Svyatoslav Yatsevich lives in Paris and works at Novinki. And that's not what you thought. Paris is a Belarusian village in the Postavy district, "Novinki" is the oldest fish farm in the country. Svyatoslav came here as a young distribution specialist, for five years he has been fishing and feeding his family. And his enterprise is Belarus.

Early morning, weekday. Together with the director of the fish farm, Alexander Likhomanov, we are driving along a narrow earthen spit. To the left and right of us - dams, ponds and ponds. Carp, silver carp, cupid splash in them.

- Next year we have an anniversary. The fish farm will be 75 years old, - says Alexander. He is driving, looking around carefully. - This is one of the oldest enterprises in the country. Among all fish farms, "Novinki" occupies the 10th place in terms of area and 6th in terms of production. Every year we grow more than 1000 tons of marketable fish. We are an OJSC, but all the shares are held by the state. I've been here for eight years.

Seagulls ply over the growing and feeding ponds, lazily looking at the people swarming below. Seagulls don't need so much fish, but the fish farm has a plan. These days are hot times here. A massive autumn harvest has begun at Novinki.

We are told that this is a risk. The water has not cooled down, it is still warm. There is a possibility that there may be death. But where in business, albeit a state one, without risk?
- After lunch we start, - the director says to someone on his mobile phone.

* * *
A swan flew over the old Soviet "Reflex 1500" feeder, reminiscent of a rusty catamaran. "Reflexes" have been here for thirty years and can last as long as they are made of high-quality metal. The new feeders are made by a Belarusian manufacturer who decided to save money on metal by reducing the price and winning the tender. These feeders, the director says, quickly rot and sink.

"Novinki" is a full-system carp pond farm. The main share of the production is occupied by carp, the smaller - silver carp and grass carp. Pike and catfish are also grown in small quantities.

Before getting into the frying pan, the fish goes through several stages of development. In the incubation shop, eggs are obtained, then the larva, fry. At a certain stage, they are transferred from stationary baths to ponds, where feeding begins. The fish is raised for two or three years. At the beginning of September, the workshop is closed and the baths are empty.

Incubation shop

But the ponds are packed to capacity. On one of them, men are loading compound feed into boats. It will have to be scattered over the feeders - one and a half tons each. The Yamaha's motor starts up easily, the Veterok thunders and coughs - they swam. The workers will soon unload the feed with shovels, manually.
“In fish farms, the degree of mechanization is extremely low,” notes Alexander Likhomanov. - We could buy feed dispensers, but they cost a lot of money - our whole business will lose its meaning.

* * *
Today, about 30 tons of fish are to be caught. It is no longer needed, because the carp must immediately go to the trading network. We're just about to start.

In a cramped "gatehouse" from the surrounding ponds, workers who were previously employed in feeding and cleaning water bodies gather. Some play a thousand, others make nets. There are nails in boxes from "Oriflame". Compote is poured into beer bottles. The kettle is smoking. A bonfire is burning merrily, a fish is splashing a couple of meters away from us, and a soup is gurgling deliciously in a bucket. They do not cook fish soup, but pickle. Fish farmers get tired of eating fish soup every day.

"Parisian" Svyatoslav Yatsevich writes something in a notebook. He is the foreman of the site, responsible for all the local ponds. Svyatoslav graduated from the Academy in Gorki, receives about 5 million. Wife - 2 million, she just after the decree. Slava bought a brick house in Paris for $ 4900 and drives a 2001 Scenic. In the neighboring collective farms, he tells us, darkness and fear. And "Novinki" - have not drowned yet.

The fisherman Valera, an overweight man in a striped T-shirt, asks about what is happening in Minsk today. We talk about the fresh catch of the Belarusian justice, about Baumgertner and the company, but Valera is clearly not interested.
- And here comes Roman. Hang in the bulb! He interrupts.
The men laugh together, we soon understand what the matter is. Roman is a local star and joker, a clockwork guy, a lover of jokes.

- Once a hare and a bear argued ... - he begins without ceremony. - Have you heard? No? Well, I'll tell you!
For an hour and a half, Roman tells a hundred anecdotes, without stopping for a minute. He is a tractor driver, receives pennies, but was able to raise two sons and a daughter to their feet. Roman's daughter is studying to be a lawyer and will work at customs. In between the bikes, the tractor driver tells us that she approves of the choice.

* * *
Director Likhomanov defeated drunkenness in Novinki, fired drunks without mercy, declared war on poachers. Somehow he manages to keep the old fish farm one of the leaders in the industry.

Alexander Likhomanov (center)

The director says:
- The fishing industry is in a difficult financial situation. For the last four years, our farm has been ranked first in terms of performance among all organizations. In fact, we are the last who can still work without government support. We have it less than 10%.

Why are we still holding on? Due to the high labor productivity: it is 2.5 times higher than the average for the Department of Land Reclamation. The staff includes 70 people - including watchmen, drivers, administration. A little.
And all these people should be thanked that they are still here. Our average salary is about 4.9 million. The highest in the fishing industry. But I understand perfectly well that people should be paid at least twice as much. Because they have a difficult job. When stocking, fishing, we work at night, seven days a week. Many spend a long time in the water. My workers do not keep private households: they simply do not have time! Yes, they have to pay more, but we cannot do that.

In Soviet times, the industry was subsidized by 70%. There is almost no support now. But prices cannot be raised. On the contrary, this year all fish farms were forced to go almost to dumping - to reduce the cost of production by 3-4% compared to 2012. And this despite the fact that the cost of fuel and compound feed increased by 30%. After all, if we raised the price, no one would buy the fish.

We sell medium carp in the markets at 21,150 rubles, and select carp at 26,300 rubles. Is there a profit? It is hard to say. Roughly the estimated cost of farmed fish is now 19,000 rubles (pond fish, by the way, in all countries is more expensive than sea fish, it's a matter of feed). Plus transport, logistics, fuel to deliver fish to the distribution network. For transportation costs in each kilogram, 4 thousand rubles are laid, and this year there will be all 5 thousand. Therefore, only the best carp will probably come out at a loss.

Where is the exit? We need to revise our subsidized model. Introduce a transparent subsidy mechanism. Not according to the principle "you have no money to pay the workers, we will give it to you, but if you flounder, you survive, you will not get anything." We need to help those who can and want to work! Now, for example, we cannot compete with pork and poultry, because the state supports these industries.

- And if we admit that the state does not and will not have money?
- You can work without money. But for this, the fish farm needs to grow about 300 tons of fish. The staff should be reduced to 20 people. Some of the fish will be obtained from natural feed. With such optimization, there will be profit. But no one will allow such a step ... There is a food security program. And there are plans to follow through.

* * *
For fishing, water is drained from the pond. It takes two weeks. A few hours before the start of the process, a passage is opened in a special chamber, the fish, feeling fresh water, pours inward. Then the chamber is closed, the water is drained, and the containers are filled.

Fish farm workers put on overalls and climb into the camera. The trucks have already arrived, you can start. Valera stands behind the control panel of the crane, masterfully turns a bulky contraption. The crane, he says, is called "Pioneer", and why so, Valera does not know. What the hell does it matter?

Several cars are stuffed to the eyeballs. Balagur Roman is the last to leave, having managed to tell an anecdote about the state farm of Ilyich, which collapsed. His tractor puffs funny, bouncing on potholes. The caught fish Roman and the company are taken for sorting.

The main work will now go there, and the fishermen sit down for a snack. They put their sidekicks on the table. They talk about the weather, about autumn, about the weekend and that there is still a lot to be done today. This evening, and the next, and many evenings they will have to work hard. "What will happen next?" - we ask at parting the duty "city" question about the future.

Then, they answer, winter will come, and it will be necessary to cut holes ...

