Oliver Winchester produced his first rifle, Volcanic Repeating rifle, back in 1854, and his company held an honorable place in the world of American weaponry from 1866 to 2006.
Let's take a look at several unique rifle models that bear the proud name Winchester.
"Bonanza"
The name Winchester is associated with the Wild West, and the Model 1873 is called "the rifle that conquered the West."
This rifle chambered for 44-40 was the main weapon of Ben Cartwright, the protagonist of the American TV series Bonanza.
It is believed that the bespoke Model 1886 chambered for 45-90 was Roosevelt's favorite weapon when he went out hunting. It has a luxury, hand-grooved wooden stock and an octagonal barrel.
However, despite the skillful work of the craftsmen, Roosevelt sent it to the factory for revision at least 5 times.
In the 1950s, the sound of rock and roll flooded the airwaves, and America became a "transistor" nation. And to keep up with the fashion of the time, in 1955 the company released a caliber .308 with a radio built into the stock.
The loudspeaker is located on right side butt, where the letter "W" is cut out. As you might have guessed, sales of this model were low.
Miracle in miniature
In those early days, ambitious and successful gunsmiths had to develop miniature versions of their models. They demonstrated their skills (wood and metal processing, engraving) on small copies of weapons that they could carry with them as proof of their skill.
The 1: 2 scale model 1866 with an octagonal barrel was built by craftsman Peter Allutto. The engraving is done in the form of various wild animals.
The big 50
This rifle was released in response to the emergence of several British models with increased muzzle velocity for African safaris. The development of the Model 1886 with a lever mechanism chambered for 50-110 lasted a year, and it was produced over the next 30 years in limited quantities.
It was one of the last models for the "half-inch" bullet cartridge, intended for hunting bison.
Although the Lord said: “Thou shalt not kill,” people killed at all times, and they were also proud of the effective instruments of murder created in their country.
In Russia, these were a three-line rifle and a Kalashnikov assault rifle, but among the Americans, perhaps the most famous example of a weapon was the Oliver Winchester carbine, the famous "yellow guy" or "yellow guy". Many consider him (and quite rightly!) As "the weapon that conquered the Wild West." Yes, and the Russian troops got from him, read to the end and you will find out under what circumstances the Russian army suffered from his deadly fire.
How did it begin.
However, one should not think that the hard drive just took and came into being. No, this weapon had many predecessors and was developed rather slowly. First, the Hunt Repeater rifle (1849) appeared, this model had two levers under the barrel at once: one for feeding cartridges, and the other for primers, which, of course, was very inconvenient. But then there was an engineer Lewis Jennings, who liked something in the Repeater's gun, and he made his own on it - with under the barrel magazine and the bolt controlled by the lever. Another engineer, Benjamin Tyler Henry, was commissioned to create a prototype for the Robbins & Lawrence company, and it was he who finalized the rifle.
As for Mr. Oliver Winchester himself, at first he was generally engaged in the production of ... men's shirts at his own factory in New Haven.
In 1850, Winchester decided to invest in the newly founded Volcanic Rap-Ting Ams company, which produced the self-loading rifles of the same name. Unfortunately, they had a drawback - a completely extravagant cartridge, which was a bullet, inside which a powder charge was placed. At the same time, he did not have enough strength, it was inconvenient to recharge with a bracket.
Henry magazine rifle, Model 1860
By 1856, Winchester became the largest co-owner of the firm, after which the company was renamed New Haven Ams, after the city of New Haven, Connecticut, where it was located, and then hired engineer Benjamin Henry, who became the chief designer and director. new venture. At first, the production of unsuccessful "Volcanics" continued there, but in 1860 Henry finally abandoned the old cartridge and made a gun already chambered for a cartridge with a metal sleeve and a magazine under the barrel that could hold as many as 15 cartridges. It is these guns that have now begun to be produced. Loading them, however, was inconvenient, the store was difficult, since it had to be filled with cartridges from the side of the muzzle. However, the loaded weapon developed an amazing rate of fire - 25 rounds per minute! It was very expensive - $ 50 (the size of a three-month salary of a soldier of the army of the northerners), but as soon as the war between the North and the South began, people, despite the price, began to buy it, and then the bulk purchases of the "Henry rifle, model I860" went and the government of the Northern States.
Nelson King's "Royal Innovation"
During the Civil War, Winchester produced Henry's rifles without any changes, and Henry himself, apparently, believed that he had reached perfection. However, then the development of the arms market required to eliminate the main drawback of the rifle, which was the difficulty of loading. This was eliminated by Nelson King, who proposed to arrange a window with a spring-loaded lid in the bolt box on the right, through which it was possible to fill the store from the breech, and not from the muzzle side. The cartridges were pushed into the store by bullets forward, while the coil spring was compressed in it. In 1866, Winchester, appreciating the development of King, acquired from him a patent for this improvement, which was called the "royal innovation". At the same time, Oliver renamed the company itself, which became known as Winchester Rapitings.
