PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL "LEADER"
"Paralympic Games"
Vostrikov Daniil
Pupil 7 "A"
Direction Section
Physical education and sports
Project Manager:
Glavatskikh Marina Pavlovna
(physical education teacher)
Moscow
2015
Problem:
B the indifferent attitude of students towards people with disabilities as a result of lack of communication with such people, insufficient awareness of students about the history of the Paralympic Games, about the achievements of athletes - Paralympians, about the values of the Paralympic movement;
Olack of a culture of communication with people with disabilities.
Relevance of the problem:
The urgency of the problem of forming a tolerant consciousness is indisputable.
Tolerance is more important than ever in the modern world, it is not only the most important principle, but also a necessary condition for peace and socio-economic development of all peoples.
The term "tolerance", gradually taking root in the minds of young people, prepares changes in the system of interpersonal relations, contributes to positive interaction, enrichment of the personality of a young person.
Goals and objectives of the project:
- educational:
defining the role of sport in the development of tolerance;
studying the history of the Paralympic Games;
inclusion of schoolchildren in the study of human values .
- developing:
the ability to explain and promote the ideas of paralympism;
the ability to collect and process information on the topic, draw conclusions and proposals based on the data received.
- educational:
fostering students' tolerance and sensitivity;
formation of a culture of communication between students and people with disabilities.
Paralympic Games
I Introduction
II Theoretical part
2.1 Why are games called Paralympics
2.2 History of the Paralympic Games
2.3 Paralympic sports: summer and winter
2.4 Tolerance in sports
2.5 Paralympics and Special Olympiads
2.6 Unique results exemplified by the achievements of the Paralympians
2.7 Paralympic sport in Russia
III Practical part
Usage list
Noah literature
Annex 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Conquer your trouble.
Life is only given once
Live it with dignity
Despite the difficult hour.
If it's hard, if it hurts
Don't give up and don't cry!
Be higher above her, above the pain,
The time of failure will disappear!
Don't give up but fight
Everything will pass by itself.
Rejoice, my friend! You are alive
Even with this wild pain!
N. Shkolnikova
I Introduction
On the street, in the park, in public places, we very rarely meet people with disabilities. But this does not mean that there are few of them. It's just that there are not enough conditions in our country for them to live a normal life: not every house has ramps for descending, public transport and public places are not adapted for them, there are very few sports and recreation facilities for disabled people.
I play football professionally and try not to miss televised sporting events. Last year I learned that there are also competitions for people with disabilities. I was very excited and interested in this topic. My mother and I found a lot of information on her, watched videos and biography films about the Paralympians.
Here, belonging to the country does not matter. There is just a man. A man who has won a real VICTORY over disaster. And he showed the whole world that Man sounds proudly. I believe that Paralympians are the strongest people in spirit and in body.
I want to talk about the Paralympic Movement.
How often do people who look different from you and me catch the glances of passers-by. Someone will look furtively, someone will sympathize, someone will be indignant: they would sit at home, there is nothing to ride on the sidewalks in wheelchairs!
We are talking about disabled people. How not to get embittered, how not to get even with life in general, if you know that you have days ahead filled with the same thing: medicines, lack of communication, silence!
But what happened to people whom we call disabled can happen to each of us! After all, few people are born disabled. These are mainly the results of accidents, wars, natural disasters, terrorist attacks.
In 1992. At the 47th session of the UN General Assembly, by a special resolution, the day of December 3 was officially proclaimed the International Day of Persons with Disabilities.
According to the Constitution, people with disabilities have equal rights with all citizens of the country. But is this so in life?
Among the disabled there are people who do not want to put up with this situation. They fight with themselves, their injury and achieve amazing results. One of the most striking examples of a person's victory over himself, illness, injury, are the Paralympic Games.
II Theoretical part
Name
The name was originally associated with the term paraplegia because these competitions were held among people with spinal diseases. However, with the beginning of participation in games of athletes with other diseases, it was rethought as “near, outside ( παρά) Olympiad ". This refers to the parallelism and equality of the Paralympic competitions with the Olympic ones.
The spelling "Paralympic" is used in official documents, being a semblance of the official name (IOC) on - .
At first, the term "Paralympic Games" was used informally. The 1960 Games were officially called the "Ninth International Stoke-Mandeville Games" and only in 1984 they were awarded the status of the first Paralympic Games.
History of the Paralympic Games
Inspiration and organizer of the first major sporting events for the disabled, neurosurgeon Dr. Ludwig Gutmann of the Aylesburne Hospital for the Disabled in England. German by birth Gutman, fleeing the Nazis of Germany, emigrated to England in 1936. In 1944, at the suggestion of the British government, he organized a national center for the treatment of the spine. Using his techniques, Gutman helped many of the soldiers wounded in the battles of the Second World War to return to normal life after being seriously injured and injured. Sports played an important role in these techniques.
In 1948, Ludwig Gutmann organized a sporting event that he called the "Wheelchair Olympic Games". At the same time, the next Olympic Games were held in London. His dream was to organize an international competition for people with disabilities every four years.
Dr. Gutmann's work on the involvement of people with disabilities in sports has received international public recognition. In 1960, after the end of the Olympic Games in Rome, the first Paralympic Games were held. In 1961, Gutman founded the British Disabled Sports Association, which later became a model for similar organizations around the world. In 1966, Dr. Gutman was awarded a knighthood.
At the II Paralympic Games, held in Tokyo In 1964, the flag was officially raised for the first time, the anthem was played and the official emblem of the Paralympic Games was unveiled. Red, blue and green hemispheres, which symbolize the mind, body, unbroken spirit, have become the graphic symbol of the world Paralympic movement. Three curls, called "agito", symbolizing the Paralympic motto: "Spirit on the move." Agito is Latin for "I am moving."
The 5th Paralympic Games in Toronto in Canada were attended for the first time by athletes who are blind and visually impaired. The IX Games in Barcelona were attended by over 1 million 300 thousand spectators. When a wheelchair user from Cameroon came to the finish of the marathon (42 km) 2 hours after the winner, the entire stadium gave him a standing ovation for his steadfastness and courage.
The achievements of physically challenged athletes are amazing. Sometimes they came close to Olympic records. In fact, there is not a single known and popular sport in which athletes with disabilities do not take part.
Summer sports
Winter sports
Ski race
Curling on wheelchairs.
Skiing
Sled hockey
Exclusively Paralympic Sports
There are two sports that are exclusively competed in the Paralympic Games - goalball and boccia.
Goalball is played by two teams of three blind and half-blind people. The game takes place on a rectangular field with markings.
