Aggression is all too common in modern life.
Physical inactivity, accumulation of negativity begin to eat away at a person from the inside. Often this ends in heart disease, nervous breakdowns, dissatisfaction with oneself, the people around and life.
To get rid of such a state, to find new emotions, many begin to look for activities associated with risk, extreme, with the infusion of adrenaline and the outburst of emotions.
Today there are many opportunities to take reasonable risks, to know oneself, to discover the talents hidden deep in a person. It is the sport associated with risk that enables a person to discharge accumulated negative energy, to relieve aggression.
Extreme sports are directly associated with risk. This is an increased injury rate, even a threat to life, this is a voluntary consent to be exposed to mortal danger. Participants in these species consciously take actions that others completely reject.
But extreme sports have many positive aspects:
- a person, doing extreme sports, gains faith in himself, which has a positive effect on various spheres of activity, on work and family relations;
- self-esteem rises, the possibility of self-realization increases, complexes and fears are overcome, which gives a feeling of freedom and confidence;
- this sport helps a person to overcome negative emotions, teaches him to concentrate in different life situations, composure;
- makes it possible to rethink values, overcome stereotypes, change opinions about others, awakens interest in life.
Extreme sports are characterized by high speeds, depths, heights. Serious physical and psychological readiness is required to prevent an athlete from getting injured.
There is a negative side to doing extreme sports:
- dependence on extreme is akin to narcotic, that is, there is a need to increase the dose of adrenaline;
- doing extreme sports, a person no longer knows how to get pleasure in another way;
- plunging into extreme sensations, a person can escape from reality, preferring only sports;
- these sports are associated with nervous exhaustion due to constant adrenaline;
- loads on the cardiovascular system disrupt the vestibular apparatus over time.
The most popular kinds of extreme sports.
1) Diving is the most popular sport. Combining sports and hobby, it attracts people of different interests and different levels of physical fitness. This is a dive into the water world with special equipment, scuba diving, in order to explore the underwater world.
2) Surfing - balancing on a special board along a large wave. An ancient enough sport.
3) Parkour - the art of moving around difficult obstacles.
4) Snowboarding is one of the most popular spectacular extreme types, associated with descent along the snowy slopes of a mountain on a board, using acrobatic stunts.
5) Rock climbing - climbing rocks or a climbing wall without belay.
6) Kayaking - rafting on difficult, rapids, difficult currents, sections of the river on long narrow boats.
Among the types of extreme sports, one can also name parachuting, mountaineering, winter swimming and others. Engaging in extreme sports is a vocation, a character, a will and the ability to take reasonable risks, getting strong emotions and unusual relaxation.
Baikovsky Yuri Viktorovich (editor-in-chief) - Professor of the Department of Theory and Methods of Applied and Extreme Sports of the Russian State University of Physical Culture. PhD in Psychology. International Master of Sports. Instructor I cat.
Martynov Alexander Ilyich - Doctor of Philosophy. Corresponding member of the International Personnel Academy. Senior Lecturer at the Russian Center for Training Rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. Master of Sport.
Elena Yulievna Nagovitsina - Applicant for the Department of Applied and Extreme Sports of the Russian State University of Physical Culture. Master of Sport. Instructor III cat.
The collection contains abstracts of the reports of the First International Scientific and Practical Conference on topical problems of training specialists in mountain sports (trainers-teachers, instructors-methodologists, mountain guides-guides). The need for the conference is due to the lack of methodological developments for the training of specialists in mountain sports in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The entire educational and methodological base for training specialists in Russia is currently based on the developments of the Soviet mountaineering school.
The purpose of the conference is to combine the scientific potential of the Higher School and the practical experience of specialists in mountain sports and create a unified educational and methodological base. The first conference was attended by representatives of five countries: Germany, Russia, USA, Tajikistan, Ukraine.
The practice of holding such conferences at the Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism will continue in the future. The second scientific and practical conference will take place in November 2006.
Bankovskiy Yu.V.
ASSOCIATION OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES, RESCUERS AND INDUSTRIAL ALPINISTS
The Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (RGUFK) is the leading higher educational institution in Russia that graduates Jehovah's specialists in sports. Earlier, during the times of the USSR, it was called GTsOLIFK (State Central Institute of Physical Culture of the Order of Lenin), then - RGAFK (State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism). The University has the Department of Theory and Methods of Applied and Extreme Sports, where the specialization "Mountain Sports" has been opened since 2002. Full-time education (5 years), part-time (6 years) and postgraduate studies (3 years). Graduates specialists - "Trainer-teacher in mountain sports". The head of the department is Professor, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, A.N. Blair.
The Institute for Advanced Training and Retraining of Coaches (IPK and PPK) has also been established under the Russian State University of Physical Culture, which provides retraining and advanced training of specialists in all kinds of sports, including mountain sports.
The All-Russian Association of Mountain Guides, Rescuers and Industrial Climbers (AGSPA) was established in 2005 with the participation of the University in order to develop and implement scientific and methodological foundations for training specialists in mountain sports, mine rescuers and industrial climbers. President of the Association V.V. Kuzin. First Vice-President - Yu.V. Bankovsky. President of the Board of Trustees - M.Ch. Zalikhanov. Vice President of the Board of Trustees - A. N. Bleer. Head of the educational unit - A. I. Martynov.
Since June 2005, the Department of PEVS RSUFK, together with the AGSPA, began to develop a series of educational and methodological literature and video films "Mountain and extreme sports." The Association also sees the purpose of its activities as the accumulation of efforts of already existing organizations, both educational and public, generalization and development of the previous experience accumulated in the countries of the former Union, the organic implementation of this experience in the realities of modern mountaineering.
Bankovskiy Yu.V.
CLASSIFICATION OF MOUNTAIN NEOLYMPIC SPORTS
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Department of Theory and Methods of Applied and Extreme Sports, Moscow, Russia
One of the serious problems complicating the formation of the educational and methodological base for training specialists in mountain sports is the lack of a unified classification of these sports. The Department of PEVS RSUFK and the Scientific and Methodological Council of the All-Russian Association of Mountain Guides, Rescuers and Industrial Climbers (AGSPA) carried out work on the systematization of mountain non-Olympic sports.
The classification is based on already existing, officially recognized sports and those types that are at the final stage of their formation.
Our analysis allowed us to conclude that the whole variety of mountain non-Olympic sports arose on the basis of two types - mountaineering and sports tourism (Table 1).
Dr-Ing. W. Garber
ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING IN THE GERMAN ALPINE UNION
The peculiarities of training in the Deutsche Alpen Verein (DAV) -German Alpine Union are directly related to the structure of this union, which is described in the review "Structure and organization of work of the German Alpine Union." training has many directions, not limited to mountaineering.
Initial training for DAV members is conducted in sections. There are no usual mountaineering camps in Russia, where planned centralized training is carried out, in DAV, and in other unions of the countries of the European Union. Mountain huts - there are more than 2,000 of them - are usually places for on-site training in sectional programs, that is, there is an extensive decentralized infrastructure that provides food and accommodation in the mountains.
In the sections, semi-annual programs of events are drawn up, which include training sessions, as well as hiking, climbing, training on the terrain, which are of an educational nature. The leaders of the sections form a general program based on the proposals of the leaders in the areas, for example, skiing, mountain tourism, rock climbing, mountaineering, etc.
Dr-lng, W. Garber
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF WORK OF THE GERMAN ALPINE UNION
DA V, Techkom-Alpin GmbH, Germany
This review tells about the Deutsche Alpenverein (hereinafter DAV) - the German Alpine Union, the world's largest mining union, which has existed since 1869. The foundations for the success or difficulty of mountain alliances are often rooted in their structure and principles of construction. My goal is to provide information about DAV, which, I hope, can be used when building mountain unions in Russia or other CIS countries in modern conditions.
Once I drew attention to the announcement of an accident in Germany: an elderly woman aged 70 fell in the Alps from a rock wall more than 1000 m high. Knowing about the large number of lifts in the Alps, it is easy to guess the scenario: a lift - approached the edge of the wall - dizzy (nevertheless 70 years old) fell down from the wall-recoil] the responsibility will fall on the administration of the lift (they did not make a good fence). But everything was different - she fell from the upper third of the wall somewhere in the Russian 5 c / c., Along which she climbed in the company of like-minded people of a similar age.
Gindiya D.N.
FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN SYSTEM OF TRAINING SPECIALISTS IN ALPINISM
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Department of Theory and Methods of Applied and Extreme Sports, Moscow, Russia
Modern mountaineering has deep historical roots. Since ancient times, people have tried to overcome the difficulties and prefades that nature erected on their way. Since its inception, man has expanded his living space, conquering neighboring territories, discovering and developing new lands. It was a period of discovery and conquest. As a result, a person gained experience in mountain conditions, improved techniques and equipment for overcoming mountain obstacles.
One of the main tasks of educational mountaineering in Russia at the present time is the creation of a new Unified educational program for the training of climbers on the basis of the 1986 Program, taking into account modern trends in the development of mountaineering in Russia and in the world. At the Department of Theory and Methods of Applied and Extreme Sports of the Russian State University of Physical Culture, work is currently being carried out in this direction. We hope that leading mountaineering specialists from Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union will take part in this work.
Cover I.K.
