Muscles of the head. Facial or facial muscles

MIMIC MUSCLES

According to the location (topography) of the facial muscles (mimic) are subdivided into the muscles of the cranial vault; muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure; muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils); the muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth and the muscles of the auricle (Table 19; Fig. 154, 155).

Rice. 154. Muscles of the head and neck; right side view.

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - circular muscle of the eye; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - small zygomatic muscle; 6 - circular muscle of the mouth; 7 - large zygomatic muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 9 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - posterior ear muscle; 15 - the occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 16 - upper ear muscle.

Rice. 155. Muscles of the face; front view. (On the left side, part of the muscles removed.)

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - muscle wrinkling the eyebrow; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - muscle lifting the corner of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 9 - chin muscle; 10 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 11 - circular muscle of the mouth; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - small zygomatic muscle; 14 - large zygomatic muscle; 15 - circular muscle of the eye; 16 - the muscle of the proud.

Muscles of the cranial vault

The cranial vault is covered with a single muscular-anoneurotic formation - the epicranial muscle (m.epicrdnius), in which the following parts are distinguished: 1) the occipital-frontal muscle; 2) tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 3) the temporoparietal muscle.

Occipital-frontal muscle (m.occipitofrontаlis) covers the arch along the length from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has frontal abdomen(venter frontаlis) and occipital abdomen(venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a wide aponeurosis tendon, called tendon helmet(galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head.

Occipital abdomen divided into symmetrical parts by a well-defined fibrous plate, which occupies a median position. This abdomen begins with tendon bundles on the highest nuchal line and at the base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, goes up and passes into the tendon helmet.

Frontal abdomen more developed, it is also divided by a fibrous plate running along the midline, into two parts of a quadrangular shape, which are located on the sides of the midline of the forehead. Unlike the posterior abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen do not attach to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. The frontal abdomen at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture) also becomes a tendon helmet.

Tendon Helm is a flat fibrous plate that occupies most of the cranial vault. The vertically oriented connective tissue bundles connect the tendon helmet to the scalp. Between the tendon helmet and the underlying periosteum of the cranial vault, there is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Therefore, with the contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle, the scalp, together with the tendon helmet, moves freely above the cranial vault.

Temporo-parietal muscle (m.temporoparietalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull, poorly developed. Its bunches begin in front of the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle and, fan-like diverging, are attached to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. This muscle in humans is the remnants of mammalian ear muscles. The action of this muscle is not expressed.

Function: The occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle pulls the scalp back, providing support for the frontal abdomen. With the contraction of the frontal abdomen of this muscle, the skin of the forehead is pulled upward, transverse folds are formed on the forehead, the eyebrows are raised. The frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle is also an antagonist of the muscles that narrow the palpebral fissure. This abdomen pulls the skin of the forehead and with it the skin of the eyebrows upward, which at the same time gives the face an expression of surprise.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: occipital, posterior ear, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries.

Muscle of the proud (m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles go up and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with tufts of the frontal abdomen.

Function: with the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse grooves and folds are formed at the root of the nose. Pulling the skin down, the muscle of the proud, as an antagonist of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, helps to straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, anterior ethmoid artery. ,

Eyebrow puckering muscle (m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the superciliary arch, goes up and laterally, attaches to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Part of the bundles of this muscle is intertwined with bundles of the circular muscle of the eye.

Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, as a result of which two vertical folds are formed above the root of the nose.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

The eye slit is surrounded by bundles of the circular muscle of the eye, in which several parts are distinguished.

Circular muscle of the eye (m.orbiculаris oculi) flat, occupies the periphery of the orbit circumference, is located in the thickness of the eyelids, partially extends into the temporal region. The lower muscle bundles continue into the cheek area. The muscle consists of 3 parts: secular, orbital and lacrimal.

The age-old part(pars palpebrаlis) is represented by a thin layer of muscle bundles that begin on the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The muscle bundles of the eyelid pass along the anterior surface of the cartilage of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye; here the fibers are intertwined, forming a lateral seam of the eyelid. Some of the fibers are attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit.

Orbital part(pars orbitаlis) is much thicker and wider than secular. It begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the upper jaw and the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle extend outward to the lateral wall of the orbit, where the upper and lower parts continue into each other. The upper part is interwoven with bundles of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow.