The goal of the game is to throw a heavy ball, inside which there are bells, into the opponent's net. The defenders protect the gate with their own bodies.
Boccia is played by people with the most severe disabilities. The game is somewhat similar to curling. Athletes should roll, throw or push the ball as close to the target as possible.
Initially, the sport was invented for people suffering from cerebral palsy, but over time people with various diseases of the sensory-motor function joined it.
Boccia is divided into four categories. The third category includes people who are unable to push the ball themselves. For them, a special inclined plane is installed at one end of the field, along which they lower their balls towards the target. Athletes in this category are allowed to use an assistant who stands with his back to the court and does not see the target.
Tolerance in sports
Tolerance is a human virtue: the art of living in a world of different people and ideas, the ability to have rights and freedoms, while not violating the rights and freedoms of other people. At the same time, this is not concession, condescension or connivance, but an active life position based on the recognition of something else.
One of the areas of the topic of tolerance in sports is tolerance towards people with disabilities, which I want to show on the example of the Special Olympics and the Paralympic Games.
It is generally accepted that only a healthy person can succeed in sports. However, people with disabilities sometimes show such a desire for victory, such willpower that they cause admiration and envy.
Tens of millions of people who for various reasons have become disabled are excluded from full-fledged life. More than 15 million people are mentally retarded. Fortunately, there are special international organizations that host Special Olympics and Paralympic Games. They involve people with intellectual disabilities and people with disabilities. These competitions have long been recognized and approved by the International Olympic Committee.
2.5 Paralympics and Special Olympiads
The International Special Olympics Movement was founded in 1968 by the sister of the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver.
This movement aims to help adults and children (eight years and older) with intellectual disabilities to feel needed by society. As part of the movement, the Winter and Summer Special Olympiads are held every four years.
Records are not recorded in them, the main thing is to introduce mentally retarded people, especially children, to spiritual, moral and cultural values. However, there are also winners here. For example, Russian Alexei Miroshin was the first in the summer (shot put) and winter (cross-country skiing) such Olympiads.
The Paralympic Games, which are analogous to the Olympic Games, but for disabled athletes, began to be held in the second half of the 20th century. People with physical disabilities participate in them, and since 1992 - with intellectual disabilities. There are separate sports unions, including international ones, for the blind, deaf, wheelchair users, etc. The International Paralympic Committee has united five sports federations for people with disabilities, and the Russian Paralympic Committee is also part of it.
The first competitions for disabled people took place in 1960 in Rome. Athletes with musculoskeletal disorders from 23 countries took part in them. In 1976, blind athletes and amputees competed for the first time.
The Paralympic Games are held every four years after the traditional Olympic Games, in the same city.
In contrast to the Special Olympics, the Paralympic Games record world records and records of the games themselves - after all, their participants deliberately set sports goals for themselves and, if possible, achieve them. For example, the Spaniard Javier Conde (his arms amputated) set eight records on the treadmill during the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Six records in running belong to Rimma Batalova of Russia, an almost blind athlete.
Separately, records are recorded among athletes of various classes: blind, amputated, wheelchair users, etc. These achievements are in most cases inferior to the results of healthy athletes, but what courage and determination should be possessed, for example, by a blind or armless person who is going to run a hundred meters !
Athletes in wheelchairs compete both in overcoming various distances and in game forms. So, the most successful tennis player is Ricky Molier from the Netherlands. He was a Paralympic champion and winner of many open tournaments.
Of course, the scope of these games is difficult to compare with the Olympic ones. And there are fewer participants on them, and there are few sports, and the audience's interest is not so steadfast. But athletes with disabilities have no less desire to win, overcome themselves and write their name in history. And the Paralympic Games bribe primarily with their sincerity and kindness.
For example, Turin in 2006 greeted the Paralympians even more elegant and festive than their Olympic counterparts. Paradoxically, the Italians took the promotion of the Paralympics much more seriously. The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were in no way inferior to those of the Olympic Games. The organizers emphasized in every possible way that the Paralympics was no less important for them, and even skeptical journalists were moved with a warm welcome.
Then, in Italy, the Russian national team of disabled athletes performed even better than the main team. The closing ceremony of the games made the most vivid impression on the winners. Athletes still remember with tears of joy in their eyes how, when they passed along the streets of Turin, crowds of friendly and happy Italians greeted them with shouts of "Russia, Russia!" and with all the words of the "great and mighty" that they only knew.
It is the recognition of society that, in my opinion, is extremely important for athletes with disabilities. The Paralympic Games give them a chance to win this recognition, to prove to themselves and to the people around them that it is possible not only to live with physical disabilities, but also to enjoy life, to enjoy their sports victories. Sport helps us realize that disabled people are no different from ordinary people, they amaze with their dedication, zeal for victory, love of life. Thus, sport contributes to the development of tolerance towards people with disabilities.
2.6 Unique results
Disabled people have demonstrated many amazing achievements not only at the Special Olympics and Paralympic Games, but also in competitions that are not massive. Each of them amazes with the strength of the human spirit.
Irek Zaripov is a four-time Paralympic champion in cross-country skiing and biathlon, ambassador of Sochi 2014. Irek was born on March 27, 1983 in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, graduated from the College of Economics and Law. In childhood and adolescence, he was fond of various sports. But such a life was crossed out by "Kamaz", which knocked down seventeen-year-old Irek on a motorcycle, as a result of which he lost his legs! The first two years after the accident are endless hospitals, surgeries, immobility and despondency. He was like a plant - he ate, drank, slept. And then the parents seemed to run out of patience: "Enough, look at who you look like!" Mother and father talked so harshly to their son that he took dumbbells in his hands. Soon he became interested in athletics. And once in the summer, winding kilometers in a wheelchair with biathletes who skated on roller skis, I caught the eye of coach Amir Gumerov. For the first time, Irek Zaripov got to the Paralympics in 2006. After a successful performance at the Paralympic Games in Turin, active preparations began for the games in Vancouver, where Irek won 4 gold medals in cross-country skiing and biathlon.
Tatyana Kuznetsova got into a car accident when she was 20 years old, spent a long time in hospitals, almost completely lost her leg. And in the summer of 1991, I ran 10 kilometers at the Moscow International Marathon! Dick Traum, President of the New York Disabled People's Club, invited a courageous girl from a Ural factory village to a marathon in America. There Tatyana has already conquered 25 kilometers, for this she needed 9 hours.
In 1991, the United States of America hosted the World Blind Gymnastics Championships. Blind Vika Potapova from the USSR brought home 9 gold medals.