Apparently, not forgiving Winchester for improving his gun, Henry left the company the same year, and new model it was now renamed "Winchester Model 1866" without any mention of Henry's name.
The Yellow Guy starts ...
Since the Winchester had a brass receiver, it was nicknamed "the yellow guy" or "yellow guy". The store housed from 13 to 15 rounds, depending on the length of the barrel and the store. The new gun turned out to be very convenient for everyone who had to shoot from a horse, which is why many considered the Winchester the best cavalry carbine of its time. True, because of the not too strong cartridge, the firing range of the gun was small, but it had very accurate combat at short distances, and its 11.18 mm lead bullet was sufficient destructive force... A luxury Winchester model 1866 was also produced, decorated with an engraving and a monogram of the owner.
And he wins!
In 1873, the Winchester was improved again. For the army, they began to produce a 15-round sample with a bayonet, and two samples - an 11- and 13-round one - were proposed as a carbine and sporting weapons... The caliber of the Winchester was unified with the caliber of the Colt Peacemaker revolver (also known as the Colt Peacemaker), which made it easier to provide ammunition. The range reached a thousand steps. Later, the number of produced samples of Winchester of different calibers and for different cartridges reached 12, which is why this rifle became widespread outside the United States.
However, the army did not like the new weapon, because they feared an increase in the consumption of cartridges. The cavalry was armed with the single-shot Sharp and Springfield carbines, and it was for this reason that General Castera's detachment was defeated by the Indians in 1876 at the Little Bighorn River, Montana. After all, those, as the excavations at the battle site showed, had exactly the rifles of Henry and Winchester, and the American aborigines simply suppressed the resistance of Caster's soldiers with their fire!
And, finally, thanks to the winchesters that the Turkish cavalry was armed with during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, the Turks managed to repel the superior forces of the Russian army, which came to the assault on Plevna on July 30, 1877. Then the Turkish horsemen gave the winchesters to the infantry, and they had 600 rounds for each. As a result, despite all their courage, our soldiers did not manage to resist the wall of fire opened at our troops by the Turkish army. During this day, as well as during the assault on September 11, the total losses of the Russians amounted to 30 thousand people, and almost exclusively thanks to the hard drives.
Competitors
and followers
Winchesters sold so well that rifles with a lever-operated bolt and an under-barrel magazine began to appear literally one after another. Some were better in some way, others were just more original, there was enough space for everyone on the market. "Marlin", for example, threw out the spent cartridge case to the right and therefore was considered more convenient than the hard drive, which made serious competition. The Borges carbine differed only in the shape of the lever, but Bollard's bolt moved with the help of gears and toothed racks, which ensured a more smooth operation of the mechanism. Even the Colt company was seduced by an under-barrel magazine - a sliding forend was used in its guns, because of which their rate of fire surpassed the lever systems. As for the Winchester firm, it continued to improve its legendary rifle and released models from 1886, 1894 and 1895. The latter was designed for a powerful rifle cartridge and had not an underbarrel, but a middle magazine, like our "three-line". It is interesting that during the First World War, the last model of the hard drive was supplied in large quantities to Russia, where, however, it did not enjoy success. Lying down it is not very convenient to work with the lever, and besides, before reloading, the hard drive had to cock the hammer, because of which the rate of fire decreased.
Be that as it may, but winchesters with an under-barrel magazine are produced even now, which is the best evidence in favor of their perfection. And although the name of the real creator of this weapon - Benjamin Tyler Henry - is now forgotten by many, it cannot be said that Oliver Winchester has nothing to do with the rifle. After all, he also put a lot of effort into improving the carbine, at least by buying the necessary patents and attracting talented specialists to work.
The Winchester shotguns that regularly served the sheriffs and movie stars are gradually becoming history and ceasing to exist.
The city of New Haven closed the American arms factory producing this type of weapon. Together with its existence, the 140-year history of the production of the famous guns came to an end. During the Second World War 19 thousand people worked at this enterprise, but in last years less than 200 people worked there. Obsolete models, including the famous Winchester 1894, will be scrapped. Now the only Winchester-branded rifles will be modern, improved models produced in Belgium, Japan and Portugal.
The plant is being sold, most likely to Smith-Wesson. And before it was owned by Winchester, Volcanic, and the same Smith ... The current owner (or already the former) is FN, i.e. Belgians. Discontinued production of such Winchester models as 1300, 70 and 94. Although possible, they will remain in production, only with the new owners under different designations. So, I think there will be another 1300th ... But while the plant seems to be closed ...
