Olympic Charter (in 1972-1978 "Olympic Rules").

Collection of statutory documents of the International Olympic Committee on the Olympic Movement, establishing and defining the principles of the organization of the Olympic Movement, its leadership, as well as the relationship between the IOC - NOC - IFs. The Olympic Charter (O.x) consists of the Olympic rules, explanations to them and instructions. It also contains other relevant information about Olympic Movement.

The foundations of OI, proposed by P. de Coubertin, were approved by the International Sports Congress, which took place in Paris in June 1894 and adopted decisions on the organization of modern Olympic Games and the creation of the IOC. Subsequently in O. x. a number of additions and clarifications were made, clarifications and instructions were compiled, but the main provisions of O. x., developed by Coubertin, did not change significantly.

According to O. x. the term "Olympic Games" combines "Games of the Olympiad" and "Olympic Winter Games". The term "Olympiad" means the period of 4 consecutive years following the IO. (OI). The first Olympiad of our time was celebrated in Athens in 1896. Since that date, the Olympiads and OIs have been counted, their numbering has not changed even in cases where it was not possible to hold OIs during the period of any Olympiad. OIs must be held during the first year of the Olympiad (for example, in 1912 - the Games of the V Olympiad, in 1972 - the Games of the XX Olympiad). They cannot be carried over to another year under any circumstances. Not holding the Olympics in a given year leads to their cancellation and the annulment of the rights of the chosen city, which cannot be extended to the next Olympics. The time of the year in which the Olympic Games are to be held is not permanently fixed, but is approved by the IOC at the suggestion of the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games.

The Olympic Winter Games (OWG) constitute a separate competition cycle. Winter sports are sports that require snow and ice. The first OWG was celebrated in 1924, they number from that date. In 1924-1992 the OWG was held in the same year as the OWG. Since 1994, the OWG has been held between the 1994, 1998, 2002, etc.

The first section O. x. dedicated to the basic principles of the Olympic movement. Its goals are proclaimed: to promote the development of physical and moral qualities, which are the basis of sports; educating young people through sports in a spirit of mutual understanding and friendship, which contributes to a better and more peaceful world; dissemination throughout the world of the Olympic principles, stimulating the manifestation of the good will of the peoples; association of young people at the great sports festivals - the Games of the Olympiad. The Olympic Games unite amateur athletes of all countries in fair and equal competitions and are: competitions between individual athletes, and not between countries or territories (the right to participate in the Olympic Games of athletes - citizens of a given country or territory - is determined by the existence of the National Olympic Committee in it, recognized by the IOC) no discrimination is allowed against countries or individuals on racial, religious or political grounds. The Olympic Movement is governed by the IOC. The honor of hosting the Olympics is given by the IOC to the city, not to the country or territory. The NOC of the country where the chosen city is located is fully responsible for the preparation and holding of the Olympic Games. In the same section, descriptions and statutes are given. Olympic flag and Olympic symbol, which are the exclusive property of the IOC, of ​​the Regulations on the Olympic Flame and the Olympic Emblems.

The second section - "International Olympic Committee" - defines the legal status, goals, rights of the IOC, the principles of its organization and structure, membership in it, holding meetings of the Executive Committee and sessions, IOC funds.

The third section is " International federations(IF) talks about how to gain IOC recognition and the role of IFs in the Olympic Movement.

The fourth section - "National Olympic Committees (NOCs") - characterizes the rules for the formation of National Olympic Committees and the conditions for their recognition by the IOC, the structure, tasks, as well as the rights and obligations of the NOC and its members.

The fifth section - "Olympic Games" - includes admission code athletes to the Olympic Games; medical code(about the medical control of the participants of the Olympic Games, the prohibition of doping, etc.); conditions for the performance of athletes for the national Olympic team; list of IOC recognized international sports federations, regulations on the content, establishment and revision of the Olympic program, the conditions for including sports and individual sports disciplines in it, on the national cultural program, on the preparation of applications and other documents for the participation in the Olympic Games of teams (athletes), refereeing and service personnel, on accommodation them in Olympic Village and outside of it; seating rules Olympic Stadium and other sports facilities for officials, journalists, etc. The section also includes provisions on Olympic awards, on the procedure for covering the Olympic Games by the media.

Further in the fifth section - "Protocol Olympic Games", it contains provisions on the transfer of authority for the preparation and holding of the Olympic Games by the NOC to the Organizing Committee (with the definition of the status, rights and obligations of the latter), the procedure for calculating the Olympiads, the duration and timing of the Olympic Games; about Olympic city, the procedure for preparing and holding the Olympic Games (the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games, the awarding of prize-winners, the prohibition of all kinds of demonstrations and propaganda events of a political, religious or racial nature, etc.).