Sorting: the caught fish is divided by type, weight. The carp that we caught today, by the way, is two years old, so not very large

by the way
- Maybe fish farms will be able to earn more money on trout, which officials have decided to raise in large quantities in Belarus? - we asked the director of "Novinok".
- In 2015, we plan to build a trout complex. But there are no surprises in a noodle bag! You need either money from the budget or cheap loans. This is not the case yet. In addition, I believe that Belarus is not yet ready for trout. Those farms that will open soon will provide the country with trout anyway.

The problem is that Belarusians consume very little live fish. Firstly, we have not yet "matured", Belarus is a developing country. Secondly, there is no culture of consumption. Here's an example. When I first started working, I was developing a strategy for implementation, I thought that the largest sales would be in wealthy Novopolotsk, and the lowest in poor Braslav, Naroch. But it turned out the other way around.

We sell more in Braslav, less in Novopolotsk. The reason is that where people live near water bodies, where they are used to fish, they know how to cook it. They make homemade herring from carp, roll up canned food, prepare a barbecue. There is no such culture and experience in young cities. If there was an advertising campaign in the country, if the fish were centrally "promoted", as they say now, the situation would have changed.

Now in Postavy we are building a processing workshop. It is planned that there will also be a fish restaurant. But for this, however, free money is needed. And they are not. Therefore, the restaurant is still only a dream.

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The end of February in Belarus has now turned out to be "fierce", as this month should be by its name in the Belarusian calendar.

PHOTO FROM ARCHIVE OF FISHERIES "SELETS"

There is ice on the lakes, including the reservoirs of the OJSC Experimental Fish Farm Selets in the Brest region. Now the fish farm is off-season. But even with a greater minus, here you can see live fish splashing in the water. Yes, not just any - sturgeon, sterlet and even beluga! Belarus, sturgeon and black caviar. Is it surprising to you to hear that? The SOYUZ correspondent went to the city of Belarusian power engineers, Beloozersk, to see how stereotypes are being destroyed.

In 2017, an experienced fish farm produced more than 112 tons of marketable sturgeon. Elite fish from Belarus was tried in Moscow, Smolensk, Izhevsk and Yaroslavl - the Belarusian fish farm sold 16 tons of sturgeon to Russia. In addition, fish farmers have grown more than 13 tons of fish seed. "Selets" meets the needs of all fish farms in Belarus in fry, and also supplies fry of fish for export to the EU countries and even to Russia, a country that is called the world center for sturgeon breeding.

On the banks of the warm canal in Beloozersk, nets are hung, and the canal itself is half occupied by fish-breeding platforms resembling mini-ponds. In the air - minus, and the water here keeps the temperature above zero. In the net cages there are grass carp and carp. In concrete - sturgeon and salmon. Artificial ponds are seething. Water flows from the pipes so that there is no stagnation.

Temperature and oxygen levels are monitored continuously. Food is special. The fish is weighed once a year. And soon it is planned to microchip valuable breeds.

Ivan Mikhovich, the head of the Beloozersky section of the OJSC Experimental Fish Farm Selets, leads me to the cage with the beluga. If you ignore the concrete walls of the reservoir and focus on the water, a fish of considerable size with long whiskers can be mistaken for a sea monster. All attempts of a fish farm worker to lift the beluga with a net so that I could appreciate the beauty of the largest freshwater fish were unsuccessful. Ivan Denisovich laughs at my fantasies:

In Belarus, no one besides us grows beluga. Now we have fish over 60 kilograms. And these are ten-year-olds. Of the sturgeon, the beluga grows the fastest and can grow up to two tons - such individuals are described in the literature. We brought the fry from Astrakhan. We are now creating our own broodstock. To do this, you need to keep the fish in our climatic conditions, then the offspring will be viable. Beluga spawns at the age of under 20 years. But in warm water, we hope it reaches puberty earlier.

If the beluga is a curiosity for Belarus, then the sterlet is an aboriginal fish. They say that once it was a dime a dozen in the rivers.
VICTOR VASENIN

In the fish farm, belugas are practically tame. Swim up to the side, hope for a treat. They are predators, and it is most interesting to watch when small fish are thrown at them. If the beluga is a curiosity for Belarus, then the sterlet is an aboriginal fish. They say that once it was a dime a dozen in the rivers.

Ivan Mikhovich complains that nowadays you cannot find sterlet in natural conditions as often as before:

Sterlet is included in the Red Book of Belarus as an endangered species. Some rivers were stocked with our help. Already come across, they say, fishermen on the bait. The sterlet grows up to 16 kilograms. The smallest species of sturgeon, but also the earliest.

A broodstock of sterlet and Lena sturgeon has already been created in Selts. In the future, the farm expects to establish the production of Belarusian black caviar. Theoretically, this is possible: the fish farm specialists have already successfully extracted an elite product, but it is too early to talk about mass production. Usually sturgeons spawn in May – June, but in the warm water of the Berezovskaya GRES canal, the process shifts to the first spring months. Between caviar fences - two years. If milking is done more often, the quality of the caviar will deteriorate.

It takes 3-4 years for sturgeon to grow to the counter of the store and gets there in 600-gram weight, although 250-gram is considered to be marketable. No one is waiting for the "royal fish" to reach the possible 100 kilograms.

By the way, sturgeon are grown not only in the experimental fish farm "Selets" in the Brest region. Fish farms are successfully operating in the Minsk and Mogilev regions, although they are smaller than Selets.

Head of the Department of Ichthyology and Fish Farming of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy Nikolai Barulin drew attention to the fact that earlier professional fish farmers were trained only in Kaliningrad, and in 1995 the specialty "Agricultural and industrial fish farming" was opened at the zoo-engineering faculty of the Academy in Gorki, Mogilev region:

Belarus is actively creating its own scientific base for breeding sturgeon fish, since the state program until 2020 provides for an increase in the production of fish resources in the country's water bodies to 18,158 tons, including valuable fish species - up to 1200 tons. Sturgeon production is an elite and promising area of ​​aquaculture. In Belarus, it is developing in three partially independent areas: caviar, meat and restoration of natural populations. We already produce black caviar for export, supply it both to the West and to the East.

“Domestic” sturgeon herds are modern, but today a lot is being done to restore natural populations. Over the past two years, the Belarusian Society of Hunters and Fishermen has stocked the sites on Pripyat and the Dnieper with sterlet, releasing about 3 thousand individuals into the water. The fry were purchased using funds received from the payment of the annual membership fees of amateur fishermen - members of the society.

by the way

Last summer, Russian specialists also stocked the Dnieper with sterlet - more than 30 thousand individuals were released into the water on the transboundary section of the river on the outskirts of Smolensk.

Introduction

Fish is an irreplaceable high quality food product for people. One of the pressing problems of the modern world is the problem of providing the population with food. At the same time, it is closely intertwined with the problem of environmental protection. Providing the population with fish products is an important task for the economy of any country due to the high nutritional and biological value of fish. In countries that do not have direct access to the sea, increased attention has always been paid to its cultivation in inland waters.

Belarus ranks one of the first places in the world in terms of saturation with freshwater reservoirs. However, a significant part of the water fund is not used to obtain fish products. The fishery potential of small reservoirs, ponds, reservoirs of complex purpose located in the agricultural sector is also not used.

The fish farming industry of Belarus does not provide the population of the country with its own fish products in full. The missing part of fish products is imported.

The annual consumption of fish and fish products per capita in our country is 16.5 kg, while the recommended medical standards are 21.6 kg. To fully provide the population of the region with fish, it is necessary to supply at least 20.6 thousand tons of this product per year to the food market. There are 19 specialized organizations engaged in fish farming in Belarus.

Fisheries in the republic are carried out in two main directions: fish farming, based on the breeding and growing of fish in artificial reservoirs, and fishing in fishing grounds.