In conclusion, the video of the Winchester in action.
Although the Lord said: “Thou shalt not kill,” people killed at all times, and they were also proud of the effective instruments of murder created in their country. In Russia, these were a three-line rifle and a Kalashnikov assault rifle, but among the Americans, perhaps the most famous example of a weapon was the Oliver Winchester carbine, the famous "yellow guy" or "yellow guy". Many consider him (and quite rightly!) As "the weapon that conquered the Wild West." Yes, and the Russian troops got from him, read to the end and you will find out under what circumstances the Russian army suffered from his deadly fire. How did it begin. However, one should not think that the hard drive is right here ...
Overview
Probably there is no person who has not heard of the Winchester rifle. This weapon is a legend that has become firmly established in the history of the development of firearms. This rifle is often called "the weapon that conquered the West", but if you look at it, then its distribution in the United States is greatly exaggerated, mainly due to literature, and subsequently cinema. When watching films about gallant cowboys, one gets the impression that other models of rifles at that time simply did not exist, and this was far from the case. Nevertheless, this weapon can be safely called revolutionary, since it brought the rifles of that time to a completely new level in terms of rate of fire. Advertisements at the time suggested that a shooter could fire 10 shots from the first 1866 model in less than 15 seconds, and that rate of fire for a manual reload gun is truly impressive.
The secret of the rifle lies in the original design of the safety clip, which is at the same time a lever for reloading. As often happens, the first model was not developed by Winchester at all, but by the inventor Henry in 1861, who presented a new weapon with a fundamentally different, previously never used manual reloading system. Winchester became interested in the invention, which bought all the rights to this weapon and set up the production of the first model of the 1866 model, calling the weapon by his own name, and the name of the inventor is mentioned only in the name of the reloading bracket. The first model was fifteen-round, and charging was carried out in front of the rifle, this significantly slowed down the speed of its loading, Winchester upgraded the weapon, cutting off its ammunition capacity to 12 rounds, but charging was carried out through the side window, which was much more convenient and faster in comparison with the first option. With the beginning of the proliferation of centerfire primer cartridges, rimfire ammunition has lost its relevance. It took the modernization of the weapon so that it could feed on new ammunition, so the Winchester model of 1873 appeared. In addition to adapting to the new ammunition, the weapon has undergone a much more thorough modernization than it might seem at first glance. Firstly, the quality of the barrels has significantly increased, it should be noted that the first samples were with extremely weak barrels made of very low quality steel, for which they were not widely used. Secondly, the reloading mechanism has undergone changes, it has been debugged and tuned in such a way that jamming, which had been quite frequent before, especially if reloading was carried out in motion, completely disappeared. Finally, thirdly, the brass reloading bracket was replaced with a steel one, since the first had a very bad property to bend, and subsequently break.
As you can see, the first model of the rifle was not the best, if not disgusting, this explains its low distribution. However, all the shortcomings were eliminated, and a new model of 1873, reliable as a Swiss watch, appeared on the market. It cannot be said that people immediately rushed to buy it. On the contrary, remembering the first model of weapons, they tried to bypass the novelty and treated it with a grain of salt. Then, after all, weapons were bought not for a year or two, but in fact for a lifetime, respectively, and the price for it was not the smallest. Nevertheless, a good sample of weapons could not remain unattended all the time and gradually, gaining momentum, its sales began. In the end, even the most inveterate skeptics recognized the perfection of the new weapon, but the understanding that there was something came too late, in addition to this rifle, other models of weapons appeared on the market that could successfully compete with it, but still from 1873 to 1926, when it was produced the second Winchester model was created and, accordingly, more than 900 thousand weapons were sold. This figure only seems so huge, in fact, for a time period of more than 50 years, for the country's huge population, this is nothing, especially when you consider that more than half of the weapons produced were exported.
One of the most common misconceptions about this rifle is that it was in service with the US Army. This, in fact, never happened, despite the fact that the armed forces at that time experienced an acute shortage of weapons, they refused to adopt the rifle. Paradoxically, the reason was the high rate of fire of the weapon. An interesting fact is that the word "winchester" in modern world computers of the new generation are associated not with weapons, but with a hard disk, an information storage device. This name stuck to the device due to the fact that the first non-separable hard drive had two modules each with a volume of 30 megabytes, and inside the company bore the name 30-30, and one of the project managers for the development of this device noticed a similarity with the name of the Winchester sample of 1894.30 -30 Rifle? Hence the name was attached to this device within the company, and the name was widely spread thanks to the PR department, which compared the new drive in terms of reliability with the model of the weapon in the advertisement.