UPDATE OF INSTITUTE OF INSTRUCTORS AND GUIDES
Kiev, Ukraine Actualization of domestic mountaineering
Soviet mountaineering absorbed the European (Alpine) experience and introduced into it characteristic features that were almost instantly lost with the collapse of the country and the social system - centralized funding, massively available initial training and subsequent selection of climbers through competitive selection, collectivism. This was the concept and strategy of the mountaineering model of those years with its mechanisms of development and inhibition. Alpinism was actively stimulated by investments in the construction and maintenance of alpine camps, subsidizing championships and expeditions, the formation and selection of elite teams, the training and education of the richest personnel. In dialectical opposition to this, bureaucratic methods of restraint, prohibitions, and a rigid structural hierarchy were invented and born.
Martynov A.I.
MODEL OF A UNIFIED SYSTEM OF PREPARATION OF ALPINISTS
Russia, Moscow
History and status of the problem
The principle of accessibility in the system of preparation for activities in extreme conditions is also manifested in the stage-by-stage presentation of educational tasks, depending on the actual level of training of the individual. In the training program developed by us and approved by the USSR Mountaineering Federation (protocol No. 29 of 24.112.1985) for the training of climbers, this very premise was used in the first place. The program was adopted as a unified system for the training of climbers and, without any significant changes, has been used as a basis for planning the training of climbers in the CIS countries to this day.
V.V. Pomerantsev
GOGOLEVSKAYA SHINEL OF THE SOVIET ALPINISM SCHOOL
Sacramento, California, USA
All who survived the perestroika from the inside are direct pupils, direct followers, or, in extreme cases, direct heirs of the School of Soviet Mountaineering - ShSA. Today it makes no sense to compare ShSA with the so-called "Western mountaineering" - FOR. The business around this occupation and the accompanying entertainment movement of fans, semi-fans and those simply carried away in the "West" is much more powerful financially and technically, which in no way rejects outstanding individual achievements both in the new toolkit and in the practical embodiment of personal, single or mass, purely female, etc. accomplishments. The nature of the mountains is AWESOME, like fate, or fate in the mountains is whimsical, like the mountains themselves.
Shibaev S.A.
PROBLEMS OF TODAY
Russia, St. Petersburg
In my opinion, the situation today is quite sharply different from the situation in 2000, just as the situation in 2000 was at one time different from the situation in 1995.
The change in the political and economic vector of the entire country has led to a change in our kind of mountain sports. And this current situation is characterized by the following problematic moments. Part 2
Baikovsky Yu.V., Pilkevich A.V.
PROBLEMS OF ENSURING THE SAFETY OF ALPINISTING MEASURES IN THE MOUNTAINS
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Moscow, Russia "Centrospas" Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Tajikistan
The lack of a system for ensuring the safety of sports events in the mountains at the present time is, perhaps, one of the most pressing problems of the development of mountaineering in all the republics of the former Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a unified rescue service system and a centralized training system for mountaineers-rescuers practically ceased to exist. Communication connections and coordination of work between mountaineering groups, making ascents in the mountains, were broken.
Bozhukov V.M., Gofshtein A.I.
MORAL ASPECTS OF ASCENTING THE EIGHT MAN
MAK, Moscow, Russia
At present, the scientific achievements of alpine and aerospace physiology, as well as the level of technical progress of life support systems, make it possible to avoid the death of people in extreme alpine conditions.
In order to prevent death from hypoxia while climbing Everest and other eight-thousanders, it is necessary to create an international rescue team to provide emergency assistance to those in distress in the mountains at altitudes of over 7000 m.
Bozhukov V.M., Barsukov V.S., Mityagin Yu.A., Zakharov E.K.
ALPINISTIC CRYOGENIC OXYGEN EQUIPMENT
MAK, Moscow, Russia
Storage, transportation of oxygen in a form cooled to cryogenic temperatures (liquid) is widely used in industry, medicine, and the rocket and space industry. The weight and volume of the container is reduced several times, the cost of oxygen delivered to the consumer is reduced.
The invention * of the authors of the report made it possible to increase the specific capacity of oxygen cylinders in 2.5-3, Oraza and improve the provision of oxygen to the climber, making it 2.5-3, Oraza longer (table 1) than when using compressed oxygen.
Kochetkov G.S.
ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT STATISTICS IN ALPINISM FROM 1991 to 2004
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Russia, Moscow
One of the most significant problems in the training of athletes-climbers and instructors-methodologists in mountaineering is the presence of objective hazards in the mountains and in this regard, a fairly high level of accidents.
We (together with Prof. Baikovsky Yu.V.) analyzed the statistical data of accidents in mountaineering from 1991 to 2004. In the proposed analysis, we tried to consider the main indicators and characteristics of the accidents that occurred, as far as we were allowed by the data we have. Statistical data were provided by the Russian Mountaineering Federation (V.N.Shataev, G.A. Starikov).
V.V. Lavrinenko
PROBLEMS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF HIGHER DIFFICULTY CLIMBING ROUTES IN DIFFERENT MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS
Moscow State Academy of Instrument Engineering and Informatics (MGAPI), Moscow
In Russian mountaineering, today all routes to mountain peaks are classified into six categories of difficulty, which have their own semi-categories (from 1B to 6B). The routes are assigned a category by the classification commission under the Russian Mountaineering Federation (FAR). After that, the route under its own number is entered into a special table called KTMGV - classification of routes to mountain peaks. This table is constantly updated and partially changed.
So, what is available today. The team goes through a new route (option, combination), draws up a special documentation for it called the "Ascent report" and sends it to the above-mentioned commission. After that, this commission makes a decision on the classification of this route. But situations often arise when the commission considers the category of difficulty given by the team to be overestimated (the opposite cases practically do not occur), in turn, the athletes themselves insist on their own assessment. A conflict arises, the athletes have a certain sense of resentment, a feeling that they have been “condemned” and, in general, “who are the referees?” ...
Martynov A.I.
DOGMATIC STYLE OF THINKING IN ALPINISM
Russia, Moscow
One of the objects of research and, in particular, of sports psychology is the so-called "style of thinking".
The stylistic aspects of thinking have been developed in psychological science for a long time, since the time of C.G. Jung and E. Kretschmer (works of the beginning of the last century), and maybe even earlier. This topic was subsequently touched upon by Russian authors (Augustyunavichute A., 1982, Sobchik L.N., 1998, Shkuratova I.P., 1994).
In this case, you can find a variety of classifications. In particular, A.Augustyunavichute (as well as the American psychologists Myers-Briggs), following C.G. Jung, consider thinking as a way of perceiving information. Namely, sensory and intuitive perception are subdivided, and the so-called logical and ethical approaches are taken into account in communication processes. And at the same time, personality traits are taken into account: an extrovert-introvert, a tendency to be a leader or, on the contrary, a follower.
In a number of different classifications of styles of thinking, the division into the so-called closed and open styles is of interest. They were first described by M. Rokeach (1960), and then found practical reflection in the studies of S. Ertel (S. Ertel, 1972, 1978) and his followers. In these studies, the closed style of thinking was called "dogmatic".
As you know, in small groups engaged in extreme activities, along with the impact of the surrounding natural (or technogenic environment - for industrial mountaineering), additional stress factors can be social and communicative components, that is, communication. To analyze the problem, consider definitions.
Nagovitsyna E.Yu., Bankovskiy Yu.V.
FORMATION OF ICE CLIMBING AS A TYPE OF SPORT. SAMPLE SPORTS TRAINING PROGRAM FOR DYUSSH, DYUSSHOR AND MOUNTAIN CLUBS
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Department of Theory and Methods of Applied and Extreme Sports, Moscow
Sports ice climbing is one of the youngest rapidly developing mountain sports, which in a short period of time has managed to win worldwide recognition.
As an applied activity, ice climbing has a fairly long history. In Russia, ice climbing has been part of the training programs for climbers and tourists since the inception of these sports. In the West, the idea of competitive ice climbing came through the hobbies of climbers in climbing frozen waterfalls. Already in the eighties, cascade ice climbing became widespread in the Alpine countries, Scotland, Norway, and the United States. At the beginning of the 90s, ice climbing festivals were held in France, Italy, Spain. Ice climbers from all over the world came to the festivals. Athletes overcame natural mountain icefalls and climbed specially constructed artificial ice structures (icicles). Competitions on artificial icicles are very entertaining and attractive for spectators, which significantly influenced the idea of holding ice climbing (ice climbing) championships in Europe.
Russian sport ice climbing was transformed into an independent sport in 1998, when the first Russian Ice Climbing Championship took place on an artificial ice structure in Kirov. The official name is the Russian Ice Terrain Championship.
Piratinskaya ML., Piratinsky A.E., Malkin V.R.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STABILITY IS ONE OF THE LINKS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF A CLIMBER ATHLETE
Institute of Physical Culture, Social Service and Tourism, State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Technical University - UPI", Yekaterinburg, Russia
The ever-increasing popularity of rock climbing in the world, the prospects of getting into the number of Olympic sports cannot but call for the creation of a system of serious scientific support for this sport. The most important link in this system is psychological preparation. The creation of a control system for the psychological training of an athlete is still one of the most urgent tasks in modern psychology. The solution to this problem is possible by identifying the main components of the athlete's psychological readiness, which ensure the success of the athlete's performance in important competitions.
One of these components is the psychological stability of an athlete's performance of technical and tactical elements in a responsible competition.
Piratinsky A.E., Lebedikhin A.V., Piratinskaya M.A.
