Nasal muscle function. What determines the shape of the nose? Are there any corrective nose exercises? Can exercise affect nose shape?

MIMIC MUSCLES

According to the location (topography) of the facial muscles (mimic) are subdivided into the muscles of the cranial vault; muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure; the muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils); the muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth and the muscles of the auricle (Table 19; Fig. 154, 155).

Rice. 154. Muscles of the head and neck; right side view.

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - circular muscle of the eye; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - small zygomatic muscle; 6 - circular muscle of the mouth; 7 - large zygomatic muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 9 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - posterior ear muscle; 15 - the occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 16 - upper ear muscle.

Rice. 155. Muscles of the face; front view. (On the left side, part of the muscles removed.)

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - muscle wrinkling the eyebrow; 4 - muscle lifting the upper lip; 5 - muscle lifting the corner of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth; 9 - chin muscle; 10 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 11 - circular muscle of the mouth; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - small zygomatic muscle; 14 - large zygomatic muscle; 15 - circular muscle of the eye; 16 - the muscle of the proud.

The muscles of the cranial vault

The vault of the skull is covered with a single muscular-anoneurotic formation - the epicranial muscle (m.epicrdnius), in which the following parts are distinguished: 1) the occipital-frontal muscle; 2) tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 3) the temporoparietal muscle.

Occipital-frontal muscle (m.occipitofrontаlis) covers the arch along the length from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has frontal abdomen(venter frontаlis) and occipital abdomen(venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a wide aponeurosis tendon, called tendon helmet(galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head.

Occipital abdomen divided into symmetrical parts by a well-defined fibrous plate, which occupies a median position. This abdomen begins with tendon bundles on the highest nuchal line and at the base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, goes up and passes into the tendon helmet.

Frontal abdomen more developed, it is also divided by a fibrous plate running along the midline, into two parts of a quadrangular shape, which are located on the sides of the midline of the forehead. Unlike the posterior abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen do not attach to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. The frontal abdomen at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture) also becomes a tendon helmet.

Tendon Helm is a flat fibrous plate that occupies most of the cranial vault. The vertically oriented connective tissue bundles connect the tendon helmet to the scalp. Between the tendon helmet and the underlying periosteum of the cranial vault, there is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Therefore, with the contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle, the scalp, together with the tendon helmet, moves freely above the cranial vault.

Temporoparietal muscle (m.temporoparietalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull, poorly developed. Its bunches begin in front of the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle and, fan-like diverging, are attached to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. This muscle in humans is the remnants of the ear muscles of mammals. The action of this muscle is not expressed.

Function: The occipital abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle pulls the scalp back, providing support for the frontal abdomen. With the contraction of the frontal abdomen of this muscle, the skin of the forehead is pulled upward, transverse folds are formed on the forehead, and the eyebrows are raised. The frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle is also an antagonist of the muscles that narrow the palpebral fissure. This abdomen pulls the skin of the forehead and with it the skin of the eyebrows upward, which at the same time gives the face an expression of surprise.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: occipital, posterior ear, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries.

Muscle of the proud (m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles go up and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with tufts of the frontal abdomen.

Function: with the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse grooves and folds are formed at the root of the nose. Pulling the skin down, the muscle of the proud, as an antagonist of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, helps to straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, anterior ethmoid artery. ,

Eyebrow puckering muscle (m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the superciliary arch, goes up and laterally, attaches to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Part of the bundles of this muscle is intertwined with bundles circular muscle eyes.

Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, as a result of which two vertical folds are formed above the root of the nose.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

The eye slit is surrounded by bundles of the circular muscle of the eye, in which several parts are distinguished.

Circular muscle of the eye (m.orbicularis oculi) is flat, occupies the periphery of the orbit circumference, is located in the thickness of the eyelids, partially extends into the temporal region. The lower muscle bundles continue into the cheek area. The muscle consists of 3 parts: secular, orbital and lacrimal.

