Introduction

1. Aerobic respiration

1.1 Oxidative phospholation

2. Anaerobic breathing

2.1 Types of anaerobic respiration

4.List of literature

Introduction

Breathing is inherent in all living organisms. It is the oxidative breakdown of organic substances synthesized in the process of photosynthesis, taking place with the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide. A.S. Famintsyn considered photosynthesis and respiration as two successive phases of plant nutrition: photosynthesis prepares carbohydrates, respiration processes them into the structural biomass of the plant, forming reactive substances in the process of stepwise oxidation and releasing the energy necessary for their transformation and vital processes in general. The total breathing equation is:

CHO + 6O → 6CO + 6HO + 2875kJ.

From this equation it becomes clear why the gas exchange rate is used to estimate the intensity of respiration. It was proposed in 1912 by V.I. Palladin, who believed that respiration consists of two phases - anaerobic and aerobic. At the anaerobic stage of respiration, which takes place in the absence of oxygen, glucose is oxidized due to the removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation), which, according to the scientist, is transferred to the respiratory enzyme. The latter is restored in this case. At the aerobic stage, the respiratory enzyme is regenerated into an oxidative form. VI Palladin was the first to show that the oxidation of sugar occurs due to its direct oxidation with atmospheric oxygen, since oxygen does not meet with the carbon of the respiratory substrate, but is associated with its dehydrogenation.

A significant contribution to the study of the essence of oxidative processes and the chemistry of the respiration process was made by both domestic (I.P. Borodin, A.N.Bach, S.P. Kostychev, V.I. Palladin) and foreign (A.L. Lavoisier, G. Wieland, G. Krebs) researchers.

The life of any organism is inextricably linked with the continuous use of free energy generated by breathing. It is not surprising that the study of the role of respiration in plant life in recent times play a central role in plant physiology.

1. Aerobic respiration

Aerobic breathing – it is an oxidative process that consumes oxygen. When breathing, the substrate is completely decomposed into energy-poor inorganic substances with a high energy yield. The most important substrates for respiration are carbohydrates. In addition, breathing can consume fats and proteins.

Aerobic breathing has two main stages:

- oxygen-free, in a process in which there is a gradual cleavage of the substrate with the release of hydrogen atoms and binding with coenzymes (carriers such as NAD and FAD);

- oxygen, during which there is a further elimination of hydrogen atoms from the derivatives of the respiratory substrate and the gradual oxidation of hydrogen atoms as a result of the transfer of their electrons to oxygen.

At the first stage, at first, high-molecular organic substances (polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.) are broken down by enzymes into simpler compounds (glucose, higher carboxylic acids, glycerol, amino acids, nucleotides, etc.) the cytoplasm of cells and is accompanied by the release of a small amount of energy, which is dissipated in the form of heat. Further, enzymatic cleavage of simple organic compounds occurs.

An example of such a process is glycolysis, a multistage oxygen-free breakdown of glucose. In glycolysis reactions, a six-carbon molecule of glucose (C) is split into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (C). In this case, two ATP molecules are formed, and hydrogen atoms are released. The latter are attached to the carrier NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinkleotide), which transforms into its reductive form NAD ∙ H + H. NAD is a coenzyme similar in structure to NADP. Both of them are derivatives of niacin, one of the B vitamins. The molecules of both coenzymes are electropositive (they lack one electron) and can act as a carrier of both electrons and hydrogen atoms. When a pair of hydrogen atoms is accepted, one of the atoms dissociates into a proton and an electron:

and the second one joins NAD or NADP entirely:

OVER + H + [H + e] → OVER ∙ H + N.

The free proton is later used to reverse oxidize the coenzyme. In total, the glycolysis reaction has the form

CHO + 2ADP + 2NRO + 2 ABOVE →

2CHO + 2ATF + 2 OVER ∙ H + H + 2 HO

The product of glycolysis - pyruvic acid (CHO) - contains a significant part of the energy, and its further release is carried out in the mitochondria. Here, the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to CO and HO takes place. This process can be divided into three main stages:

1) oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid;

2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle);

3) the final stage of oxidation is the electron transport chain.

In the first stage, pyruvic acid interacts with a substance called coenzyme A, resulting in the formation of acetyl coenzyme a with a high-energy bond. In this case, the CO molecule (first) and hydrogen atoms are split off from the pyruvic acid molecule, which are stored in the form of NAD ∙ H + H.