Lacrimal part(pars lacrimalis) begins on the lacrimal crest and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. The fibers of the lacrimal part pass laterally behind the lacrimal sac and are woven into the wall of this sac and into the secular part of the circular muscle of the eye.

Function: the circular muscle of the eye is the sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The age-old part closes the eyelids. With the contraction of the orbital part, folds form on the skin in the orbital region. The greatest number of fan-shaped diverging folds is observed from the side of the outer corner of the eye. The same part of the muscle shifts the eyebrow downward while pulling the cheek skin upward. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, thereby regulating the outflow of tear fluid through the nasolacrimal duct.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital and infraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal openings

In the area of the nasal openings, there are several small, poorly developed muscles that expand or narrow these openings. it nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose.

Nasal muscle (m.nasаlis) consists of two parts: transverse and wing.

Transverse part(pars transversa) begins on the upper jaw, slightly higher and lateral to the upper incisors. The bundles of this part of the muscle follow upward and medially, continuing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads over the cartilaginous part of the nasal dorsum and passes into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.

Function: narrows the opening of the nostrils.

Wing part(pars alaris) begins on the upper jaw below and medial to the transverse part and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, widening the opening of the nose (nostrils).

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial and angular arteries.

Muscle lowering the septum of the nose (m.depressor septi nasi) is more often part of the wing of the nasal muscle. The bundles of this muscle begin above the medial incisor of the upper jaw, are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: pulls the septum down.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth

There are several well-defined muscles around the mouth opening. These muscles include the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the lower lip, the chin and cheek muscles, the muscle that lifts the upper lip, the small and large zygomatic muscles, the muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, and the muscle of laughter.

Circular muscle of the mouth (m.orbiculаris oris) forms the muscle base of the upper and lower lips. This muscle consists of the marginal and labial parts, the bundles of which do not have the same orientation.

Edge part(pars marginаlis) is a peripheral, wider section of the muscle. This part is formed by muscle bundles that approach the upper and lower lips from the other facial muscles closest to the mouth opening. The marginal part is formed by bundles of the buccal muscle; the muscle that lifts the upper lip; muscle lifting the corner of the mouth; the muscle that lowers the lower lip; muscles lowering the corner of the mouth, etc.

Lip part(pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the upper and lower lips. Tufts of muscle fibers extend from one corner of the mouth to the other.

Both parts (marginal and labial) of the upper and lower lips are woven into the skin and mucous membrane, and also connect to each other in the corners of the mouth and pass from the lower lip to the upper lip and vice versa.

Function: the circular muscle of the mouth narrows, closes the mouth gap, participates in the act of sucking and chewing.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: upper and lower labial and chin arteries.

Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth (m.depressor аnguli oris), starts on the base lower jaw, between the chin and the level of the first molar. The fibers of this muscle, converging, pass upward and are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth. At the beginning of the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, some of its bundles are intertwined with bundles subcutaneous muscle neck.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth down and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Muscle lowering the lower lip (m.depressor labii inferioris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, below the chin foramen. Partially covered by the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth. The muscle bundles that lower the lower lip extend upward and medially and attach to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

Function: pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, acting together with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, can turn the lip outward; participates in the formation of the expression of irony, sadness, disgust.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Chin muscle (m.mentalis) is represented by a cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers that begin at the alveolar elevations of the lateral and medial incisors of the lower jaw, extend downward and medially, connect to the fibers of the same muscle of the opposite side and attach to the skin of the chin.

Function: pulls up and laterally the skin of the chin (dimples appear on the skin); promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Buccal muscle (m.buccinator) thin, quadrangular, forms the muscular base of the cheek. It begins on an oblique line on the branch of the lower jaw and the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw at the level of the large molars, as well as on the anterior edge of the pterygoid suture, which runs between the lower jaw and the pterygoid hook. The muscle bundles are directed to the corner of the mouth, partially intersect and continue into the thickness of the muscular base of the upper and lower lips. At the level of the upper large molar, the muscle is penetrated by the parotid duct (the duct of the parotid salivary gland).

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth back; presses the cheek to the teeth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: buccal artery.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superioris), begins on the entire infraorbital edge of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles converge downward and are woven into the thickness of the corner of the mouth and into the wing of the nose.

