.

The study of the natural conditions of the North American coast, the life and customs of the American inhabitants aroused Kotzebue's interest in the opposite, Asian coast. He decided to conduct a comparative study of the coasts of two different continents - America and Asia, separated by the Bering Strait. The expedition headed west and reached the Eastern Cape of Asia (Cape Dezhnev). Kotzebue and naturalists carried out observations on land, met with the local population. For the first time, a detailed description of Cape Dezhnev was made.

A comparative study of two disparate regions of Asia and North America made it possible for Kotzebue to express very interesting and scientifically remarkable ideas: about the geological affinity of the coasts of the two continents, about the kinship of the peoples living on both coasts.

Observing the external structure of the coast of Cape Dezhnev, Kotzebue wrote: “This crushing of terrible cliffs makes a person think about the great transformations that once followed in nature here; for the appearance and position of the coasts gives rise to the possibility that Asia was once united with America; the islands of Gvozdev (Diomede. - V. E.) are the remains of the former connection of Cape Vostochny (m. Dezhnev. - V. E.) with the Cape of the Prince of Wales (Welsh. - V. E.) ". He pointed to the similar external features of the local inhabitants of Asia and North America and noted: “In general, I find such an insensitive difference between these two peoples that I even tend to consider them descended from the same tribe.” However, despite the common origin, as it was later confirmed, the local inhabitants of North America and Asia were strongly at enmity with each other and differed from each other in a number of customs.

From Cape Dezhnev and further south, to Cape St. Lawrence, the expedition carried out a systematic hydrographic inventory of the Asian coast, where new islands were discovered - Khromchenko and Petrov, named after the navigational students of the Rurik ship V. Khromchenko and V. Petrov, who performed the main hydrological work during the expedition. To the south of Cape St. Lawrence, the inventory was carried out earlier by Sarychev. Kotzebue described the Gulf of St. Lawrence for the second time (Fig. 6).

In early September 1816, returning to Unalaska, Kotzebue turned to the ruler American company with a request to prepare for him the necessary equipment (special canoes, etc.) and local residents (Aleuts) for the work of the expedition to describe the western coast of North America north of the Alaska Peninsula next year. From here, the expedition headed to San Francisco, and then to the Hawaiian Islands. During their stay on the islands, scientists and sailors, taking advantage of the friendly disposition of local residents and the government, visited the hinterland, described a number of harbors and identified the main heights on the islands of Ovaigii Muke. The highest was Mauna Roa (2482.7 ft.) on the island of Owaigi. Kopebu described in detail the harbor of Gana-Rura (Honolulu) on the island of Wagoo (Oahu). Russian people got acquainted with the economy, cultivation of various crops on the islands (taro root, bananas, sugar cane, etc.).

Ryas. 5. Sailing Kotzebue on the Rurik in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

In late 1816 and early 1817, the expedition explored the Marshall Islands. At this time, several inhabited atolls were discovered. The discovered islands received Russian names: New Year (Medjit or Miadi), Rumyantsev (Votye), Chichagov (Erikub or Bishop), Arakcheeva (Kaven or Maloelap), Kruzenshtern (Ailuk), etc. Kotzebue named the entire group of explored islands by the native name Radak.

Many of the islands discovered by Kopebu were well known to the locals. The natives quite accurately drew their relative positions on the sand and indicated the direction where the Others were. Kotzebue was greatly assisted in finding the islands, as well as in compiling a map of his archipelago of islands, by the natives of Kadu and Edoku. According to them, a group of the Ralik Islands, belonging to the Marshall Islands and located to the west of the Radak group, was mapped. Kotzebue did not have time to examine it, as it was necessary to return to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.

Rice. 6. Map from the "Atlas" by G. A. Sarychev (1826), drawn from the map by O. E. Kotzebue

In addition to practical significance, the study of this archipelago was also attractive from a scientific point of view. In their structure and origin, these islands differed from many found in the ocean. These were very low islands with unusual ring-shaped outlines, containing sea lagoons within themselves. Communication between the lagoon and the ocean took place through one or several deep narrow channels.

Kotzebue not only discovered and described many of the coral islands, but also explained the nature of their formation. Considerable time was devoted to the study of the Rumyantsev (Votier) atoll. “The vulture islands,” wrote Kotzebue, “already arouse great curiosity by their nature, being formed solely by marine animals, and I decided to dare everything possible before I leave the intention to penetrate this chain of islands.”

Exploring one island after another, Kotzebue, and especially the naturalists of the expedition Chamisso and Eschsholz, already then came to the correct explanation of their origin, that is, from "sea animals". “Having examined the property of the soil, we found,” Kotzebue wrote about one of the coral islands, “that this island (Goat Island. - V.E.), like all the others, consists of collapsed coral; this animal builds its building from the depths of the sea upwards and dies when it reaches the surface; from this building, from the incessant washing of it with sea water, a gray limestone is formed, which, it seems, is the foundation of all such islands. Over time, plants settle on the islands, which then transform the soil and make the soil fertile. By age, as Kotzebue noted, the islands are not the same. They are constantly changing and first acquire a closed ring with a lagoon in the center, and then the lagoons turn into land, forming one large island with the chain.

