Close your fingers as shown in the figure. See this tendon? This is what it means ... Over the past 200 thousand years, man has stepped forward a lot when we talk about evolution.

Close your fingers as shown in the picture: Even though we are very similar to our ancestors, modern man differs in many physical and anatomical features... This is proved by the rudimentary organs that are scattered throughout the human body.

Scientists call vestigial organs those parts of the body that have lost their functions over time, but are still preserved in the human body. Mother Nature considers these organs unnecessary for life, their activity fades, but by themselves they still remain unchanged.

Why some parts of the body and their functions remain in the body, while others completely disappear is a real mystery of nature. Most of them do us no harm, and those that can do it ( it comes about wisdom teeth and appendix) are easily removed.

Well-known examples of vestigial organs are the appendix, goose bumps, wisdom teeth, tonsils, male nipples, and the outer ear. Once upon a time, these body parts performed important functions in the human body, but today they are not needed at all.

How to trace evolution on the example of your organism? Everything is very simple! Place your hand on a flat surface, palm up. Bring your pinky and thumb together, and then lift them up slightly.

If you see a ligament in your wrist, then you have a vestigial muscle in your forearm. It's called like this: long palmar muscle(Latin palmris longus).If the muscle is missing in one or both arms, then you are part of 10-15% of the population.

Don't worry if you haven't found this muscle. IN modern life it is useless. Studies have shown that the palmaris longus has no effect on a person's arm strength.

It turns out that these muscle fibers are responsible for the release of claws in animals! It is also present in all primates and enhances the grip when jumping from tree to tree. It is clear that a person does not need it now.

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Rudiments are "extra", non-functioning organs or structures that are scattered throughout the human body. They are the ones who prove the difference. modern man from his ancestors.

website collected 6 proofs of evolution that are preserved on your body.

Palmar muscle

Place your hand on a flat surface, palm up. Bring your pinky and thumb together, and then lift them up slightly. Have you seen a ligament on your wrist? This muscle is a "legacy" of our ancestors and is responsible for the release of claws and strengthens the grip when jumping from tree to tree. Don't worry if you haven't found it - it is useless in modern life.

Goose-flesh

The main causes of chills are cold and danger. Wherein spinal cord produces excitement of peripheral nerve endings, which lift the hairline. In the cold, this allows you to keep more heat inside the cover, and in case of danger it gives the animal a more massive appearance. Goosebumps are also associated with intense emotional experiences and can come from admiration.

Epicanthus

Epicanthus - skin fold on the upper eyelid, characteristic only for the Mongoloid race. Most researchers believe that it arose as a result of the natural conditions of human habitation: severe cold weather, deserts and hot sun.

Crescent fold

This tiny fold of skin at the corner of the eye is a holdover from the blinker membrane. In birds, reptiles and fish, it is fully functional and serves to keep the surface of the eye moist and unharmed. At some point, it became unnecessary for people, but they still have a small piece of this fold connected to the muscles.

1. Brachioradialis muscle; m. brachioradialis.

Surface layer

1. Elbow extensor of the wrist, m. extensor carpi ulnaris.
2. Finger extensor, m. extensor digitorum.
3. Little finger extensor, m. extensor digiti minimi.

The muscles of the forearm, mm.antebrachii, are divided into three groups according to their position: anterior, lateral (radial) and posterior. In this case, the muscles of the anterior and posterior groups are located in several layers. In the anterior group, the muscles lie in four layers.

First (surface layer)

1. Round pronator, m. pronator teres.
2. Radial flexor of the wrist, m. flaxor carpi radialis.
3. Long palmar muscle, m. palmaris longus.
4. Elbow flexor of the wrist, m. flехоr carpi ulnaris.