Fish farming in the republic is carried out by specialized fish farms, as well as fish farming areas, shops at agricultural, industrial and other organizations of various forms of ownership. The area of ​​the pond fund of specialized fish farms is 20.26 thousand hectares, including for the cultivation of marketable fish - 16.33 thousand hectares.

The problem of providing fish and fish products is so important that in a UN special report it is highlighted as a separate column among eight other indicators that determine the level of food security of countries. In turn, states that do not have direct access to the sea are comprehensively striving to compensate for the shortage of fish products by developing fish farming.

In developed countries, the share of fish in the diet of people accounts for 18 to 83% of the protein diet.

China is the world's leader in fish farming, accounting for more than half of the world's freshwater aquaculture production.

The world's population is expected to grow from 6 billion to 8.5 billion by 2025, so fish production should double.

Research methods: literature analysis, description, assessment, observation.

Research objectives are predetermined by the research goal and are:

Give a description of the fish industry of the Republic of Belarus;

Consider the essence and directions of fisheries, fish farming systems;

To study the problems and state of the breeding and catching, processing of fish and the production of fish food products.

To characterize the objects and conditions of the study;

Consider the factors and ways to increase the economic efficiency of fish farming and fishing, production and sale of fish products;

Analyze the state and prospects for the development of fisheries in the Republic of Belarus.

Chapter 1. Literature review

1.1 Characteristics and directions of fisheries, fish farming systems

To sustainably meet the needs of the population of the republic, at least 180 thousand tons of fish and fish products are needed per year. Currently, the bulk of this volume is imported in the form of deep-frozen products. The share of our own, the most valuable fresh and live fish is 8.3 percent.

The most important direction in the development of fisheries in Belarus is commercial fishing. It is based on rational fishing in lakes, reservoirs and rivers in volumes that ensure the preservation of their biological diversity.

Fisheries in the republic are traditionally understood as catching fish from natural aquatic areas (fishing), fish farming in artificial and natural reservoirs and processing fish products. Without touching upon the issues of processing, let us dwell on the methods of obtaining fish.

Fishing is one of the most traditional ways that constantly accompanied human economic activity. Fishing is understood as the ways and methods of withdrawing part of the production of various fish species inhabiting water bodies in natural conditions. A distinctive feature of this direction of the economy is the limited resource base and great dependence on natural and climatic factors. The main task of the development of fisheries is the rational use of natural fish resources in order to obtain fish food products, subject to the sustainable use of the raw material base and the preservation of the biological diversity of the ichthyofauna of water bodies.

The second direction, allowing to largely eliminate the shortcomings of the first, is fish farming. Fish farming is understood as a complex of biotechnical measures aimed at breeding, preserving, increasing and qualitatively improving fish resources in artificial and natural reservoirs.

In the Republic of Belarus, the fish industry acquired national importance in the mid-1920s. last century. Production and research structures were created, the Fishing Rules were approved.

The efforts of scientists of the Belarusian Research Institute of Fisheries ("BelNIIRKH") ensured the development and continuous improvement of progressive technologies for the transition from extensive forms of management to the organization of intensive production. As a result, in 1989, state fisheries enterprises, together with collective and state farms, achieved the maximum catch (21.3 thousand tons) of fish from the inland waters of Belarus. It was based on fish grown in pond and cage farms - 18.4 thousand tons (86.4% of the total fish production). In a number of fish farms, productivity up to 16.0-17.5 c / ha was achieved, and in some ponds - up to 20-25 c / ha of high-quality table fish.

According to the Institute of Nutrition of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the physiological norm of fish consumption per capita should be at least 18.0 kg per year.

In developed countries, the share of fish in the diet of people accounts for 18 to 83% of the protein diet. In total, according to FAO, about 72.5 million tons of fish and other inhabitants of the waters used by people for food are caught in the world.

There are 19 specialized organizations engaged in fish farming in Belarus.

In 2010, fish farms of Belarus raised 21 thousand tons of fish, of which 4.8 thousand tons of fish stock and 16.2 thousand tons of marketable fish (7% more than in 2009). Including 12.8 thousand tons of marketable carp, 2.5 thousand tons of grass carp and silver carp, 640 tons of crucian carp, 111 tons of pike, 64.5 tons of sturgeon fish species, 24 tons of catfish species were grown.

Sale and processing of fish. In 2010, fish farms of Belarus supplied 13.5 thousand tons of pond fish to the domestic market (4% more than in 2009). Exported 344.4 tons. Sent for processing - 900 tons.

The importance of the fishing industry. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the share of fish in the diet has reached a record high - an average of 17 kg per person per year.

The global fish trade has reached a record $ 102 billion a year.

Most of the growing global demand comes from the industrial farming of fish and seafood, which is growing by almost 7% annually.

About 10 million people now live in Belarus. Taking into account the physiological norm of fish consumption per capita (18 kg per year per person), the need for fish products is already at least 180.0 thousand tons. It is desirable that at least 20% of this amount be freshwater fish, which goes to the table. the consumer is mainly fresh and is the most valuable dietary food product.

Fisheries Fund.

Fishery reservoirs are understood as water bodies on which fishery activities are or may be conducted. The fund of fishery reservoirs of the Republic of Belarus is rich and diverse, but at the same time it is characterized by extreme fragmentation. According to reference data, the country has more than 10 thousand lakes with a total area of ​​about 200 thousand hectares, 130 reservoirs with a total area of ​​80 thousand hectares and 20,800 rivers with a total length of 90.6 thousand km. In addition, there are 21.86 thousand hectares of ponds for fish farms, 4.6 thousand hectares of ponds for collective and state farms, as well as 17.05 thousand km of canals for various purposes.

Efficiency of using the fund of fishery reservoirs

The fund of fishery reservoirs of the Republic of Belarus is used in the production of commercial fish products by various economic entities, which can be combined as follows:

1. State fish-breeding enterprises, which are part of the structure of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

2. Fish-breeding and fishing enterprises under the jurisdiction of the Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Belarus.

3. Fish-breeding enterprises of the agro-industrial complex (collective farms), communally owned by regional executive committees and regional executive committees, respectively, which are members of the Committees on Agriculture and Food of the regions and the departments of agriculture and food of the regional executive committees.

4. Fish-breeding enterprises used by public organizations (Society of hunters and fishermen), subsidiary farms, industrial enterprises, forestry enterprises, consumer cooperation enterprises, farmers and other legal entities and individuals.

The efficiency of using the available pond areas for a number of objective and subjective factors is currently low. With the design capacity of the ponds of the state fish farms of 17,200 tons of fish products per year, the utilization rate varies by region from 39.3 to 86.4%, averaging 53.0% throughout the republic. The utilization rate of communally owned ponds is even lower.

For the purposes of fish farming and fishing, in addition to the ponds of fish farms, collective farms and state farms, about 160 thousand hectares of lakes and reservoirs and 4.3 thousand km of rivers can be involved, which is, respectively, 57.0 and 4.8% of the available water fund.

1.2 The essence and directions of fisheries, fish farming systems

Fish farming is a unique type of production in the country's economy. One of the main tasks of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food is to create conditions for increasing the resources of food and agricultural raw materials, improving the supply of the population of the republic with high-quality food.

The norms for rational consumption of food, approved by the Ministry of Health, provide for the average annual consumption of fish and seafood (depending on age and physical activity) from 16 to 24 kg per year per person.

To sustainably meet the needs of the population of the republic, at least 180 thousand tons of fish and fish products are needed per year. Currently, the bulk of this volume is imported in the form of deep-frozen products. The share of our own, the most valuable fresh and live fish is 8.3 percent.

The most important direction in the development of fisheries in Belarus is commercial fishing. It is based on rational fishing in lakes, reservoirs and rivers in volumes that ensure the preservation of their biological diversity.

According to the method of obtaining fish products, two main directions are distinguished:

By catching from fishing grounds (rivers, lakes and reservoirs);

By breeding under controlled or partially controlled conditions (aquaculture).