Thus, the Winchester rifle of the 1873 model of the year, and the subsequent Winchesters, owe their fame not only to the original method of reloading, which is much more convenient than twitching the bolt bolt, but also thanks to books, cinematography, and such a successful comparison with the first hard drive. Many people compare this weapon with great cultural figures, nodding that the rifle gained its fame only after death. Nevertheless, talking about the death of the Winchester rifle as a whole, without specifying the model, is incorrect, Henry's bracket, the main distinguishing feature of Winchester is still used, but already in modern models of weapons.
Winchester Rifle is an overarching term describing a range of lever-action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Designed since 1860 by Henry rifles, the Winchester rifles were among the first repeaters. The Model 1873 was particularly successful, marketed by the manufacturer as "The Gun That Won the West".
Predecessors
Volcanic pistol.
1860 Henry and 1866 Winchester Musket.
From left to right Carbines two 1873/1894/92 / Trapper 92.
For volcanic rifles, Smith added Hunt's "Rocket Ball" primer charge and thus created one of the first stationary metal cassettes that included bullet, primer and powder in a single stand-alone device. Although so far with the company Smith has gone even further and added a cylindrical copper body to hold the bullet and powder from the primer in the case of the rim, thus creating one of the most significant inventions in the history of firearms, the metal rimfire cartridge. The Smith's cartridge, the 0.22 Short, would go on sale in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is still in production today.
Volcanic rifles had only limited success, which was due in part to design and bad job Hunt-derived volcanic cartridge: a hollow conical ball filled with black powder and sealed with a cork primer. Although the Volcanic follower design far outstripped rival technology, its poor power and reliability. The .25 and .32 caliber "Rocket balls" were ill-suited to the larger calibers of competitors. Wesson left Volcanic shortly after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later to create the Smith & Wesson Revolver Company. Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester acquired the bankrupt firm's assets from the remaining shareholders, and reorganized it into the New Haven Arms Company in April 1857.
Benjamin Henry continued to work with the Smith cartridge concept, and perfected the much larger, more powerful .44 Henry cartridge. Henry also oversaw the redesign of the rifle to use new ammunition, keeping only general form breech mechanism and tubular store. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, and was used in significant numbers by some Union Army units in the American Civil War. The Allies called Henry "what a damn Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week!"
development
After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed the New Haven Armory Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle: the Model 1866. It retained the .44 Henry cartridge, was also built on a bronze alloy frame, and had an improved magazine and a wooden forearm. In 1873, Winchester introduced the steel-rimmed Model 1873 chambering the more powerful .44-40 centerfire cartridge. In 1876, in an attempt to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the 1876 model ( Centennial model). While chambered cartridges are more powerful than the 1866 and 1873 models, the lever action was not strong enough for the popular heavy duty cartridges used in Sharps or Remington single-shot rifles.
Since 1883, John Moses Browning worked in partnership with Winchester, designing a series of rifles and shotguns, most notably the Winchester Model 1886, Model 1892, Model 1894 and Model 1895 lever action rifles, along with the Model 1887/1901 lever action shotgun, pump-action model 1890 rifle, and pump action Model 1893/1897 shotgun.
Winchester lever action repeating rifle
Model 1866
The first Winchester rifle - Winchester Model 1866 - was originally chambered for the Rimfire .44 Henry. Nicknamed "Yellow Boy" due to its bronze / brass receiver alloy called bronze, it was known for its robust construction and "repeat rifle" linkage that allowed the user to fire a few shots before being reloaded. An improved Nelson King's patent corrected the shortcomings in Henry's rifles by incorporating a load collar on the side of the frame and integrating a round, sealed magazine that was partially covered by the forend.
France acquired 6,000 Model 1866 rifles, along with 4.5 million .44 Henry cartridges during the Franco-Prussian War. The Ottoman Empire acquired 45,000 Model 1866 rifles and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871. These rifles were used in the 1877 Russo-Turkish War, resulting in much surprise when the numerical superiority of the Turks at the siege of Plevna inflicted many times more casualties than their armed opponents with one - shot of Krnka and Berdann rifle. The Model 1866 forced the Russians to develop a new rifle, the Mosin Rifle, after the war.
The Swiss Army originally selected the Model 1866 to replace the existing Milbank-Amsler single-shot rifle. However, subsequent political pressure to accept the interior design led to the Vetter Model 1867, a bolt-action design using a replica of the Winchester tube magazine is adopted instead.
Due to public demand, the Model 1866 continued to be produced and sold until 1899, mainly because they were cheaper than the later Centerfire steel frames. Later models were chambered for the Winchester .44-40 cartridge.