Second layer

1. Superficial flexor of the fingers, m. flexor digitorum superficialis.

Third layer

1. Deep flexor of the fingers, m. flexor digitorum profundus.
2. Long flexor of the thumb, m. flexor pollicis longus.

Fourth layer

1. Square pronator, m. pronator quadratus

The lateral (radial) group includes:

1. Braid muscle; m. brachioradialis.
2. Long radial extensor of the wrist, m. extensor carpi radialis longus.
3. Short radial extensor of the wrist, m. extensor carpi radialis brevis.

IN back group muscles lie in two layers.

Deep layer

1. Supinator, m.supinator
2. Long muscle, abductor thumb, m. abductor pollicis longus.
3. The short extensor of the thumb of the hand, m. extensor pollicis brevis.
4. The long extensor of the thumb, m. extensor pollicis longus
5. Extension of the index finger, m. extensor indicis.

Anterior forearm muscle group

First (surface) layer

1. Round pronator, m. pronator teres, the thickest and the most short muscle this layer. It begins with two heads: a larger, humeral head, caput hwnerale, from epicondy-lus medialis humeri, septum intermusculare brachii mediale, fascia antebrachii, and a smaller, ulnar head, caput ulnare, originating from the medial edge of tuberositas ulnae. Both heads form an abdomen somewhat flattened from front to back, passing into a narrow tendon. The muscle goes obliquely from the inside out and attaches to the middle third of the facies lateralis radii. Action: penetrates the forearm and takes part in its flexion. Innervation: n. medianus (C6-C7). Blood supply: muscle branches aa. brachialis, ulnaris, radialis.
2. Radial flexor of the wrist, m. flexor carpi radialis, two-pinnate, flat, longus muscle... It is located most laterally of all the flexors of the forearm. In the proximal part, the muscle is covered only by aponeurosis m. bicipis brachii and m. palmaris longus, and the rest, most, part of the muscle is covered only by the fascia and skin. The muscle begins from the epicondylus medialis humeri, septa intermuscularia and fascia antebrachii and, heading down, passes under the retinaculum flexorum to the base of the palmar surface II (III) of the metacarpal bone. Action: bends and penetrates the hand. Innervation: n. medianus [C6-C7- (C8)]. Blood supply: muscle branches a. radialis.
3. Long palmar muscle, m. palmaris longus, has a short, fusiform abdomen and a very long tendon. Lies directly under the skin inwards from m. flexor carpi radialis. The muscle originates from the epicondylus medialis humeri, septum intermusculare and fascia antebrachii and, approaching the hand, passes into the wide palmar aponeurosis, aponeurosis palmaris. Action: pulls the palmar aponeurosis and takes part in wrist flexion. Innervation: n. medianus [(C7) C8]. Blood supply: muscle branches a. radialis.
4. Elbow flexor of the wrist, m. flexor carpi ulnaris, occupies the medial edge of the forearm. It has a long, muscular abdomen and a relatively thick tendon.

It starts with two heads:

a) brachial, caput humerale, from epicondylus medialis humeri and septum intermusculare;

b) ulnar, caput ulnare, from olecranon, two upper thirds of the facies dorsalis and fascia of the forearm.

Going down, the tendon passes under the retinaculum flexorwn and attaches to the os pisiforme. A number of bundles go into lig. pisometacarpeum u lig. pisohamatum, which are attached to the hook and V metacarpal bones. Action: bends the brush and participates in its adduction. Innervation: n. ulnaris (C8, Th1). Blood supply: aa. collaterale, a. brachialis et a. ulnaris.

Second layer

Superficial flexor of the fingers, m. flexor digitorum superficialis, covered in front m. palmaris longus and m. flexor carpi radialis, leaving a groove-like mark on it. The muscle itself begins with two heads:

a) brachio-ulnar, caput humeroulnare. long and narrow, from epicondylus medialis humeri et processus coronoideus ulnae;

b) radial, caput radiale. wide and short, from the proximal part of the palmar surface of the radius.

