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All about horses. Complete Guide on proper care, feeding, maintenance, dressage Igor Skripnik

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Title: All about horses. A complete guide to proper care, feeding, maintenance, dressage

About the book Igor Skripnik “All about horses. A Complete Guide to Proper Care, Feeding, Maintenance, Dressage"

This book is for those who love horses and equestrianism. You will learn about the peculiarities of keeping and feeding animals, the physiological basics of training racehorses, master the basics of training and the higher school of equestrian riding, and prepare a horse for work on the hippodrome.

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15.03.2014

Especially for you, we divided all the books into 3 groups:

Attention! You will not be able to download online here or read online books about horses, but you can find the right book, description, author and buy a book about horses here.

Books about horse breeds. History, general information about horses

	"History of horse breeding" The large exclusive edition includes the works of V. Witt, well-known in the equestrian world, and his numerous articles. The book will be of interest to anyone who is passionate about horses.
	Horses forever. Illustrated Encyclopedia» The book contains not only descriptions of horse breeds, but also their history, features of their native area and role in human life.
	"Horses. Big encyclopedia» A book for beginner riders and just horse lovers. It describes the nuances of keeping and caring for horses.
	The book allows you to trace the history of the breed, learn about the intricacies of its content and training.
	"Holstein and Hanoverian horses" A book for owners and those interested in the history of the breed. Contains many useful tips and interesting facts.
	The history of the most popular breed, a lot of interesting things. The book will be useful to owners of Arabian horses.

	Everything you need to know about the history of breeds and their characteristics is in this book, which is designed for horse lovers and experienced equestrians.
	“Horses and ponies. Illustrated Encyclopedia» Entertaining and easy language tells about the history of breeds, training and maintenance of horses. The book has wonderful illustrations.
	“All about the horse. Breeds and selection. Care and treatment. Equipment and riding» What has attracted people to the horse for so many centuries? This and much more is covered in this book. After reading, it becomes easier to understand horses. T. K. Livanova, M. A. Livanova / 2012
	“Breeds of horses. Illustrated Encyclopedia» Excellent review articles on horse breeds are accompanied by colorful illustrations. And professional care advice will benefit owners and trainers.
	"Horses. Horse breeds» Reprint of the late 19th century book. The book contains information about now extinct breeds. And information about the secrets of horse breeding of that time is still relevant.
	"Horses. Illustrated encyclopedia. Selection, care, treatment, grooming» The encyclopedia combines the experience of many specialists, each advice and recommendation is verified by professionals. The book will give the knowledge necessary for the proper care of horses.
	The book contains information about everything related to horses: the history of breeds, care and maintenance, training and equipment.
	"All About Horse and Pony" The book not only collects traditional knowledge about the maintenance of horses, but also rediscovered ways of care that seemed lost. The book contains colorful illustrations and a lot of useful information not only about the horses themselves, but also about riding.
	The book contains a large amount of useful information, thanks to which it will become easier to understand the horse. There are materials about the breeds of ponies and horses, about the features of keeping and riding. W. Cresse / 2005
	The book will introduce beginners to the rules of care and maintenance, will help to gain knowledge about the basics of riding. Designed for amateurs.
	A well-known specialist in equestrian circles A. S. Krasnikov shares his knowledge. The book contains anatomical features horses, rules for evaluating movements and appearance. The general shortcomings of the exterior are considered. A. S. Krasnikov / 2012
	Hippotherapy and horse breeding. Horses and ponies» The book tells about the history of hippotherapy - healing a person with the help of a horse. The book also gives recommendations on the maintenance of horses and information about their breed characteristics.
	"Horses and their care" Beautifully designed edition with vivid illustrations. Contains information about horse breeds, advice on care and maintenance. Judith Draper / 1997
	The book contains a description of breeds known in Europe, America and Russia. The biological features of horses and the technology of their maintenance are stated in a simple and understandable language. V. A. Parfenov/2000
	"Horse breeding: a guide" The book gives practical advice, which will help to accustom a young horse to transport work. The elements of the harness are described in detail, the rational use of the horse's labor is considered. A. N. Kosharov/1992
	The publication describes the history of the breed and its distribution throughout Russia. It tells in detail about the fate of the breed, its changes in the XX century. G. A. Rozhdestvenskaya/2003
	"Horse breeding and horse breeding in Russia" The book is provided with colorful illustrations and explains the development of horse breeding. It considers all the variety of breeds, how to use them. Designed for horse lovers. B. Kambegov/1988
	"Horse breeding and equestrian sport" The book is a classic guide to horse breeding. It contains information about heavy trucks and harnesses, considers the features of factory breeding and testing of horses. Ed. Yu. N. Barmintseva / 1972