Aquaculture production goes in the following directions:

Pond fish farming;

Fish farming in cages and basins on warm waters;

Fish farming in closed water supply installations.

The main fish production in the Republic of Belarus is carried out by growing it in state pond fish farms, which are part of the system of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Additional - in ponds of agricultural enterprises, in installations with a closed water supply, cages and pools of auxiliary fish-breeding workshops of industrial enterprises, private firms and individual entrepreneurs, catch by tenants (legal entities of various forms of ownership) from fishing grounds.

One of the promising areas for fish farming is its production in cages and pools on the basis of waste water from thermal power plants, as well as in closed water supply units (RAS). The advantage of this direction is that fish can be raised in warm water farms all year round. In summer, heat-loving species such as carp, herbivorous fish, buffalo, channel catfish, paddlefish, tilapia, etc. grow well. In winter, the temperature in warm-water farms is kept within 9-14 ° C, which makes it possible to successfully grow cold-loving fish species such as trout , steelhead salmon, which reach marketable weight by spring. In the RAS, fish can be raised all year round under specified conditions. This makes it possible to reduce the period for obtaining marketable products by 1 year compared to conventional technology, as well as to ensure a uniform supply of live fish to consumers throughout the year. Since in industrial conditions fish do not have the opportunity to use natural feed, it is important when growing fish to provide it with high-quality compound feed balanced in terms of basic nutrients. The cost of such feed, as a rule, exceeds the cost of feed used in pond fish farming, which increases the cost of the resulting fish products. The main object of aquaculture in Belarus is carp, which currently accounts for 79.7% of the total production of farmed fish. Along with carp, the goldfish (10.0%), herbivorous fish of the Chinese faunistic complex - grass carp, silver carp and silver carp (in total about 8.0%) and pike (1.8%) are grown. Of the other species, tench, European catfish, rainbow trout, sterlet are cultivated in small quantities, but the production volumes of these species do not exceed 0.5%.

In the Republic of Belarus, the main body that develops a strategy for aquaculture (including fisheries) and its management is the Department of Land Reclamation and Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. The Department carries out planning of macro-indicators of work and control over their implementation by enterprises of the republican form of ownership. Locally, these functions are carried out by the committees on agriculture and food of the regional executive committees and district executive committees, which are in charge of enterprises of communal and private forms of ownership.

The structure of the Department for Land Reclamation and Water Management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus unites 19 full-system pond farms and 1 growing planting material and fishing in natural water bodies. They account for about 88% of the country's annual fish production.

The total area of ​​the country's pond fund is 24.53 thousand hectares, of which 20.8 are on the balance sheet of fish farms of the republican form of ownership, and 3.73 thousand hectares - of enterprises of communal ownership.

In addition to fish farms, 120 economic entities of various forms of ownership (state fish farms, enterprises of the Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Belarus, forestry enterprises, private enterprises, farms and public organizations) carry out commercial fishing and organize paid amateur fishing in natural fishing grounds on a lease basis.

Fish farming is carried out by specialized fish-breeding organizations that are in the republican ownership, and organizations that are in communal ownership, for which the management of fish farming is not the main type of activity. The area of ​​the pond fund of specialized fish farms is 20.26 thousand hectares, including for the cultivation of marketable fish - 16.33 thousand hectares, fish planting material - 3.93 thousand hectares. The communal property has about 8.9 thousand hectares of pond areas suitable for growing pond fish. Installations of closed water supply for fish farming are operated by individual entrepreneurs.

There are two ways to conduct fish farming:

The first is full-system, when fry are removed from the eggs, and then marketable fish is grown from them;

The second method is an incomplete system, when the young are not taken out, but bought in a nursery and then grown to marketable condition.

In the first case, reservoirs are divided depending on the age of the fish that they contain into: uterine, where there are adult males and females; spawning, where eggs are thrown and fry hatch; rearing, where they contain fry, planted from spawning ponds; hibernating, where underyearlings hibernate (juveniles, the age of which is not more than a year); feeding grounds, where the young are raised during the second summer, after which they are caught. If the organization conducts incomplete fish farming, then, as a rule, it has only feeding ponds.

One of the branches of fish farming is pond fish farming. Today, the breeding and keeping of fish in ponds is based on serious scientific data, taking into account the peculiarities of the habitat for a particular type of fish, various temperature regimes, the presence of vegetation, and other factors.

For fish, the most important water parameter for life is its temperature regime, which directly depends on the geographic location of the reservoir. Different types of fish prefer different ambient temperatures. And these are not simple preferences, this is a necessary component of the full development of a particular type of fish.

The main task of pond fish farming is the use of artificial reservoirs for fish farming. The reservoirs themselves, according to their structure and purpose, are subdivided into ponds and reservoirs. The reservoirs are designed for long-term regulation and storage of water resources; in ponds, this regulation is limited to a one-year period. This regulation is usually seasonal - in the spring, such ponds are filled with water in order to drain the water in the fall. The annual change of water in the ponds allows them to be used at a higher fish-breeding and technical level with increased fish productivity.

Increasing the efficiency of pond fish breeding can ensure the introduction of the latest achievements of the fishery science of the republic on existing fish farms. First of all, these are resource-saving intensification biotechnologies, including hybridization, stimulation of the development of the natural food base of ponds and its effective use by a complex of farmed fish (herbivores, carp, crucian carp, pike), optimization of fish feeding and fodder production, effective prevention of fish diseases, the use of technical means for feeding and aeration of water at high stocking densities of farmed fish. Due to these factors, it is possible to increase the volume of pond fish production in existing areas by two or more times.

Ponds are one of the most effective areas for the development of fish farming. Their use makes it possible to regulate both the specific and quantitative components of the products, to comprehensively use land and water resources, to distribute the geographical priorities of fish farming in those regions where there is the greatest demand for these products, thereby saving on transportation costs.

In addition, industrial fish farming has a number of undeniable advantages over other fishing methods, confirmed by both practice and scientific research. In particular, the products of pond farms do not need industrial processing, do not require significant transport costs for delivery and allow supplying the consumer with live fish.

Commercial fish farming is the most promising and progressive direction in the development of inland fisheries. It is precisely this that is capable of meeting the internal needs of the population in healthy and fresh fish products, in expanding its range and increasing quality guarantees. Currently, special attention is paid to fast-growing fish varieties, which will undoubtedly further increase the attractiveness of this production.

1.3 State and problems of breeding and catching, processing fish and production of fish food products

In the Republic of Belarus, the production of marketable fish products, including live fish (pond and lake-river); chilled, frozen, fillets, salted, smoked, dried, spicy and pickled salting, minced fish, culinary and balyk products, fish caviar, edible seafood, enterprises of twelve departments, as well as legal entities without departmental affiliation and individual entrepreneurs are engaged. The main suppliers of live fish are enterprises of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republican and municipal property (83.8% of the total production).

Fisheries on lakes, reservoirs and rivers will have to be reoriented from extensive fishing to the purposeful formation and rational use of biological resources of aquatic ecosystems.

Amateur fishing remains one of the sources of fish supply to the consumer's table. The amount of fish caught by amateur fishermen is directly dependent on the population size, the state of fish resources in fishing grounds and the financial situation of the fishermen themselves. According to the Ministry of Statistics and Analysis, the population of the country currently catches 7.2 thousand tons of lake and river fish for their own needs.

In addition to the production of live fish using our own capabilities, a significant amount of fish is imported from outside the country in the form of frozen, cut or processed fish products, mainly of marine origin.

The production of canned fish at Belarusian enterprises is currently unprofitable, since when using imported fish, imported food tin, vegetable oil and tomato paste with the same quality of the product obtained, the cost of a can of Belarusian canned food is higher than that of a similar Russian one.