Both heads, joining together in a common abdomen, end in 4 long tendons. The latter, passing to the hand, lie in the canalis carpi and are attached to the base of the middle phalanges from the index finger to the little finger. At the level of the proximal phalanges, each tendon is divided into two and therefore is attached not at one, but at two points - along the edges of the base of the middle phalanges. Action: bends the middle phalanges of the fingers from the index to the little finger. Innervation: n. medianus (C7-C8 Th1). Blood supply: aa. radialis et ulnaris.

Third layer

1. Deep flexor of the fingers, m. flexor digitorum profundus, is a highly developed, flat and wide abdomen originating from the proximal half of the facies anterior ulnae and membrana interossea. The muscle is directed downward, passing into 4 long tendons, which, passing under the retinaculum flexorum, lie in the canalis carpi, located under the tendons of m. flexor digitorum superficialis. Then each of the tendons m. flexor digitorum profundus passes between the legs of the tendons of the superficial flexor of the fingers, attaching to the bases of the distal phalanges, from the index finger to the little finger. The tendons of the superficial and deep flexors of the fingers lie in the common synovial sheath of the flexors of the fingers of the hand, vagina synovialis communis mm. flexorum digitorum manus. The sheaths of the index, middle and ring fingers begin at the level of the head of the metacarpal bones and reach the distal phalanges without joining the common vagina. Only the little finger tendon sheath connects to the vagina synovialis communis mm. flexorum digitorum manus. Action: bends the distal phalanges of the fingers from the index to the little finger. Innervation: nn. ulnaris et medianus (C6-C8 Th1). Blood supply: muscle branches a. ulnaris.
2. The long flexor of the thumb of the hand, m.flexor pollicis longus, looks like a long, single-pinnate flat muscle lying on the lateral edge of the forearm. It starts from the upper 2/3, facies anterior radii and membrana interossea, from epicondylus medialis humeri. The muscle passes into the long tendon, which, going downwards, lies in the canalis carpi, and then is surrounded by the tendon sheath of the long flexor of the thumb, vagina tendinis m.flexoris pollicis longi, and reaching the distal phalanx, attaches at its base. thumb. Innervation: n. medianus (C6-C8). Blood supply: muscle branches aa. radialis, ulnaris et a. interossea anterior.

Fourth layer

The square pronator, m.pronator quadratus, is a thin quadrangular plate of transversely located muscle bundles directly on the membrana interossea. It originates from the distal part of the palmar surface of the ulna and attaches at the same level to the palmar surface of the radius. Action: penetrates the forearm. Innervation: n. medianus (C6-C8). Blood supply: a. interossea anterior.

Lateral (radial) muscle group of the forearm

1. Brachioradial muscle, m. brachioradialis, fusiform, occupies the most lateral position. Somewhat below its middle, the muscle passes into a long tendon. It originates from margo lateralis humeri, slightly higher epicondylus lateralis, and from septum intermusculare brachii laterale. Heading downward, the muscle attaches to the facies lateralis radii somewhat proximal to the processus styloi-deus. Action: bends the arm in elbow joint and takes part in both pronation and supination of the radius. Innervation: n. radialis [C5-C6 (C7)]. Blood supply aa. collateralis et recurrens radialis.
2. Long radial extensor of the wrist, m. extensor carpi radialis longus, a fusiform muscle with a narrow tendon, much longer than the abdomen. In its upper part, the muscle is slightly covered by m. brachioradialis, in the distal part of the muscle tendon obliquely, from top to bottom, m. abductor pollicis longus and m. extensor pollicis brevis. The muscle starts from the epicondylus lateralis and septum intermusculare brachii laterale, goes down, passes into the tendon, which, passing under the retinaculum ex-tensorum, attaches to the base of the dorsal surface of os metacarpale II. Action: bends the arm at the elbow joint, unbends the hand and takes part in its abduction. Innervation: n. radialis (C5-C7). Blood supply: aa. collaterales (a. profundae brachii) et a. recurrens radialis.
3. Short radial extensor of the wrist, m. extensor carpiradialis brevis, somewhat covered by the previous muscle in the proximal section, and in the distal, it is crossed by the more superficial muscles: the abductor and extensor of the thumb. The muscle originates from the epicondylus lateralis humeri, ligg. collaterale and anulare radii. Going down, it passes into the tendon, which lies next to the tendon of the previous muscle in the tendon sheath radial extensors wrists, vagina tendinum mm. extensorum carpi radialium, and is attached at the base of os metacarpale III. Action: unbends the brush and slightly removes it. Innervation: n. radialis [(C5) C6-C7]. Blood supply: aa. collaterales (a. profundae brachii) et a. recurrens radialis.