Function: lifts the upper lip; participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove extending from the lateral side of the nose to the upper lip; pulls the wing of the nose up.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and superior labial arteries.

Small zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus minor) begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that lifts the upper lip. Small bundles zygomatic muscle pass down medially and are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Function: raises the corner of the mouth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Big zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the zygomatic bone, attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m.levator anguli oris), begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw in the canine fossa; attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the upper lip up and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

Muscle of laughter (m.risorius) begins on the chewing fascia, goes forward and medially, attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Usually mild, often absent.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally, forms a dimple on the cheek.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse artery of the neck.

Muscles of the auricle

The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. Very rarely, the ability to move the auricle is found, which is combined with a simultaneous contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle. Distinguish between the anterior, upper and posterior ear muscles.

Anterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris anterior) in the form of a thin bundle begins on the temporal fascia and tendon helmet. Heading back and downward, it is attached to the skin of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle forward.

Upper ear muscle (m.auriculаris superior) begins with weak bundles on the tendon helmet above the auricle; attached to the upper surface of the auricle cartilage.

Function: pulls the auricle up.

Posterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris posterior) is developed better than other ear muscles. It begins in two bundles on the mastoid process, goes forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle posteriorly.

Innervation of the ear muscles: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superficial temporal artery - anterior and upper muscles; posterior ear artery - posterior muscle.

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Date: 2016-09-12 Views: 12 784 Grade: 5.0

Zone: central part of the face

Efficiency. the exercise helps to correct the nasolabial zone, is used to work out the zygomatic muscles, to make more pronounced cheekbones, to raise the "apples" of the cheeks. Major muscles. The large zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the upper lateral surface of the zygomatic bone, ends in the circular muscle of the mouth and is woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth. Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter. Number of repetitions. The exercise is performed 30 times, at the last count there is a static delay for a few seconds, after the exercise we inflate our cheeks.

Exercise for the large zygomatic muscle - video

Exercise Description

Pull your mouth into the letter O, tighten the zygomatic muscles, while the "apples" of the cheeks should rise, and the corners of the lips should not move, they stretch forward. We fix the nasolabial zone with our palms. In this position, continue to strain the zygomatic muscles, if it is not possible to lift them together, try alternately straining the left, then the right, as if winking with your eyes. During the exercise, wrinkles, folds around the eyes should not form. When performing an exercise in fast pace the face "loses weight" a little.

Other exercises for this area of the face

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The muscles of the head are quite an important topic in the first course of anatomy. It is necessary to know them as an integral part of myology, firstly. And secondly, some of the masticatory and facial muscles will be excellent topographic landmarks for you when you study the vessels and nerves of the head.

Let's start, of course, with the basic classification. All muscles of the head are divided into two groups:

Mimic. First of all, they form the expression of our emotions - facial expressions. Also, facial muscles are involved in some protective reflexes (blinking, for example), and, in part, help articulation;
Chewable. Their main purpose is to control the movements of the lower jaw in order to chew food and open the mouth. Also chewing muscles articulation helps partly.

Before we proceed to the analysis of each muscle, it is necessary to consider the most important features of the facial muscles, there are three of them.

Mimic muscles do not have fascia;
The mimic muscles attach directly to the skin;
The facial muscles are located around the natural openings of the face.

The most convenient procedure for studying facial muscles is to move from top to bottom, that is, from the forehead to the chin, focusing, of course, on the natural openings of the face - eyes, nostrils, mouth.

Anatomy of facial muscles

I'll make a reservation right away that I will talk about the most basic muscles. What your teachers require of you in full, you will be able to finish your studies knowing the basics. But it is impossible not to know those muscles that will now be discussed, no matter what medical university you study at.

I. Supracranial muscle(musculus epicranius). Has a very wide supracranial aponeurosis (aponeurosis epicranialis), which is connected by its top with the scalp (tight junction), and the lower one with the periosteum of the skull (loose junction). Also, the supracranial muscle has two abdomens - the frontal (venter frontales) and the occipital (venter occipitales).

The frontal abdomen starts from the supracranial aponeurosis and attaches to the skin above the eyebrows. That is why we attribute the supracranial muscle to the facial muscles of the face. The occipital abdomen extends from the superior nuchal line of the skull to the posterior part of the supracranial aponeurosis.