The main sales of the manufactured fish products (91.7-94.2%) fall on the domestic market. The main centers for the consumption of live fish are cities, primarily the capital and regional centers, as well as regional centers near production sites. The rural population satisfies the needs for aquaculture products through retail outlets in regional centers or directly from fish producers. Almost 90% of freshwater fish is sold live, the rest is processed (smoked, semi-finished products, canned food). The sale of fish is carried out both through the trading network and directly by the producers, through the outbound trade in the markets.

The share of exports of fish food products accounts for no more than 10% of the production volume, while the bulk of exports is processed seafood.

The bulk of fish consumption in the country is satisfied by imports (mainly seafood). Among the EU countries, the main importing country is Belgium.

A further increase in the volume of sales of fish grown in inland waters is constrained by the limited demand of the population and saturation of the market with marine fish products. Compared to pond fish, sea fish is sold cut or semi-cut and at relatively low prices (15-30% lower than pond fish).

Chapter 2. Materials and research methods

2.1 Characteristics of objects and conditions of the study

In the second chapter, I considered the Branch of the RUE Polesiegiprovodkhoz Rybkhoz Sokolovo located in the Brest region of the Malorita and Zhabinka districts and belongs to the third zone of pond fish farming in the Republic of Belarus.

The fish farm "Sokolovo" was built in 1931 on the basis of panskie ponds and put into operation in 1939. The fish farm includes three sites - "Ruda" of the Malorita region, "Sokolovo" and "Trostyanitsa" of the Zhabinkovsky region.

By its type, the economy is full-system. The fish farm is engaged in breeding and growing carp, silver carp, grass carp, pike, European buffalo catfish, from the larva to the distribution of marketable products.

The fish farm has the following categories of ponds: wintering, spawning, growing, summer broodstock and feeding. The total area of ​​ponds is 702 hectares, including the Trostyanitsa site - 22 hectares, the Sokolovo site - 285 hectares, the Ruda site - 395 hectares.

By 2015, the fish farms of Belarus will meet the population's demand for valuable fish species by 70%, the head of the department for the cultivation of valuable fish species of the Department of Land Reclamation and Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food said. The need of the republic for valuable types of fish today is 5-6 thousand tons per year. By 2015, the volume of its production in Belarus will increase to 3.8 thousand tons, that is, Belarusians are provided with this product by about 70%. ”This year, the production of valuable fish species (salmon, sturgeon, catfish) is planned to increase in comparison with 2011 almost threefold - up to 350 tons. According to the State Program for the Development of Fisheries Activities for 2011-2015, 15 projects for the cultivation of valuable fish species will be implemented in the republic, including both the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones. " a trout complex with a capacity of 60 tons was commissioned in the Mogilev region. Two farms for growing African catfish were commissioned this year in the Grodno and Brest regions.

A fish hatchery for obtaining planting material for salmon species will be commissioned in Gorki, Mogilev region, to Dazhynki. It is being built on the basis of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy. The construction of a trout farm has also begun at the Alba fish farm in the Nesvizh region.

Fish farms of Belarus in the first half of this year increased the volume of processing of pond fish by 12% compared to the same period in 2011. About 600 tons of pond fish were sent for processing in January-June, from which about 360 tons of finished products were obtained. Currently, 7 specialized organizations are engaged in fish processing in the republic: OJSC "Experimental fish farm" Selets ", OJSC" Rybokombinat "Lyuban", OJSC "Rybkhoz" Dneprobugsky ", OJSC" Rybkhoz "Krasnaya Sloboda", OJSC "Rybhoz" Volma ", OJSC "Rybkhoz" Polesie "and OJSC" Experimental fish farm "Beloye. it is mainly Russia - BelTA note) the organizations supplied only 392.5 tons of pond fish, "the deputy head of the department noted, adding that 93% of external supplies fell to the share of OJSC Experimental Fish Farm Selets. The remaining 7% are exported. supplied to OJSC "Rybokombinat" Lyuban ", as well as fish farms" Polesie "and" Sokolovo ". Last year, the volume of sales of pond fish compared to 2010 increased by about 20%. Today, 19 specialized organizations are engaged in fish farming in Belarus. They have at their disposal 20 thousand hectares of artificial ponds in which carp, silver carp, grass carp, tench, pike, catfish, as well as valuable commercial fish species are grown.

2.2 Factors and ways to increase the economic efficiency of fish farming and fishing, production and sale of fish products

Aquaculture is a fairly costly area of ​​economic activity that requires significant financial investments. This is due to significant capital costs for the construction of fish ponds, structures, costs for their subsequent maintenance, the purchase of feed, mineral fertilizers, means of prevention and treatment of fish. In industrial fish farming, in addition to feed, large costs are spent on energy supply and water treatment. The rural population (farmers) are engaged in aquaculture as an additional species to the main activity. Basically, this is the lease of small reservoirs with subsequent stocking of feeding fish species (carp, crucian carp, herbivorous, pike) for the purpose of commercial withdrawal or the development of amateur fishing on a paid basis. Commercial fishing with the existing species composition of the catches obtained is also often unprofitable, since the costs of wages, transport, depreciation and repair of fishing gear are not always compensated by the value of the catch.

Increasing the economic efficiency of fish farming and fishing is in direct proportion to reducing the cost per unit of fish products received and increasing its cost. This can be achieved in the following ways:

Widespread development in the production of polyculture of fish (two or more species, with joint cultivation, not competing for feed;

The transition in carp breeding from outbred individuals to regionalized breeds and interbreed crosses;

The use of a set of measures in pond fish farming, which allows, due to the introduction of lime and organo-mineral fertilizers, to stabilize the environment and increase the natural productivity of ponds by 40-80%;

In industrial fish farming, the transition from carp cultivation to the cultivation of more valuable fish species (sturgeon, salmon, catfish, eel;

Improvement of production technology at the enterprises of the feed industry for the production of specialized high-grade feed for fish;

Carrying out a set of measures to improve the health of fish farms, prevent and combat fish diseases;

Partial processing of aquaculture products at the production sites, which allows to reduce costs when selling live fish and weight loss when it is overexposed before selling;

Transfer of the most economically important fishing grounds for lease only to those tenants who are able to use the water bodies with the greatest efficiency;

Expansion of the practice of creating fishing farms focused on paid amateur fishing using high-value stocked fish species, the formation of a service sector to provide recreation for the population, etc.

In the field of fish processing, the main way to increase efficiency is to expand the range of products in the form of semi-finished and ready-to-use products in small packaging and with an appropriate shelf life, as well as fish cooking.

There are currently 160 fish farms tenants in Belarus. Tenants, as a rule, are only interested in catching fish and do not pay attention to reproduction and stocking of water bodies.

The existing production capacities of fish processing enterprises allow producing more than 16 thousand tons of products per year. The fishing industry has refrigerated and refrigerated warehouses with a capacity of 19 thousand tons of simultaneous storage of fish and fish products.

The most important condition for increasing the volume of fish production is the implementation of measures for technical re-equipment, the creation of new technologies, the acquisition and implementation of modern technical equipment and means of mechanization in production. According to medical standards, for the normal development of the human body, 18.2 kg of fish products are needed per year.

Recently, there has been a tendency towards an increase in fish consumption in the republic. Maintaining this trend in the future requires taking measures, the most important of which are creating conditions for increasing the production of fish food products, expanding the range, improving the quality and competitiveness of products. For the purpose of sustainable functioning of the fish and fish products market, it seems promising to create integrated formations with the participation of fish farms, processing enterprises, feed mills, organizations of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and banks.

These activities should ultimately improve the efficiency of fish farming and fish processing to a level that allows for further expanded production.

The giants that create the basis for the food security of the state are the state enterprise of the Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Belarus "Belryba", JV "Santa Bremor", "Vitalur", "BelVilLesden", "Leor Plastic", which specialize mainly in import, as well as OJSC "Minsk fish complex ".