CLIMBING AS A KIND OF MOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF USTU-UPI STUDENTS
Institute of Physical Culture, Social Service and Tourism, State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Technical University - UPI", Yekaterinburg, Russia
Solving the problem of physical education of university students, ensuring the preservation and strengthening of health, the development and improvement of psychophysical abilities and qualities, involves a constant search for means and methods that contribute to the effective harmonious development of the individual. The main conditions for the effective organization of the educational process remain the availability of a specialist teacher and material base.
37 years of experience in using climbing simulators, accumulated at USTU-UPI, makes it possible to effectively organize training in climbing for rock climbers, climbers, mountain tourists, speleologists, etc. even in a small gym. You can start by climbing gymnastic walls, allowing the practitioner to use horizontal bars and vertical stands, holding on to them with different grips to perform different movements.
Rnbtsev S.M., Kvashin A.P.
PHYSIOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF EXERCISE IN EXTREME SPORTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF "ADVENTURE RACING"
Sochi State University of Tourism and Resort Business Institute of Physical Culture, Department of Tourism and Sports Disciplines Sochi, Russia
The word "extreme" in translation from English means extreme, extreme, limit. In the modern world of sports and recreation, it is believed that this is the moment of the influence of one factor or another, which requires the body to maximize concentration, tension and mobilization of the physical and psychophysiological capabilities of all the most important functional systems of the body. At the same time, in practicing extreme sports, people find a strong, incomparable emotional uplift. Thanks to this, in recent years, there has been a rapid development of extreme sports.
One of the extreme sports is Adventure Race or Survival Race. These competitions include some extreme sports such as mountaineering, mountain biking, canyoning, rafting, mountain trekking. Competitions are held at CVTOK.
Fedorov P.A.
EXTREME SPORTS. CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Moscow, Russia
The need to classify sports and exercise arose concurrently with the emergence of sports science. At different times, scientists have created more than 600 different classifications.
The variety of approaches to the classification of sports is due to several reasons. First of all, with the emergence of more and more new sports in many countries. The second reason is the influence of scientific and technological progress, which is reflected in the improvement of both direct sports activity and related areas. Finally, an important reason is the divergence of views among experts on what should be classified as a sport. In particular, there is controversy over whether or not activities such as hiking and mountaineering should be classified as sports. Their main difference from each other is the signs that underlie the differentiation of certain types.
Tsirin I.V.
PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL ALPINISM
Russia, Moscow, State Training Center "Professional"
The philosophical understanding that everything in this world develops according to: pirali finds another confirmation in the understanding of the concept of "industrial mountaineering".
More than 10 years ago, there was a complete misunderstanding of what a promalp is, everyone did not understand Chrich - climbers and builders, cavers and employers, tourists and the military ...
In May 2001, the profession of an industrial climber was officially approved, but the qualification characteristics mixed everything from avalanche control measures to shotcrete at height together with helicopter crews ....
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INTRODUCTION
Tourism is life in all its diversity, concentrated on a short period of time, characterized by a certain goal-setting and a way of implementation.
Extreme tourism is the sport of courageous people, overcoming difficulties, people prove how inexhaustible the possibilities of a person are. Extreme sports temper a person's character.
Many organizations are involved in tourism, but they do not prepare people for extreme situations. Extreme tourism is like a doctrine of survival, the main thing is not only to know how to behave in a given situation, but also to be able to do it, because when a risk arises, it is too late to start learning something.
Extreme tourism is the very top of all tourism. When a person has already achieved a lot in overcoming the obstacles that lie in wait on the passes and rifts, then immediately there is a feeling that something is missing and this means that it is finally time to cross the line.
Extreme is not a sport, it is a pleasure and an interesting pastime. Extreme tourism is a way of life! This is what I will try to prove in my work.
1. Basic concepts and definitions
Extreme tourism is a promising direction in the field of recreation and entertainment. Since about the 2000s, many people, especially those living in economically developed countries, have lacked thrills. Having arranged his life, having secured himself from natural disasters, a person begins to understand that he lacks adrenaline.
First of all, you need to consider the concept of "extreme".
There is no specific definition of what exactly should be considered an extreme sport or tourism. There are various types of professional activity or entertainment associated with great risks to health and in general to life in general. But what is extreme for some people may be work for others.
The same route can be very extreme for a person who is just starting to do it and a very easy walk for a trained tourist or sportsman.
The sedentary lifestyle of a modern, especially an urban person who does not regularly play sports or simply exercise, leads to the fact that a person absolutely cannot tolerate any load. Oddly enough it sounds, but the ever faster pace of society's life entirely leads to a less mobile lifestyle of its members. A person lacks physical activity and movement. Hence, the consequence is that for such tourists an ordinary 5-kilometer hike with a light backpack or climbing a hill 300 m high becomes a serious test. Even any tourist trip of the IV-V category of complexity, according to many experts, is already considered extreme. The difficulty category in extreme and sports tourism is determined by the duration of the trip in days (for IV category at least 13 and for V at least 16 days) and the length in kilometers. The minimum distance is determined for mountain hikes (IV category - 150 km, V - 160 km). For walking travel, this figure is determined at 220-250 km, ski - 250-300 km, water - 225-250 km, bicycle - 800-1100 km, motorcycle - 3200-4000 km, road - 4500-5000 km. Therefore, the concept of "extreme tourism" is very relative.
As a result, many adventure tourism firms are introducing their own route categories.
Now a lot of new exotic terms have appeared in the tourism sector: "trekking", "rafting", "jeeping, or jeep safari", "diving", etc. However, upon closer examination, these are the same old types of walking, water, automobile, underwater and other tourism.
Of course, new technologies, materials and equipment have allowed traditional tourist destinations to move to a qualitatively new level. In addition, in connection with general democratization and the acceleration of the exchange of information in the world, the number of regions open for visiting and studying has sharply increased. Thanks to the active research activities of scientists and enthusiasts, hundreds of new amazing objects of nature, history and culture are discovered in the world every year. It should be noted that the opinion that almost all corners of the planet have been surveyed and there is nothing to discover, is greatly exaggerated. Until now, in many places (and not necessarily very remote and inaccessible from the centers of world civilization), a man's foot has not yet set foot.
Along with the traditional ways of active recreation and entertainment, over the past few decades, many completely new and even exotic options for using free time have appeared in the tourism industry.
Some of them, for example kiting, arose on the basis of a combination of other types of extreme and combine water-air or air-land forms of entertainment. Others, such as travel on water on inflatable skis or space tourism, are fundamentally new.
An innovative direction in extreme tourism is also theatrical entertainment ("military tourism", travel in the style of "Indiana Jones", etc.), as well as historical and research (archaeological, geological, paleontological, ornithological, etc.) types of tourism.
Very widespread in the late XX - early XXI centuries. received ecological tourism, which is very often associated with extreme sports.
Russia is one of the few countries on the planet that preserved its natural wealth by the beginning of the 3rd millennium. Its potential for the development of ecological (including extreme) direction is enormous. In recent years, a large number of state nature reserves and national parks have been created in Russia - at present their number has exceeded 130. On the territory of many of them, a variety of tourist products and services are offered, including those for those who like "sharp" emotional impressions. Some of the most famous are the national parks "Stolby" (Krasnoyarsk region), "Losiny Ostrov", "Yugyd-Va", Vodlozersky, Kenozersky, etc.
Currently, there is no established classification of types of extreme tourism and entertainment. As already mentioned, this is due to the relativity of the extreme. Therefore, the following classification should be considered as generalized, characterized by the main definitions of tourism.
2. Classification of types of extreme tourism
2.1. Extreme water tourism
Diving is especially popular among water types of extreme tourism.
Diving is one of the most extreme sports. He is very dangerous, but at the same time surprisingly exciting. After perestroika, diving became widespread in Russia. The first diving clubs appeared in the 90s. By 2001, in our country, the number of divers who received a diver's license was about 15 thousand.
But compared to other countries, diving in Russia is very poorly developed and is very expensive, so most tourists prefer to do it abroad. For example in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt or Southeast Asia and other countries.
Wakeboarding - is a combination of water skis,snowboarding, skateboarding and surfing. The boat moves at a speed of 30-40 km / h with additional ballast on board. The boat leaves behind a wave, which the raider uses as a springboard. Jumping from the so-called springboard, the raider can perform various tricks. Just like diving, wakeboarding began to develop in the 90s. For wakeboarding, you need a specialized boat, which is very expensive, so in Russia it is poorly developed due to its high cost.