Books about the care, maintenance and illness of horses

	Arthritis occurs in many older horses, and also in some sports horses. The book was written by a veterinarian. It contains information about the causes and treatment of this disease.
	"Caring for Your Horse's Teeth" Diseases of the teeth of horses are described in simple language, and many illustrations make the book more visual.
	"Caring for your horse's hooves" Lameness is a problem for many horses and is most commonly associated with hoof disease. The book discusses in detail the causes of diseases and methods of treatment.
	Here, the issues of proper and safe cleaning of the horse are discussed in detail. Information about brushes, methods of daily cleaning is given. The book contains all the information on how to keep a horse clean. Carolyn Henderson / 2013
	“The language of horses. Lifestyle, behavior, forms of communication» The book is written on the basis of many years of observations. In the first part, you can find out how horses live in the wild. The second part is devoted to the language of the horse. This includes characteristic postures, position of the ears, types of neighing. All this will help the owner to understand the animal.
	"Massage of horses on acupuncture points (according to Penzel) Maintaining the shape and health of the horse" This book will help trainers and horse owners deal with horse movement problems. Here is information about the methods of relaxing massage according to Penzel.
	Equipment for horses and ponies. Saddles. Bridles. Udila " The book is devoted to the features of the correct equipment of the rider. The influence of certain bits on the horse is explained, many other issues are covered. Von Borris Andrea / 2006
	This publication is based on the method of non-violent training. The book is written in the form of questions and answers. Michael Peace, Leslie Bailey/2006
	"Navicular syndrome in horses" Practitioner Remy D. has collected valuable information based on real experience in the treatment of horses. Here are the advantages and disadvantages various techniques treatment.
	Despite the fact that laminitis is a very serious disease, there is little or no information about it. The book is based on the experience of a veterinarian who shared his knowledge of this disease in an understandable way.
	“What does my horse think? Horse behavior at a glance This question is often asked by all horse owners. The book shows examples of horse behavior, the position of its body in a particular mood. This book will help you understand your pet better.
	“Horse in the country. Content. Care. Field riding» This is a practical guide that includes advice from experienced riders. The book is provided with vivid illustrations, stories from the life of horses and will be of interest not only to professionals. E. Rybas / 2006
	The publication tells in an understandable language about the typical behavior of a horse, about character traits. This information will help rider and horse get along better.
	How to take care of a horse. In dialogues and reasoning " The book is written in the form of a story about peasants who share their experience of keeping horses. From here you can learn a lot of information about choosing a horse and caring for it. The first edition is almost a century old, and the advice remains relevant. L. Steiert / 2012
	“Diseases of the hooves and shoeing of horses. Handbook for veterinarians, farriers and horse owners In the book you can get information about the hooves of horses: their structure, features, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The publication will be of interest to horse owners, veterinarians and farriers.
	"Infectious diseases of horses" The publication is intended for practicing physicians - it contains information about infectious agents and methods of dealing with them. N. N. Androsik / 2009
	"Respiratory diseases of horses" The handbook provides general information about various diseases. respiratory system horses. Separate chapters are devoted to diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract and methods of treatment.
	“Horse care. An exhaustive introduction to the world of horses" Edited by Ashley Wood / 2010
	The life of a horse: day by day. Effective methods of working with any horse " The book in an easy and understandable form tells about the stages of a horse's life, about breeding and keeping in a Finnish stud farm. The publication is interesting both for horse breeders and for ordinary horse lovers. Pauli Vanhala, Sini Seppälä-Vanhala / 2005
	"Keeping, feeding and diseases of horses" The manual contains general classical and completely new materials related to the maintenance of horses. The book is intended for owners, veterinarians and trainers. Ed. A. A. Stekolnikova/2007
	"Veterinary advice for horse owners" The publication has collected information that will help owners to diagnose and cure horse diseases in time. The book contains information about the physiology of the horse. Modern methods of treatment and prevention of diseases are described. T. K. Livanova/2000
	"Horses. Maintenance, care and treatment» The main attention is paid to the equipment of the stable, there is information about the care of horses, about proper training and feeding. V. Cresse/1999
	"The Complete Guide to Horse Care" The richest material on the maintenance and care of horses makes this book useful to every owner. The features of feeding, training and treatment of the horse are briefly and succinctly described. S. Hasty/2000
	"Veterinary care for horses" This book is a valuable aid in diagnosing disease and treating the horse. The handbook contains complete information about modern diagnostic methods, gives advice, thanks to which your horse will be healthy. C. J. Vogel/2000
	“Feeding horses. The Complete Guide to Proper Horse Feeding » Everything you need to know about formulating diets and the needs of horses is in this book. It will help private owners - it contains a lot of practical information.