Chapter 3. Research results and their analysis

3.1 Analysis of the state and prospects for the development of fisheries in the Republic of Belarus

Fish farming in the republic is carried out by specialized fish farms, as well as fish farming areas, shops at agricultural, industrial and other organizations of various forms of ownership.

Agricultural organizations are assigned 8.9 thousand hectares of ponds for various purposes, where up to 1.5 thousand tons of marketable fish can be grown annually.

Another direction of development of fish farming in the republic is industrial, based on the cultivation of fish in cages, pools, installations with closed water supply. The production capacities of the cage lines installed on the basis of the waste warm waters of the Berezovskaya and Novolukomlskaya SDPPs make it possible to receive up to 1.5 thousand tons of marketable carp per year. The cages are used for growing broodstock and marketable fish of valuable species - trout, Lena and Russian sturgeon, sterlet, bester, European and African catfish, etc.

Fishing activities are carried out by legal entities on the basis of the rights to lease fishing grounds or use gratuitously and with special permits (licenses) for fishing activities.

Fishing activities by commercial fishing and the organization of paid amateur fishing are carried out by 205 leaseholders of fishing grounds, to whom 102.4 thousand hectares of lakes and reservoirs and 1.2 thousand km of rivers have been leased (free of charge).

The main share of fishing grounds (34.3 percent of water bodies and 29.3 percent of the length of watercourses) is in the use of state environmental institutions, forestry organizations of the Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Belarus.

Fish farming organizations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food use 23.1 percent of the entire leased area of ​​water bodies and 13.6 percent of the length of watercourses, 6.9 percent of fishing grounds are leased by the republican state-public association "Belarusian Society of Hunters and Fishermen", 3.2 percent - Institutions of the Ministry of Forestry. Organizations subordinated to regional executive committees lease 32.5 percent of fishing grounds.

The implementation of the planned set of organizational and technological measures provided for by the Republican program for the development of the fishing industry for 2006–2010, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 535 dated April 19, 2006, made it possible to systematically increase the production of commercial products and bring the volume of its sales in 2009 to 14.8 thousand tons (which is 2.4 times higher than the 2005 level).

Consumption of fish products in general per capita reached the level of 14.5 kg per year. Its slight decrease in 2009 compared to 2005 is explained by a decrease in fish imports to the republic by 46 thousand tons (from 190 to 144 thousand tons). At the same time, the volume of consumption of the most valuable fresh freshwater fish increased from 0.6 kg in 2005 to 1.4 kg in 2009, and by 2015 this figure is planned to be increased to 2.4 kg.

In 2012, 21 thousand tons of fish were grown in Belarus, of which 4.8 thousand tons of fish seed and 16.2 thousand tons of marketable fish (this is 7% more than in 2009). Including grown:

12.8 thousand tons of marketable carp;

2.5 thousand tons of grass carp and silver carp;

640 tons of crucian carp;

111 tons of pike;

64.5 tons of sturgeon fish species;

24 tons of catfish species of fish.

As for the sale and processing of fish products, in 2012 the fish farms of the Republic of Belarus supplied 13.5 thousand tons of pond fish to the domestic market (4% more than in 2009). Export deliveries in 2012 amounted to 344.4 tons, and 900 tons of fish were sent for processing.

Currently, there is a reorientation from commercial fishing to artificial fish farming. Aquaculture (breeding and (or) cultivation of aquatic organisms, carried out under full or partial human control, in order to obtain marketable products, preserve and replenish aquatic organisms, as well as improve the environment) is the fastest growing industry of food production, outstripping growth rates fishing and accounting for 40 percent of the catch. Trout breeding and sturgeon breeding are the priority areas of world freshwater aquaculture.

In the Republic of Belarus, the share of salmon, sturgeon, catfish species is 0.7 percent of the volume of fish grown in the republic.

The existing capacities of pond fish farms of the republic, intended for the cultivation of carp and related fish species, are limited by the design capacity and the possibility of intensifying fish farming due to costs that will not be recouped.

An increase in the production of fish products is possible only through the introduction of new modern fish farming technologies, the construction of fish hatcheries, industrial specialized complexes and the creation of closed water supply installations for the cultivation of salmon, sturgeon and catfish species.

For the development of industrial fish farming by raising fish in cages and basins, as well as in closed water supply installations, financial support from the state is required.

Keeping valuable fish species (salmon, sturgeon, catfish) by fish-breeding organizations is costly due to their physiological characteristics. The lack of compensation for the costs of their maintenance, the attribution of additional costs to the cost of production will lead to an unreasonable reduction in the number of these species, including expensive broodstock. To restore it, it will be necessary to purchase fish seed and broodstock outside the republic.

To meet the needs of the population in fish products of domestic production, to resolve the issue of import substitution, it is necessary to continue work on the construction of fish processing shops in fish farms.

The main target indicators are to achieve by 2015 the volume of production of marketable fish up to 22.7 thousand tons, the volume of processing of freshwater fish by fish-breeding organizations up to 4 thousand tons per year.

To achieve a stable supply of the population of the republic with high-quality fish products, as well as to supply it for export, the following tasks are required:

Creation of 11 specialized industrial complexes for the cultivation of salmonids, 1 sturgeon complex with a capacity of up to 100 tons per year, 3 specialized fish hatcheries for the production of fish stock for salmon, whitefish and other fish species;

Formation of a stable raw material base and introduction of modern technical processing of freshwater fish in fish-breeding organizations;

Development of technologies for commercial cultivation of salmon, sturgeon, catfish and other fish species in various types of farms in Belarus;

Creation and preservation in Belarus on the basis of trout and sturgeon complexes of broodstock of native and economically valuable fish species (sturgeon, salmon, whitefish, carp, herbivorous) in the amount of 105 thousand pieces as a reserve genetic fund for the formation and replenishment of local populations;

Creation of conditions for the export of fish products and ensuring the competitiveness of products;

Development of entrepreneurship, expansion of service industries, provision of employment for the population;

Rational use of biological resources of natural reservoirs.

To achieve the goals and implement the designated tasks, it is necessary within the framework of the State Program:

ücreation of new and development of existing fish breeding complexes for the cultivation of promising fish farming objects;

ü Carrying out technical re-equipment of fish-breeding organizations;

ü Carrying out works on the maintenance of the pond fund in a working condition;

ü Carrying out medical and preventive measures;

ü liquefaction of ponds;

ü Introduction of selection and breeding work and the introduction of additional fish species for optimal use of the forage base;

üstate support of business entities by creating favorable economic conditions for the development of production of promising fish farming objects;

ücreation of conditions for the reproduction of fish resources;

üinstallation of specialized lines for the production of domestic fish feed for salmon, sturgeon, catfish and other fish species;

Increase in the number of jobs in fish breeding organizations located in rural areas by 27.7 percent;

Creation of conditions for achieving the level of wages of workers involved in fish farming, equivalent to US $ 435–500;

An increase in the volume of annual budget revenues by 27.4 billion rubles;

Expansion of the range and improvement of the quality of fish products produced by increasing the production of salmon, sturgeon, catfish and other fish species;

The volume of fish processing is up to 4 thousand tons per year;

Reducing the import of fish stock for salmon, sturgeon and whitefish species, including those listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus;

Investment attractiveness of fisheries.

In the near future, pond fish farming will remain the main gross-forming trend in the development of aquaculture in the republic. During the period of the Republican program for the development of the fishing industry for 2006–2010, the number of commercial pond fish grown in fish-breeding organizations increased from 5.6 to 15.2 thousand tons.

In 2012, the volume of pond fish production (sales) reached 18.1 thousand tons, which is 100.9% to the target of the state program and 119.1% to the level of 2011. Including fish farms of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food in 2012 sold 16.6 thousand tons of pond fish, or 100.6% of the target and 20.7% more than in 2011. The highest indicators in the sale of fish were achieved by OJSC "Experimental fish farm" Selets ", OJSC" Rybkhoz "Volma", OJSC "Rybkhoz Novinki".