Century part(pars palpebrаlis) is represented by a thin layer of muscle bundles that begin on the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The muscle bundles of the eyelid pass along the anterior surface of the cartilage of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye; here the fibers are intertwined, forming a lateral seam of the eyelid. Some of the fibers are attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit.

Orbital part(pars orbitаlis) is much thicker and wider than secular. It begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the upper jaw and the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle extend outward to the lateral wall of the orbit, where the upper and lower parts continue into each other. The upper part is interwoven with bundles of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow.

Lacrimal part(pars lacrimalis) begins on the lacrimal crest and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. The fibers of the lacrimal part pass laterally behind the lacrimal sac and are woven into the wall of this sac and into the secular part of the circular muscle of the eye.

Function: the circular muscle of the eye is the sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The age-old part closes the eyelids. With the contraction of the orbital part, folds form on the skin in the orbital region. The largest number of fan-shaped diverging folds is observed from the outer corner of the eye. The same part of the muscle shifts the eyebrow downward, while simultaneously pulling the cheek skin upward. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, thereby regulating the outflow of tear fluid through the nasolacrimal duct.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital and infraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal openings

In the area of the nasal openings, there are several small, poorly developed muscles that expand or narrow these openings. it nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose.

Nasal muscle (m.nasаlis) consists of two parts: transverse and wing.

Transverse part(pars transversa) begins on the upper jaw, slightly higher and lateral to the upper incisors. The bundles of this part of the muscle follow upward and medially, continuing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads over the cartilaginous part of the nasal dorsum and passes into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.

Function: narrows the opening of the nostrils.

Wing part(pars alaris) begins on the upper jaw below and medial to the transverse part and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, widening the opening of the nose (nostrils).

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial and angular arteries.

Muscle, lowering the septum of the nose (m.depressor septi nasi) is more often part of the wing of the nasal muscle. The bundles of this muscle begin above the medial incisor of the upper jaw and are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: pulls the septum down.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth

There are several well-defined muscles around the mouth opening. These muscles include the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, the muscle that lowers the lower lip, the chin and cheek muscles, the muscle that lifts the upper lip, the small and large zygomatic muscles, the muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, and the muscle of laughter.

Circular muscle of the mouth (m.orbicularis oris) forms the muscle base of the upper and lower lips. This muscle consists of the marginal and labial parts, the bundles of which do not have the same orientation.

Edge part(pars marginаlis) is a peripheral, wider section of the muscle. This part is formed by muscle bundles that approach the upper and lower lips from other facial muscles closest to the mouth opening. The marginal part is formed by bundles of the buccal muscle; the muscle that lifts the upper lip; muscles lifting the corner of the mouth; the muscle that lowers the lower lip; muscles lowering the corner of the mouth, etc.

Lip part(pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the upper and lower lips. Tufts of muscle fibers extend from one corner of the mouth to the other.

Both parts (marginal and labial) of the upper and lower lips are woven into the skin and mucous membrane, and also connect to each other in the area of the corners of the mouth and pass from the lower lip to the upper lip and vice versa.

Function: the circular muscle of the mouth narrows, closes the mouth gap, participates in the act of sucking and chewing.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: upper and lower labial and chin arteries.

Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth (m.depressor anguli oris), starts at the base lower jaw, between the chin and the level of the first molar. The fibers of this muscle, converging, pass upward and are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth. At the beginning of the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, some of its bundles are intertwined with bundles subcutaneous muscle neck.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth down and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Muscle lowering the lower lip (m.depressor labii inferioris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, below the chin foramen. Partially covered by the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth. The muscle bundles that lower the lower lip extend upward and medially and attach to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

Function: pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, acting together with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, can turn the lip outward; participates in the formation of the expression of irony, sadness, disgust.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Chin muscle (m.mentalis) is represented by a cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers that begin at the alveolar elevations of the lateral and medial incisors of the lower jaw, extend downward and medially, connect to the fibers of the same muscle of the opposite side and attach to the skin of the chin.

Function: pulls up and laterally the skin of the chin (dimples appear on the skin); promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: lower labial and submental arteries.