Water skiing - One of the most famous types of outdoor activities, this type of extreme tourism was born in America when an American decided to try ordinary winter skiing on the water. After that, this sport began to progress constantly. Now it has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998 the Olympic Committee even advised to introduce water skiing into the program of the Olympic Games in Athens in 2004. However, the IOC did not make a final decision on this issue. Now water skiing in Russia is practiced perhaps only on Cherny sea. True, it will be quite difficult for an ordinary tourist to fully enjoy water skiing, or rather, very expensive ... Windsurfing - This is an oval carbon fiber board with a rough surface for stability, with stabilizer fins on the underside and a small sail that attaches to the board. Windsurfing originates from surfing. The surfer is helped to move along the surface of the water by the force of the wave movement, and the windsurfer is helped by the force of the wind. With a good wind, you can reach speeds of up to 10-12m / s, and the record for today is acceleration up to 70m / s. Kayaking- is very popular abroad and is slowly gaining popularity in Russia. There are three main trends in kayaking - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting. Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver, sense and feel the boat and the water. Rodeo, unlike slalom, is also an element of the game. Freestyle kayaking is the performance of certain tricks on a boat at the expense of various reliefs of the river. During the rafting, on a kayak, you can go hiking on the rivers of any difficulty, or you can choose some mountain river and play rafting. You can select individual obstacles in the form of ramparts and waterfalls. And in order to feel confident, you need to have the skills of slalom and rodeo techniques. Kitesurfing This is a surfboard with a kite attached to it. This board allows you to feel the force of the wind and the sliding of the board on the water. With the help of the wind, kitesurfing will lead where the tourist wants, not the wind. This type of extreme tourism can be done in almost all beach resorts in Russia. Rafting - it is a descent along a mountain river on special rafts or canoes. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, completely safe even for the youngest tourists. Rafting tours are carried out almost anywhere in the world. 2.2. Terrestrial Extreme Tourism Speleology. Judging by the fact that cavers are people who, in their free time, go to caves with huge backpacks, then this is tourism. But at the same time, speleology is a science. Literally: "cave science", a section of geology, namely cartography and hydrogeology. And most importantly, the caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go where not only a person's foot has not stepped, but also where the gaze of his eyes or cameras did not fall. Speleologists are engaged in the study of this mysterious underworld. Spelestology - This is the science of artificial underground structures. Spelestology is closely related to speleology, only spelestologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetration into any underground city structures that are inaccessible or uninteresting to others. In order for any dungeon to interest spelestologists, it must be unused at the present time, and be of a certain historical interest. These include abandoned quarries, mines, water conduits, wells, underground passages, underground temples and monasteries, and so on. X-races- this is when the same people are so well and universally prepared that they can climb rocks, ride a horse, kayak or raft along rapids, rush through the mountains on a bicycle and descend on ropes under a waterfall ... These people unite in teams, and participate in competitions where their goal is to cover a distance of 3-4 hundred kilometers as quickly as possible using their skills. This is called "multisport", or "extreme" (and more often even "adventure") races. More than 200 extreme races are held in the West every year. For example, the largest racing in the UK, organized by the "Extreme Racing Association of the United Kingdom and Ireland".Jeeping. With the development of the automotive industry and the increase in the number of road transport, auto tours are becoming more widespread.
Nowadays, traveling by car is usually called jeeping. Jeeping is an extreme ride in jeeps and other off-road vehicles. Often, interesting tourist sites are far from well-worn convenient roads or highways, and tourists have to follow forest roads, steppe or desert, overcome natural obstacles, including water fords.
To overcome obstacles, cars must have a high cross-country ability. These goals are met by jeeps or SUVs. Currently, almost all car factories or concerns produce a variety of SUV models. The state of the roads in Russia makes this type of transport one of the most popular in our country.
Jeep safari is a trip to nature or a reserve by jeep. For those who want to get a thrill in the tourist centers, off-road vehicle trips to the mountains, deserts and other sparsely populated and inhabited areas are organized.
To drive cars in difficult conditions, you need to have certain driving skills. Off-road driving training is one of the most important travel services provided both before and during the jeep safari adventure tour.
2.3. Mountain types of extreme tourism Mountaineering - is considered one of the most extreme types of recreation. As a rule, mountaineering is mainly practiced in summer, but for thrill-seekers this can be done in winter as well. Difficult weather conditions and avalanches only add to the thrill of the trip. One of the main problems of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is the small number of experienced instructors. And they are necessary for climbing amateur climbers. Basically, there are few mountaineering instructors due to low salaries. And by the way, it is not uncommon to meet a Russian instructor abroad. Alpine skiing and snowboarding. Alpine skiing is one of the oldest outdoor activities. But, despite this, every year the number of people wishing to go skiing is only increasing. In addition, the ski service is now much more diverse than 10 years ago. Almost every ski resort has slopes for both professionals and beginners. Snowboarding - descent on snow from mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. Compared to alpine skiing, this is a more aggressive, active and extreme sport. In Russia, snowboarding gained massive recognition in the 90s. Now in Russia you can buy a variety of equipment from the world's leading manufacturers, as well as get riding lessons from experienced instructors.Freeride - these are off-piste descents. The possibility of avalanches, difficulty in orienteering and other mountain hazards limit the options for advanced riders. Many consider Krasnaya Polyana and Dombay (Caucasus) to be some of the best off-piste skiing spots in the world.
2.4. Air types of extreme tourism
Classic skydiving. It includes 2 types: jumps for landing accuracy and a set of figures in free fall.
Group acrobatics consists of the fact that the skydivers line up different figures from the maximum number. The number of parachutists in the team is 4 and 8. There are also teams of 16 athletes. Usually, those figures that will have to appear are announced in advance (for example, a "star").
Dome acrobatics consists in building formations from canopies of open parachutes. It is very different from other types of parachuting, because work on the result goes to the opening of the parachute itself. When performing figures, parachutists come into contact with the parachutes of other athletes, therefore, canopy collapses often occur. Therefore, this requires special equipment. Domes must be stable and well loaded. After all the figures are built, the most dangerous part of the exercise comes, this is when the parachutists must separate from each other and make an approach. If the canopies are meshed with each other, even activating the canopy release locks may not help and the canopy will not come off. The deployment of the reserve parachute in such a situation is quite dangerous. This makes canopy one of the most risky types of skydiving. Freestyle - one of the youngest types of skydiving. When a skydiver is in free fall, his task is to beautifully display complex elements. Practicing and training these figures on the ground requires special equipment, which is not available in every drop zone. A small amount of equipment is the main reason for the underdevelopment of freestyle in Russia. Skysurfing - it is jumping with a ski to perform various figures in free fall. In Russia, skysurfing has appeared relatively recently and has once become popular. The aerodynamics of a skier are very different from a simple free fall, so ski jumping is practically a different sport. All elements are performed in a free fall state. B . A . S . E . jumping - NS it is one of the most dangerous sports even against the background of extreme sports. A base jumper does not need an airplane or other flying equipment. He gets by with an ordinary lift, and often with his own legs and arms, plus climbing equipment. Baser climbs onto the roof of some high-rise building, mountain or rock, TV tower and jumps down. There are very few companies in Russia that specialize in this type of outdoor activity. Such types of recreation as hot air ballooning and hang gliding are very popular. Hang gliding is one of the fastest growing world famous sports. Today there are about 90,000 hang gliders around the world, plus about a thousand new delta pilots take to the skies every year. Today's aircraft are incredibly stable, durable, and flights on them can only be limited by weather conditions and the experience of the pilot himself.2.5. Exotic types of extreme tourism.
Space tourism - this is the most expensive and most exotic type of extreme tourism - a trip to Earth's orbit. While space tourists can be counted on one hand, they are American millionaire Denis Tito and South African citizen Mark Shuttleward. The first weekly stay on the International Space Station cost $ 12 million, the second - $ 14 million. Later, the lead singer of the N "Sync group, Lance Bass, was preparing for the launch on the ISS, but due to lack of funding, his launch did not take place. Rosaviakosmos "claim that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space travel from any citizen of the Earth. But after the famous crash of the Shuttle, the sending of tourists into space has stopped indefinitely. Kitesurfing. The person standing on the board is accelerated with the help of a kite, the rope from which he holds in his hands. The obligatory and perhaps the only condition is the wind. You can go kitesurfing in the fields, in the mountains and on flat terrain, and it is considered to be the most chic to ride on a board on the reservoirs covered with ice crust and dusted with snow. And river beds or lakes are perhaps the most windy places. Amazing all-season versatility allows kites to be used in winter and summer. The kite allows you to develop a speed exceeding the wind speed by more than two times. The realistically achievable travel speed is 60-70 km / h. Jailoo tourism is also one of the most exotic and extreme types of tourism. It lies in the fact that the tourist lives in a primitive tribe with all the delights of a nomadic life. This type of tourism is developing very well in the pastures of Kyrgyzstan. It is offered to sleep right on the floor of the shepherd's yurt, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and kumis, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures. Tourism to the North and South Poles. More recently, we have started to arrange cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic. Many people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and look at exotic animals. And the Arctic and Antarctic are the most ecologically clean places on Earth. Travel to exotic places of the planet... For example, you can go to Chernobyl or take a trip through the virgin jungle. In Chernobyl, you can observe an eerie picture: an extinct city, concrete slabs covered with tall grass and wild nature. New plants have appeared in the zone and almost extinct animals have revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes and gray wolves live here. And in the wild jungle, the tourist literally merges with nature, detached from the entire civilized world. So, having considered the main types of extreme tourism, we can observe a great variety in its directions. Some types of tourism were born from classical sports (skiing, cycling, etc.), others are completely original categories of tourism. Every day there are more and more extreme entertainment, as human imagination and the desire to test themselves for strength are limitless, and technical progress helps in this. 3. Psychological characteristics of people involved in extreme tourism. 3.1. Psychology of extreme situations. Recently, interest in the problem of psychological preparation of a person for action in extreme situations has grown. This is due to the increased attention to the mental state of athletes, which requires psychotherapeutic and psycho-preventive work. Extreme situations include: cold, heat, thunderstorm, precipitation, earthquakes, fires, forest fires, avalanches, floods, storms, rockfalls, landslides, landslides, thin ice, solar radiation, biological hazards. Participation in extreme tours is accompanied by mental and emotional stress. Such situations can often bring not only pleasure, but also lead to overstrain and breakdown of the higher nervous system. The situation becomes stressful. Because of all this, some extreme tourists develop neurotic disorders.Under these circumstances, the mental preparation of an extreme tourist is one of the most important medical measures in tourism. The ability to carry out high-quality mental activity while maintaining the optimal level of psychoemotional stress, physical and mental health depends on it, regardless of external conditions and adverse factors.Engaging in extreme types of tourism allows us to consider this activity as a natural model of emotional stress, and its study is of practical interest in solving the problem of adaptation, behavioral disorders and prevention of mental health disorders.