The well-known Moscow climber Adik Belopukhov, master of sports, conquered his first peak back in 1951, then twice became the champion of the USSR. In 1966, while riding on the highway on roller skates, the athlete was hit by a truck ... However, the climber did not give up and in 1991, storming Elbrus with paralyzed legs, climbed to a height of 4250 meters.
More than once athletes went to marathons and super marathons in wheelchairs. There were also competitions for disabled people in slalom ... on one leg. The legless disabled "Afghans" competed in parachute jumps, but they did not land, but splashed down. They jumped without prostheses, and the safety of the parachutists was guaranteed by the boat, which picked them up as they landed.
Finally, it is worth mentioning the competition in which sighted and blind athletes participated at the same time. The European Cycling Championship for the Blind was held in Moscow in 1991 and was jointly organized by the Charity and Health Foundation and the All-Russian Society of the Blind. In all types of the program, athletes performed in tandems - a sighted cyclist in front, a blind one behind.
Paralympic sport in Russia
The Paralympic Movement has existed in Russia for more than 15 years, the Paralympic Committee and the Federation of Physical Culture and Sports of Disabled People of Russia operate.
In 1988, Russia took part in the Seoul Paralympic Games for the first time.
At present, the role of the state is increasing in the development of sports among disabled people in Russia. This is manifested primarily in state support for sports among people with disabilities; financing of the training system for athletes with disabilities; the formation of social policy in the field of sports for disabled people, in particular, social protection of athletes, coaches, specialists.
On December 4, 2003, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation was issued on the establishment of scholarships for disabled athletes who are members of the Russian national teams in Paralympic and Deaf-Olympic sports (with hearing impairment).
The leader of the Russian national wheelchair fencing team Lyudmila Vasilyeva (left) against a German athlete, September 5, 2012.
Rustam Nurmukhametov, a blind swimmer from Magnitogorsk, prepares for a 100m freestyle swim in the S11 category (for swimmers with complete or almost complete loss of sight).
Summer Paralympics Results London 2012
Awarding of the Russian Paralympians, London 2012
Russian President V.V. In the Kremlin, Putin solemnly presented state awards to the champions of the XIV Paralympic Summer Games in London.
XI Paralympic Winter Games were held in Sochi (Russia) from March 7 to March 16, 2014. The games were attended by 610 athletes (including 63 leading athletes) from 45 countries. The Russian sports delegation consisted of 197 people.
72 sets of medals in 5 sports were played at the Games
:
Alpine skiing - 30
Cross-country skiing - 20
Biathlon - 18
Paralympic snowboard - 2
Wheelchair curling - 1
Ice sledge hockey - 1
The 2014 Games program includes new disciplines: short distance race in biathlon (6 sets of medals) and Paralympic snowboard cross (2 sets of medals).
The Russian Paralympic team took 1st place in the unofficial team event, the athletes won 30 gold, 28 silver and 22 bronze medals (80 in total) in biathlon, cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, ice sledge hockey, wheelchair curling. In a new sport for the Russian Paralympians - snowboarding, no medals were won. The gap in medals from the closest sports rival - the German national team - was 21 gold medals.
Among the significant events of the Games:
The absolute record of the Paralympic Games was set by Roman Petushkov (Moscow, coach - Honored Coach of Russia Irina Aleksandrovna Gromova), who won six gold medals.
For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Winter Games, Russian skiers Alexandra Frantseva and Valery Redkozubov (with visual impairment), as well as Alexei Bugaev (with a musculoskeletal system injury while standing) became champions in slalom and super combination.
For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Games, the Russian national sledge hockey team and the Russian national wheelchair curling team won silver medals.
Our biathletes have achieved particular success, having won 12 gold medals out of 18 possible. After an extremely weak performance at the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver, skiers performed brilliantly, winning the first team place and 16 medals.
III Practical part.
I developed two student survey questionnaires to find out the level of knowledge about the Paralympic Games and the attitude of students towards people with disabilities, and also asked the question: "How does a student feel about a person with a disability?"
(Appendix # 1, Appendix # 2, Appendix # 3)
Each question has only one correct answer.
The survey was conducted among students in grades 3-6 (from my school), as well as my friends from other schools. The total number of respondents was XXX human. After processing the questionnaires, I got the following results:
Question number
Number of correct answers
% of correct answers
Questionnaire # 1: Level of knowledge about the Paralympic Games
Questionnaire No. 2: Attitude of schoolchildren towards people with disabilities
Question number
Number of students who answered "Yes"
% of those who answered "Yes"
Using the data obtained, I built three diagrams:
Knowledge level about the Paralympic Games (Appendix No. 4)
The attitude of schoolchildren towards people with disabilities (Appendix No. 5)
What feelings does a person with disabilities evoke in a student (Appendix No. 6)
Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that the attitude towards people with disabilities largely depends on the level of knowledge about the Paralympic movement and on the level of culture of communication with people with disabilities.
Therefore, I propose a number of educational and educational activities that will help students to be more informed about the Paralympic Games, develop students' communication skills and a culture of communication, and therefore tolerance:
Studying the history of the Paralympic Games, values and heroes of the Paralympic Games of Russia;
Creation of information leaflets and booklets about the Paralympic Games and Paralympians for distribution in schools.
Discussions and discussions on this topic in physical education lessons and with the class teacher.
Holding joint holidays, chess tournaments and walks with children with disabilities.
Conducting annual campaigns, within the school, to collect and present gifts to children with disabilities and orphans.
Expected Result:
If these events are held in every school, in every kindergarten of our vast Motherland, then in a few years (yes, this is a long process, but it is worth it) we, at that time already adults, will have a completely different attitude towards people with disabilities. We will not perceive them as disabled, people different from us, point fingers at them or turn away. No, they should become our friends, acquaintances, the same members of society as we are, with the opportunity to go out, have fun, play sports, go shopping and to various events, participate in social life and work.
IV Conclusion
Sport develops tolerance for people with disabilities. I covered this with the example of the Paralympic Games as well as the Special Games.
These competitions give them a chance to win the recognition of society, to prove to themselves and to people around them that it is possible not only to live with physical disabilities, but also to enjoy life, to enjoy their sports victories. Sport helps us realize that people with disabilities are no different from ordinary people.
They amaze with their purposefulness, zeal for victory, love of life. Thus, sport contributes to the development of tolerance towards people with disabilities.
Summing up, it should be noted that the Paralympic Games are an amazing phenomenon in the life of human society. We may not fully understand their importance in the development of society. Of course, the participants in the games are heroes. A vivid example of courage, fortitude and overcoming human weaknesses is the ability to live a full life, no matter what life's troubles.
What conclusions have I made for myself?