Buccal muscle (m.buccinator) thin, quadrangular in shape, forms the muscular base of the cheek. It begins on an oblique line on the branches of the lower jaw and the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw at the level of the large molars, as well as at the anterior edge of the pterygoid suture, which runs between the lower jaw and the pterygoid hook. The muscle bundles are directed to the corner of the mouth, partially intersect and continue into the thickness of the muscular base of the upper and lower lips. At the level of the upper large molar, the muscle is penetrated by the parotid duct (the duct of the parotid salivary gland).

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth back; presses the cheek to the teeth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: buccal artery.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superioris), begins on the entire infraorbital edge of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles converge downward and are woven into the thickness of the corner of the mouth and into the wing of the nose.

Function: lifts the upper lip; participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove extending from the lateral side of the nose to the upper lip; pulls the wing of the nose up.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and superior labial arteries.

Small zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus minor) begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that lifts the upper lip. The bundles of the small zygomatic muscle pass down medially and are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Function: raises the corner of the mouth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Big zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the zygomatic bone, attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m.levator anguli oris), begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw in the canine fossa; attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the upper lip up and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

Muscle of laughter (m.risorius) begins on the chewing fascia, goes forward and medially, attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Usually mild, often absent.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally, forms a dimple on the cheek.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse artery of the neck.

Muscles of the auricle

The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. Very rarely, the ability to move the auricle is found, which is combined with a simultaneous contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle. Distinguish between the anterior, superior and posterior ear muscles.

Anterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris anterior) in the form of a thin bundle begins on the temporal fascia and tendon helmet. Heading back and downward, it is attached to the skin of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle forward.

Upper ear muscle (m.auriculаris superior) begins with weakly pronounced bundles on the tendon helmet above the auricle; attached to the upper surface of the auricle cartilage.

Function: pulls the auricle up.

Posterior ear muscle (m.auriculаris posterior) is developed better than other ear muscles. It begins in two bundles on the mastoid process, goes forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle posteriorly.

Innervation of the ear muscles: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superficial temporal artery - anterior and upper muscles; posterior ear artery - posterior muscle.

Evgenia Baglyk is an instructor in face building, facial gymnastics that works with muscles. It allows you to make your face fit and youthful. It is from the inside that Facebook building acts on the problem. The blood supply to the face is improved, the skin is smoothed, wrinkles disappear, a clear contour of the cheekbones and chin is modeled.

In the video, Eugene tells in detail how to work with the muscles of the nose.

It is no secret that the nose lengthens and expands with age, loses its former shape and tone, because the muscles of the cheeks weaken and sag, the subcutaneous fat layer becomes thinner around the wings of the nose, and gravity inexorably pulls our nose to the ground.

Therefore, exercises to train the tiny nasal muscles located under the nostrils are recommended to be performed to strengthen and improve its shape, even in the absence of obvious problems with the nose, in order to keep the nose young, strong, even and beautiful.

Exercises for the nose can also reduce a large nose, make a wide nose more graceful and even correct a curvature of the nose, and make a hump on the nose less noticeable.

To prepare and perform the exercises, you need a mirror, attention, and clean hands. To learn how to do the exercises correctly, without risking harm to yourself, you will need 15-20 minutes. Further exercise will take no more than 1 minute.

What these exercises can do:

raising or preventing lowering of the tip of the nose, eliminating its expansion and the formation of humps on the nose;
reduction of nasolabial folds and smoothness of the skin above the upper lip;
improving breathing through the nose, preventing the common cold and colds.

Exercises are done in isometric form: muscle strengthening occurs without stretching the skin.

The muscles of the nose are rarely involved in facial expressions; they narrow or widen the nostrils, hold the skin of the nose. The nasal muscle located in the wings of the nose is a steam room, it has a common tendon that runs along the center of the nose. Descending from the tendon downward, the muscles are woven into the skin of the lateral surface of the nose,
The inner part of the muscle is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth. The nasal muscle lowers the wings of the nose, narrowing the nostrils. The small muscle that lowers the nasal septum also narrows the nostrils.
On the contrary, the front and back muscles dilating the nostrils. The mobility of all these muscles is provided by their connection with the skin of the nose and adjacent areas.