3.2. Psychology of human behavior in emergency situations.
Certain conditions, in which a person may find himself, causes him a state of psychological and emotional tension. For some, this causes the mobilization of all internal resources, while for others - a decrease in working capacity, deterioration in health, physiological and psychological stressful phenomena. It depends mainly on the individual characteristics of a person, working conditions and upbringing and understanding of the degree of danger.
The psychological state of a person and moral hardening plays a decisive role in all extreme conditions and difficult situations. They determine the readiness for deliberate, confident and prudent action in any critical moments.
3.3. Psychological readiness.
Extreme situations require high moral and psychological resilience, endurance and determination and readiness to provide assistance to the victims.
A grave picture of destruction and devastation, an immediate threat to life negatively affect the human psyche. In some cases, they can disrupt the process of normal thinking, weaken or completely eliminate control over themselves, which leads to unjustified and unpredictable actions. As a rule, overcoming fear is facilitated, first of all, by a sense of personal responsibility, an awareness of the importance of the work that is being done. The danger and risk to health, the importance of the work performed - all this raises the significance of what is being done in our own eyes and in the opinion of society as a whole.
Psychologically unprepared, not hardened people have a feeling of fear and a desire to escape from a dangerous place, while others have a psychological shock, accompanied by muscle numbness. At this moment, the process of normal thinking is disrupted, the control of consciousness over feelings and will weakens or is completely lost. Nervous processes (excitement or inhibition) manifest themselves in different ways. For example, some have dilated pupils - they say, "fear has large eyes", breathing is disturbed, heartbeat begins "the heart is ready to escape from the chest", spasms of peripheral blood vessels - "white as chalk", cold sweat appears, muscles weaken - "hands dropped or knees buckled ”, the timbre of the voice changes, and sometimes the gift of speech is lost. There are even known cases of death with sudden fear.
Contrary to popular belief, we should not - nor can we - avoid stress. But we can use it and enjoy it if we get to know the mechanism better and develop an appropriate philosophy of life.
3.4. Optimal stress level.
Location and gratitude, as well as their antipodes - hatred and thirst for revenge - are more than all other feelings responsible for the presence or absence of harmful stress (distress) in human relationships.
Strong positive or negative feelings are closely related to conditioned reflexes, which were first studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. In contrast to congenital unconditioned reactions, conditioned reflexes are acquired as a result of repeated combinations and learning. We learn from experience the need to avoid anything that causes negative emotions or leads to punishment, and we internalize those forms of behavior that bring encouragement and reward, that is, cause positive feelings. At the cellular level, learning depends mainly on chemical conditioning and is reduced to the production of protective substances such as hormones or antibodies and the modification of their action with the help of other chemical compounds (for example, nutrients). We have seen many times that short-term stress can lead to gains and losses. They lend themselves to accurate accounting, you can objectively measure signs of physiological resistance. When the whole body is exposed to intense short-term stress, the result is either beneficial (with shock therapy) or harmful (as in a state of shock). When only a part of the body is stressed, the result can be increased local resistance (adaptation, inflammation) or tissue death, as the case may be. The response to a stressor is regulated in the body by a system of opposing forces, such as corticoids, which either promote or suppress inflammation, and nerve impulses that release adrenaline or acetylcholine. We have also learned to distinguish synthoxic from catatoxic compounds, which are signals - to endure or to attack. There is a stereotypical physical model of the response to stress, regardless of its cause. The outcome of interaction with the environment depends as much on our responses to the stressor as on the nature of the stressor. It is necessary to make a reasonable choice: either accept the challenge and resist, or give in and submit. We have discussed in some detail the medical aspects of the complex relationship between the chemical stresses to which we are exposed and the body's responses to these stresses. Mental stress caused by relationships between people, as well as their position in society, is regulated by a surprisingly similar mechanism. At some point, a clash of interests arises - a stressor; then there are balanced impulses - orders to resist or endure. The body's involuntary biochemical responses to stress are governed by the same laws that govern voluntary interpersonal behavior.
Thus, we come to the conclusion that any person who wants to engage in any kind of extreme tourism should be psychologically prepared. On the one hand, tempering occurs naturally - after all, most people involved in extreme tourism are professional athletes. The formation of their character, skills, behavior patterns occurs from childhood, when they begin to go to certain sports sections. For them, it really is a way of life.
But it also happens that an ordinary person at a certain stage of life wants to test himself for strength, assert himself or just get a new interesting experience. In such cases, preparation is necessary both physically and mentally. For this, there are special training centers, extreme clubs.
Anyone should understand the risks associated with such hobbies and should be fully aware of what is going on. Therefore, the preparation must be professional and comprehensive in order to exclude dangerous moments for the health and life of an extreme tourist, or to help cope with any difficulties.
4. Geography of distribution of types of extreme tourism.
The geography of extreme tourism is very rich and diverse.
All over the world, thrill-seeking tourists will find something to do.
For example, in New Zealand, which in general is the birthplace of numerous types of extreme tourism, locals claim that it was they who invented rafting many years ago.
Many factors contributed to the emergence of extreme sports in New Zealand. The country is not particularly rich in historical and architectural monuments, but it has a magnificent nature and conditions (there are a lot of caves, protected corners, high mountains and turbulent rivers). New Zealanders have a lot of imagination and creativity in the field of extreme tourism. To attract tourists, they come up with and complicate various attractions. For example, if we consider diving, then many experts believe that the most interesting place for it is the Bay of Islands - on the northern island of New Zealand. There are magnificent coral reefs and in one place called Port Gore you can even see a whole cemetery of sunken ships, and sometimes it is very dangerous to move through it. For example, one of the sunken ships here is the cruise liner "Mikhail Lermontov". Many divers say that the souls of the deceased sometimes appear in these places. And also for fans of extreme sports there is such an opportunity as to climb into a special cage and descend to the depth, where they can meet real white sharks, which are one of the most dangerous predators in the world.
The famous "Tarzanka", which is also called Bungy Jumping, was also invented in New Zealand. Head-down jump from a TV tower or bridge is the best adrenaline rush. More recently, special extreme enthusiasts began to offer jumping from helicopters or in the canyon, in which the height is up to 400m. And some specialized travel agencies arrange such jumps even into the mouth of volcanoes, of course, no longer active.
One of the newest types of extreme sports is the water bug. A man in a helmet and a life jacket lies down on the board and rushes into the stormy river. The athlete flies over rapids and rapids, clinging to the life board.
Jetboat is also one of the extreme sports in New Zealand. This is rafting on metal boats on calm rivers, and the extreme itself lies in the fact that this boat is equipped with a powerful engine, which allows you to quickly spin in place, swim against the current and write out various pirouettes at high speed.
Traveling through the caves (Caring) - New Zealanders also managed to complicate things. Now tourists do not just move around the caves, but have the opportunity to do this with the help of canoes or inflatable rafts along underground rivers or lakes and admire stalactites and stalagmites from the water.
The New Zealanders did not pass by and go karting. They replaced the small wheels of cars with huge tires that allow you to overcome big bumps, holes and sometimes even rivers.
In New Zealand, in the center of Auckland, there is an extreme attraction called the Slingshot. This is the so-called "catapult chair". Two people are seated in this chair, fastened, and then pressed a button. The chair flies into the heavens, rolls over several times, and then smoothly lands on the ground.
Zorb is one of the newest and most popular types of recreation. These are two huge plastic balls (one is slightly smaller than the other and is inside). A person is placed inside this ball, his arms, legs and belt are fastened to him, and then the ball is thrown from the mountain and he flies at a breakneck speed, jumping on bumps.
The Americans are also not lagging behind, in the United States there is such a type of extreme tourism as tornado hunting. The task of this hunt is that the tourist must drive up to the tornado as close as possible and photograph it point-blank. This is very mesmerizing, because tornado or tornado is one of the most dangerous natural phenomena. In the United States, most often tornadoes and tornadoes occur in areas such as Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. In these places, the months from April to June are especially dangerous. But the most extreme tornado hunt is in thunderstorms and in pitch darkness at night. Tour operators are also involved in this adventure, only for such a dangerous extreme one should choose a reliable and trusted tour operator.
Travel agencies in Rio de Janeiro invite guests to get acquainted with the dark side of the city. They conduct excursions and meetings with local gangsters. This adventure is very dangerous for tourists and local authorities question this kind of gang walks because it is not very safe. One of these travel agencies was accused of idealizing criminal activity, to which the owner of the organization replied that the government was to blame for the crime situation in the city.
There is a very extreme attraction in Las Vegas like the Big Shot. Here, a tourist is fired as if from a cannon, this allows you to make compressed air. The tourist takes off for a few seconds to an altitude of 160 feet.