Official clarifications to the O. x., detailing some of the main paragraphs, concern the rights of the IOC and NOCs regarding the Olympic flag, symbol, emblems, terms; the rights of athletes; criteria for recognizing sports as Olympic (cf. Olympic sports), various issues of mass promotion of the Olympic Games (accreditation of representatives of the press, television, radio; granting rights to broadcast the Olympic Games, shooting Olympic and technical films, etc.).

In addition to O. x. The IOC approved the Instructions, which are binding. They detail the regulations on IOC sessions (including a questionnaire for candidate cities to host them), the conditions and requirements for cities that have put forward their candidacies to host the Olympics. A separate chapter is devoted to the special commissions of the IOC and the procedure for their formation.

To O. x. attached are the rules for holding regional games under the auspices of the IOC (adopted in 1952 at the 47th session), the regulation on the Olympic Cup and the charter of the Olympic Order, as well as a list of IOC publications.

O.'s provisions x. may only be changed if at least two-thirds of the IOC members present at the session voted in favor of the change. Explanations to O. x. may be changed by a simple majority vote.

They take (begin) their history from 776. BC. They were held in honor of the conclusion of a truce between Hellas and Sparta. Competitions were held in i different places in Greece - in Olympia (Olympic Games), in Delphi (Pythian Games), etc.

The ancient Olympic Games were held until 394. BC. in total they were held (there were 293. The games were held in Olympia on the banks of the Alpheus River.

Only free-born Greeks, slaves and women, as well as barbarians (foreigners) were not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games. The name of the winners was engraved on a marble column. The first winner of Koreb from Hellas is a cook.

The modern Summer Olympic Games arose at the end of the 19th century. In 1894, 1500 years after the ban at the suggestion of the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin;

(1863 - 1937), who convened the International Sports Congress, the International Olympic Committee was created, whose president was Coubertin (1895 - 1925). The text of the Oath of the Olympic Charter was approved at the congress. The motto of the Olympic Games “Faster, Higher, Stronger” The emblem of the Games 5 intertwined rings - the unity of the continents.

In 1914 In Paris, in honor of the twentieth anniversary of the games, the flag of the Olympics was raised for the first time.

At the first games there were 13 countries competing in 9 sports. There were already 20 countries and 18 sports at the II Games.

Russian athletes first took part in the Games (IV) in London in 1908. In total there were 5 people in the delegation. Three have won medals. Panin is gold. figure skating, wrestlers Orlov, Petrov - silver.

Soviet athletes first took part in the games in 1952.

Principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French teacher and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC). According to the charter, the Olympic Games “… bring together amateur athletes from all countries in fair and equal competition. In relation to countries and individuals, no discrimination is allowed on racial, religious or political grounds ... ". The Games are held in the first year of the 4-year (Olympic) cycle. The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Summer Olympiad also receives its number in cases where games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII-1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). In numbering Winter Olympics missed games are not taken into account (the IV games of 1936 were followed by the V games of 1948). The symbol of the Olympic Games is five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five parts of the world in the Olympic movement, the so-called. Olympic rings. The color of the rings in the top row is blue for Europe, black for Africa, red for America, in the bottom row yellow for Asia, green for Australia. Apart from Olympic sports sports, the organizing committee has the right to include demonstration competitions in 1-2 sports not recognized by the IOC in the program at its choice. In the same year as the Olympics, since 1924 the Winter Olympic Games have been held, which have their own numbering. Since 1994, the dates for the Winter Olympic Games have been shifted by 2 years relative to the summer ones. The venue of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC, the right to organize them is granted to the city, not the country. The duration of the Games is on average 16-18 days. Taking into account climatic features different countries, Summer Games can be held not only in the "summer months". So XXVII Summer Olympic Games 2000 in Sydney (Australia), due to the location of Australia in the Southern Hemisphere, where summer begins in winter, were held in September, that is, in the spring. The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. The motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (lat. "faster, higher, stronger"). The flag - a white cloth with the Olympic rings, has been raised at all the Games since 1920. Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order they were held):

Grandiose and colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. From year to year, the best of the best from all over the world are involved in the development of scenarios for these spectacles: screenwriters, organizers of mass shows, special effects specialists, etc. Many famous singers, actors and other important people strive to take part in this spectacle. Broadcasts of these events break records of viewer interest every time. Each host country of the Olympics strives to surpass all previous ones in scope and beauty of these ceremonies. Scenarios of ceremonies are kept in the strictest confidence until they begin. The ceremonies are held at the central stadiums with a large capacity, in the same place where athletics competitions are held.

Opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which should present the audience with the appearance of the country and the city, acquaint them with their history and culture.