The second stage is the Krebs cycle (Fig. 1)

Acetyl-CoA, formed at the previous stage, enters the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxalic-acetic acid to form six-carbon citric acid. This reaction requires energy; it is supplied by the high-energy acetyl-CoA bond. At the end of the cycle, oxalic-citric acid is regenerated in its previous form. Now it is able to react with a new molecule of acetyl-CoA, and the cycle repeats. The total reaction of the cycle can be expressed by the following equation:

acetyl-CoA + 3HO + 3NAD + FAD + ADP + NRO →

CoA + 2CO + 3NAD ∙ H + H + FAD ∙ H + ATP.

Thus, as a result of the decomposition of one molecule of pyruvic acid in the aerobic phase (decarboxylation of PVC and the Krebs cycle), 3CO, 4 NAD ∙ H + H, FAD ∙ H are released. The total reaction of glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation and the Krebs cycle can be written as follows:

CHO + 6 HO + 10 ABOVE + 2FAD →

6CO + 4ATP + 10 OVER ∙ H + H + 2FAD ∙ H.

The third stage is the electric transport chain.

Pairs of hydrogen atoms, cleaved from intermediate products in dehydrogenation reactions during glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle, are finally oxidized by molecular oxygen to HO with simultaneous phospholation of ADP into ATP. This happens when hydrogen, separated from NAD ∙ H and FAD ∙ H, is transferred through a chain of carriers built into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Pairs of hydrogen atoms 2H can be considered as 2H + 2e. The driving force behind the transport of hydrogen atoms in the respiratory chain is the potential difference.

With the help of carriers, hydrogen ions H are transferred from the inner side of the membrane to its outer side, in other words, from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space (Fig. 2).

When a pair of electrons is transferred from above to oxygen, they cross the membrane three times, and this process is accompanied by the release of six protons to the outer side of the membrane. At the final stage, protons are transferred to inner side membranes and are accepted by oxygen:

As a result of such transfer of Hna ions to the outer side of the mitochondrial membrane in the perimitochondrial space, their concentration is created, i.e. an electrochemical proton gradient arises.

When the proton gradient reaches a certain value, hydrogen ions from the H-reservoir move along special channels in the membrane, and their energy store is used for the synthesis of ATP. In the matrix, they combine with charged O particles, and water is formed: 2H + O²ˉ → HO.

1.1 Oxidative phospholation

The process of ATP formation as a result of the transfer of N ions through the mitochondrial membrane is called oxidative phospholation. It is carried out with the participation of the enzyme ATP synthetase. ATP synthetase molecules are located in the form of spherical granules on the inner side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

As a result of the splitting of two pyruvic acid molecules and the transfer of hydrogen ions through the membrane through special channels, a total of 36 ATP molecules are synthesized (2 molecules in the Krebs cycle and 34 molecules as a result of the transfer of H ions through the membrane).

The total equation of aerobic respiration can be expressed as follows:

CHO + O + 6HO + 38ADP + 38NRO →

6CO + 12HO + 38ATF

It is quite obvious that aerobic respiration will cease in the absence of oxygen, since it is oxygen that serves as the final acceptor of hydrogen. If the cells do not receive enough oxygen, all hydrogen carriers will soon become completely saturated and will not be able to transfer it further. As a result, the main source of energy for the formation of ATP will be blocked.

aerobic respiration oxidation photosynthesis

2. Anaerobic breathing

Anaerobic breathing. Some microorganisms are able to use for the oxidation of organic or inorganic substances not molecular oxygen, but other oxidized compounds, for example, salts of nitric, sulfuric and carbonic acids, which are converted into more reduced compounds. The processes take place under anaerobic conditions, and they are called anaerobic respiration:

2HNO + 12H → N + 6HO + 2H

HSO + 8H → HS + 4HO

In microorganisms carrying out such respiration, the final acceptor of electrons will not be oxygen, but inorganic compounds - nitrites, sulfates and carbonates. Thus, the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration lies in the nature of the final electron acceptor.

2.1 Types of anaerobic respiration

The main types of anaerobic respiration are shown in Table 1.There is also data on the use of Mn, chromates, quinones, etc. as electron acceptors by bacteria.

Table 1 Types of anaerobic respiration in prokaryotes (after: M.V. Gusev, L.A. Mineeva 1992, as amended)

The property of organisms to transfer electrons to nitrates, sulfates and carbonates provides a sufficiently complete oxidation of organic or inorganic matter without the use of molecular oxygen and makes it possible to obtain a larger amount of energy than fermentation. With anaerobic respiration, the energy output is only 10% lower. Than aerobic. Organisms that are characterized by anaerobic respiration have a set of enzymes in the electron transport chain. But cytochrome oxylase in them is replaced by nitrate reductase (when using nitrate as an electron acceptor) or adenyl sulfate reductase (when using sulfate) or other enzymes.