Look, both the aponeurosis and both abdomens are very clear on any tablet. I marked the frontal abdomen in blue, the occipital in red, and the aponeurosis itself in green.

Function: the occipital abdomen of the cranial muscle pulls its entire array towards itself, thus, the scalp is shifted slightly back. The frontal abdomen, when contracted, pulls the supracranial muscle towards itself. If the frontal abdomen contracts, and the supracranial aponeurosis is fixed, then the eyebrows will rise. The most that neither is the facial muscle.

II. Let's go down just below the forehead and see circular muscle eyes(musculus orbicularis oculi), it is very clearly visible. It is large, and, according to its name, literally surrounds the eye. The orbicular muscle of the eye consists of three parts:

Eyelid part (pars palpebralis). If you close your eyes, your eyeballs will be covered with eyelids. This, in general, is the age-old part of the circular muscle of the eye. Its function is to cover the eye with an eyelid;
The orbital part (pars orbitalis). The largest part of the circular muscle of the eye. It seems to surround both the eye and the age-old part and, of course, the lacrimal part. When this part of the muscle contracts, it tightly closes the eye, tightening the skin around it;
Lacrimal part (pars lacrimalis). Not visible from the outside, located in the lower medial corner of the eye. The lacrimal part opens the lacrimal sac and drains the lacrimal fluid into the lacrimal tubules.

Now let's look at all three parts on a tablet. I highlighted the orbital part in blue and the secular part in green. Remember that the secular part is actually the eyelids, and that the secular part is always inside the orbital, do not confuse them.

The lacrimal part is not visible in the untreated eye. But the approximate location of this part is:

III. Muscle of the proud(musculus procerus). A very cool Latin name, one of my favorites in sound. However, it is quite strange (for me, at least). Let's first find this muscle on our tablet:

And one more picture from Wikipedia, I can't help but post it - it's just beautiful.

And now about the strangeness in the name, it is directly related to the function of this muscle. The name "muscle of the proud" makes me associate with something that makes the head tilt back, lifting the chin. However, the muscle that we are considering now causes a completely different movement. The arrogant muscle creates a frowning expression with vertical folds of skin between the eyes. It is the muscle of the proud that creates the facial expressions of the great Joseph Brodsky in this photo:

IV. Nasal muscle(musculus nasalis). The muscle is notable for having a tendon. It is approximately in the area of this tendon that the proud muscle begins and goes up towards the forehead. But we got distracted.

The nasal muscle starts from the upper jaw in the region of the roots of the lateral incisor and canine. it important point, do not show it on the tip of the nose. This is a fairly common mistake. Then the nasal muscle rises slightly upward, passes into the tendon. If you look just above the tendon, that is, rise from the bridge of the nose towards the forehead, you will see that very proud muscle.

Here is the nasal muscle in a beautiful illustration from Wikipedia. It is very clearly seen how it, rising up and towards the center, turns into a white aponeurosis:

Well, on our tablet, I also decided to designate it:

The nasal muscle is presented in two parts - external and internal. I decided not to highlight them on the tablet, since it would be difficult to show the internal one.

The outer part, it is also transverse (pars transversa), bends around the wings of the nose from the outside and passes into the aponeurosis;
The inner part, it is wing (pars alaris), bends around the wings of the nose with inside and attaches to cartilage.

Both parts act interconnected, carrying out one function, namely - a slight compression of the nasal opening.

V. Circular muscle of the mouth(musculus orbicularis oris). Not to be confused with the musculus orbicularis oculi, that is, the orbicular muscle of the eye. In my group, most of the students were sent to retake the test in myology precisely because of this mistake, the Latin terms are very similar. Musculus orbicularis is a repeating prefix, it translates as "circular muscle". And already to it we add the word oculi (association - "eyepiece", "eye"), that is, the eye, or the word oris (association - "oral", "oral", ie through the mouth) - mouth.

So, now about the muscle itself. It is divided into two parts - labial (pars labialis) and marginal (pars marginalis). The labial part is actually the visible tissue of the lips. The marginal portion is a large circle with the labial portion inside. I decided to show the orbicular muscle of the mouth on this particular tablet, which works great in my opinion. I marked the lip part in blue, and the edge part in green.

The marginal part pulls the lips into a tube.

The labial part, when contracted, tightly closes the mouth gap. The mouth turns out to be closed with tightly closed lips. I could not find a picture where only the lip part would be involved, alas.