In Thailand, thrill seekers can enjoy the motto taxi. Thai moto-taxi drivers at a very fast speed, sliding between cars and breaking the rules will take a tourist anywhere in the city. The main thing for a tourist is not to forget to put on a helmet.
Mexico is also not far behind. In the Mexican Acapulco, water parachuting is not poorly developed. Tourists can experience the sea of adrenaline and admire the local beauty at the same time.
In Spain, the "Ensierro" bull races have become very popular. Many people come here for this interesting and life-threatening adventure. A tourist runs away from a furious bull through the narrow streets. He gets a sea of adrenaline at the risk of his life every second.
In South Africa, near Dyer Island, as in New Zealand, the most popular is such an unforgettable and no less dangerous extreme adventure like swimming among divers among white sharks. A person is put in a special cage and lowered into the water, and the sharks, in turn, try to get their prey.
In Russia, they invented such an extreme journey as flying on a Mig-29 jet plane. This is not a very cheap pleasure, but a tourist can almost feel like an astronaut. He is raised to a height of 25 kilometers, where he can observe the Earth from the stratosphere, dark space and the bright sun.
And some travel agencies in Russia offer tourists trips to abandoned cities in the areas of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Many experts claim that this is a completely safe trip for health, but I still think you need to purchase special equipment so that the trip is 100% safe. This trip is very popular with Europeans.
In the Perm Territory, the first track for off-road vehicles, which meets all international standards, has recently appeared. This "miracle track" was opened by the "Dilos-Extreme" company. A snowmobile and ATV track has opened in Demidkovo. The opening of this facility is not only a big step towards safe recreation on extreme equipment, but also a great contribution to the tourism of the Perm Territory.
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 6
Research
"Extreme sport"
Supervisor:
Goncharova Larisa Vasilievna
Novocherkassk, 201 7
Municipal Educational Institution Secondary
Comprehensive School number 6
Research Rroject
"Extreme sport"
Goncharova Larisa Vasilyevna
Novocherkassk, 2017
Content
Targets and goals
Introduction
The most extreme sports. TOP-5
The popularity of extreme sports among young people
Schoolchildren survey
Development of extreme sports in the Rostov region
Conclusion
Sources of
The Table of Contests
Aims and tasks
The introduction
The most extreme sports. TOP-5
Extreme sport's popularity among young people
The survey of students
The conclusion
The sources
Targets and goals
Objective: to learn more about extreme sports and their popularity among young people.
Objectives: to show the dangers of extreme sports; analyze the pros and cons of extreme sports; to trace the influence of extreme sports on the sports preferences of young people in the Rostov region.
Aims and Tasks
The aim: to learn more about extreme sports and their popularity among young people.
The tasks: to show the dangers of extreme sports; to analyze pros and cons of extreme sports; to watch the influence of extreme sports on sports preferences of young people in Rostov region.
Introduction
Today more and more attention is paid to an active lifestyle. Nowadays, a healthy lifestyle is not only fashionable, but also necessary for a normal human life. In addition, people need emotions and exciting experiences. That is why more and more new kinds of extreme sports appear, which allow not only to keep fit, but also to enjoy sports and feel extraordinary drive and adrenaline!
The Introduction
Today more and more attention is given to an active lifestyle. Nowadays healthy lifestyle is not just fashionable one, it is also necessary for normal human life. Besides, people need emotions and exciting experience. That's why there are more and more new types of extreme sport, which allow not only to keep fit, but also enjoy the sports and feel extraordinary drive and adrenaline!
Pros and cons of extreme sports
Extreme sports have both pros and cons.
Pros:
adrenaline is produced, which helps to get rid of excess calories and keep fit;
thrills cheer up and strengthen the spirit;
extreme sports helps to overcome many fears.
Minuses:
extreme sports are life-threatening;
adrenaline is also a stress hormone, prolonged stress is a critical condition for the body.
Pros and cons of extreme sport
Extreme sport has both pluses and minuses.
Pros:
adrenaline is produced, it helps to get rid of extra calories and keep fit;
thrills cheer you up and strengthen the spirit;
extreme sports help to overcome many fears.
Cons:
extreme sports are dangerous for life;
adrenaline - it is also a stress hormone; prolonged stress is critical for the organism.
TOP 5 most extreme sports
We decided to make a TOP-5 rating of the most extreme sports. But it was difficult to remain objective, because the level of danger and severity of sensations is very individual, and deaths, as a rule, are hidden.
The Most Extreme Sports. TOP-5
We decided to make a TOP-5 rating of the most extreme sports. But it was difficult to be objective because the degree of danger and thrills is very individual, and the deaths are usually hidden.
5th place - diving
Diving is essentially harmless diving with special equipment. In order to start doing it, you need to have certain skills that will allow you to cope with various problems that arise under water (fogging of the mask, loss of the regulator, buoyancy regulation, and so on). But there are situations in which even years of experience may not help: an encounter with a shark or an electric ray. There are many contraindications for diving: people with chronic infections, bronchial asthma, hernias, cartilage or bone diseases, all types of neoplasms and many others will simply not be allowed to dive, and independent diving without training is much more dangerous. An even more dangerous type of diving is cave diving, which is underwater diving in caves. The main risk is that after a dive it will not be possible to surface immediately in the event of a lack of oxygen or other danger to life.
The Fifth Place - Diving
Diving is swimming underwater with a special equipment. To start practicing, people need to have certain skills that will help to cope with different problems under water. But there are situations in which even many years of experience cannot help - meeting with sharks or stingrays. More dangerous type of diving is cave diving, which is a deep-sea diving in caves. The main risk is that after the dive you won’t be able to come to the surface immediately in case of different problems.
4th place - skis and snowboard
A very popular winter sport, although it requires a lot of expensive equipment. There are thousands of special tracks for lovers of this sport, which are open all year round, but true extreme lovers prefer to ride outside the prepared tracks. This is one of the types of alpine skiing - freeride. The main danger of this sport lies in the unknown terrain, as well as the possibility of an avalanche. But this does not stop the hunters for extraordinary sensations, despite the fact that by the number of deaths among athletes it is the most dangerous among winter sports.
Another winter mountain sports discipline, as common as it is dangerous, is the halfpipe. This is the name of a special construction in the form of a half-pipe covered with snow, on which skiers and snowboarders perform various tricks, accelerating during the descent along the "wall" and "taking off" over the halfpipe.
The Forth Place - Skiing and Snowboarding
It is a very popular winter sport, although it requires a lot of expensive equipment. There are thousands of special trails for lovers of this sport which work all the year round, but extremals prefer to ride outside of prepared slopes. It is one of the varieties of winter sports - freeride. The main dangers of this sport are an unknown territory and the possibility of avalanches. But it does not stop hunters for extraordinary sensations; despite the number of deaths among athletes is the largest in winter sports.
3rd place - cycling
There are many disciplines in cycling. The most dangerous of them are:
BMX (Bicycle MotoeXtreme) - one of the many types of cycling, for which a special bicycle of the same name is used, which is much smaller in size than usual. One of the most popular BMX destinations is Street. It consists in performing tricks using familiar urban obstacles (stairs, railings, curbs). Another of the offshoots of this sport is Flatland, the essence of which is a kind of "dancing" on a bicycle on a flat surface. This is one of the most interesting cycling sports, but also the least traumatic one. Dirt - performing tricks on unpaved slides, flying up to them due to preliminary acceleration. One of the most dangerous, but spectacular types of BMX.
Downhill is a downhill downhill on a special mountain bike along unprepared trails, the main thing in which is the time of the descent. The track contains natural irregularities - bumps, holes, tree roots, stones, as well as sharp turns (on the passage of which the final time depends in the first place) and especially steep descents.
But the most dangerous of all is undoubtedly Freeride. This is a style of cycling on very difficult trails, implying overcoming cliffs of tens of meters, riding on very steep slopes, jumping over streams and ditches at high speeds. The name itself suggests that anything can be included in the track.
The Third Place - Cycling
There are a lot of different disciples of cycling. The most dangerous ones are:
BMX (Bicycle Moto eXtreme) - one of many varieties of cycling, which uses a special bike with the same name, which is much smaller than usual. One of the most popular BMX directions - Street. It consists in performing tricks using the familiar urban obstacles (stairs, railings, curbs).
But the most dangerous of all disciples is Freeride. This is style of riding a bike on a very difficult track. It implies overcoming the cliffs, cycling on very steep slopes, jumping over the streams and ditches at the tremendous speeds. The name itself suggests that the track can include anything.
2nd place - rock climbing
It is difficult to imagine something more life-threatening than falling from a dozen meters in height onto bare stones, and therefore rock climbing is one of the most dangerous sports today. Of course, half a century of history and new technologies make it possible to reduce the number of victims, but they cannot be avoided at all. The most dangerous is, of course, rock climbing on unprepared routes, as well as "solo" (rock climbing without belay), as it does not forgive the climber a single mistake. Recently, such a variety as Deep water solo has appeared, which involves the use of rocks located above the water so that when the climber falls, the climber falls into the water.
The Second Place - Rock Climbing
It's hard to imagine anything more dangerous for life than a fall from a dozen meters in height on the bare rocks, and so climbing today - one of the most dangerous sports. Of course, new technologies can reduce the number of victims, but it's impossible to avoid them at all. The most dangerous types are rock climbing routes on unprepared tracks and "solo" (rock climbing without insurance), as climber does not have the right to make mistakes.