Organisms capable of carrying out anaerobic respiration at the expense of nitrates are facultative anaerobes. Organisms that use sulfates in anaerobic respiration are classified as anaerobes.

Output

Organic matter from inorganic green plant forms only in the light. These substances are used by the plant only for nutrition. But plants don't just feed. They breathe like all living things. Breathing occurs continuously during the day and at night. All plant organs breathe. Plants breathe oxygen and emit carbon dioxide, like animals and humans.

Plant respiration can occur both in the dark and in the light. This means that two opposite processes take place in the plant in the light. One process is photosynthesis, the other is respiration. During photosynthesis, organic matter is created from inorganic matter and the energy of sunlight is absorbed. During respiration, organic matter is consumed in the plant. And the energy, which is necessary for life, is released. When exposed to light, during photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Together with carbon dioxide, plants in the light absorb oxygen from the surrounding air and oxygen, which plants need to breathe, but in much smaller quantities than are released during the formation of sugar. Plants absorb much more carbon dioxide during photosynthesis than they emit by inhalation. Ornamental plants in a room with good lighting emit significantly more oxygen during the day than they absorb it in the dark at night.

Respiration in all living organs of the plant occurs continuously. When respiration stops, the plant, as well as the animal, dies.

Bibliography

1. Physiology and biochemistry of agricultural plants F50 / N.N. Tretyakov, E.I. Koshkin, N.M. Makrushin and others; under. ed. N.N. Tretyakov. - M .; Kolos, 2000 - 640 p.

2. Biology in exam questions and answers L44 / Lemeza NA, Kamlyuk LV; 7th ed. - M .: Ayris-press, 2003 .-- 512 p.

3. Botany: Textbook. For 5-6 cl. wednesday School-19th ed. / Revised. A.N. Sladkov. - M .: Education, 1987 .-- 256 p.

Many women and men have excess weight, which must be thrown into short time and with minimal harm to their own health. There is a special technique that involves carrying out physical exercise for effective reduction weight.

As a rule, there are two main methods of breathing that are used for physical training... The first type is anaerobic respiration, the second is aerobic respiration.

It should be noted that aerobic breathing should be started during the warm-up phase to prepare the body for future stress. As a rule, the process begins after the first half of an hour of classes. For those who exercise regularly, the fat base begins to "melt" after the first 10 minutes of exercise.

Start by teaching about 2-3 times a week. This will be quite enough for the body to gradually get used to it and exclude possible overload. Gradually increase the number of workouts up to 4-5 times. Of course, lifestyle and work schedule have a direct impact on the frequency of training. But even after a tiring day at work, you can allocate half an hour to carry out elementary exercises at home.

Before starting classes, choose comfortable clothes for yourself, on which the final result will depend. Of course, there should not be any restricting clothing movement, pressing elements (shoulder straps, tight elastic bands, seams) and dangling edges. Clothing should promote the activity of the human body. It is advisable to choose energetic music to perform various exercises will be more cheerful and cheerful. The combination of elements of aerobics makes classes more vivid and memorable.
The first shifts in the fight against overweight and body fat can be noticed after the first session. Also increases the effect physical activity additional massage course, balanced nutrition, water treatments, application of special products to make the skin smooth and firm, etc.

1. Aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration is an oxidative process that depletes oxygen. When breathing, the substrate is completely decomposed into energy-poor inorganic substances with a high energy yield. The most important substrates for respiration are carbohydrates. In addition, breathing can consume fats and proteins.

Aerobic breathing has two main stages:

Oxygen-free, in the process of which there is a gradual cleavage of the substrate with the release of hydrogen atoms and binding with coenzymes (carriers such as NAD and FAD);

Oxygen, during which there is a further elimination of hydrogen atoms from the derivatives of the respiratory substrate and the gradual oxidation of hydrogen atoms as a result of the transfer of their electrons to oxygen.

An example of such a process is glycolysis, a multistage oxygen-free breakdown of glucose. In glycolysis reactions, a six-carbon molecule of glucose (C) is split into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (C). In this case, two ATP molecules are formed, and hydrogen atoms are released. The latter are attached to the carrier NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinkleotide), which transforms into its reductive form NAD H + H. NAD is a coenzyme similar in structure to NADP. Both of them are derivatives of niacin, one of the B vitamins. The molecules of both coenzymes are electropositive (they lack one electron) and can act as a carrier of both electrons and hydrogen atoms. When a pair of hydrogen atoms is accepted, one of the atoms dissociates into a proton and an electron:

and the second one joins NAD or NADP entirely:

OVER + H + [H + e]> OVER H + N.