Vi. Buccal muscle(musculus buccinator). A large facial muscle that occupies a large space on the face.

As you can see, the buccal muscle above and below starts from the outer surfaces of the upper and lower jaws, respectively, and medially is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth. It's pretty easy to identify on any tablet, but I preferred the drawing from Wikipedia. Here, the upper and lower jaws are just white:

Buccal muscle with bilateral contraction (that is, when both the left and right muscle) presses the cheeks to the teeth, pulling them inward; with unilateral contraction, the muscle pulls the corner of the mouth to the lateral side.

You need to understand that the buccal muscle has an internal position, from above it is closed more superficial muscles faces such as the zygomatic muscles (large and small), and the chewing muscle, in addition to this, from the outside, the buccal muscle is covered by the fatty body of the cheek (corpus addiposum buccae). I marked the buccal muscle itself in red, and the fatty body in blue.

The author's name of this formation is "Bisha's Fat Lumps". Fatty body the cheeks are especially developed in babies, it is this that forms the rounded contours of the cheeks.

Vii. (musculus zygomaticus major / musculus zygomaticus mitor). Highly simple muscles in terms of being on any tablet. If you know where the zygomatic bone is, then finding two zygomatic muscles is easy for you. It is from the front surface of the zygomatic bone that these two muscles begin. See how well they are visible in our main picture:

True, there is a peculiarity here. On our tablet, you can get confused trying to distinguish the small zygomatic muscle from the large one. Remember the rule - the small zygomatic muscle is always closer to the eye.

The algorithm for finding the zygomatic muscles on the pictures, on the tablets, and on the preparations is the same - first we find the zygomatic bone, immediately on it we find two long similar muscles, and the one closest to the eye is the small zygomatic bone, and that one, that the distant is the large zygomatic muscle.

The large zygomatic muscle is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth, and the small is connected to the skin in the area of the nasolabial fold.

Now all that remains is to parse the function. Both muscles work in concert to perform similar functions. The greater zygomatic muscle pulls the corners of the lips upward and laterally. Small pulls the corners of the lips also upward, outlining the contours of the nasolabial fold. Imagine that you are a wolf and you need to scare someone. Expose the upper dentition, simulating a grin, while leaving the lower lip in place - you will get an illustration of the work of these two muscles.

Of all the pictures on the Internet, I liked this one the most:

The vampire girl's lips are pulled upward and slightly laterally, there are also outlined nasolabial folds (the left one is especially clearly visible, the light falls on her). A great illustration of the workings of the zygomatic muscles, I think.

VIII. Ear muscles - anterior, middle and posterior... Topographically, these muscles should have been on my list between the supracranial and orbital muscles (we move from top to bottom, as you remember). But I decided to put the ear muscles at the end of the list - they are rudimentary, that is, left to people inherited from their distant animal ancestors.

These rudimentary muscles became unnecessary in the process of evolution, so they are not developed at all in most people. However, in the myology test, questions about them can be asked, so let's analyze them as well.

- Anterior ear muscle (musculus auricularis anterior). It starts from the temporal fascia and the supracranial aponeurosis, and attaches to the skin of the auricle just above the anterior cartilage. To put it very simply, this muscle lies between the auricle and the circular muscle of the eye. When contracted, it shifts the auricle forward. Who could show it better than pictures from Wikipedia?
- Upper ear muscle (musculus auricularis superior). It is perpendicular to the anterior ear muscle. It starts from the supracranial aponeurosis and attaches to the top of the auricle cartilage. When contracted, in theory, it should raise the ear up, however, it does not fully function due to its, as already mentioned, rudimentarity.
- Back ear muscle (musculus auricularis inferior). We mark the beginning of this muscle on the nuchal fascia, and it is attached to the back of the auricle (more precisely, where the base of the auricle is). If you try very hard to reduce it, then the auricle will be slightly pulled back.

By the way, another cool picture. In many medical universities such a tablet is common. It shows the triangles and muscles of the neck, you probably met this one. So, on this tablet, the posterior ear muscle is very clearly visible, I noted it:

So, this was an overview of the facial muscles of the face. The review, of course, turned out to be incomplete, but this is usually enough to get at least 4 in the muscles of the head (provided that you know chewing ones). Quite a few muscles were not included in my article:

Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth;
Muscle lowering the upper lip;
Muscle lifting the upper lip;
The chin muscle ...