Books about equestrian sports and training

	“Horse motivation to achieve high results. 8 points of the program" The book of a famous athlete, which contains recommendations and practical advice. They will be useful to trainers and riders. The factors influencing the mood of the horse, the desire to work and win are given.
	"Dictionary-reference book on horse breeding and equestrian sport" The handbook reveals all the terms and concepts used in equestrian sport. Also here are all the colors of horses, common diseases, materials on physiology and reproduction. D. Ya. Gurevich / 2001
	Dressage Tutorial sport horse» The textbook is based on the school of Russian riding. Here are the methods of working with a young sport horse. L. Artamonova, A. Evdokimov / 2007
	"Horse and rider. Riding Encyclopedia» The book reveals methods basic equipment ride, there is information on maintenance and care. Full information is provided on the choice of suitable riding equipment, protective equipment, accessories. Sara Mue, Debbie Sly/2002
	“Dressage of a young sport horse. From raising a foal to the first competition" Theoretical and practical advice on dressage. The book is suitable for both amateurs and professionals.
	"Riding School for Beginners"
	"Equestrian Bible. Riding school» The book was published almost 3 centuries ago and has been reprinted more than once since then. It was in it that the basics of horse training were first formulated. Much of this book is still taken into account in modern sports.
	"Horse Riding Manual. From the first classes to the first victories" The manual has everything you need to know for beginner riders. If you want to dedicate your free time then this book is written for you. I. Schreiner/2001
	P. V. Boyarsky/1994
	"Fundamentals of dressage and riding" The book of the famous bereytor, which everyone who is passionate about horses has heard of. It talks about the human-horse relationship and gives advice on different riding styles in an easy-to-understand manner. The relevance of this book does not diminish. It is useful for any beginner and experienced rider. J. Phyllis/1990

All these books about horses will help you understand any issue. With them, you can learn what experienced horsemen can do, they have all the experience of many generations of horse breeders, riders and veterinarians.

p.s. Since we do not support pirated content and respect copyright - links are given. just to buy books. If you wish, you can search for these books on the Internet by title and author.

We sincerely hope that you, like us, prefer to read paper books and thank the authors for their work, at a modest price per book.

Read for health!

Each animal is special, but for many people, horses have been and remain their favorite of them. Their intelligence, strength, grace and devotion act magnetically. For some, horses became real friends, faithfully accompanying them both in joyful and sad moments. It is not surprising that so many books in world and domestic literature are dedicated to these beautiful animals. Here are just a few of them:

Michael Morpurgo "War Horse"

The story of the friendship of a little boy and a horse has become another proof of many simple truths that adults sometimes forget about. Having tamed an animal, people can afford a bad attitude towards it and forget about responsibility for their actions. The animal, on the contrary, remains devoted to man, no matter what, and is able to preserve and carry his love through times and circumstances. And only rare exceptions, akin to miracles, break this pattern.