Model 1873
The Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its time, with Winchester marketing it as "The Gun That Won the West". Still an icon in modern times, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923. It was originally chambered for the .44-40 cartridge, which was the first centrefire cartridge and which became very popular. 1873 was later produced in .38-40 and .32-20, all of which later became popular pistol cartridges of the day, allowing users to carry only one type of ammunition. The 1873 model comes in three versions: a 24-inch rifle barrel, a 20-inch carbine barrel, and a "musket" - which was sent to military contracts and only accounted for less than 5% of production. (Musket was a term that, at the time, denoted a full-sized military-style stock, not to be confused with a true smooth-bore musket). The standard length rifle version was most popular in the 19th century, although Winchester would have custom rifles in whatever configuration the customer desires, including longer barrels or children's carbines with barrels as short as 12 inches, octagonal barrels, color hardened receivers and fancy engraving.
The original model 1873 was not offered in the military revolver .45 Colt cartridge, as was the patented cartridge owned by Colt, although a number of modern reproductions are chambered for the round.
To both celebrate and enhance the prestige of the 1873 Model, Winchester established the coveted "One of a Thousand" class in 1875. Barrels producing unusually small populations during test firing were fitted to rifles with preset triggers and special finishes. Marked "One One Thousand", they sold for an expensive $ 100 (equivalent to $ 2,300 in 2018). Popular 1950 Western starring Jimmy Stewart, Winchester "73, was based on the coveted gun. Promotions included in the Universal Studios 'One of a Thousand' Rifle Search, with advertisements in sporting magazines and posters in sporting goods stores.
Second class Models 1873 barrels producing above average accuracy were fitted to rifles marked "One in a Hundred" and sold for $ 20 above the list. Approximately 136 "One in a Thousand" Model 1873s were sold, and only eight "One in One Hundred".
In all, over 720,000 Model 1873s were produced up to 1923. With a return to popularity thanks to Cowboy action shooting games, "73 rifles and carbines High Quality were made in Italy by Uberti, encouraging a return to licensed products from the Olin company in 2013, joining Model 1892 and Model 1894. manufactured in Japan by Miroku Corporation for FN / Browning. The new ten-shot Model 1873 is only available with a 20 "round barrel chambered in the .357 Magnum / .38 Special. Almost faithful in design to the original, including a safety shut-off trigger, sliding dust jacket and crescent butt pad, it includes two safety enhancements. : the striker block preventing it from moving forward if the trigger is not pulled out and modifying the cartridge holder to remove the used sleeves from the arrows.
In 2014, a weathered Model 1873 was found leaning against a tree in the Great Basin National Park. He became known as Forgotten Winchester and generated media interest due to the mystery of who left him there and why they never returned to him.
Model 1876
Winchester Model 1876, or Centennial Model, was heavier-framed rifle than the 1866 and 1873 models, chambered for full-powered Centerfire rifle cartridges suitable for large-scale hunting, rather than pistol-sized Rimfire and Centerfire rounds of their predecessors.Although similar in design to 1873, 1876 was actually based on a prototype 1868 lever action rifle that was never commercially produced by Winchester.
Introduced to mark the American Centennial Exposition, the 1876 has earned a reputation as a reliable and powerful hunting rifle. Four variants were made: with a 22-inch (56 cm) barrel carbine.26-inch (66cm) barrel Express rifle with belt magazine, 28-inch (71 cm) barrel Sport rifles as well as a 32-inch (81 cm) barrel Musket... The standard rifles had a blued finish, while the deluxe model was hardened. The collectors identify the first model with no dust cover, the second model with a dust cover rail fixed with a screw, and the third model with an integral dust cover. Total production was 63,871 including 54 One of the Thousand models 1876s and only seven of One in a hundred classes.
Originally chambered for the new .45-75 Winchester Centennial cartridge (designed to replicate .45-70 ballistics in the shorter case), versions in .40-60 Winchester, .45-60 Winchester and .50-95 Express followed; The 76 in the last ramming is the only repeater known to have been widely used by professional bison hunters. The Canadian Northwest Mounted Police used the 76 in 45-75 as the standard long arm for many years with 750 rifles purchased for force in 1883; The mountie-model "76 carbine was also produced by the Texas Rangers. Theodore Roosevelt used an engraved, pistol-spanned half-magazine" 76 during his first hunting expeditions in the West and praised it. 76 was also found in the possession of the Apache warrior Geronimo after his surrender in 1886.
The 1876 toggle switch link action receiver Model was too short to handle the popular large game cartridges, including .45-70, and production ceased in 1897. big game hunters preferred the sleeker 1886 action chambered for longer and more powerful cartridges.