As a mimic, the muscles of the nose, depending on the type of face and the work of other mimic muscles, are capable of giving the face a whole range of expressions from amiable to extremely irritated.

But these muscles are rarely used. The weakening of the muscles of the nose disrupts its respiratory function and shape, the nose lengthens, its tip drops and expands. Sliding down the skin associated with the muscles of the nose deepens the nasolabial fold and disturbs the smoothness of the skin above the upper lip.

Regular execution simple exercises will make the muscles of the nose stronger, prevent the tip of the nose from dropping, restore or maintain its normal position, prevent slipping of the nasal skin and deepening of the nasolabial fold, stimulate blood circulation and oxygen flow to the nose and upper lip area, noticeably improve your breathing and control of it.

To eliminate drooping or widening of the tip of the nose, to reduce the nasolabial fold, to eliminate the formed humps on the nose, regular training and patience are needed to strengthen the muscles of the nose and local blood circulation. To achieve these goals, it is advisable to exercise 5-6 times a week.

The facial muscles are the muscles of the face. Their specificity lies in the fact that they are attached to the bones at one end, and to the skin or other muscles at the other. Each muscle is clothed in a fascia - a connective sheath (thin capsule) that all muscles have. What fascia, every housewife can imagine - when cutting meat, we get rid of white films, which, due to their density, worsen its soft consistency. In relation to the facial muscles, in comparison with the muscles of the body, these membranes are so transparent and thin that from the point of view of classical anatomy it is believed that the facial muscles of the fascia do not. In any case, the surface of each muscle fiber on the face has a denser structure than its interior... These connective tissue membranes are woven into the structure of the entire fascial system of the body (through the aponeuroses).

It is the contractions of the mimic muscles that give our face a variety of expressions, as a result of which the skin of the face shifts and our face takes on one or another expression.

The muscles of the cranial vault

A large percentage of the muscles of the cranial vault are complex in structure supracranial muscle, which covers the main part of the skull and has a rather complex muscular structure. The cranial muscle consists of tendinous and muscular parts, while the muscle part, in turn, is represented by the whole structure of the muscles. The tendon portion is formed from connective tissue, so it is very strong and virtually indestructible. There is a tendon part in order to maximally stretch the muscle part in the areas of its attachment to the bones.

Schematically, supracranial muscle can be represented as the following diagram:

The tendon part is very extensive and is also called the tendon helmet or supracranial aponeurosis. The muscular part consists of three separate muscular abdomen:
1) frontal abdomen located under the skin on the forehead. This muscle consists of vertically running bundles that start above the frontal tubercles, and, heading down, are woven into the skin of the forehead at the level of the brow ridges.

2) occipital abdomen formed by short muscle bundles. These muscle bundles originate in the region of the highest nuchal line, then rise up and are woven into the posterior sections of the tendon helmet. In some sources, the frontal and occipital abdomen are combined into frontal-occipital muscle.

Figure 1. Frontal, occipital abdomen. Tendon helmet.

3) lateral abdomen is located on the lateral surface of the skull and is poorly developed, being the remnant of the ear muscles. It is divided into three small muscles, suitable for the auricle in front:

Lateral abdomen:

Anterior ear muscle displaces the auricle forward and upward.
Upper ear muscle shifts the auricle upward, pulls on the tendon helmet. A bundle of fibers of the upper ear muscle, which intertwined in a tendon helmet, called temporoparietal muscle ... The anterior and superior muscles are covered by the temporal fascia; therefore, their image in anatomy textbooks is often difficult to find.
Posterior ear muscles a pulls the auricle back.

Figure 2. Lateral abdomen: anterior, superior, posterior ear muscles

Muscles of the circumference of the eye

The muscles around the eye are made up of three main muscles: muscle wrinkling the eyebrow,muscles of the proud and the circular muscle of the eye.

Eyebrow puckering muscle, starts from the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, then goes up and attaches to the skin of the eyebrows. The action of the muscle is to bring the eyebrows to the midline, forming vertical folds around the bridge of the nose.