The peculiarity of the work was that the author gave readers the opportunity to look at the events through the eyes of this same animal. And what turned out? Any living being is alive and that is able to feel and communicate. In my own way, of course. And the impossible is possible when there is a dream and action.

Cormac McCartney "Horses, horses..."

17-year-old John Grady sets out on the hills of life on his beloved horse. Raised in the vast expanses of nature, he cannot accept the fact that his mother decided to sell the ranch, which has truly become part of his soul. The young hero takes his friend and goes with him to conquer Mexico, which meets them as ordinary people, and not at all as long-awaited guests. A series of losses, disappointments, dangers and other vicissitudes of fate will have to be endured by the guys before finding harmony and happiness.

Ken Kesey "Last Run"

Expectations from a work based on real events, moreover, out of the hands of such a master, go off scale on all fronts. Ken Kesey's individual writing style is also recognizable in this novel, but it does not overshadow the plot. The narration is kept in time with the events described - rodeo bets, sweat and blood, lasso and the love of freedom. The denouement will be unpredictable even for veteran "reading detectives" who can predict how everything will end.

Nicholas Evans "The Horse Whisperer"

The book, which became a bestseller in America, continues to win people's hearts. One of the main characters named Grace has an accident while riding her horse Pilgrim. The crippled health undermines the girl's faith in herself. Her mother goes against the then rules and refuses to kill the Pilgrim, realizing that the remaining meaning of the existence of her beloved daughter will also go with him. Instead, she decides to find a man who understands horses and will help re-educate Pilgrim, but she does not even suspect how this meeting, which was caused by a tragic event, will change the life of Grace and her entourage...

Sarah Gruen "Riding Lessons"

server great expectations in equestrian sports, a girl named Annemarie Zimmer suffers a great loss that takes away part of herself: her beloved horse dies. A story about how unsteady are even the most promising and serious plans according to human beliefs. The heroine spends the next 20 years after the tragedy in the struggle with herself, her pain and fears. A psychological drama about complex relationships with people and animals, which is worth reading to the end to exhale and smile.

Anna Sewell "Black Handsome"

“The story told by the horse himself,” is how the book is described in the preface. It begins with the birth of a foal, then it is narrated by his “story” about his growing up and life observations. It turns out that disobedience and other manifestations of a “bad” character are a reaction to the improper upbringing of horses, namely a pragmatic approach to them as a means, without the slightest hint of love and care. Conversely, the lucky ones who grew up in a favorable atmosphere are much more holistic, hardy and accommodating. Is it necessary to say that these vicissitudes of the animal world are also transferred to people?

L.N. Tolstoy "Kholstomer"

On a few pages, the decades that the literary genius spent on creating this work fit in. He projects the world of people onto animals, and therefore the latter are endowed with human qualities. The other side comes into conflict with them - the "civilized" bourgeois upstarts, who consider everyone around to be guilty, wiping their feet on them. The social subtext of the story is revealed between the lines: all living beings are by nature free, and not only their appropriation, but also attempts at oppression, selfish use are unnatural.

Wil James "Haze"

A horse is an invariable attribute of every self-respecting cowboy. It would seem that competition between cowboys and between horses. But... a cowboy horse will never be "one of". It is always special and this feature is in the outlandish character of each. James argues that a man with all his weapons loses to those who have a horse. The description of the life of the horse Dymka - the real king of the prairies, for whom nothing is impossible - is a vivid confirmation of this.

Dick Francis "Favorite"

The personality of the author deserves special attention. Francis was born into a family of hereditary jockeys, then, in difficult wartime, he retrained as pilots. But even in the air element I felt like on a horse - I even called my plane Pegasus. In peacetime, he returns to equestrian sports and repeatedly becomes the champion of the Royal Jockey Games. In a word, this person has something to tell about life in general and about horses in particular. That is why, "Favorite" is not the only work of this kind. The most famous also include: "Death on the hippodrome", "Race of thirteen", "Moving Force" ...