The free proton is later used to reverse oxidize the coenzyme. In total, the glycolysis reaction has the form

CHO + 2ADP + 2NRO + 2 ABOVE>

2CHO + 2ATF + 2 OVER H + H + 2 HO

1) oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid;

2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle);

3) the final stage of oxidation is the electron transport chain.

The second stage is the Krebs cycle (Fig. 1)

Acetyl-CoA, formed at the previous stage, enters the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxalic-acetic acid to form six-carbon citric acid. This reaction requires energy; it is supplied by the high-energy acetyl-CoA bond. At the end of the cycle, oxalic-citric acid is regenerated in its previous form. Now she is able to react with a new molecule of acetyl-CoA, and the cycle repeats. The total reaction of the cycle can be expressed by the following equation:

acetyl-CoA + 3HO + 3NAD + FAD + ADP + NRO>

CoA + 2CO + 3NAD H + H + FAD H + ATP.

Thus, as a result of the decomposition of one molecule of pyruvic acid in the aerobic phase (decarboxylation of PVC and the Krebs cycle), 3CO, 4 NAD H + H, FAD H. The total reaction of glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation and the Krebs cycle can be written as follows:

CHO + 6 HO + 10 ABOVE + 2FAD>

6CO + 4ATP + 10 OVER H + H + 2FAD H.

The third stage is the electric transport chain.

Pairs of hydrogen atoms, cleaved from intermediate products in dehydrogenation reactions during glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle, are finally oxidized by molecular oxygen to HO with simultaneous phospholation of ADP into ATP. This happens when hydrogen, separated from NAD H and FAD H, is transferred through a chain of carriers built into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Pairs of hydrogen atoms 2H can be considered as 2H + 2e. The driving force behind the transport of hydrogen atoms in the respiratory chain is the potential difference.

With the help of carriers, hydrogen ions H are transferred from the inner side of the membrane to its outer side, in other words, from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space (Fig. 2).

Aerobic and anaerobic plant respiration

Anaerobic breathing. Some microorganisms are capable of using not molecular oxygen for the oxidation of organic or inorganic substances, but other oxidized compounds, for example, salts of nitric, sulfuric and carbonic acids ...

Heterotrophic organisms. Oxidation of organic matter (respiration) for energy support of life

Breath. Originally people called breathing simply inhaling and exhaling air. For a long time it was even believed that a person does not change the composition of the air when breathing, and generally inhales air, only to cool the "overheated" lungs ...

Respiratory system of a person

Distinguish between external respiration - a set of processes that ensure the entry of oxygen into the body and the removal of carbon dioxide, cellular, or tissue ...

Immobilized plant cells

Cell viability is judged by their respiration, which can be measured during incubation at various times. Measurements are made with a Clark oxygen electrode according to the following standard procedure. Cells ...

Microbiology

The vital functions of microorganisms: nutrition, respiration, growth and reproduction are studied by physiology. The physiological functions are based on continuous metabolism (metabolism). The essence of metabolism is made up of two opposite ...

Yeast morphology and metabolism

When growing under aerobic conditions with a low glucose content in the environment, yeast obtains ATP through respiration, as most aerobic organisms do ...

Fundamentals of Microbiology, Nutritional Physiology and Sanitation

The processes of food assimilation described above proceed with the expenditure of energy. The need for energy is provided by the processes of energy metabolism, the essence of which is the oxidation of organic substances ...

In anaerobic respiration, carbohydrates, among other organic substances, but not molecular oxygen, can be the final acceptor of electrons. Bacteria capable of anaerobic respiration have a shortened respiratory chain ...

Conversion of carbon compounds by microorganisms

In aerobic respiration, organic (less often inorganic) substances are the donor of hydrogen or electrons, and the final acceptor is molecular oxygen. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate formed during glycolysis and the Entner-Dudorov pathway ...

Subject, tasks and methods of plant physiology

In the process of respiration, a complex chain of redox transformations of carbohydrates and fats is involved. The oxidation of any compound is understood as the process of losing an electron (proton) by it, and reduction is their attachment ...

Respiration regulation

Reflex influences have a pronounced effect on the activity of the neurons of the respiratory center. Distinguish between permanent and non-permanent (episodic) reflex influences on the respiratory center ...

Stages of respiration of cereal seeds

Anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates follows the pathway of glycolysis. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. This releases energy ...

The structure, properties and functions of proteins

Cellular respiration, or tissue respiration, or internal respiration is a set of controlled redox reactions in the cell, the main purpose and result of which is the generation of energy ...