… And several others. You can learn them using Sinelnikov's atlas, your lectures and Wikipedia. By the way, about Wikipedia. Some muscle groups on this resource are superbly designed and shown, taking into account absolutely correct anatomical classifications. As you may have noticed, I took some pictures from there for my article - they are too good.

Most main question- a lot of text, pictures too, how to teach? You need to learn the anatomy of facial muscles as follows. After reading the information about each muscle, you need to sketch it on a draft sheet and sign vital information, such as topography (start, attachment, function) and some special words that will immediately help you navigate. For example, at the word "grin", everything that needs to be said about the zygomatic muscles immediately pops up in my head.

An important point - the drawings of the muscles must be done not separately from all other anatomical structures, but on them. That is, you sketch out the contours of the skull with a simple pencil, and place the muscles on top of them with a pen.

It is also very helpful to strengthen your knowledge on specific topics with the help of videos. You can easily find videos on our today's topic on YouTube, there are a decent number of them. Try to consult authoritative sources (with Sinelnikov's atlas, for example) when watching videos of other teachers, because everyone can make mistakes, even the coolest anatomists.

Lexical minimum

A must-have collection of Latin terms for self-control. If you have learned and consolidated the topic "facial muscles of the head", then you can easily translate each term into Russian and show it in a picture, on a tablet or on yourself. If you find it difficult to show and translate more than two terms, you must go through the topic again.

Musculus epicranius;
Aponeurosis epicranialis;
Venter frontales;
Venter occipitales;
Musculus orbicularis oculi;
Pars palpebralis;
Pars orbitalis;
Pars lacrimalis;
Musculus procerus;
Musculus nasalis;
Pars transversa;
Pars alaris;
Musculus orbicularis oris;
Pars labialis;
Pars marginalis;
Musculus buccinator;
Corpus addiposum buccae;
Musculus zygomaticus major;
Musculus zygomaticus minor;
Musculus auricularis anterior;
Musculus auricularis superior;
Musculus auricularis inferior.

The facial muscles are the muscles of the face. Their specificity lies in the fact that they are attached to the bones at one end, and to the skin or other muscles at the other. Each muscle is clothed in a fascia - a connective sheath (thin capsule) that all muscles have. What fascia, every housewife can imagine - when cutting meat, we get rid of white films, which, due to their density, worsen its soft consistency. In relation to the facial muscles, in comparison with the muscles of the body, these membranes are so transparent and thin that from the point of view of classical anatomy it is believed that the facial muscles of the fascia do not. In any case, the surface of each muscle fiber on the face has a denser structure than its interior... These connective tissue membranes are woven into the structure of the entire fascial system of the body (through the aponeuroses).

It is the contractions of the mimic muscles that give our face a variety of expressions, as a result of which the skin of the face shifts and our face takes on this or that expression.

Muscles of the cranial vault

A large percentage of the muscles of the cranial vault are complex in structure supracranial muscle, which covers the main part of the skull and has a rather complex muscular structure. The cranial muscle consists of tendinous and muscular parts, while the muscle part, in turn, is represented by the whole structure of the muscles. The tendon portion is formed from connective tissue, so it is very strong and virtually indestructible. There is a tendon part in order to maximally stretch the muscle part in the areas of its attachment to the bones.

Schematically, supracranial muscle can be represented as the following diagram:

The tendon part is very extensive and is also called the tendon helmet or supracranial aponeurosis. The muscular part consists of three separate muscular abdomen:
1) frontal abdomen located under the skin on the forehead. This muscle consists of vertically running bundles that start above the frontal tubercles, and, heading down, are woven into the skin of the forehead at the level of the brow ridges.

2) occipital abdomen formed by short muscle bundles. These muscle bundles originate in the region of the highest nuchal line, then rise up and are woven into the posterior sections of the tendon helmet. In some sources, the frontal and occipital abdomen are combined into frontal-occipital muscle.

Figure 1. Frontal, occipital abdomen. Tendon helmet.