The Paralympic Games are a complex of various simple sports that have been chosen specifically for people with disabilities. They want to be recognized for their accomplishments like any other athlete. In these competitions, even the most physically challenged people can demonstrate their abilities in an environment where their disabilities are irrelevant.
The Paralympics is not an event for the disabled and for the disabled. This event is for all people! For the solidarity of those who are physically healthy and those whose opportunities are limited. It is a symbol of the fact that people with disabilities have access to such simple human pleasures as sports. Being physically limited, they are able to surprise healthy people with their outstanding volitional qualities, their strong spirit and desire to win. And these competitions are not a demonstration of tolerance, but a serious indicator of the level of humanity in relations between people, the development of universal values. The attitude towards disabled people is determined by the moral state of society.
In the past, people did not pay as much attention to this sporting event, but now a lot is changing. Sport is great for helping people with physical disabilities to find the strength to live on. This discovery rightfully belongs to the British, who introduced such a method to cure, if not the body, then at least the human soul back in the middle of the last century. In our country, there is still only one sports and fitness center for the rehabilitation of disabled people, in Zelenograd, and others are only planned!
From my point of view, the Paralympic Games are a very important event for all of us and the people of the whole world, because each person must assert himself. And of course people with disabilities deserve a chance to show their skills and abilities in an appropriate setting.
It must be remembered that a disabled person is the same person as we are, only his life is much more difficult than ours, and our task is to remember this not only on the International Day of the Disabled. Remember and try to help if we can. And also their ability to fight, and not only for medals, shows us what we, people without limitations in our physical capabilities, must do in order to take place in life.
Among the many established International prizes, there is one unusual one - “For the will to live” (it bears the name of Alexei Maresyev). This award, I think, deserves every participant in the Paralympic Games.
The International Paralympic Committee can sponsor over a hundred athletes from 35 countries around the world. At the same time, the committee collects funds by its own efforts. In our country, there is still only one sports and recreation center for the rehabilitation of disabled people, in Zelenograd, and others are only planned! So I hope and believe that after The first Paralympic Games to be held in our country in Sochi in 2014, the situation will change for the better and there will be:
Each house has ramps, lifts so that people with disabilities can go down into the courtyard, and not spend their lives in four walls, in front of the TV screen!
In shops and various institutions, sliding doors and public spaces adapted for disabled people;
Low floor buses;
Exits from sidewalks;
ATMs that are easy to reach while sitting in a wheelchair, etc.
Will appear in every city sports and recreation centers for the rehabilitation of disabled people.
And, of course, the relationship between people must change. It is necessary to instill in children and adults a sense of humanity, tolerance, sensitivity and hospitality, to form a culture of communication between students and people with disabilities from childhood. We must be more attentive to others, stop mutilating each other, follow the traffic rules, and our attitude towards people with disabilities must "radically" change: we must not pity them, turn away from them, look with curiosity and hostility, at the place of this should come:
Communication,
Mutual assistance,
Friendship,
Being in the same team from early childhood.
Providing assistance to people with disabilities,
Carrying out joint holidays, evenings, walks, excursions with children with disabilities;
When you learn that people know how not only to survive, but also to be leaders, you want to be brave, strong and decisive too. And most importantly, in the most difficult moments of life, you just need to remember that you are a HUMAN, and prove this, first of all, to yourself.
A person is judged by his actions, therefore EVERY OF US in this world must prove that he has the right to be called By man !
Faces shine, eyes shine!
What happiness - to celebrate the Victory!
And a tear glistens in my eyes:
What a happiness - to be the first in the world!
Overcome yourself and your illness,
Know victories, defeats
And to know that a faithful friend is nearby,
Although he is a rival in battle.
You defeated yourself, not him
At the cost of unthinkable efforts.
Worthy son of his country,
Worthy of Mother Russia.
List of used literature
Larshina N.V., Tolerance as a component of value attitudes in sports // Youth of the XXI century: tolerance as a way of perception of the world, N. Novgorod, 2001, ed. Z.Kh. Saralieva.
Aksenova M., Volodin V., Vilchek G. Encyclopedia for children. Sport. - M .: "Avanta +", 2005.
Philosophy of Sports (anthology). SPb, 2005
Kozina A. It's time - it's time - let's rejoice for our Paralympians // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Telenedelya. 2006. No. 59.
Osipov K. Strong in spirit. Stars of the Russian Paralympic Team. Publishing house "Amphora", Moscow, 2010
Emelyanov B.V., Russian philosophy under the sign of tolerance. Tolerance in modern civilization, Yekaterinburg, 2001
Lubysheva L.I. Sociology of physical culture and sports. M., 2001
Appendix # 1
Questionnaire No. 1
Paralympic Games
1. Where and when were the first modern Paralympic Games held?
A) in Tel Aviv in 1968;
B) in Rome in 1960;
C) in Tokyo in 1964.
2. What place did Russia take in the team competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London:
A) first
B) second
C) third
3. What the three curls on the Paralympic emblem symbolize:
A) Equality of all
B) Courage
C) Spirit in motion
4. Which of the sports listed are not Paralympic sports?
A) football;
B) figure skating;
C) swimming.
5. In what year will the XI Paralympic Games be held in Sochi?
A) 2014;
B) 2016;
In 2013.
6. Which of the sports is only a Paralympic one?
B) show jumping;
C) biathlon.
7. Who was the organizer and inspirer of the first major sports competitions for disabled people:
A) Baron Pierre de Coubertin
B) Priest Henri Didon;
C) neurosurgeon Ludwig Gutmann
8. One of the most famous Russian Paralympic Champions:
A) Evgeny Plushenko;
B) Irek Zaripov;
C) Ilya Averbukh.
9) What colors are used on the emblem of the Paralympic Games:
A) Red, blue, green
B) Red, blue, yellow
B) Red, green, yellow
10) What mascot of the Winter Paralympic Games will be in Sochi:
A) the sun and the dolphin;
B) white bear;
C) ray and snowflake.
Appendix # 2
Questionnaire number 2
(Each question has only one correct answer)
Attitude of schoolchildren towards people with disabilities
1) How often do you meet people with disabilities on the street, in public places:
2) Do you have any people with disabilities among your acquaintances:
3) Do you think that children with disabilities should study in specialized schools, separately from ordinary children:
4) Do I need to help people with disabilities?
5) Do you watch the Paralympic Games on TV:
6) What do you think: The Paralympic Games help people with disabilities feel more confident and happier:
Appendix No. 6
What feelings does a person with disabilities evoke in%
The Paralympic Movement has existed in the world since 1976. This is a tremendous opportunity for people with disabilities to prove to everyone around them, but first of all to themselves, that they are strong in body and spirit. Russian Paralympic athletes have brought many victories to our country. This story is about them.