Model 1886
Winchester Model 1886
The Model 1886 continued the trend towards ramming heavy rounds, and had an all new and significantly stronger lock-block action than the Model 1876 plug-in toggle switch. It was designed by John Moses Browning, who had long and beneficial relationship from Winchester from the 1880s to the early 1900s. William Mason made some improvements to Browning's original design. In many ways the Model 1886 was a true American express rifle, as it could be chambered for more powerful black powder cartridges of the day such as the .45-70 government, Winchester's longest target. 1886 proved to be capable of handling not only .45 state, but also .45-90 and huge .50-110 Express "Buffalo" cartridges, and in 1903 was chambered for high speed smokeless .33 WCF. In 1935, Winchester introduced a slightly modified M1886 as the Model 71, chambered for the more powerful .348 Winchester cartridge.
Model 1892
To compete with the newer Marlin offerings, Winchester returned to its roots with the 1892 Model, which was chambered for the same low pressure cartridges as the 1873. The Model 1892 incorporates the powerful Browning action that has been scaled down version of the model 1886. it was also a lot of rifle lighters than the model 1873, with which it had been sold simultaneously for over twenty years, at the same price.
A total of 1,004,675 Model 1892 rifles were made by Winchester and they were exported to international level, becomes very popular in South America and Australia. Although Winchester stopped production in 1941, versions are still being made by the Brazilian gunsmith Amadeo Rossi, and Firearms Chiappa, an Italian manufacturer. In its modern form, using modern materials and manufacturing techniques, the 1892 Model is in action strong enough to gun rounds of pressure chambers such as the .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum and .454 Casull. Winchester "92 is sometimes used in Hollywood Westerns and TV shows from its regular period, reaching some notoriety as" cowboy "leverage, although this was historically too late.
Model 1894
Winchester Model 1894
John Browning-designed Winchester Model 1894 is the most common of Winchester's repeating rifles. The Model 1894 was first chambered for 32-40 and 38-55 rounds, and later, various calibers such as .25-35 WCF, .30-30 and .32 Winchester Special. Winchester was the first company to manufacture a civilian chamber rifle for new smokeless powders, and although delays prevented the 30-30 s cartridge from not appearing on shelves until 1895, it remained the first commercially available smokeless round for the consumer market in North America Although it was initially too expensive for most shooters, the 1894 went on to become one of the best-selling hunting rifles of all time; it had the honor of being the first sporting rifle to sell over one million units, eventually selling over seven million before in the United States, production was discontinued in 2006 with the Winchester .30-30 configuration virtually synonymous with the "deer rifle" in the United States. In the early 20th century, the rifle designation was shortened to "Model 94", as was done with all older Winchester designs still in production (eg Model 97, Model 12, etc.).
Model 1895
The Winchester Model 1895 has the distinction of being the first Winchester lever action rifle to be loaded from a box magazine instead of a tube under the barrel. This allowed the Model 1895 to be chambered for military cartridges with Spitzer (sharpened) shells, and the rifle was used by the armed forces of a number of countries, including the United States, Great Britain and Tsarist Russia. Russian production models can also be loaded with a charger, clamps, a feature not found on any other lever action rifle. Caliber included .30-40 Krag (.30 US or +0.30 Army), .303 British, .30-03 Springfield, .30-06 Springfield, 7.62 × 54mmR and .405 Winchester. Theodore Roosevelt used the 1895 model at 405 on an African safari and called it his "pistol medicine" for lions. In 1908 1895 Winchester became the first mass-produced sporting chamber rifle at 30-06 (then "+0.30 Gov" t 06 ").
Model 88
Introduced in 1955, 60 years after Winchester's last all-new lever action designs, the Model 88 was unlike any previous lever action. The short throw lever operated the three compartments of the butterfly valve and the cartridge fed vertically from the detachable box: in reality it was a lever for controlling the action of the bolt. These leverage features allowed the use of powerful modern short sleeves with Spitzer bullets: .243 Winchester, .284 Winchester, .308 Winchester and .358 Winchester. The Model 88 was discontinued in 1973 and is the third best selling lever action rifle in Winchester history, following only the M1894 and 1892. Later Sako Finnwolf and Browning BLR have similar actions.
Model 9422
The Winchester 9422 model was introduced in 1972. It was designed to capture images of traditional lever action with an open hammer, straight grip, rifle and barrel strips. Unlike the old Winchester lever action, it came with a grooved scope mounting. She was offered in the 22 Long Rifle and
Winchester M1895
American rifle for the Russian army
In the first half of the 19th century, an inventor lived in New York Walter Hunt... During his 62-year life, he invented a recording pen, a machine for making nails, an electric doorbell and even a pin, which we call an English pin. Their inventions Hunt immediately patented, but then sold for mere pennies to industrialists and entrepreneurs. Having sold the invention, he lost the right to call it by his own name, and therefore today we know his brainchild under false names.