1st place - base jumping
This is a type of parachuting sport based on jumping from high-altitude objects. The term BASE was introduced by Karl Benisch, who created the name from the first letters of the words Building, Antenna, Span, Earth.They translate as: building, antenna, bridge, ground and are the main objects for base jumpers. During the jump, it is very important to align the body before opening the parachute, because the fall occurs from very low altitudes, and if the parachute is not opened at the right time, the parachutist gets into uncontrolled rotation and can get entangled in the lines. There is also a danger of collision with the object from which the jump occurs.
For such jumps, undoubtedly, special equipment is needed, since during the time a normal parachute is deployed, the parachutist flies about 100-200 meters, which in base jumping is about a third of the entire flight. The base parachute is deployed within 15-20 meters of the fall, moreover, there is usually only one parachute, that is, there is no spare. Also, a strong difference from ordinary parachuting is the landing area, which is usually very limited on all sides, and the base jumper is required to have some training and skills in parachute piloting.
The First Place - BASE Jumping
This is the kind of parachuting basedonjumping from high-rise buildings. The term BASE introduced Carl Boenisch, who created the title from the first letters of the words Building, Antenna, Span, Earth. During a jump it is very important to align the body before opening the parachute because BASE jumpers fall from low altitudes, and if the parachute does not open in the right moment, the parachutist will get into an uncontrolled rotation and entangle in slings. There is also a danger of collision with the object from which the jump occurs. Moreover there is usually only one parachute, there is no substitute one.
The popularity of extreme sports among young people. Schoolchildren survey
The popularity of extreme sports is growing every year, especially among young people. Therefore, we decided to conduct a survey of students in our school. We asked students 4 questions.
Extreme Sport's popularity among young people. The survey of students
Extreme sport's popularity grows every year, especially among young people. So, we decided to conduct a survey of students at our school. Weaskedstudents 4 questions.
1 question. Have you ever been involved in extreme sports?
Among 80 respondents (students in grades 9-11), 23 people at least once in their life were engaged in extreme sports.
1 question. Have you ever gone in for extreme sport?
Among 80 interviewed students (forms 9-11) there were 23 people, who did extreme sport at least once.
2 question. If so, what kind of sport?
The most popular answers to this question are skiing, snowboarding, climbing and cycling.
2 question. What kind of sport?
The most popular answers to this question are skiing, snowboarding, rock climbing and cycling.
3 question. What attracts you to extreme sports?
Most of all, students are attracted to getting adrenaline, overcoming fears and keeping fit.
3 question. What do extreme sports attract you with?
Mostly students are attracted with getting the adrenaline, overcoming the fears and keeping fit.
4 question. What pushes you away from extreme sports?
The most common answers: it is life-threatening, there is no opportunity for occupation and your own fears.
4 question. What repels you from doing extreme sports?
The most common answers are: it's dangerous for life, there is no opportunity for extreme sport classes and own fears.
Development of extreme sports in the Rostov region
The development of extreme sports in the Rostov region is not very rapid, however, there are still various events dedicated to this. For example, motocross in Novocherkassk and competition-festival of youth culture "Extreme element" in Rostov.
In the presentation you can watch our film-report about these events.
The development of extreme sports in Rostov region
The development of extreme sports in Rostov region is not very fast, but there are different arrangements which are dedicated to it. For example, there were such ones as motocross in Novocherkassk and Contest-festival of youth culture "Extreme Element" in Rostov.
In the presentation, you can seatour film-reportage about these events.
Conclusion
To summarize our research, we can say that extreme sports have many advantages, but they also have disadvantages. Of course, people understand this, but they do not stop doing them. Therefore, these days extreme sports are becoming more and more popular, especially among young people, as we can see after a survey at our school.
The conclusion
To sum up, we can say that extreme sports have a lot of advantages, but they have disadvantages, too. Of course people understand this, but they don’t stop doing them. So, nowadays extreme sports are becoming more and more popular, especially among the youth, as we can see after the survey at our school.
Sources. The Sources.
vnovocherkasske. net/ news/ v- rostove- proidet- festival- molodezhnyi- sport- yekstrim. html
http:// vidabonito. ru/ zdorovesport/ pochemu- lyudi- lyubyat- ehkstremalnye- vidy- sporta
Introduction
extreme youth leisure sports
Every year the number of adherents of extreme sports is growing, this is facilitated by the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the popularization of all sports in the world.
However, extreme people are attracted not only by the desire to play sports, they are attracted by the high degree of risk, the desire to feel higher, stronger, to feel the boiling of blood in their veins, to raise the level of adrenaline. Also, young people are attracted by the possibility of self-realization in extreme leisure.
However, despite the popularity of sports associated with an increased risk, extreme leisure as a purposeful socio-cultural activity in our country is not yet very developed, while abroad extreme youth leisure has a well-organized, well-developed structure. In some countries it is funded by the government, in some by commercial organizations, but everywhere it is well organized and accessible to young people.
Social significance of the problemit is expressed in the fact that young people are engaged in it spontaneously, self-organizing in clubs and circles according to sports. Relevance of the topicresearch is due to the increase in the number of young people involved in sports associated with an increased risk, and the need to organize extreme leisure activities for young people. Targetresearch - on the basis of a theoretical and analytical study of the extreme leisure of youth, develop a project for an extreme youth event. Object of study- extreme leisure time for young people. Subject of study- self-realization of youth in conditions of extreme leisure. In connection with the goal, it is necessary to solve the following research objectives:
1. To study extreme leisure as an object of scientific research. To reveal the state and problems of the development of youth extreme leisure. To develop a project of a socio-cultural event aimed at extreme leisure time for young people in Perm. The degree of elaboration of the problemseems to us rather low, since in Russia there are quite a few studies devoted to the study of extreme leisure as a sphere of self-realization of young people. The work used the following methods: method of analysis of literature and scientific papers on the problem; information synthesis method; questioning; design. Research noveltyis to analyze the problems of the sphere of extreme leisure in the Perm Territory. Theoretical significanceresearch consists in the study of extreme leisure, world and Russian experience of its organization. Practical significancethe research consists in the development of a project of a socio-cultural event aimed at extreme leisure of youth. The final qualifying work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used, including 50 titles. The total amount of work is 69 pages. 1. Extreme leisure as an object of scientific research
1.1 Formation and development of extreme leisure of youth
Sport comes from the English. disport - a game, entertainment, can be briefly described as follows: a set of physical exercises aimed at the physical development of a person and to improve health. It also includes a system for holding competitions at various levels to achieve high results. Another classic said: "Oh sport, you are the world!" We call these kinds of sports extreme, and the adherents of these kinds of extreme sports. Having experienced certain transformations in the process of historical development, the sport of our time has turned into a large-scale socio-cultural phenomenon that has a significant impact on the functioning of society. The emergence in the early 1970s of the California system - the so-called new games - is considered a landmark stage in the development of modern sports. Some of the popular sports (in particular, surfing, capoeira, penchak silat, banga jumping, etc.), transferred to the Western metropolises and served as the basis for the modification or birth of new sports activities, the system of which was later called extreme sports have become an alternative to standard competitive sports. Mostly young representatives of society began to engage in sports where there is no place for records, they experimented, inventing new equipment, movements, jumping, taking ideas from folk sports as a basis. Further extremely intensive development of extreme varieties of well-known sports and the emergence to some extent of fundamentally new types of extreme sports activity, according to sports researchers, was a reaction to the complication of the functioning of civilization. Sports, due to the changing conditions, began to acquire new functions. The variety of requests from different target groups required a variety of adequate "answers". Extreme sports attracts those who like to feel the line between life and death, who want to step over their fear, make their heart beat fast and their nerves ring like stretched strings. Naturally, when practicing extreme sports, they always try to protect athletes by using all kinds of equipment that are produced specifically for this. The price of such equipment is rather big, but who will save on their safety and risk their lives? Manufacturers are trying to produce high-quality, durable and sturdy equipment, observing all technological parameters. With the formation of globalizing trends, society began to actively transform, which led to the formation of a new nonlinear global local reality (BekU., Giddense., Kravchenko S.A.), which carries risks and uncertainty. Strengthening the relationship of social contradictions, natural disasters, as well as man-made disasters as a result of the products of human activity, pushes to change the foundations of life, where extremity (on the verge, at the limit) can become the leading philosophical principle of existence. Sport becomes a space for mastering and assimilating a new culture of existence in a changing social reality. Extreme sports begin to attract the freedom of choice of strategy, where the only condition is the individual's voluntary and conscious overcoming of all kinds of dangers. People develop the skills of more adequate reactions, learn to mobilize their reserve capabilities more rationally, fear becomes less pronounced, and adaptation to the situation takes place. All this leads to an increase in self-confidence, accumulates positive experience, a sense of satisfaction in connection with the completed task. Every year the number of adherents of extreme sports is growing, this is facilitated by the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the popularization of all sports in the world. However, extreme people are attracted not only by the desire to play sports, they are attracted by the high degree of risk, the desire to feel higher, stronger, to feel the boiling of blood in their veins, to raise the level of adrenaline. The development of extreme sports in recent years is also associated