Andrey Lebedinsky
Andrey Anatolyevich was born in Khabarovsk in 1963. From an early age, he was fond of shooting, since his father was an avid hunter and often took his son with him to the forest. Actually, he taught Andrey the first shooting lessons.
Later, at the age of fourteen, the boy got into the section where he demonstrated his skills. At fifteen he became a candidate, and at seventeen - a master of sports. The guy was predicted a great sports future. In 1981 he won the USSR Bullet Shooting Championship.
But in 1984 a tragedy struck, as a result of which Andrei lost his leg. For a whole year he underwent treatment and rehabilitation, and in order to pay for this, Lebedinsky had to sell his equipment.
But as soon as the doctors gave the go-ahead, he returned to sports, without which he could no longer imagine his life. In the national team, he made his debut in 1996, having won three medals at once (two gold and a bronze).
Russian Paralympic athletes have always amazed with their incredible and courage, but Andrei Lebedinsky has gone a very difficult path to the desired victories. In 1999, he received an injury to his right eye, practically lost his sight. And this happened a year before the Olympics. All 365 days Andrei learned to aim with his left healthy eye and trained from morning to night. As a result, in Sydney, he became only the third. But Athens and Beijing brought two more long-awaited gold to his piggy bank.
Now Andrei Anatolyevich lives and works in Khabarovsk, training children in a sports school.
Albert Bakaev
Albert Bakaev was born in the capital of the South Urals. There, in Chelyabinsk, he began his first steps in sports. He started going to the pool at the age of seven and at the age of fifteen he became a master of sports in swimming.
In 1984, trouble broke into his life. In training, he suffered a serious spinal injury. The doctors could not do anything about it. Albert was paralyzed. Everyone thought that the fate of a successful athlete and a talented student of the medical academy was decided. He is now chained to But Albert proved to everyone that this is not the end of his life. He began to train again, to participate in competitions of swimmers with disabilities.
On his account there are several victories in the championships of the USSR, many in the championships of Russia. He became the 1996 Paralympic Champion and several more medals from the World and European Championships.
In addition to his sports career, like many Russian Paralympic athletes, Albert was engaged in social activities. Mostly at home, in the Chelyabinsk region, but was also a member of the country's Paralympic Committee.
Albert Bakaev died of a heart attack in 2009.
Rima Batalova
Rima Akberdinovna has been visually impaired since childhood, but this did not prevent her from achieving incredible heights in her sports career.
Since childhood, she has been involved in athletics in the section for people with visual impairments. Then she graduated from the technical school in the direction of "Physical culture", in 1996 she graduated from the Ural Academy in the same specialty.
She began playing for the national team back in 1988, when her first Paralympics took place in Seoul. She triumphantly ended her career in 2008 in Beijing, winning gold in multi-distance running.
Russian Paralympic athletes continue to amaze the whole world. Rima Batalova is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as a thirteen-time Paralympic champion and an eighteen-time winner of the world championship.
Olesya Vladykina
Not all Russian Paralympic athletes, whose biography is discussed in this article, have limited opportunities from birth. A beautiful girl was born absolutely healthy, in Moscow, in 1988. From early childhood, she was engaged in swimming in a sports school, demonstrating success. She became a master of sports. But after entering the university, sports faded into the background.
In 2008, a terrible tragedy happened to the girl. She and her friend were vacationing in Thailand. Their tour bus had an accident. A friend died on the spot, and Olesya received severe injuries, as a result of which the girl's hand was amputated.
To distract herself from heavy thoughts, she returned to sports literally a month after discharge. And six months later, her triumph took place in Beijing, where Olesya took gold in the 100-meter breaststroke distance.
In London, she repeated her success and again set a world record at this distance.
Oksana Savchenko
Many famous Russian Paralympic athletes have received several state awards for their achievements. The girl who suffers from visual impairment since childhood was no exception.
Oksana was born in Kamchatka. The doctors did not notice any peculiarities in the child's condition and calmly discharged the mother and the baby from the hospital. The parents sounded the alarm when the girl was three months old. She had too much. After all the examinations, ophthalmologists diagnosed - "congenital glaucoma".
Thanks to the efforts of her mother, Oksana was operated on in Moscow, but her vision in her right eye could not be restored. The left one sees, but very badly. Because of his health condition, Savchenko was not recommended to engage in heavy sports, and then the mother gave her daughter to swim.
Now Oksana is the owner of three gold medals in Beijing and five in London. In addition, she is a multiple world record holder at her distances.
Like many Russian Paralympians, Oksana received a higher education diploma: she graduated from the Bashkir Pedagogical University (specialty - physical education) and the Oil Technical University in Ufa (specialty - fire safety).
Alexey Bugaev
Alexey was born in Krasnoyarsk in 1997. He is one of the youngest athletes included in the top "The most famous Russian Paralympic athletes". The guy received recognition at the games in Sochi, where he won gold in slalom and super-combination (alpine skiing).
Alexey was born with a terrible diagnosis - "congenital anomaly of the right hand". The parents sent the boy to sports so that he could improve his health, find friends and simply adapt to life. Aleksey has been skiing since he was six. At fourteen, he was already in the country's Paralympic team. And this brings him success!
Mikhalina Lysova
Paralympians of Russia, whose biography is an example of perseverance and victory over themselves, usually come to sports at the suggestion of their parents. Michalina got into the ski section quite by accident. The older sister took the baby with her to training, because there was simply no one to leave her with.
Michalina also wanted to try, but because of poor eyesight she had a very difficult time. Her first coach remembers how stubborn her character was. The guys did not give her a discount, but she adjusted to compete with healthy children. But, of course, there was no particular success to talk about.
Everything changed when the girl got into the Paralympic team. Now she is a three-time champion of the games in Sochi.
Alena Kaufman
The paralympians of Russia, whose names and surnames are still little known, are not going to end their careers after the first victories. So, biathlete and skier Alena Kaufman, despite the recent birth of her daughter and a rather large list of achievements, competes further.
Alena suffered from the diagnosis "weak grasping reflex" since childhood. But, since her parents were active athletes, the girl did not have to choose. As soon as she learned to walk, Alena was put on skis.
Despite her health condition, Alena competes in biathlon, and shooting is easy for her. This is one of the strongest aspects of her sports career.
In Sochi, the girl won two medals of the highest dignity and replenished the piggy bank of her champion gold.
Famous Russian Paralympic athletes are actively involved in social work, helping children like themselves to believe in themselves and their strengths. For her work Alena became a laureate of the "Return to Life" award.