The total volume of production and import of finished products, including canned food, in 2011 amounted to 78.6 thousand tons. The main raw materials for industrial processing are ocean fish and seafood (herring, sprat, herring, mackerel, salmon, seaweed ), the share of which in the total volume of processed raw materials is 90 percent. The output of fish products by fish processing enterprises of the republic from raw materials from local catch in the total production volume is no more than 10 percent. The assortment of canned fish of the tomato group, natural canned food, natural with the addition of oil, in jelly from the raw materials of the local catch is limited in the trade network of the republic.

In measures to create new facilities for the production of marketable products, breeding, cultivation of planting material for valuable fish species and fish processing, the introduction of advanced technologies in fish farming and the fishing industry is envisaged.

Due to the lack of manufacturers of specific equipment for fish hatcheries, commercial farms and closed water supply units in the republic, its purchase will be made by import from direct manufacturers with many years of experience, or from their official dealers within the republic. The amount of funds required to purchase equipment for these import facilities is 18–19 billion rubles for five years.

Thus, the total import intensity of the State Program in 2011–2015 is estimated at 20–21.5 billion rubles, or 3.7 percent of the total amount of funds provided for its implementation. At the same time, the use of new technologies for the cultivation of valuable fish species, the introduction of innovations at the fish processing enterprises of the republic will reduce the import of fish and fish products by 2015 by 470-480 billion rubles, which is comparable to the cost of the entire State Program.

The program for the development of the fishing industry is a set of measures aimed at providing the population of the region with fish and fish products, as well as the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of fisheries activities, which is carried out in three areas - fish farming (breeding and growing fish in artificial reservoirs), fishing in fishing grounds on the basis of licensing, as well as the development of cage and industrial fish farming of economically valuable fish species.

The construction of complexes for breeding valuable fish species will allow by 2015 to fully meet the needs of the region in these species, to limit imports as much as possible, as well as to ensure the protection of the domestic producer.

The program defines the main tasks, including - increasing the volume of fish production in the water bodies of the country; expanding the range by introducing polyculture and raising valuable fish species, organizing the production of semi-finished products on the basis of fish processing shops; increasing the profitability of fish-breeding organizations up to 20 - 25%. It is planned to restore production capacities and reproduction facilities of fish-breeding organizations; to ensure a more complete use of the resource potential of leased natural reservoirs, while providing for equipping fishing teams with modern fishing gear, improving the organization of fishing; improve the organization of fishing and fishing. To intensify the industry, it is necessary to organize the production of fish feed and fish feeding, stimulate the development of a natural feed base and liming, mechanization of production processes, and prevention of fish diseases.

To determine the permissible catch of fish from the lands without damaging fish stocks and to maintain them at a stable level, an account of the attendance of reservoirs by amateur fishermen and the amount of fish caught by them will be organized and carried out; the degree of impact of recreational fishing on the resources of the land is determined.

Restoring and clearing production areas from tough vegetation, carrying out agro-reclamation measures will increase the natural productivity of ponds, reduce the cost of artificial feed, improve the sanitary and epizootic situation, ensure the standard yield of fish products and effectively use the production capacity of fish breeding organizations.

The most important condition for the transfer of fish farming to an industrial basis and transformation into a highly efficient industry is the mechanization of technological processes for the production of pond fish.

The Ministry of Agriculture today adheres to the following point of view: fish farms should pay attention not only to increasing the production of marketable fish, but also to its in-depth processing. At present, 6 workshops for the processing of freshwater fish are already operating in the fish-breeding organizations of the Ministry of Agriculture, in the near future it is planned to put into operation two more.

Particular attention in the State Program for 2011-2015 is paid not only to the in-depth processing of raw materials, but also to the breeding of valuable species of commercial fish in Belarus - salmon, sturgeon and catfish. Today, about 80% of the total production in fish farms in the country is carp. But silver carp, crucian carp, pike, catfish, sturgeon, grass carp are still grown in small volumes. It is assumed that their production in five years will grow more than 20 times - up to 2.5 thousand tons per year. At the same time, fish imports are expected to decline by 7.9 thousand tons annually.

Conclusion

The fish industry plays an important role in the food industry of the country. In the total balance of consumption of animal proteins, including meat and dairy products, eggs, the share of fish proteins today is about 10%. The supply of the population with food products based on fish and seafood in the required quantity, high quality and at affordable prices should become the main task of both the extractive industry of the fishery and processing enterprises.

The intra-republican market is saturated with fish products to a greater extent due to its imports: own production of the total consumption is 15-16%, and imports - 84-85%. In Belarus, 72 enterprises have the right to import fish and seafood.

The basis of the raw material base of the industry is made up of aquatic biological resources in inland waters, including rivers, lakes, reservoirs.

The water fund of the Republic of Belarus has more than 10 thousand lakes with a total area of ​​about 200 thousand hectares, 150 reservoirs with a total area of ​​80 thousand hectares, 20.8 thousand various rivers with a total length of 90.6 thousand km. In addition, there are 21.86 thousand hectares of ponds for fish farms, 4.6 thousand hectares of ponds, as well as 17.0 thousand km of canals for various purposes. Most of the fish produced in the republic (about 78%) is grown in ponds, but their area does not exceed 10% of all available reservoirs. This suggests that Belarus has huge reserves for growing fish in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, reclamation canals, the potential of which is not being used sufficiently.

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They recall last year's consumer hype for fish at the Lyuban fish farm (Minsk region), sighing sadly: if a year ago 800 kg of live fish were sold a day, now on average - 200 ... TUT.BY journalists own their possessions: 31 stocked ponds, located on 2.5 thousand hectares.

Why did they buy less Belarusian fish? How is it grown, how much do fish farm workers get, and why do the drivers leave despite the $ 500 salary? About this, as well as about how the fish farm fights against active fish eaters - cormorants, and about “big and pure” cormorant love - in the report of our correspondent.

Fish life: from larva to waiting room

Today the fish farm grows about 10 species of fish: carp, grass carp, silver carp, catfish, crucian carp, pike; from this year - more sturgeon and trout. This year, says the director of the fish farm, the plan is to grow 2.2 thousand tons, and the fish farm has already caught 1.4 thousand tons of fish.

It can take 2 or 3 years to grow fish. " In three years, you can grow fish 1-1.5 kg, but you need more costs, more compound feed When the larva is obtained, it is first planted in a growing pond. We have 18 of them. There the larva develops a season - from spring to autumn. During this time, a young of the year grows, becomes a marketable fish, and in the spring we transplant it into a feeding pond. We have 13 of them ”.

The larva itself can be obtained in two ways - artificial and natural. With the natural, it seems to be clear: the fish-producers - males and females - are planted in the pond, and they lay eggs. Under unfavorable conditions - for example, bad luck with the weather - the larvae "produce" in the hatchery. Unfortunately, we couldn't see it from the inside - at the time of our stay at the fish farm, the workshop was not working.

According to the director, most of the fish in the farm feed on compound feed: a special structure similar to a catamaran is lowered into the water into the feeding ponds, and compound feed is poured into it from above. "If the fish gets hungry, it swims up to the pins, which are located at the bottom of the structure, as if pulls them, and mixed feed is poured out to it", - says Sergey Makarenko. This, in other words, is a self-feeder. On each pond, according to him, there are 17-18 such structures floating.

Director of the fish farm "Lyuban" Sergey Makarenko

"For a fish to gain a kilogram of weight, it needs to eat 3.5 kg of compound feed, or even 4. We buy feed in the spring and feed the fish from April to August.This year we have purchased about 7 thousand tons of compound feed. And then we begin to "fish" the ponds, - says Sergey Makarenko. - Fishing lasts from August to November ".