Posterior forearm muscle group

Surface layer

1. Elbow extensor of the wrist, m. extensor carpi ulnaris, has a long, fusiform abdomen and is located along the inner edge of the dorsal surface of the forearm. The muscle originates from the epicondylus lateralis humeri, margo posterior ulnae and the articular capsule of the elbow joint. Moving into a short but powerful tendon enclosed in the sheath of the ulnar extensor tendon of the wrist, vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi ulnaris, the muscle attaches to the base of the dorsal surface of os metacarpale V. Action: pulls the hand to the elbow side and unbends it. Innervation: n. radialis [(C6) C7-C8]. Blood supply: a. interossea posterior.
2. Finger extensor, m. extensor digitorum, has a fusiform abdomen, and in the direction of the muscle bundles it is two-pinnate. The muscle lies directly under the skin, closer to the lateral edge of the dorsum of the forearm, and is bordered on the ulnar side by m. extensor carpi ulnaris and with m. extensor digiti minimi, and with radial - with mm. extensores carpi radiales, longus et brevis. The muscle starts from the epicondylus lateralis humeri, the articular capsule of the elbow joint and the fascia of the forearm. In the middle of its length, the muscular abdomen passes into 4 tendons, which, passing under the retinaculum extensorum, are surrounded, together with the extensor tendon of the index finger, by the sheath of the extensor tendons of the fingers and index finger, vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicts, reaching approximately the middle of the metacarpal bones. Having passed to the hand, the tendons are connected to each other by non-permanent thin inter-tendon joints, connexus intertendinei, and at the base of the proximal phalanx, from the index finger to the little finger, each tendon ends in a tendon stretch that fuses with the articular capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Tendon sprains are divided into 3 legs, of which the lateral ones are attached to the base of the distal phalanx, and the middle one - to the base of the middle one. Action: unbends the fingers, taking part also in the extension of the hand. Innervation: n. Radialis (C6-C8). Blood supply: a. interossea posterior.
3. Little finger extensor, m. extensor digiti minimi, is a small fusiform abdomen lying directly under the skin in the lower half of the dorsal surface of the forearm, between m. extensor carpi ulnaris and m. extensor digitorum. The muscle starts from the epicondylus lateralis humeri, fascia antebrachii and lig. collaterale radiale and, going downward, passes into the tendon that lies in the vagina of the extensor tendon of the little finger, vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti minimi. Coming out of the vagina, the tendon connects to the extensor tendon of the fingers, going to the little finger, and attaches with it to the base of the distal phalanx. Innervation: n. radialis (C6-C8). Blood supply: a. interossea posterior.