One of these brainchildren is the type of rifle called today Winchester.
Its history began with the fact that in 1848 Hunt invented the so-called rocket bullet - a hole was drilled in the back of an ordinary oblong lead bullet into which a powder charge was placed. This charge burned out long before the bullet left the barrel, and in terms of ballistics it did not differ in any way from those fired in the traditional way. However, due to the small powder charge, the muzzle energy of the bullet was small, and to compensate for the lack of lethality Hunt decided by the rate of fire, to increase which he created a sub-store. In this store, one after another, ten bullets with a micro-charge in the tail were placed.
Invented Hunt the rifle had an original device in the form of a lever mechanism. When the rearmost of the bullets, under the action of a store spring, lay on the feeder, the lever should be moved forward, and he understood the feeder with the cartridge at the chamber level. At the same time, the hammer was cocked at the same time. Then, when the lever was pulled back, the cartridge was driven into the chamber, and when the trigger was pressed, the trigger broke off the sear and hit the drummer hidden in the bolt, which in turn broke the capsule.
As in all previous cases, Hunt sold the patent on August 10, 1848 to a certain Lewis Jennings. The one paying Hantu 15 dollars, began to improve the invention and in 1852 sold the improved sample to the clerk of the arms store of Robbins & Lawrence Co Benjamin Tyler Henry... He attracted investors and began selling the gun already under the name of the Henry rifle, but the sales were not very successful, and the investors soon pulled their shares out of the business. Left on the beans, Henry sold invention and technology Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson... They decided to produce not rifles, but pistols.
Jennings Rifle
V
olcanicThe pistol, named, began to be produced at the Smith and Wesson enterprise, which received the name Volcanic repeating arms... However, this pistol also failed - it could not withstand the competition with Colt's revolvers. Then the partners, without hesitation, created a new company Smith & wesson and successfully engaged in the production of revolvers. The company Volcanic has gained Oliver Fisher Winchester... In 1860 he sought out Benjamin Henry and hiring him for the service, gave the rifle ms a lever-action new life... At first, Henry adapted a 44-caliber metal cartridge to the rifle.
Henry rifle mod. 1860 year
These 23mm long cartridge cases were revolving rather than rifle cartridges. Moreover, these cartridges were also used by the company Smith Wesson for her revolvers. But the short length made it possible to place 15 such cartridges in the under-barrel magazine (+1 on the feeder), which the drum of any revolver did not allow, and since the revolvers were then only single-action, and the trigger had to be cocked before each shot, then Henry rifle beat the revolver in the rate of fire, firing an average of 28 bullets per minute.
Patron henry On the bottom of which was "H" - the first letter of his surname, it contained 1.6 g of black powder, which accelerated a 13-gram bullet in a 736.6-millimeter barrel to a speed of 343 m / s. This was enough to confidently hit targets at a distance of one hundred yards (91.44 m).
The American Civil War gave the case Winchester – Henry larger scope. Henry's rifle both southerners and northerners bought. In the south, it was even armed with the bodyguard squadron of President Davis there.
In 1866, a new model of the rifle appeared, which no longer had a surname. Henry... Since then, all lever-action rifles, even those produced by other firms, will be called Winchesters.
One of these Winchesters – Winchester M1895 ended up in service with the Russian army.
Winchester model of 1873, which was in service with the Turks during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78.
The commercial version of the 1873 Winchester was produced until 1919.
Starting with the 1885 model, the Winchesters were designed by John Moses Browning... In 1894, Browning created a carbine chambered for .30-30 , The 1.95-gram charge of which gave the 7.15-gram bullet an initial velocity of 818 m / s when fired from a barrel of 508 mm length. It was the first hunting weapon to use smokeless powder cartridges. The release of the model lasted more than a hundred years and ended only in 2006. The commercial success of the 1894 model spawned Browning desire to create a full-fledged military model with a middle store.
Winchester sample of 1894
The rifle was created using the .30-40 Krag cartridge, which was used in Springfield in 1892, but since the latter was already in service, the military abandoned the Winchester in 1895.
Winchester Model 1895 it would have remained an experimental model if the shortage of weapons in the Russian army in the early years of the First World War had not forced our government to buy up everything that could shoot around the world.
Firm Winchester Repeating Arms Company agreed to remake the rifle under the Russian cartridge, and by 1917 shipped 294 thousand of these rifles to Russia.
Winchester sample of 1895
Despite the fact that Winchester 1895 was basically arranged as modern magazine rifles, it retained its main feature - a lever action. This type of bolt made it the fastest-firing magazine rifle. It was loaded with Russian cartridges using a Russian clip, for the insertion of which two strips were provided.