Solemn passage of athletes and members of delegations to the central stadium. Athletes from each country go in a separate group. Traditionally, the first is the delegation of athletes from Greece - the parent country of the Games. The other groups are in order according to the alphabetical order of the names of the countries in the language of the country hosting the Games. (Or in the official language of the IOC - French or English). Each group is preceded by a representative of the host country, carrying a sign with the name of the respective country in the language of the host country and in the official languages ​​of the IOC. Behind him at the head of the group is the flag bearer - usually an athlete participating in the games, carrying the flag of his country. The right to carry the flag is very honorable for athletes. As a rule, this right is entrusted to the most titled and respected athletes.

Greeting speeches by the President of the IOC (obligatory), the head or official representative of the state in which the Games are held, sometimes the mayor of the city or the chairman of the Organizing Committee. The latter at the end of the speech should say the words: "(the serial number of the games) I declare the summer (winter) Olympic Games open." After that, as a rule, a cannon volley and many volleys of salute and fireworks are fired.

Raising the flag of Greece as the parent country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.

Raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.

The pronouncement by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics takes place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the Games of fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sports and the Olympic spirit (in recent years, words about the non-use of prohibited drugs - doping) have also been spoken;

Pronouncement by several judges on behalf of all judges of the oath of impartial refereeing;

Hoisting the Olympic flag and playing the official Olympic anthem.

Sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth, which depicts a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition to stop all armed conflicts for the duration of the Games.

The opening ceremony is crowned by the lighting of the Olympic flame. The fire is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia (Greece) in the Temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in ancient Greece, Apollo was considered the patron saint of the Games). The “High Priestess” of Hera utters a prayer of the following content: “Apollo, the god of the sun and the ideas of light, send your rays and light the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (name of the city).” “The Olympic torch relay was held until 2007 all over the world. Now, for the purposes of the anti-terrorist campaign, the torch is carried only in the country in which the games are held. The relay is of great interest in all countries through which the path of the Olympic flame lies It is considered a great honor to carry the torch The first part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece The last part of the relay passes through the cities of the host country The torch is delivered to the host city. Athletes from this country deliver the torch to the central stadium at the very end of the ceremony. At the stadium, the torch is carried around the circle several times, passing from hand to hand, until it is given to the athlete who is entrusted with the right to light the Olympic flame. This right is the most honorable The fire is ignited in a special bowl, the design of which is unique for each Olympics s. Also, the organizers always try to come up with an original and interesting way of lighting. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.

Presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competitions on a special podium with the raising of state flags and the performance of the national anthem in honor of the winners.

During the closing ceremony also take place: a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, a speech by the President of the IOC and a representative of the host country. However, the closing of the Olympics is announced by the President of the IOC. This is followed by the performance of the country's anthem, the Olympic anthem, while the flags are lowered. The representative of the host country solemnly passes the Olympic flag to the President of the IOC, who in turn passes it to the representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympiad. This is followed by a short introduction of the next city hosting the Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame is slowly extinguished to lyrical music.

Since 1932, the host city has been building the "Olympic Village" - a residential complex for participants in the Games.

The organizers of the Games are developing the symbols of the Olympics - the official emblem and mascot of the Games. The emblem usually has a unique design, stylized according to the characteristics of a given country. The emblem and mascot of the Games are an integral part of the souvenirs produced on the eve of the Games in large quantities. Souvenir sales can make up a large portion of Olympic revenue, but they don't always cover costs.

According to the charter, the Games are competitions between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908 the so-called. unofficial team standings - determination of the place occupied by teams by the number of medals received and points scored in competitions (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5, 3rd - 4, 4 -e - 3, 5th - 2, 6th - 1). The title of Olympic champion is the most honorable and desirable in the career of an athlete in those sports in which Olympic tournaments. See Olympic sports. The exceptions are football, baseball, and other playing sports that take place in open areas, since either youth teams take part in them (football - up to 23 years old), or not the strongest players come because of the tight game schedule.

Olympic Games, Olympiad Games - the largest international complex sport competitions modernity, which are held every four years. The tradition that existed in ancient Greece was revived at the end of the 19th century by a French public figure Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, have been held every four years since 1896, with the exception of years during World Wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympic Games were established, which were originally held in the same year as the summer ones. However, since 1994 the time of the Winter Olympic Games has been shifted by two years from the time of the Summer Games.

Ancient Olympic Games

Olympic Games Ancient Greece were religious and sports holiday held in Olympia. Information about the origin of the games is lost, but several legends have survived describing this event. The first documented celebration dates back to 776 BC. e., although it is known that the games were held before. At the time of the games, a sacred truce was declared, at which time it was impossible to wage war, although this was repeatedly violated.

The Olympic Games essentially lost their importance with the advent of the Romans. After Christianity became the official religion, the games began to be seen as a manifestation of paganism, and in 394 A.D. e. they were banned by the emperor Theodosius I.