On the way from the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean to Unalaska during the storm, the Rurik was damaged, Kotzebue was seriously injured. However, illness did not stop Kotzebue from intending to go and explore the northern part of the Bering Sea. Taking with him the prepared canoes and Aleuts, he left Unalaska to the north. Along the way, the islands of Akun and Akutan were described (May 1817), later the rookeries of fur seals were examined and the coordinates of the island of Bobrovy and others were determined. Having reached the island of St. Lawrence, Kotzebue landed on the shore. Due to Kotzebue's illness, the expedition was forced to abandon further exploration of the northwestern coast of North America and return to their homeland. They returned to St. Petersburg across the Pacific Ocean through the Hawaiian, Marshall, Caroline and Mariana Islands and further around Asia and Africa. Kotzebue explored the Marshall Islands for the third time and on October 23, 1817 discovered the inhabited atoll of Heyden (Lykiep), basically completing the discovery of the Radak chain. Russian sailors were struck by the desertedness of the Mariana Islands, which were densely populated in the time of Magellan. The entire indigenous population of the islands was exterminated by the Spanish colonizers. “The sight of this beautiful land gave birth in me,” wrote Kotzebue, “woeful feelings; in former times, these fruitful valleys served as a dwelling place for a people who spent their days in peace and happiness; now only lovely palm forests stood here and overshadowed the graves of the former inhabitants. Deathly silence reigned everywhere.” Almost the entire chain of the Mariana Islands was uninhabited, only some were inhabited by immigrants from Mexico and the Philippine Islands.

During the voyage, the Kotzebue expedition carried out meteorological and oceanographic observations. Measurements of the depths of the sea were widely made with the help of a specially designed instrument, the temperature of the water at depth was measured, and samples of soil and sea water were taken. In 1815, Kotzebue made several measurements of the depth in the Atlantic Ocean (up to 138 fathoms), the next year in the Pacific Ocean, the lot fell to a depth of up to 300 fathoms. The transparency of water was noted using a simple method - lowering a white plate, which later formed the basis of an instrument for determining the transparency of sea water and called the Secchi disk. Transparency was not the same and ranged from 2 to 13 fathoms. On September 4, 1817, Kotzebue reached a record depth when measuring the temperature of sea water in the Pacific Ocean, at a point with coordinates 35 ° 51 "N and 147 ° 38" W. Lotlin village descended to a depth of 408 sazhens, and seven intermediate observations were made. The temperature of the water at the surface of the ocean was plus 72° F, and at the maximum depth - plus 42° F. The transparency of the water was 11 fathoms. When the thermometer was lowered to a depth of 500 fathoms, the cable broke and the experiment failed. On September 26, 1817, sea water temperature was measured at 12 mid-depth points.

Returning to Russia, Kotzebue and his fellow scientists undertook the work of summarizing the materials of the expedition. In 1822-1823 The essay "Journey to the Southern Ocean and the Bering Strait" was published. Three books of labor covered the preparation and course of the expedition, the results of the research. The work included: Kotzebue's report on the expedition (parts I-II), articles by Kruzenshtern (parts I-II), articles by I. Horner, A. Chamisso, I. Eschsholz and M. Engelgart (part III).

I.F. Kruzenshtern in the article "Review of the discoveries made in the Great Ocean from the ship" Rurik "", summed up the geographical discoveries of Kotzebue and gave them a fair assessment. Oi noted the outstanding importance of discoveries for science and navigation, compared Kotzebue's achievements with the achievements of the largest European navigators, such as Cook, Bougainville and Flinders. He exposed the attacks and distrust of Kotzebue's discoveries by some European scientists.

Kotzebue not only made extremely important discoveries, but also "closed" many of the problematic discoveries of earlier navigators (in the central part of the Pacific Ocean), explored and described groups of islands, information about which was rather approximate. So, for example, the Penrhyn Islands, discovered in 1788, were taken by the British for one island. Russian navigators counted 15 islands. Kotzebue was the first to accurately determine their latitude (9°1"30"N) and longitude (157°34"32"W). Kotzebue discovered six groups of islands, which he called by the common name of Radak, and indicated the location and names of the islands in the neighboring Ralik archipelago.

The atlas compiled by Kotzebue contained plans and maps of places marked and described by him, coasts and harbors. It was widely used both in navigation and for compiling special marine atlases.

As a result of Kotzebue's voyage, a description of the nature of the coral islands of the Pacific Ocean was given and the hypothesis of their origin was most clearly stated. This was pointed out repeatedly by Charles Darwin. In a study devoted specifically to this issue, in 1842 he wrote: “An older and more satisfactory theory (of the origin of coral islands. - V. E.) was proposed by Chamisso: he believes that since more massive coral species prefer surf, the outer parts of the reef are the first to reach the surface and therefore form a ring. A more detailed consideration of the structure of coral islands and an explanation of their genesis was made by I. I. Eshsholz in his special article "On Coral Islands" (Fig. 7). “The low-lying islands of the South and Indian Seas,” he wrote, “owe much of their beginning to their industrious structure of various genera of corals ... corals based their building on sea shoals, or rather, on the tops of mountains under water. Continuing their growth, they, on the one hand, constantly more and more approach the surface of the sea, and on the other hand, spread the vastness of their structure ("Journey to the Southern Ocean ...", Part III, p. 381). When the island reaches the surface, the animal dies. Shells, mollusks, as well as physical weathering processes are working on the transformation of a solid surface. Then plants and birds appear, for which a person comes. This is, in general terms, the picture of the formation and settlement of coral islands, according to the ideas of the Russians. scientists time.

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