1 - trunk. 2 - front sight. 3 - receiver. 4 - shutter. 5 - shop. 6 - strips for inserting the clip. 6a - shutter lever. 7 - butt. 7a - shutter handle. 9 - sighting block. 10 - aiming frame. 12 - feeder. 13 - wedge. 14 - ejector. 15 - reflector. 16 - reflector spring. 18 - drummer. 19 - fuse. 24 - trigger. 26 - trigger. 27 - mainspring. 29 - whispered. 30 - whispered spring. 33 - lever. 34 - tray. 35 - feeder spring. 36 - barrel pad. 37 and 38 are false rings.
Gate Winchester had no lugs - a wedge was used to lock it, on which the shutter rested during the shot with the surface of the ledge. When raising the handle bracket to the neck of the box, the hinges of its cheeks, resting on the protrusion of the bolt, sent it forward. With this movement, the bolt met another cartridge on its way and sent it from the store to the chamber. When the bolt came to the forward position, the lever came into contact with the wedge, and as the handle was pressed against the neck of the box, it occupied the extreme upper position. At the same time, its head part went under the bearing surfaces of the bolt and performed locking. At the same time, the wedge larva freed the striker from the safety device, the hook of the lever closed the wedge, and the latch of the lever jumped over the projection of the bracket. 
Trigger mechanism Winchester was arranged in the same way as the early rifles Hunt... When the trigger was pressed, with his head, he disengaged the sear of the trigger dog with the cocking of the trigger. The trigger, under the action of the mainspring, rotated on its axis and hit the drummer with its head, which broke the capsule.
When the handle was pulled down forward, its bracket was freed from the catch of the latch. The lever brought the wedge out of the support nests of the bolt stem. As the handle was lowered, the hinges of her cheeks, acting on the bolt, pulled it back. The ejector hook carried the spent cartridge case along with it, and as soon as its muzzle came out from under the receiver jumper, the cartridge case was thrown out of the receiver under the action of a spring reflector.
When the shutter moved to the extreme rear position, its rear cut came into contact with the trigger head and forced the trigger to turn before being put on a combat platoon.
When the wedge was lowered, the larva released the safety catch, and the latter, under the action of its spring, returned to its original position.
At first Winchester liked the Russian soldiers. Discontent was expressed only in the fact that it was inconvenient to twitch the lever when firing from a prone position - it touched the ground all the time. But in the coming winter, it was discovered that the Winchester M1895 refused to work already in 10-degree frost - the mechanism froze due to the minimum tolerances. That is why, in 1916, the Winchesters began to remove the weapons of the rifle regiments and replace them. Arisakami
Winchester NS the Russian model was produced until 1936. The total circulation was 426 thousand pieces. The last warehouse remnants were sent to us under Lend-Lease in 1942, but they were almost never used at the front, but transferred to the paramilitary guards, from which they even seized them in the fall of 1941, and to the hunting hunters.
See on the topic:
Berdan's rifle No. 2, 1870 Caliber - 10.668 mm. The length of an infantry rifle without a bayonet is 1346 mm, a dragoon and Cossack rifle - 1219 mm. Barrel length - 832.6 mm for the infantry, 720 mm for the dragoon, 718 mm for the Cossack, 475.234 mm for the carbine. Rifle weight without bayonet - 4.249 kg.
The mass of gunpowder is 5.07 g (for the dragoon, Cossack and carbine - 4.26 g). Bullet weight - 24.016 g. starting speed for an infantry rifle - 437 m / s. Dragoon and Cossack - 386 m / s. The carbine has 362 m / s.
Kalashnikov assault rifle AK-47, 1947 Caliber - 7.62 mm. Length - 870 mm (645 y AKC with folded stock), barrel length - 415 mm. Rate of fire - 600 rpm. Weight without cartridges - 4300 g. Intermediate cartridge 7.62 × 39 mm, Elizarov system mod. 1943. The mass of the powder charge is 1.6 g. The mass of the bullet is 7.9 g. The initial velocity is 715 m / s. Magazine capacity - 30 rounds.
Outwardly differs from the AK-47 in the presence muzzle compensator, ribbed magazine surface and reduced butt angle.
AK-47 AKM AK-74
Kalashnikov assault rifle modernized AKM, 1959 Caliber - 7.62 mm. Length - 880 mm (640 y AKMS with folded stock), barrel length - 415 mm. Temp firing - 600 rpm. Weight without cartridges with an empty magazine made of light alloy - 3100 g. Intermediate cartridge 7.62 × 39 mm, Elizarov system mod. 1943. The mass of the powder charge is 1.6 g. The mass of the bullet is 7.9 g. The initial velocity is 715 m / s. Magazine capacity - 30 rounds.
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