3) lateral abdomen is located on the lateral surface of the skull and is poorly developed, being the remnant of the ear muscles. It is divided into three small muscles, suitable for the auricle in front:

Lateral abdomen:

Anterior ear muscle displaces the auricle forward and upward.
Upper ear muscle shifts the auricle upward, pulls on the tendon helmet. A bundle of fibers of the upper ear muscle, which intertwined in a tendon helmet, called temporoparietal muscle ... The anterior and superior muscles are covered by the temporal fascia; therefore, their image in anatomy textbooks is often difficult to find.
Posterior ear muscles a pulls the auricle back.

Figure 2. Lateral abdomen: anterior, superior, posterior ear muscles

Muscles of the circumference of the eye

The muscles around the eye are made up of three main muscles: muscle wrinkling the eyebrow,muscles of the proud and the circular muscle of the eye.

Eyebrow puckering muscle, starts from the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, then goes up and attaches to the skin of the eyebrows. The action of the muscle is to bring the eyebrows to the midline, forming vertical folds around the bridge of the nose.

Figure 3. Eyebrow puckering muscle.

Muscle of the proud (pyramidal muscle)- originates from the nasal bone on the dorsum of the nose and is attached to the skin at the other end. During the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse folds form at the root of the nose.

Figure 4. Muscle of the proud

The orbicularis muscle of the eye is divided into three parts:

Orbital, which starts from the frontal process of the upper jaw, and follows along the upper and lower edges of the orbit, forming a ring of muscle;
The age-old- it is a continuation of the circular muscle and is located under the skin of the eyelid; has two parts - upper and lower. They begin at the medial ligament of the eyelids - the upper and lower edges and go to the lateral corner of the eye, where they attach to the lateral (lateral) ligament of the eyelids.
Tearful- starting from the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone, it is divided into 2 parts. They cover the lacrimal sac in front and behind and are lost among the muscle bundles of the peripheral part. The peripheral part of this part narrows the palpebral fissure, and also smoothes the transverse folds of the forehead skin; the inner part closes the palpebral fissure; the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac.

Figure 5. The orbicular muscle of the eye

Circular muscle of the mouth

The circular muscle of the mouth has the form of a flat muscle plate, in which two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscle bundles are very tightly adhered to the skin. The deep layer muscle fibers run radially towards the center of the mouth.

Figure 6. The orbicularis muscle of the mouth

The superficial layer consists of two arcuate bundles that surround the border of the lips and are repeatedly intertwined with other muscles that fit the mouth. That is, in the corners of our mouth, in addition to the fibers of the circular muscles of the lips themselves, are also woven muscle fibers triangular and buccal muscles. This is very important for understanding the biomechanics of aging in the lower part of the face in the section " Spasm of facial muscles ".

The main function of the circular muscle of the mouth is to narrow the mouth and stretch the lips.

Muscular system nose

The muscular system of the nose is formed following muscles- the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.

a) Outer, or transverse part, bends around the wing of the nose, expands somewhat and at the midline passes into a tendon, which connects here with the tendon of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's see the picture:

b) Inner, or wing, attaches to the posterior end of the nasal wing cartilage. The wing portion lowers the wing of the nose.>

Figure 7. The transverse and wing portions of the nasal muscle.

Muscle lowering the septum of the nose, most often it is part of the wing of the nose. This muscle lowers the septum of the nose and lowers down the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Figure 8. Muscle lowering the septum of the nose.

Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in conjunction with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and attaches to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.

Figure 10. Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Muscles of the cheekbones

In the area of the cheekbones, there are the small and large zygomatic muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid upper attachment point - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscle of the mouth.

Small zygomatic muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and attaches to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth, and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as when the zygomaticus major muscle is contracted.

Figure 11. Small zygomatic muscle

Big zygomatic muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It attaches simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The greater zygomatic muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.

Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle

Buccal muscle

The buccal muscle has a quadrangular shape and is muscle base our cheeks. It is located symmetrically on both sides of the face. By contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle - "the trumpet muscle", rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and focus of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with the other, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the mouth. The surface of the buccal muscle from the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of adipose and connective tissue.

Figure 13. Buccal muscle

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth (triangle muscle)

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth is located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - Triangle muscle. The wide base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.
The action of this muscle is directly opposite to the action of the zygomatic muscles. If the zygomatic muscles raise the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This is how the expression of contempt and displeasure is formed.

Exercise for the large zygomatic muscle - video

Exercise Description

Other exercises for this area of ​​the face

Anatomy of facial muscles

Lexical minimum

Other exercises for this area of the face