The name "Paralympic Games" in modern reading has nothing to do with paralysis or something paranormal - it is just a short spelling of the phrase "Games parallel to the Olympic", which reflects the connection and continuity of the two tournaments.
Like rock and roll and the atomic bomb, sporting events for people with disabilities emerged after World War II. The soldiers who were injured at the front did not want to be deprived of the pleasures of peacetime, and an English neurosurgeon helped them in this. Ludwig Guttmann... He led many to believe that sport helps people with disabilities live life to the fullest by organizing the first tournament for wheelchair users in 1948. On it, athletes competed in basketball, polo and archery, and in the latter discipline they repeated and even surpassed the results of ordinary shooters. Dr. Guttman found a lot of like-minded people, so soon tournaments for people with special needs became a tradition and in 1960 received the status of the Paralympics, and 16 years later the first Winter Adaptive Sports Games were held.
Interesting facts from the history of the Paralympic Games
1. Until 1948, athletes with disabilities competed in the overall standings - theoretically, this is still possible if their discipline is not included in the Paralympics program.
At the 1904 Summer Games, American German, gymnast George Eiser, who lost his left leg in childhood and performed on a wooden prosthesis, won six Olympic medals. Eiser won all three Olympic gold medals in one day.
Having lost his right hand due to a grenade, the Hungarian pistol shooter Takach Karoy learned to shoot with one left hand and broke the world record by winning gold at the 1948 Olympics. Four years later, he defended his title and became the world's only two-time Olympic champion with a disability.
There are no age restrictions in equestrian sports - the oldest Olympic medalist in equestrian eventing was 61 years old. It is not strange that among equestrian athletes there are many people with physical disabilities. At the 1952 Olympics, a Danish horsewoman Liz Hartel won two silver medals, becoming the first woman in equestrian history to step onto an Olympic podium, although she was completely paralyzed below the knees.
2.
Some of the most scientifically unusual and scientifically amazing competitions at the Winter Paralympics are those that involve blind and visually impaired athletes. For example, during downhill skiing, instructors are driving ahead of them, who lead the Paralympians along the track using a Bluetooth radio.
At this year's Games in Sochi, biathlon competitions for athletes with visual impairments were held for the first time. To hit targets, they use an optoelectronic rifle that emits sound signals when aiming - the weaker the sound, the farther the bullet's trajectory is from the bullseye. Thanks to this technology, blind biathletes can hit a target with a diameter of 25 millimeters from a distance of 15 steps.
3.
The symbol of the Paralympics is three multi-colored swoosh, which in this case are called agito (“I move” in Latin). Red, blue and green were chosen because they are more common on national flags. This is the third version of the Paralympic Games logo - the previous ones had to be abandoned because they were too similar to the Olympic symbols. Instead of five rings, the first attributes of the Paralympics featured five tai-geek, halves of the yin-yang sign. Korean traditional symbols were chosen because this design was introduced on the eve of the 1988 Paralympics in Seoul.
4. Paralympics mascots often have physical disabilities themselves. For example, the troll Sondre, the mascot of the 1994 Paralympic Winter Games in Lillehammer, had one leg amputated, and Petra, who welcomed guests at the 1992 Barcelona Games, lacked both arms. Very often, the creators of Paralympics mascots depict non-anthropomorphic characters who cannot have paired human arms or legs by nature.
5.
Since 2012, the Paralympic Games have been held in the same year and in the same arenas as the Olympic Games, and usually immediately after them. In a few days between tournaments, the host side must re-equip the Olympic Village and all infrastructure facilities for the Paralympics - not only wheelchair and visually impaired athletes come to the Games, but also journalists, volunteers and fans with special needs.
6.
The opening of the last Paralympics in Sochi was parasnowboarding, which from this year was included in the official program of the competition. So far, athletes with disabilities compete only in snowboard cross, but the committee is already eyeing snowboard slalom ahead of the games in Pyongyang. The inclusion of an extreme sport added entertainment to the Games, but also required increased safety measures for athletes. Since they have to jump and fall from great heights, air springs are attached to their snowboards - the same as on Formula 1 cars.
7.
Technological innovations in the Paralympics are not limited to sports equipment: scientists have already learned how to modify the bodies of Paralympic athletes. New Zealand skier Adam Hall, Vancouver's speed slalom gold medalist, underwent detailed tests for four years to improve his physical abilities. Adam's legs and prostheses were more ergonomically shaped based on 3D scans carried out by a company that worked with NASA on a Mars exploration project. This is the first case of biomechanical alignment in the history of sports medicine.
9.
In preparation for the last Paralympics, many equipment manufacturers have used 3D printing technology. For example, in this way, Toyota Motorsport has created an improved monoski for seated downhill athletes, more streamlined and compact. It was further lightened with the help of new carbon fiber - the ski began to weigh 4 kilograms instead of the previous 5.5. Thanks to modern technologies, many Paralympic athletes were able to develop a record 115-130 km / h on the Sochi tracks, which exceeds the average maximum speed of athletes without physical disabilities.
Today, scientists from major corporations like Boeing are engaged in developments designed to compensate for the fragility of the human body. After some 50 years, the competition of Paralympians equipped with bioprostheses or unique means of transportation may well surpass the traditional Olympic Games in terms of entertainment and intensity of sports passions.
Ludwig Guttmann - Father of the Paralympic Games
WITH The competitions for people with disabilities, which eventually received the name of the Paralympic Games, began to be carried out at the suggestion of the outstanding neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann (1899-1980). “What is important is not what is lost, what is left is important,” he argued.
Guttman was convinced that sport is an excellent way not only for physical, but also for psychological, social rehabilitation of people with severe injuries - many of them appeared in Europe after the Second World War.
Gutman himself was forced to emigrate from Nazi Germany to England in the 30s, where in 1944 he was commissioned by the British government to create a center for the treatment of patients with musculoskeletal disorders at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. Using his techniques, Guttman helped many soldiers to return to normal life after severe injuries and trauma. Here, in Stoke Mandeville in 1948, Ludwig Guttmann held an archery competition among wheelchair athletes - the Olympic Games were opening in London at that time.
In 1952, again, simultaneously with the next Olympics, he organized the first international competitions with the participation of 130 disabled athletes not only from England, but also from Holland. And in 1956, for organizing the next major competitions for people with disabilities, Guttman received an award from the International Olympic Committee - the Fearnley Cup for his contribution to the development of the Olympic movement. Pope Paul XXIII called Gutman "Coubertin for the paralyzed." In 1966, Dr. Gutman was awarded a knighthood. Dr. Guttman died on March 18, 1980 at the age of 80.