Deep layer

1. Arch support, m. supinator, has the form of a thin rhomboid plate located at the proximal end of the forearm from the side of its outer-posterior surface. The muscle originates from the epicondylus lateralis humeri, crista m. supinatoris ulnae and the articular capsule of the elbow joint, is directed obliquely downward and outward, covering the upper end of the radius, and is attached along it from tuberositas radii to the point of attachment of m. pronator teres. Action: rotates the forearm outward (supine) and takes part in the extension of the arm in the elbow joint. Innervation: n. radialis [(C5) C6-C7 (C8)]. Blood supply: aa. recurrens radialis, recurrens interossea.
2. Long muscle, abductor thumb, m. abductor pollicis longus, has a flattened bipinnate abdomen that turns into a thin long tendon. The muscle lies in the distal half of the dorsolateral surface of the forearm and, in its initial part, is covered by m.extensor carpi radialis brevis and m. extensor digitorum, and in the lower section - directly under the fascia anterbrachii and skin. The muscle originates from the posterior surface of the radius and ulna and from the membrana interossea, going obliquely downward, bends around the radius with its tendon and, passing under the retinaculum extensorum, attaches to the base of the I metacarpal bone. Action: withdraws the thumb, taking part in the abduction of the entire hand. Innervation: n. radialis [C6-C7 (C8)]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae posterior et anterior.
3. The short extensor of the thumb of the hand m. extensor pollicis brevis, located in the lower part of the forearm along the lateral edge of its dorsal surface. The muscle starts from membrana interossea, facies dorsalis radii and crista ulnae, goes obliquely down, lying next to the tendon m. abductor pollicis longus. The tendons of these two muscles are surrounded by the sheath of the tendons of the long abductor muscle and short extensor palia of the hand, vagina tendinum mm. abductoris longi et ex-tensoris brevis pollicis. Having passed under the retinaculum extensorum, the muscle attaches to the base of the dorsum of the proximal phalanx of the thumb of the hand. Action: unbends and slightly removes the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation: n.radialis [C6-C7 (C8)]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae posterior et anterior.
4. The long extensor of the thumb, m. extensor Vasa et nn. interossei M. extensor digitorum pollicis longus, has a fusiform abdomen and a long tendon. It lies next to the previous muscle and starts from the membrana interossea, margo interosseus ulnae and facies posterior ulnae and, going down, passes into the tendon, which lies in the tendon sheath long extensor thumb, vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis longi. Then, going around the first metacarpal bone and coming out to its back surface, the tendon reaches the base of the distal phalanx, where it is attached. Action: unbends the thumb of the hand and partly removes it. Innervation: n. radialis [(C6) C7-C8]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae posterior et anterior.
5. Extension of the index finger, m. extensor indicis, has a narrow, long, fusiform abdomen, located on the dorsal surface of the lower half of the forearm, covered with m. extensor digitorum. Sometimes the muscle is missing. It originates from the lower third of the facies dorsalis ulnae, passes into the tendon that passes under the retinaculun extensorum, and together with the similar extensor tendon of the fingers, passing the synovial sheath, comes to the dorsal surface of the index finger and is woven into its tendon extension. Action: extends the index finger. Innervation: n. radialis [(C6) C7-C8]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae, posterior et anterior.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Palmar muscle
Palmar muscle is indicated by an arrow
Palmar long tendon
Latin name	Musculus palmaris longus
Start
Attachment
Blood supply
Innervation	n. medianus (C VII -C VIII)
Function	stretches the palmar aponeurosis and takes part in wrist flexion
Catalogs

Palmar muscle(lat. Musculus palmaris longus) - has a short, fusiform abdomen and a very long tendon. Lies directly under the skin, inside the flexor of the wrist. It starts from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, intermuscular septum and fascia of the forearm and, approaching the hand, passes into the wide palmar aponeurosis.

Function

Stretches the palmar aponeurosis and flexes the hand.

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Notes (edit)