Alice Dillon "Horse Island"

The book, written in simple language, and a fascinating story, understandable to a child and interesting to an adult. Against the backdrop of Irish nature, wild horses and the whole whirlwind of events seem especially rich and fresh. The adventures of fifteen-year-old fishermen are imbued with the spirit of freedom and dreams, an unbridled desire for change and the belief that these changes will happen for the better. It is Horse Island that becomes the starting and turning point of many of the events described.

The list is far from exhaustive, but the meaning is extremely clear: it's good when there are good books, true friends, about whom you can write this book!

Since time immemorial, the horse has been for man indispensable assistant and friend. The horse was required everywhere and everywhere: on the battlefield and on peaceful arable land, hunting and traveling. She was dressed in armor, harnessed to royal carriages and wretched peasant droshky; for the horse "they gave half the kingdom" (sometimes in the literal sense of the word).

The legendary horse of Alexander the Great - Bucephalus - was buried with royal honors, and the tyrant emperor Caligula even made his favorite a member of the Roman Senate. The horse was the breadwinner of the poor and the pride of the powerful.

Until now, interest in the horse has not faded in the world, but at present, basically, "live horses have been replaced by steel cavalry." The equestrian business in Russia in recent years has had a particularly hard time - many stud farms have closed or vegetate in poverty, breeding work is in a deplorable state; hope only for enthusiasts, whose number is slowly but still growing over the years. First of all, these are athletes, as well as those who care about their health, the health of their children, and, finally, simply lovers of beauty.

Communication with a horse, especially for the townspeople, is primarily associated with riding. Images of horsemen were found on Persian engravings dated around 3000 BC. e. The charm and beneficial power of riding was conveyed by M. Yu. Lermontov: “I sat on horseback and galloped into the steppe; I love to ride a hot horse. Whatever grief may lie on the heart, whatever anxiety may torment the thought, everything will dissipate in a minute; the soul will become light, the fatigue of the body will overcome the anxiety of the mind. The French philosopher Michel de Montaigne, in his invaluable work "Experiences", states: "I am reluctant to get off the horse, since I have sat on it, because I am healthy or sick, I feel best on horseback."

Horseback riding develops a good sense of balance in a person, improves coordination of movements. According to some scientists, equestrians do not suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis, because the microclimate of the stable, mobile work with horses, riding them help natural disinfection and ventilation of the lungs. In addition to a beneficial effect on the musculoskeletal and vestibular apparatus, riding helps to strengthen the neuropsychic state, reduces the risk of hypertension and myocardial infarction.

Riding therapy (from the English ride - riding), or hippotherapy (from the Greek hippos - horse) relieves many ailments. Riding therapy improves the posture of the rider, strengthens the back muscles, straightens spinal column, which means that many types of curvature of the spine are corrected. Therapeutic horseback riding improves the well-being of those suffering from the effects of cerebral palsy.

“I think that no supercars will replace horses, just as no technology will replace wildlife.

People will always need living beauty.” These words belong to the Australian writer Alan Marshall. For him, horses became a source of sincere joy and a reliable means of transportation after suffering from polio in early childhood. The writer expressed his memories of this tragedy and his deep gratitude to the horse in the heartfelt story "I can jump over puddles."

Books about horses are always read with great interest, these noble animals look great on film and television screens. But neither the printed word nor film can replace communication with a live horse. A rare person, having once experienced the atmosphere of the stable, does not seek to return to horses, and almost every child at least once will ask his parents to “let him ride a horse.” Moreover, horseback riding is very diverse and exciting - it is work in the saddle, national games and competitions, horse testing at hippodromes, performances in the circus, runs, hikes, travels and, finally, work in various areas of the economy.

We invite the reader to plunge into the unique world of horses, get acquainted with the physiology and psychology of these wonderful animals, as well as learn the basics of training and the higher school of horse riding.