Respiratory physiology

Breathing is a set of processes that ensure the consumption of oxygen by the body and the release of carbon dioxide. - Under resting conditions in the body for 1 minute, an average of 250 - 300 ml of O2 is consumed and 200 - 250 ml of CO2 are released ...

Respiratory physiology

External respiration carried out due to volume changes chest and concomitant changes in lung volume. During inhalation, the volume of the chest increases, and during exhalation, it decreases ...

As a rule, there are two main breathing methods that are used in physical training. The first type is anaerobic respiration, the second is aerobic respiration.

The main purpose respiratory system is the production of molecules, which are considered to be energy storage devices. As a rule, all the energy is stored inside these molecules, and when it is spent, there is a gradual restoration of volume.
Aerobic exercise at home involves the use of oxygen as an acceptor. For this, the human lungs are included in the process, with the help of which oxygen is absorbed more actively and to a greater extent. State internal organs has a direct impact on the effectiveness of this exercise method for weight loss. Regular lung training allows you to strengthen and develop activity, which undoubtedly affects general health person.

Anaerobic respiration is a faster process, since another group of molecules is connected to the work, which does not require oxygen for their activity. Often used when strength training... But these classes are very often accompanied by the formation of lactic acid in the muscle tissue, which is the cause of the appearance painful sensations... To avoid this, it is necessary to increase the load gradually, and exercise regularly.

Not all people have the time and opportunity to visit gyms or gym salons. Therefore, aerobics at home is the best option for effective reduction weight. In the classroom, it is advisable to practice aerobic breathing in order to get good result in a relatively short period of time. During the workout, there is a rapid burning of adipose tissue.

It should be noted that aerobic breathing should be started during the warm-up phase to prepare the body for future stress. As a rule, the process of burning fat begins after the first half of an hour of exercise. For those who exercise regularly, the fat base begins to "melt" after the first 10 minutes of exercise.

The first shifts in the fight against excess weight and body fat can be seen after the first exercise. An additional course of massage, balanced nutrition, water procedures, application of special products to make the skin smooth and elastic, etc. also increase the effect of physical activity.

7 .3 C Breath

School:

Date:

Surname and name of the teacher: Zhakupov AZ

CLASS: 7

Number of attendees:

absent:

Lesson topic

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Lesson type

Combined lesson

Learning objectives that help you achieve this lesson

distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic breathing types

Lesson objectives

contribute to the definition and description of aerobic respiration, using the equation of the chemical reaction of the respiration process;

to formulate the skills of analysis, generalization when comparing anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

Criteria

evaluating

Students can:

Define and describe aerobic respiration using the chemical reaction equation of the respiration process

Compare anaerobic and anaerobic respiration

Language goals

Students can:

describe aerobic and anaerobic breathing orally and in writing

Subject vocabulary and

terminology

aerobic, anaerobic ("an" means without)

(cellular) respiration, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, lactic acid, energy

A series of useful phrases for dialogue / writing:

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

Instilling value

Ability to work effectively both in a team and individually

Interdisciplinary connections

Chemistry (reaction equations)

ICT links

Presentation, use of Internet resources

Previous training

Breathing grade 6

Plan

Planned stages of the lesson

Planned lesson activities

Resources

2 minutes.

7 minutes

I... Organizing time.

1) Frontal survey of students:

Photosynthesis is

Which plants have photosynthesis

Presentation

15 minutes

10 min

II... The study new topic

What signs of living organisms do you know?

Food breathing movement irritability reproduction

Breathing in animals

What are we breathing for? How are the process of obtaining energy and breathing related? It turns out that under the influence of oxygen, organic substances decompose into simple components: carbon dioxide, water, and sometimes other compounds. When organic matter decays, energy is released, which is used by living organisms. They breathe for energy.

As you remember, animals get organic matter from the food they eat. Plants themselves create proteins, fats, carbohydrates, using the energy of light during photosynthesis. From one part of the accumulated organic matter, plants build own bodies... And the other part of the substances formed during photosynthesis is spent on energy. Plants, like animals, breathe in order to destroy already

created substances and get energy from them for life. Fortunately, plants are much more active at photosynthesizing than they are breathing. After all, plants spend almost no energy on the movement of their bodies and work nervous system and constantly receive it from the Sun (Fig. 66). Therefore, all animals have enough oxygen formed during photosynthesis, and nutrients, abundantly created by plants.

I do it myself, writing it down in a notebook

Breathing types.

fill in the table "Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic breathing".

Animal Drawings

5 minutes

Reflection "Sinkwine"
Name the topic of the lesson in one word
What are 3 things you can do with a theme?
Express in one sentence your impression of the topic of the lesson
How else can you name the topic?