Figure 3. Eyebrow puckering muscle.

Muscle of the proud (pyramidal muscle)- originates from the nasal bone on the dorsum of the nose and is attached at the other end to the skin. During the contraction of the muscles of the proud, transverse folds form at the root of the nose.

Figure 4. Muscle of the proud

The orbicular muscle of the eye is divided into three parts:

Orbital, which starts from the frontal process of the upper jaw, and follows along the upper and lower edges of the orbit, forming a ring of muscle;
The age-old- it is a continuation of the circular muscle and is located under the skin of the eyelid; has two parts - upper and lower. They begin at the medial ligament of the eyelids - the upper and lower edges and go to the lateral corner of the eye, where they attach to the lateral (lateral) ligament of the eyelids.
Tearful- starting from the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone, it is divided into 2 parts. They cover the lacrimal sac in front and behind and are lost among the muscle bundles of the peripheral part. The peripheral part of this part narrows the palpebral fissure, and also smoothes the transverse folds of the forehead skin; the inner part closes the palpebral fissure; the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac.

Figure 5. The orbicular muscle of the eye

Circular muscle of the mouth

The circular muscle of the mouth has the form of a flat muscle plate, in which two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscle bundles are very tightly adhered to the skin. The deep layer muscle fibers run radially towards the center of the mouth.

Figure 6. The orbicularis muscle of the mouth

The superficial layer consists of two arcuate bundles that surround the border of the lips and are repeatedly intertwined with other muscles that fit the mouth. That is, in the corners of our mouth, in addition to the fibers of the circular muscles of the lips themselves, are also woven muscle fibers triangular and buccal muscles. This is very important for understanding the biomechanics of aging in the lower part of the face in the section "Spasm of the facial muscles".

The main function of the circular muscle of the mouth is to narrow the mouth and stretch the lips.

Muscular system nose

The muscular system of the nose is shaped following muscles- the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.

a) Outer, or transverse part, bends around the wing of the nose, expands somewhat and at the midline passes into a tendon, which connects here with the tendon of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's see the picture:

b) Inner, or wing, attaches to the posterior end of the nasal wing cartilage. The wing section lowers the wing of the nose.>

Figure 7. Transverse and wing parts of the nasal muscle.

Muscle, lowering the septum of the nose, most often it is part of the wing of the nose. This muscle lowers the septum of the nose and lowers down the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Figure 8. Muscle lowering the septum of the nose.

Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in conjunction with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and attaches to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.

Figure 10. Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Muscles of the cheekbones

In the area of the cheekbones, there are the small and large zygomatic muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid upper attachment point - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscle of the mouth.

Small zygomatic muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and attaches to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth, and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as when the zygomaticus major muscle contracts.

Figure 11. Small zygomatic muscle

Big zygomatic muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It attaches simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The greater zygomatic muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.

Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle

Buccal muscle

The buccal muscle has a quadrangular shape and is muscle base our cheeks. It is positioned symmetrically on both sides of the face. By contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle - "trumpet muscle", rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and focus of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with the other, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the mouth. The surface of the buccal muscle from the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of adipose and connective tissue.

Figure 13. Buccal muscle

Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth (triangle muscle)

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth is located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - Triangle muscle. The wide base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.
The action of this muscle is directly opposite to the action of the zygomatic muscles. If the zygomatic muscles raise the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This is how the expression of contempt and displeasure is formed.

The muscular system of the nose is formed by the following muscles - the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and the wing of the nose.

Nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.

b) Inner, or wing, attaches to the posterior end of the nasal wing cartilage. The wing portion lowers the wing of the nose.

Figure 7. The transverse and wing parts of the nasal muscle.

Figure 8. Muscle lowering the septum of the nose.

Figure 10. Muscle lifting the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Muscles of the cheekbones

Figure 11. Small zygomatic muscle

Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle

Buccal muscle

The cheek muscle has a quadrangular shape and is the muscle base of our cheeks. It is positioned symmetrically on both sides of the face. By contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle - "trumpet muscle", rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and focus of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.