Features of the psychology of horses

Social behavior of horses

In the animal world, there are species that live separately, one at a time, or, at most, a short time, in pairs. Other animals are completely social and live in communities with a pronounced social structure. Solitarily and socially living species can be close relatives. So, for example, foxes that live alone and wolves that gather in packs belong to the canine family. Or large cats standing very close in zoological systematics - lions and tigers; and if tigers live alone, then lions, the only ones of the cat family, on the contrary, form packs consisting of large families and consanguineous young animals. Many animals form pairs during the breeding season or raising young.

Odd-toed ungulates refer to animals living in communities that exhibit very different social behaviors under certain conditions. This is partly due to different environmental conditions, and partly due to varying degrees of mental development. various kinds. It is believed that the ancestors of all equids 70 million years ago, when they had several fingers and lived in tropical forests, lived alone or in pairs and, in their behavior, in many ways resembled tapirs, the closest relatives of equids. Until now, with the exception of the breeding season, they live alone. If the social life of tapirs is limited only to relations during the breeding season and between mother and cub, and is relatively poor, then those animals whose families stayed together longer or who formed groups, and in extreme cases, herds, had to form a way of living together that provided unhindered coexistence. This way of living together with many options for permitted and unpermitted behavior, scientists called social relations.

It is impossible to fully appreciate the naturally nuanced social behavior of all equids living in communities on the example of domestic horses, since their freedom of movement is limited, as well as on the example wild horses and free-living ponies, in the herds of which there is one stallion each. In horses living in stables, it weakens due to lack of social contacts. The need of horses for certain social relations is so strong that they sometimes do not take into account the significant differences in the size of animals, their breed, age and sex, and in extreme cases even species differences.

Arabian purebred

If we consider the relationship between mother and cub, then two horses already form a community with recognizable social behavior at certain moments. This primarily includes skin care, when both partners bite each other's body parts that are difficult for them to reach. For hair care, animals make pauses during grazing and half-sleep, lasting from several minutes to half an hour.

Animals seeking contact go obliquely to each other and show their intentions with a special expression of the muzzle (“mimicry during brushing”), which can be accepted by a partner with the same facial expressions or rejected. If the animals agree, they start at the mane and sides of the neck or the withers area, pulling the skin between the teeth, which creates the same effect as scratching with a comb. This game can take place with varying intensity, with especially thorough cleaning, you can hear the sound of chattering teeth, slightly muffled by the coat. Starting from the mane and withers, all the hair from the back to the tip of the tail is carefully combed, and the animals move slowly relative to each other until they are standing with their heads at the base of the tail. Then they walk around each other and work on the other side. Usually the animals bite each other in pairs, and rarely a third can join them for a short time.

Akhal-Teke breed

If necessary, combing wool can be carried out even by a person. A person can, by accepting such an offer, reach the point that his compatriot will consider a horse. This desire, especially if it comes from strongly and rapidly biting horses, is technically feasible with great difficulty and is not always painless for a person. If you are trying to get a shy foal into the grooming game, then you should put on a thick old coat first, otherwise you will soon have to bring in a mare as a third partner. The foal must be placed in such a position that after a few pinches on your jacket sleeve, he will gradually switch to his mother. The mare is the foal's primary partner in skincare at first, so it quickly learns facial expressions and social skincare techniques.

Friendship and enmity

Horses living a natural life do not involve all horses equally in social skin care. Friendship and enmity, sympathies and antipathies appear in every herd community, which, like in humans, can arise quite unexpectedly; choose friends as partners. At first, the only partner is the mother, then animals of the same species are selected, and in colts, mutual biting often turns into ranked games. In older animals, grooming partners often do not change for years; mares prefer their daughters.

During estrus, social contact during grooming serves as a prelude to mating and sexual behavior for stallions and mares.

Relatively rarely, mutual biting is observed in stallions and their foals, which looks very touching in such courageous animals.

Budenovsk breed

How spontaneous friendship or enmity between horses can arise is shown by two examples. They are described by Michael Schaeffer in his book The Language of Horses. One night, a foal was born in a free-living herd of Fjord horses in a pasture at about four o'clock in the morning. After the interest aroused by the appearance of a new member of the herd began to fade away, a filly about four months old remained near the happy young mother, despite all the threats, showing extreme interest in the newborn; and the mother mare had to put up with her presence. Although there were foals of the same age in the herd, the filly spent all the time near the newborn, only briefly leaving to suck milk from her mother, often grazing quite far away. Whether this was a manifestation of maternal instinct, like little girls playing with dolls, or simply the beginning of an ordinary childhood friendship, is unknown.