The territory of the fish farm is divided, as it were, into two parts - on the one side there are ponds where fish live, on the other - the area where water descends when fishing - so that the fish remains in shallow water and can be caught with a seine. But not by networks, the director emphasizes. "The fish spoils from the net, for example, the scales slacken, etc., he explains. - Here in one pond, for example, 100 tons of fish, try to catch it with nets! "

Water is lowered with the help of special iron hydraulic structures. According to the director, the fish farms were initially built taking into account the peculiarities of the landscape: one part, where water is filled for fish, is higher than the place where the water is discharged. This is how all the fish farms were built, he adds.

True, from here the fish is not immediately sold for sale, but, as a rule, first for overexposure. "If it were for sale right away, there would have been no problems. But after sorting, we send it to another pond, where it will wait in line for sale. Fish usually lives there even in winter, but no one feeds it, and, of course, what the longer she "waits" there, the more she loses weight.

This is what a fish overexposure site looks like:

Overexposure does not always happen in a covered space. Only a small number of fish "await" under the roof - most go to another "waiting room" - under the open sky. These are 70 wintering ponds of 1.5 hectares each. These ponds are:

Cormorants: "The one with a beak dives and feeds the fish without a beak "

In bright spots on the ponds, stuffed animals in sweatshirts, shirts and scarves. This is to scare the cormorants away, the director explains.

"Usually we still wrap them with all sorts of shiny films, and when they sway in the wind, cormorants are somehow afraid. And that is not always. Usually they arrange a" collective "hunt for fish, drive it to shallow water, then dive and eat, - he says. - Therefore, we have to fight with cormorants. Our fish farm, like many others, has a certain quota for shooting them. "

In confirmation of the killing of a bird, the beak and legs of the killed cormorant must be handed over to the fish farm. " And then earlier hunters could bring their paws to one fish farm, to another beak "- says the director. If these are parts of the body of a gray heron, then the hunter receives 2 kg of fresh fish for them, if the cormorant - 3 kg. The hunters, according to the director, are not paid with money.

Drivers on "Live Fish" for 5 million do not want to work

Fish farm "Lyuban" focuses on selling fish on "its" trade: at 2 am every day or every few days the car is loaded with fish and the seller with a driver in a car with the sign "Live fish" go to the "destination". In total, the fish farm does not have so many cars - there are only 20 outbound cars.

The fish farm itself has few outlets: "Lyuban" works only for the Mogilev and Minsk regions. In Minsk, for example, a fish farm has its own "point" only in the Frunzensky district. Some of the products are sold at the Komarovsky market - in the company store of the Selets fish farm.

“So they decided in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. For example, in the Brest region there are six fish farms, so why should we go there?- says Sergey Makarenko. - We sell only 30% of our fish through stores, the rest is done by ourselves: we hire sellers and send them to trade. Until all the fish are sold, the car does not return. If necessary, the seller and the driver stay at the hotel or somewhere else to spend the night. It happens that they stay for three days, because they cannot sell. "

The fish farm has not yet entered foreign markets, according to the marketing department. "Recently we have already been included in the register for the right to export our products to the countries of the Customs Union. Not all of the 19 state fish farms are included in this register., - say in the marketing department. - In the spring, Russian businessmen are interested in our fish, because they are already running out of fish by the spring. But in general, Russia has enough of its own fish, so it is difficult to predict how successful it will be to promote the Belarusian one. "

True, if there are enough sellers at the fish farm, then there is a problem with the drivers. "They do not want to work, even though they receive 5 million", - the director makes a helpless gesture. At the same time, the fish farm admits that the driver's job is not quite a driver's job. The driver does not just turn the steering wheel to the destination and back - he also has to help the seller manage the fish, explained to the TUT.BY correspondent in the marketing department.

Last year, the director recalls, "the fish went well." "And this is a bit tight. True, now the price of milk has risen, bread, if meat also rises in price, then the demand for fish will recover,- suggests Makarenko. - The sale of our fish does not depend in any way from the rise in the price of vodka, but if the price of milk and meat rises, then the fish will usually be bought more actively ".

And the restaurant is not enough ...

At the same time, the director of the fish farm thinks that the rise in prices for meat and milk will not be enough for the demand for fish to increase sharply. "We are already bringing the cheapest fish to the Mogilev region, small, but the purchasing power is not enough for people, apparently. For three days, it happens, we stand there and come back loaded with fish. If last year we sold 800 kg per day, then this one - 200 each, although the price since last year has changed only by 10 thousand: it was 20 thousand per kg, now it is 30 ".

However, prices are often higher. Sergei Makarenko agrees that it may be expensive, but there is no point in selling fish for less than 30 thousand per kilo, "otherwise we will simply work at a loss," because the price of fish "is not taken from the sky."

"60% of the price of a kilogram of fish is the cost of compound feed, and hein price compared to last year has grown three times: from 900 rubles to 2,700 per kilogram. Of course, part of the workers' salaries is provided, the average for the fish farm is 3.6 million. In total, 450 million rubles have been allocated for the salaries of the fish farm. We also pay off the loan for compound feed. After all, we took a preferential loan of 20 billion for the purchase of compound feed for fish, and now we pay 500 million percent every month. Plus fixed costs go to electricity, gasoline, car depreciation, taxes, etc. "... In total, the fish farm employs 160 people.

About 10% of the fish grown goes to the processing shop. "The fish is smoked, barbecued, marinated in pieces. Cold smoked products are entering the market and are now very popular.", - says the deputy director of marketing Irina Adamchik.

According to Irina Adamchik, this year "fish slices, fillets and kebabs from carp are in good demand, although these were only our trial consignments." "But with the first ton of sturgeon grown for the first time, there is a problem. We have invested a lot in this fish, it is very useful, but we cannot sell it yet - we have sold only half a ton." Although the matter is also, perhaps, in the price: not everyone can pay more than 100 thousand per kg of Belarusian sturgeon.

Selling fish through hypermarkets is not an option. And it's not just the sturgeon - hypermarkets, according to Irina Adamchik, in principle take no more than 50 kg of fish for sale. "And they sell them for 2 weeks", - adds the specialist.

"Why not open more of your own brand stores? Maybe people just don't know you?" - I ask the director. But Sergei Makarenko is still skeptical about such prospects: maintaining a store is a costly business: pay rent, a communal apartment, etc., and a kilogram of fish, he says, will cost 40 thousand in general. “Who will buy it? - he asks. - In principle, our profitability is good - 14%. Some money is still brought by the organization of paid amateur fishing in the season. The fisherman pays 65 thousand for a permit, its price includes 3 kg caught fish ". On average, the fish farm said, about 150 people come per season.

So far, the fish farm has only one company store, and it is located next to the fish farm itself. “Recently we modernized it - made repairs, hired another seller, changed the operating mode - now seven days a week.

After walking around the fish farm, I could not understand everything - everything seemed to be organized well and clearly. And there is a store right away where you can buy fresh meat ... And I realized that it is good to buy fresh meat on the spot, but not enough: there is clearly not enough branded, if not a restaurant, then at least a cafe where chefs could delight guests with fish dishes. Even despite the fact that Lyuban is a small town, with a population of just over 10 thousand, this kind of institution would surely be popular. And they would build a couple more houses, and people from all over Belarus would be drawn. The fish farm agrees with this and says that in the near future there are plans to make something like a fish restaurant and open a cannery.

reference

19 specialized organizations are engaged in fish farming in the Republic of Belarus. They have at their disposal 20 thousand hectares of artificial ponds, in which carp, silver carp, grass carp, tench, pike, catfish are grown, as well as valuable commercial species - sturgeon and trout. The largest percentage (78%) of the total amount of pond fish is marketable carp. In total, excluding imports, aquaculture products of the total amount of fish products in the republic make up about 55%, taking into account all fish products entering the Belarusian market - 7%.