Today Stoke Mandelville is a must-see destination in the Paralympic Relay. In 2014, the entire relay race takes place in Russia, the only exception is this English city.
First Paralympic Games
Guttman's persistence was crowned with success - immediately after the 1960 Olympics in Rome, the first summer Paralympic Games were held, they were opened by the wife of the former Italian President Carla Gronchi. Pope John XXIII received the participants at the Vatican. Only wheelchair athletes who suffered a spinal cord injury participated in the Games. They competed in archery, athletics, the Games program included basketball, fencing, table tennis, swimming, as well as darts and billiards.
Name and emblem
The term "Paralympic Games" was originally used informally, similar to the term paraplegia "paralysis of the lower limbs", since the competition was held among people with spinal diseases. When athletes with other diseases began to participate in the games, the name was rethought as “near, outside (from the Greek παρά) of the Olympics”. The 1960 Games were officially called the "Ninth International Stoke-Mandeville Games" and only in 1984 they were awarded the status of the first Paralympic Games.
The first games to which the term "Paralympics" was officially applied were the 1964 Games. However, in a number of games up to the 1980 Games, the term “Olympic Games for the Disabled” was used, in 1984 - “International Games of the Disabled”. Finally, the term "Paralympic" was fixed at the 1988 Games.
The spelling "Paralympic" is used in official documents of state authorities, being a copy of the official name (IOC) in English - paralympic games.
The emblem of the Paralympic Games is located around the central point of three hemispheres of red, blue and green colors - three agitos (from the Latin agito - "set in motion, move"). Red, green and blue are often found widely represented in the national flags of the countries of the world, symbolizing Mind, Body and Spirit. This emblem first appeared at the 2006 Paralympic Winter Games in Turin. The Paralympic motto is "Spirit in Motion". The motto succinctly and vividly conveys the goal of the Paralympic Movement - the need to provide Paralympic athletes of all levels and backgrounds with opportunities to inspire and delight the world through sporting achievements.
Outstanding Paralympians
Each of the Paralympic athletes can be called a hero, regardless of whether their victory is crowned with an official award: it is important that they have not resigned themselves to the fate prepared by fate. They broke it and won. Let's try to remember those people who can be called the predecessors of the modern heroes of the Paralympic Games.
was a gymnast. He became famous for his incredible performance at the 1904 Summer Olympics, when in one day George managed to win 6 medals (3 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze). Eiser's achievement looks even more fantastic if we remember that the athlete performed on a prosthesis - he lost his leg earlier in a railway incident.
Eiser was born in Germany, when George was 14, his family moved to the States; despite having his left leg amputated after an accident, Eiser trained hard with the goal of competing at the 1904 Olympics.
The 1904 Summer Games in St. Louis became the third Olympic Games in the history of modern sports and the first Games in which the winners of the first three places were awarded gold, silver and bronze medals (previously the winners were awarded cups).
On parallel bars, jumping over a horse and climbing a 25-foot rope, George was the best, on a gymnastic horse and in a 14-stage all-around he took silver, and won bronze on a horizontal bar.
Until 2008, Eiser remained the only participant in the Olympic Games with an artificial leg. In 2008, South African swimmer Natalie du Toit performed at the Olympics; in a marathon swim of 10 kilometers, she managed to take only 16th place.
After a brilliant performance at the Olympics, Eiser continued to play sports. Unfortunately, very little is known about George's later life - we do not even know the history of the exact date of the death of this outstanding and purposeful gymnast.
Liz Hartel (Denmark)(1921-2009). Silver medalist of the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki and the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne (Stockholm).
Since childhood, Hartel loved horses and was fond of dressage. However, after the birth of her daughter, she contracted polio and was partially paralyzed. But she did not give up her favorite sport and rode well, although she could not get into the saddle and leave it without help. As she said in her speech at the conference of the Riding Association for the Disabled, held in England in 1975: “In addition to the hope of getting better, there was an inextinguishable desire in me again to ride a horse. Once I was taken in a carriage to the stable to my beloved horse. Everyone thought I was going crazy, but I insisted on my own, and I was lifted onto my obedient horse. I was able to drive around the arena just one lap at a pace. It could not be called horse riding, I was just carried, but I was riding again. It was incredibly beautiful, I was filled with joy. I felt that one goal had already been achieved, and the next were already waiting for me. I was so tired and everything hurt so much that I had to lie down, and it took two weeks before I made up my mind to try again.
Until 1952, only men were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games in equestrian sports, mainly the military. But the rules were changed, and women got the right to compete in equestrian sports tournaments of any level on an equal basis with men. At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, there were four women in the dressage competition. Liz won a silver medal and became the first female Olympic medalist in equestrian sports. At the 1956 Games, she repeated her success.
Paralympic sport dates back to the 1880s. However, it was not until 1945 that a new treatment regimen for people with spinal cord injuries was developed that led to the development of the worldwide sports movement for the disabled, known today as the Paralympic Movement. After World War II, sports for the disabled took a step forward, aided by the work of Ludwig Guttmann, a German physician who fled Nazism to England in 1936. He approved sport as a means of physical, psychological and social rehabilitation of the disabled with spinal cord injury. Sir Ludwig Guttmann of Stoke Mandeville Hospital (England) has revolutionized the theory and practice of rehabilitation with a focus on sports. Over time, what began as an auxiliary physical rehabilitation procedure for World War II veterans has grown into a sports movement in which the physical capabilities of athletes take center stage (Professor Ludwig Guttmann eventually became director of the Stoke Mandeville Center and President of the British International Organization for the Treatment of Disabled Persons with Disabilities musculoskeletal system). People with disabilities with injuries of the musculoskeletal system (PADA) began to actively participate in sports. At the Center for Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Injuries in Stoke Mandeville, a sports program has been developed as an indispensable part of comprehensive treatment.
In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann founded the Stoke Mandeville Games (media), which took place concurrently with the Olympic Games in Great Britain. Former military personnel - 16 paralyzed men and women - took part in the archery competition. The first multinational participation in the Stoke Mandeville Games (Dutch and English war veterans) led to the holding of the first International Stoke Mandeville Games (ICMI) 1952, the forerunners of the modern Paralympic Games. In subsequent years, there was an increase in both the number of participants and sports. The Games began to be held annually as an international sports festival. It was attended by athletes with disabilities from Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and then other countries. The need arose for an international organization to coordinate the incipient Paralympic movement. This led to the creation of the International Stoke-Mandeville Federation, which established a close relationship with the International Olympic Committee.