Even more unexpectedly, a feud arose among the horses, which lasted more than two years, between one "warm-blooded" and one trotting mare, Schaeffer writes. One day, three-year-old Aisha rushed for no reason at all to a trotting mare who had just arrived in the herd. When other animals tried to approach the newcomer, they were subjected to a brutal attack from Aisha, until she managed to ensure that the newcomer was left alone to stand aside. When the mare Clara some time later, and then the other members of the herd, already began to pay attention to the newcomer, and she could freely be among other horses, then many times a day one could observe how her sworn enemy Aisha suddenly suddenly realized that she had to expel “alien”, began to look for the defeated animal in order to isolate it again with a furious attack. With the passage of time, the trotting mare, which initially stood at a rather low level in the hierarchy, rose significantly, but did not reach the level of the younger Aisha, who later never missed the opportunity to bite or hit her enemy.

Friendships among horses usually arise between "like-minded people", or, in other words, between animals with similar temperament, movement needs and character. So, four colts of the same age, described by Schaeffer, instantly formed two distinct play unions in twos. Moreover, the Arabian foal, more thoroughbred, instantly chose another "warm-blooded" foal as a comrade, and the stronger Arab haflinger preferred a simpler, more comfortable company. This grouping persisted until the moment of sale, after which the foals left without a partner were forced to play together for the first time.

Vladimir heavyweight

Don breed

How important herd associations are to a good mental state of a horse is well known to experienced breeders. There is a similar trend in thoroughbred horse breeding, therefore, in herds of young horses, they try not to allow an odd number of animals. As experience shows, a foal left without a mate lags behind in development, although it is in the same conditions and does not need anything from the physical side. In this case, this is a vivid example of the lack of "spiritual" communication.

Hierarchy

Despite mutual skin care and the friendships that usually arise, even in a small forced commonwealth of two horses, a hierarchy is very quickly formed when one animal is subordinate to another. The subordinate always enters the stall or approaches the feeder last. If you do not know how relations actually develop, then you might think that life in nature is better, more beautiful and fairer than in human society with its foundations, privileged and unprivileged strata. There is no equality in nature, therefore our socio-political slogans about equality of opportunities for everyone and everyone are fundamentally unnatural, no matter how attractive ideas they are based on.

There is no equality in the animal community. On the contrary, all species living in communities have a well-defined hierarchy, which is strictly maintained. Such a clear order gives individuals at the lowest position in the hierarchy (and they are not at all depressed and unhappy) a sense of security, since their place in the herd is clearly defined, they know what they should and what they are allowed to do. Therefore, it is wrong and absolutely not conducive to maintaining peace in the horse community - to give preference to horses standing on the lower levels of the hierarchy. A person, based on his ideas, gives tidbits first of all to the youngest or smallest.

A grazing herd of horses remains a peaceful community as long as the hierarchical relationship between its members is clearly established. If you place a new animal there and leave everything as it is, a fierce ranking struggle will immediately begin, which will stop only when all animals take a certain place in the hierarchy. Each animal sorts things out with each until (and this happens quite quickly) the strongest one is revealed. This is not always the most powerful and physically strong animal, sometimes simply surpassing the rest in temperament and reactivity. And starting from it, a new hierarchy is formed. This sometimes quite fierce struggle can last for several days, after which the most ambitious and fighting horses form the “ruling elite”. More weak-willed animals easily recognize the dominant mare and the animals following her in position in the hierarchy and determine the further rank order among themselves. Some time later, one can again observe a calmly grazing herd, where fights occur in exceptional cases.

Orlovsky trotter

In nature, it also happens that in the course of a rank struggle, several animals unfamiliar to each other are forced to stay together longer than for a short period of gathering, when other laws apply.