Muscles of the shoulder girdle Shoulder muscles Front group Back group Forearm muscles Front group Back group Lateral group Muscles of the hand Muscles of the eminence of the thumb Muscles of the eminence of the little finger Muscle middle group - Well, well, well, teach me how? I'll take it quickly. How? .. - said the joker songwriter, whom Morel hugged. Vive Henri Quatre, Vive ce roi vaillanti - [Long live Henry the Fourth! Long live this brave king! etc. (French song)] sang Morel, winking an eye. Сe diable a quatre ... - Vivarika! Beth Seruvaru! sedentary ... - repeated the soldier, waving his hand and really catching the melody. - See, cleverly! Go go go go! .. - Rough, joyful laughter rose from different sides. Morel grimaced and laughed too. - Well, go on more, more! Qui eut le triple talent, De boire, de battre, Et d "etre un vert galant ... [Who had triple talent, drink, fight and be nice ...] - But it's also foldable. Well, well, Zaletaev! .. - Kyu ... - with an effort uttered Zaletaev. - Kyu yu yu ... - he stretched out, diligently protruding his lips, - letriptala, de boo de ba and detravagala, - he sang. - Ay, important! That's a guardian! oh ... go go go! - Well, you still want to eat? - Give him some porridge; After all, it will not soon be full of hunger. They gave him porridge again; and Morel, chuckling, set to work on the third bowler hat. Joyful smiles were on all the faces of the young soldiers who looked at Morel. The old soldiers, who considered it indecent to engage in such trifles, lay on the other side of the fire, but from time to time, propping themselves up on their elbows, glanced at Morel with a smile.

Palmar muscle is relatively thin superficial muscle the forearms of the anterior group, located centrally. This muscle originates from the common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle. humerus, forming a fusiform muscular abdomen between the radial wrist flexor and the wrist ulnar flexor.

The structure of the palmaris longus may differ from client to client, but in most cases this muscle overlies the flexor tendon retainer in the wrist. The distal tendon attaches to the flexor retinaculum and then enters the triangular palmar aponeurosis. Just like subcutaneous muscle neck, located on the front of the neck, the palmaris longus muscle is attached to soft tissues, not to the bone.

Since the palmaris longus is located centrally in the forearm, it is not involved in wrist abduction or adduction. The main work of this muscle is to flex the wrist and tension the palmar fascia, aponeurosis - a plexus of connective tissue that attaches to the base of the second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. This structure protects the finger flexor tendons underneath and strengthens the palm skin. When stressed, the palmar fascia helps to shape the palms into a cup-like shape. This provides grip strength while holding objects in the hand.

Since the palmaris longus originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, it participates in flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint. However, it does not participate in this movement as intensively as the biceps brachii, brachiole and brachioradialis muscles. This muscle helps maintain joint stability when the elbow is close to full extension. Examples of movements in this position are swinging the golf club, throwing a ball, or hitting from behind the head, for example, when chopping wood with an ax. One of its most common dysfunctions is palmar aponeurosis fibrosis, also known as Dupuytren's contracture. With the development of this disease, there is a restriction of mobility when extending the fingers, especially when extending the ring and little fingers. The appearance of superficial trigger points, tingling sensation in the palm, radiating to the base of the thumb, but not to the fingers themselves. Clients may also report painful sensitivity in the palm and difficulty holding objects.

Activities that require a person to grasp or apply pressure to the palm (for example, walking with a cane) lead to an exacerbation of these symptoms. To prevent development and get rid of these problems, it is necessary to restore the physiological range of mobility, relieve muscle tension and improve blood flow in this muscle, as well as get rid of adhesions in the palmar fascia.

PALPATION OF THE LONG PALM MUSCLE

Position: the client lies on his back, the forearm is in the supination position.

1. Passively bend your arm at the elbow, then bend the palm of your wrist to relax the muscles.

2. Locate the medial epicondyle and flexor tendon with the thumb.

3. Move distally and medially along the muscular abdomen of the palmaris longus.

4. Ask the client to shape their palms into a domed shape, while resisting this movement at the base of the fingers and thumb to determine the exact location.

EXERCISE FOR CLIENTS AT HOME

WRIST EXTENSION EXTENSION

1. Stand up or sit down, extend your hand forward, palm up.

2. Bend your arm slightly at the elbow, and with the other hand, pull down the fingers of the outstretched arm to feel a slight stretch in the muscles of the palm and wrist.

3. Try to stretch harder, gradually unbending your arm at the elbow.

4. Stretch until you feel the release muscle tension in the palm and hand.