The revival of the Olympic idea

The Olympic idea did not disappear completely even after the ban on ancient competitions. For example, in England during the 17th century, "Olympic" competitions and competitions were repeatedly held. Later, similar competitions were organized in France and Greece. However, these were small events that were, at best, regional in nature. The first true predecessors of the modern Olympic Games are the Olympia, which were held regularly during the period 1859-1888. The idea of ​​reviving the Olympic Games in Greece belonged to the poet Panagiotis Sutsos, brought it to life by a public figure Evangelis Zappas.

In 1766, as a result of archaeological excavations in Olympia, sports and temple facilities were discovered. In 1875, archaeological research and excavations continued under German leadership. At that time, romantic-idealistic ideas about antiquity were in vogue in Europe. The desire to revive the Olympic mindset and culture spread fairly quickly throughout Europe. French baron Pierre de Coubertin (fr. Pierre de Coubertin) said then: “Germany unearthed what was left of ancient Olympia. Why can't France restore its old grandeur?

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

According to Coubertin, it is the weak the physical state French soldiers was one of the reasons for the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. He seeks to change the situation by improving physical culture French. At the same time, he wanted to overcome national selfishness and contribute to the struggle for peace and international understanding. The Youth of the World was to face off against sports and not on the battlefields. The revival of the Olympic Games seemed in his eyes the best solution to achieve both goals.

At a congress held June 16-23, 1894 at the Sorbonne (University of Paris), he presented his thoughts and ideas to the international public. On the last day of the congress (June 23), it was decided that the first modern Olympic Games should be held in 1896 in Athens, in the country of origin of the Games - Greece. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded to organize the Games. Greek became the first president of the Committee Demetrius Vikelas, who was president until the end of the 1st Olympic Games in 1896. Baron became general secretary Pierre de Coubertin.

The first Games of our time were indeed a great success. Despite the fact that only 241 athletes (14 countries) took part in the Games, the Games became the largest sporting event that has ever passed since ancient Greece. Greek officials were so pleased that they put forward a proposal to hold the Games of the Olympiad "forever" in their homeland, Greece. But the IOC introduced a rotation between different states, so that every 4 years the Games change the venue.

After the first success, the Olympic movement experienced the first crisis in its history. The 1900 Games in Paris (France) and the 1904 Games in St. Louis (Missouri, USA) were combined with the World Exhibitions. Sports competitions dragged on for months and almost did not enjoy the interest of the audience. Almost only American athletes participated in the Games in St. Louis, since it was very difficult to get from Europe across the ocean in those years for technical reasons.

At the 1906 Olympic Games in Athens (Greece), sports competitions and results again came out on top. Although the IOC initially recognized and supported these "intermediate Games" (just two years after the previous ones), these Games are not now recognized as Olympic Games. Some sports historians consider the 1906 Games a salvation Olympic idea, as they prevented games from becoming "meaningless and unnecessary".

Modern Olympic Games

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French teacher and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

According to the charter of the Games, the Olympiad “…unite amateur athletes of all countries in fair and equal competitions. In relation to countries and individuals, no discrimination is allowed on racial, religious or political grounds ... ". Games are held in the first year of the Olympiad (4-year period between games). The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Olympiad also receives its number in cases where games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII-1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). The symbol of the Olympic Games is five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five parts of the world in the Olympic movement, the so-called. Olympic rings. The color of the rings in the top row is blue for Europe, black for Africa, red for America, in the bottom row yellow for Asia, green for Australia. In addition to Olympic sports, the Organizing Committee has the right to include demonstration competitions in 1-2 sports that are not recognized by the IOC. In the same year as the Olympics, since 1924 the Winter Olympic Games have been held, which have their own numbering. Since 1994, the dates for the Winter Olympic Games have been shifted by 2 years relative to the summer ones. The venue of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC, the right to organize them is granted to the city, not the country. Duration no more than 15 days ( winter games- no more than 10).

The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. The motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger). The flag - a white cloth with the Olympic rings, has been raised at all the Games since 1920.

Among the traditional rituals of the Games:

* lighting the Olympic flame at the opening ceremony (the flame is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia and delivered by the torch relay to the host city of the Games);
* pronouncing by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics takes place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games;
* pronouncement on behalf of the judges of the oath of impartial refereeing;
* presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of competitions;
* raising the national flag and playing the national anthem in honor of the winners.

Since 1932, the host city has been building " Olympic village» - a complex of residential premises for participants in the games. According to the charter, the Games are competitions between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908 the so-called. unofficial team standings - determination of the place occupied by teams by the number of medals received and points scored in competitions (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5, 3rd - 4, 4 -e - 3, 5th - 2, 6th - 1). Rank Olympic champion is the most honorable and desirable in the career of an athlete in those sports in which the Olympic tournaments are held. The exception is football, since the title of world champion in this sport is much more prestigious.