With a family organization of society, wild equids and domestic horses of the same breed or type normally have a sex hierarchy - stallions are higher than geldings, then there are mares that dominate depending on size, weight and age. The older have precedence over the younger, a right on which the most zealous try to insist as long as possible. Michael Schaeffer writes that he almost felt sorry for certain horses when some old, hitherto high-ranking mare tries to get to the passage in the fence as quickly as possible in order to be the first to go to the pasture.

Although animals unfamiliar to each other establish a hierarchy, but if the opponents are relatively equal in strength, then frequent clashes are inevitable. In zoos, when, for example, a new zebra is placed in a neighboring enclosure, the animals sniff each other through the net, look around and get used to each other. So it is with horses: they are first placed in adjacent paddocks next to each other. It is always beneficial when neighbors like each other, and later the ranking struggle between them is only symbolic, although one animal gains an advantage. Unfortunately, sometimes the opposite is true. Horses initially cannot stand each other and spend all their time teaching each other a lesson.

The superiority of one horse over others is expressed in the fact that it can threaten others with impunity, takes the best place at the feeder and the first chooses a place to sleep. From her position, she jealously observes everyone, and any mistake of an animal standing in the hierarchy at a lower level, if a mere warning (menacingly pressed ears, sometimes set apart, and rotational movements of the tail) from the superior animal, is punished with bites or even hind leg kicks. Equality is out of the question. The respect for the superior horse is very great. When, for example, the dominant mare stops in the passage leading to the pasture, then other animals cannot pass her, even if they are driven from behind with a whip. With a thoughtless behavior of a person in such situations, one can easily bring the matter to injuries: horses occupying a higher position in the hierarchy begin to kick during the stampede in order to maintain an individual distance. Even during the daily pasture to pasture, strong individuals rush forward at a gallop. In a long-standing community, the older animals make up the top, the younger ones easily overtake them, but they risk performing such a maneuver only at a sufficiently large distance. Experienced racehorse breeders with big hunt they buy such yearlings, because, thanks to their activity, strength and strong nervous system, they will try to occupy the highest possible position in their herd, and then such animals most often become good racehorses.

The social balance in an already established herd can be disturbed not only by the introduction of a new member of the community. new horse for one or two days he will be frightened and feel insecure in a strange environment, and then he will begin to fight for a corresponding position in the hierarchy or unconditionally take a lower position in the new community. Young horses from time to time force a change in the status quo, first of all the covered and foaled mares, who, rising in the hierarchy, are nevertheless forced to take their place among the old animals.

The social position of the horse within the herd community is determined not only by the environment; it is influenced by mental characteristics that are inherited. It is interesting that the offspring of horses occupying a high position in the hierarchy subsequently also occupy a high position, and the offspring of horses standing at lower levels in the hierarchy, as a rule, remain subordinate. The qualities of character necessary for a mare to occupy a high position (activity and even aggressiveness) are inherited, as well as conformation features, and later appear in foals.

This also includes the fact, due to the environment (and this makes one think), that a suckling foal occupies almost the same position in the hierarchy as its mother. This means that each member of the herd respects the foals of high-ranking mares in almost the same way as their mothers, so they can afford to be bold, because in case of danger they are under the protection of the authority of the mother. Such cubs grow up with a much greater sense of confidence than foals of weaker mares, which are much more difficult (not due to physical factors, but psychological reasons) achieve a higher rank than after birth.

Not always in nature there is equality of opportunity. Natural foals are not separated from their mothers at the age of four to six months, as in most stud farms. Their close contact with the mother is interrupted only after the birth of a new offspring, and the rank-dependent behavior of the mare affects their own behavior for a rather long time.

If a person wants to safely communicate with horses, then he should take the place of the animal that stands highest in the hierarchy. Depending on the situation, he will have to perform the functions of a dominant mare or herd stallion. If the owner or breeder of horses is not able to really consistently fulfill the role of leader (and this is by no means carried out with the help of brute force!), Then he remains to rely completely on his animals and, with rare exceptions, be afraid, since a harmless instruction to a person from outside a horse high in the hierarchy can, under certain circumstances, have dire consequences.

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