Already in 1956, during the Olympic Games in Melbourne, she was awarded a special cup by the IOC for the implementation of the Olympic ideals of humanism. In Stoke Mandeville, the first stadium for disabled athletes was built with funds from disabled people, retirees and charitable donations. In 1959, Ludwig Guttmann developed and published in the "Book of the Stoke-Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed" the first ever regulations for holding competitions in sports for the disabled. Initially, the Paralympic Movement developed through the creation of various sports organizations for people with specific disabilities, known today as the International Sports Organizations for the Disabled (IOSD). In 1960, the first of these organizations, the Stoke Mandeville Games Committee (IASM), was established in Rome. In 1972, it was renamed the International Federation of the Stoke Mandeville Games (IFAMS) and later became the International Wheelchair Sports Federation of Stoke Mandeville (IFKSM). In 1964, the International Sports Organization of Disabled People (ISOD) was established, which also included athletes with amputation damage. In 2004, IFYCL and ISOD merged and became known as the International Wheelchair Sports Federation and for Persons with Amputation Disorders (IVAS).
In 1978, the International Sports and Physical Education Association for Persons with Cerebral Palsy (SP-ISRA) was created, followed in 1981 by the International Sports Federation for the Blind (IBSA), and in 1986 by the International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities ( INAS-FID). In 1960, Rome (Italy), a few weeks after the Olympic Games, hosted the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games. As a result of this symbolic action and the participation of more than 400 athletes from 23 countries in these games, they are honored as the first Paralympic Games. It was decided that every fourth year these games will be held in the country of the Olympiads and will be considered the Olympic Games for the disabled.
Since then, the Paralympic Games have been held in the year of the Olympic Games, and since the 1988 Seoul Paralympics, they have been held in the same cities and locations as their Olympic counterparts. The games were held twice in countries, but not in the cities of the Olympics - in Germany and Canada, and three times in other countries, bypassing the Olympic ones - in Israel and Holland in 1980 and 1994. The term "Paralympic Games" became official in 1988. This name comes from the Greek preposition "para" ("about" or "alongside") and the word "Olympic Games" The first Paralympic Winter Games were held in Örnsköldsvik (Sweden) in 1976. Since the 1992 Games in Tignes-Albertville, France, the Paralympic Winter Games have been held in the same cities as the Olympic Winter Games.
As the movement developed, so did the need for increased coordination and increased cooperation between different organizations. In 1982, IFASM, SP-ISRA, IBSA and ISOD joined forces to create the International Committee for the Coordination of Sports for Disabled People around the World (ICC). In 1986, they were also joined by the International Sports Committee for the Deaf (ISS) and the International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (INAS-FID). The KIC represented the interests of groups with disabilities and directed the Paralympic Games between 1982 and 1992. However, the growing need to expand national representation and create a more sport-oriented movement led to the founding of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) in 1989 in Düsseldorf, Germany, as the recognized governing body of the Paralympic Movement. The meeting was attended by representatives of the six IOSD, which are considered founding members of the IPC, and forty-two National Paralympic Committees and National Sports Organizations for the Disabled. They approved the first IPC Constitution and elected the first President, Dr. Robert Steadward of Canada. Only five years later, in 1994, the IPC assumed full responsibility for hosting the Paralympic Games.
In 2001, the General Assembly of the IPC authorized a review of the governance and structure of the IPC. Under the leadership of the new President, Sir Philip Craven, a strategic review process began in 2002. The process culminated in the approval of a package of proposals at the historic 2003 General Assembly “Designing the Future” in Turin, leading to the adoption of the current Constitution in 2004. The Constitution and the Regulations adopted on its basis are the governing documents of the IPC and the Paralympic Movement.
In 2003, the IPC adopted a Vision that reflects the main goal of the Paralympic Movement: to create all the conditions for Paralympians to achieve sportsmanship, inspire and delight the world.
The Paralympic Movement, under the supreme leadership of the IPC, encompasses all athletes and officials from the NPC, IOSD, International Sports Federations (IFs), Regional Organizations (ROs), IPC Sports Committees, IPC Councils, IPC Standing Committees and others. and other organizations that agree to be guided by the Constitution and the Rules of the IPC. The criterion for membership in the Paralympic Movement is official IPC membership or recognition by the IPC. When the IPC was created in 1989, its headquarters were located in Bruges, Belgium. In 1997, the IGC General Assembly voted to move the headquarters to Bonn (Germany) and to create the first professional staff structure. The official opening of the new headquarters took place on September 3, 1999.
| Year | Summer Paralympic Games | Winter Paralympic Games | ||
| Games | Town | Games | Town | |
| 1960 | 1st Summer Paralympic Games | Rome, Italy | ||
| 1964 | II Summer Paralympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | ||
| 1968 | III Summer Paralympic Games | Tel Aviv, Israel | ||
| 1972 | IV Summer Paralympic Games | Heidelberg, Germany | ||
| 1976 | 5th Summer Paralympic Games | Toronto, Canada | I Winter Paralympic Games | Ornskoldsvik, Sweden |
| 1980 | VI Summer Paralympic Games | Arnhem, Netherlands | II Winter Paralympic Games | Geilo, Norway |
| 1984 | VII Summer Paralympic Games | Stoke Mandeville, UK New York, USA |
III Winter Paralympic Games | Innsbruck, Austria |
| 1988 | VIII Summer Paralympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | IV Winter Paralympic Games | Innsbruck, Austria |
| 1992 | IX Summer Paralympic Games | Barcelona and Madrid, Spain | V Winter Paralympic Games | Thines and Aberville, France |
| 1994 | VI Winter Paralympic Games | Lillehammer, Norway | ||
| 1996 | X Summer Paralympic Games | Atlanta, USA | ||
| 1998 | VII Winter Paralympic Games | Nagano, Japan | ||
| 2000 | XI Summer Paralympic Games | Sydney, Australia | ||
| 2002 | VIII Winter Paralympic Games | Salt Lake City, USA | ||
| 2004 | XII Summer Paralympic Games | Athens, Greece | ||
| 2006 | IX Winter Paralympic Games | Turin, Italy | ||
| 2008 | XIII Summer Paralympic Games | Beijing, China | ||
| 2010 | X Winter Paralympic Games | Vancouver, Canada | ||
| 2012 | XIV Summer Paralympic Games | London, Great Britain | ||
| 2014 | XI Winter Paralympic Games | Sochi, Russia | ||
| 2016 | XV Summer Paralympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | ||
| 2018 | XII Winter Paralympic Games | Pyeongchang, Korea | ||
| 2020 | XVI Summer Paralympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | ||
| 2022 | XIII Winter Paralympic Games | Beijing, China |