with the fact that living conditions, the frantic rhythm of megalopolises put pressure on people, the need to express themselves and assert themselves is increasing several times. And extreme sports are more than suitable for self-affirmation and self-expression, most people inclined to extreme are creative, freedom-loving people, the taste of risk brings them not only a feeling of delight, but also gives them creative inspiration. After all, most types of extreme sports are practiced in nature, and are associated with the conquest of heights, depths, this is a struggle with the elements, fire, wind, water. In this struggle, a person argues with himself, tests his strength and endurance of the body, strengthens his spirit, takes a step into the unknown. Fans of extreme sports are people of all ages and genders. Young people are drawn to this sport by the need to prove their confidence and test their strength, sometimes to make sure that it is not "weak" to commit a dangerous act. Older people are drawn to extreme thirst to feel stronger, younger, to plunge into the world of danger and risk. Everyone has their own reasons why they come to this sport. The most important thing is to always follow the safety rules, check the equipment and trust more experienced athletes. From year to year, the number of popular high-risk sports is growing rapidly. If 30 years ago there were less than a dozen of them, nowadays there are already more than thirty. Some of the modern sports that have been promoted around the world since the 1950s have gradually come to be called extreme sports. Extreme ́ m (English extreme - the opposite, having a high degree, excessive, special) - outstanding, extraordinary actions, usually associated with danger to life. Let's turn to the history of extreme sports. So, rope jumping owes its appearance, oddly enough, to unsuccessful attempts to conquer a difficult section of the rock by the American climber Den Osman in 1989. Den made several attempts to overcome the impregnable section of the route, each time falling down. Then he decided that his fear of falling was to blame, which must be overcome at any cost. For this, Osman decided to try to fall on purpose, each time from more and more heights. Very quickly, he began to enjoy such falls. This kind of extreme gave him pleasure from the feeling of overcoming himself, his fear. Unfortunately, such an extreme hobby led to the death of Den Osman. In 1998, at the age of 35, he made a tragic jump from a height of more than 300 meters in the territory of Yosemite National Park. According to his calculations, the fall should have stopped about 30 meters from the surface of the earth. The reason for the death of the excellent climber was a broken rope. The first mention of surfing came from the famous explorer - Captain James Cook in 1778. During his third trip around the world, the Hawaiian islands were discovered. Cook was amazed how the Polynesians deftly overcome the big wave, easily handling the board. It should be noted that the leaders of the tribe had the best boards. Even made of local balsa wood, the weight of their boards reached 70 kg, with a length of 5.5 meters. Less noble people contented themselves with heavier koa specimens. After the emergence of missionaries on the Hawaiian Islands, who recognized surfing as immoral, surfing declined. The renaissance of surfing only began at the dawn of the 20th century. The history of the origin of parkour is very interesting and originates from the "natural method" developed by Georges Ambert at the beginning of the 20th century. While on an expedition in Africa, he was so impressed by the movements of the natives during the hunt that, returning to France, he developed his own method of training soldiers. The methodology consisted of several disciplines and was based on 3 principles: high morality, will and strength. Amber's technique was developed by Raymond Belle, who were first in military service, and after graduation he began to work in the fire brigade. I must say that the "natural method" more than once helped Bel to save people from the fire. This method was further developed thanks to the son of Raymond Bel. For David, his father has always been an example and a source to follow. It was thanks to the son of Raymond Bel that we heard about the Yamakashi team, which David assembled. Among the team members was Sebastian Fukan. David Bel and Sebastian Fukan, after separating from Yamakashi, began to develop and popularize parkour themselves. They created and trained the first teams of racers, taught not only the methods and techniques of parkour, but also played a big role in explaining the philosophy and principles. True, they soon parted. Sebastian was a supporter of paid lessons, and David considered this contrary to the very idea of parkour. After parting, Sebastian Fouca made parkour a source of income. In the end, he came to his vision of parkour and formed his own direction, called floran. Most notably, David Belle deepened the philosophy of parkour. He proposes to consider the world around us as an ordinary training ground in everyday life, to bypass life's barriers, without creating boundaries for oneself, like overcoming obstacles in training. David Bel says: "There are no boundaries, there are only obstacles." Any real problems need to be mentally transformed into obstacles and ways to overcome them must be found. Also, the philosophy of traditional parkour is against any "show", as well as against turning it into any kind of competition. The history of domestic skateboarding is more than twenty years old, and this is approximately half the history of skateboarding in America. Overseas, the fashion of board riding has already survived the full cycle of life, starting from the stage of obscurity, continuing with the underground, then with massive popularity and reaching a period of disappointment and decline, when only the most loyal adherents of the sport continued to ride. In our country, until the 90s, skateboarding existed exclusively in the form of slalom. It is in the development of skateboarding that Russia owes a huge influence to the demonstration of American skate films, we are talking about "Collision" and "Reaching the Impossible." It was after them that a full-fledged public boom began. It all started with the fact that several military factories were retrained for the production of skateboards. The first competitions among boarders were born - the Union Cup. The youth of large cities began to get involved in riding a skateboard: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol, Saratov, Yalta, Riga. Around these years, a team of American professional skaters "THRASHER" visited Russian soil. Overseas boarders showed their Russian colleagues a real master class, and as a parting gift they presented branded equipment. Over time, from active operation, the equipment fell into disrepair, but craftsmen appeared in Russia who were able to independently make boards similar to branded counterparts. The most complex parts of the skateboard for such boards were illegally cast at the country's defense enterprises from stolen metal blanks. Poor access to information and uncertainty about the development trends of skateboarding abroad led to the fact that by the mid-90s, the fashion gradually faded away. The second wave of popularity began in 96-97, when Russian youth had a real opportunity to travel abroad. In the same period, the first skateboarding federations appeared in the country - in Saratov and St. Petersburg. The last leap in popularity has come in recent years, and it was caused by the massive opening of skate shops. Despite the opening of a sufficient number of shops with professional equipment, skateboarding in Russia still requires serious investments: the development of this sport requires the construction of full-fledged winter and summer skate parks, because the number of existing ones in no way satisfies the desire and needs of Russian boarders. The history of snowboarding in our country is also quite short. In the 70s, the first boards in our country were made at the VILS plant (All-Union Institute of Light Alloys). They called it - Monoski, on which you need to stand sideways. In the late 80s, the famous sports commentator V. Maslachenko brought the first board to our country. Then two skilled people - Aleksey Ostatnikgrom and Aleksey Melnikov - made a copy from this board and began the serial production of snowboards in their own firm "Gromel". Another brand of Russian snowboards "Double Black" - The firm produced boards of its own design, developed the design. Despite the fact that in those years it was very difficult to get high-quality materials (polyethylene, for example, was purchased for a slide at the Fisher factory), the company existed for about 5 years and produced a large number of boards. They can be considered the founders of Russian snowboarding. At first, on snowboarding, we, oddly enough, were engaged only in slalom (the only discipline in snowboarding that resembles skiing). Beginning in 1992, more information on snowboarding in the West began to flow. We finally learned that in addition to slalom, there is freestyle (technical skiing, rich in jumps) and freeride (free skiing everywhere without restrictions), we began to navigate the fashion and style of snowboarding. The situation with equipment for all types of snowboards has gradually improved. A firm "BORDACADEMIA" appeared in Russia, producing snowboards and engaged in training. Since the mid-90s, the Russian Snowboard Association began to hold amateur and professional competitions in such types of skiing as half pipe, big air and slalom. In 1996, the first Russian summer snowboard camp on Elbrus was opened. Since then, held every year. September 1997 in the center of Moscow, on Manezhnaya Square, a grandiose snowboard show "BALLANTINE" S URBAN HIGH "took place, which brought together the entire elite of the world snowboard as well as the best Russian snowboarders. In January 1998. Dombai hosted a winter snowboard camp, which brought together the best Russian boarders. The festival "EXTREME FEST" 98 "organized by the Federation of Extreme Sports was held in March 1998. And at the end of the snowboard championship in Kirovsk, organized by the Federation of Snowboard and the Firm O" Neill. The development of BMH in Russia began in 1991. The first clubs, and with them the tracks of BMX, appeared in: Saransk "Cross-BMX"; Moscow "Diocles" and "Vnukovo"; Penza region, pos. Issa "Leaping Cubs"; Omsk "Profi"; cities near Moscow: Dmitrov and Kolomna. Each of these clubs has made a positive contribution to the development of BMX in Russia. First of all, they became centers for the popularization of one of the new types of cycling sports, the creation of Russian regulatory documents for the first official competitions. February 1993 at the Cyclists' Union of Russia (modeled on the UCI), an "Open Commission" was created, whose task was to develop MTB, BMX and cyclocross. Until 1995 the development of BMX was quite active. This was facilitated by: attractive for its extreme nature, the specificity of BMX (special tracks, bicycles, sports uniforms), the influx of young people and, especially, children aged 5-10 years. In those difficult 90s, when the established Soviet system of physical education of children collapsed, sections were closed, the most experienced coaches in search of means of subsistence went into business, BMX enthusiasts built tracks, created and improved clubs, looked for funds to travel to competitions, not only on the territory of Russia, but also abroad. But in 1996 - 98. due to the complete lack of funding, coaches, programs for sports schools, special bicycles and sports uniforms, the achieved level of development of BMX began to decline. At this point, there were only a few clubs that continued to not only struggle with difficulties in Russia, but also actively participate in official international competitions. Basically, this support of the Russian BMX was carried out by the parents of promising racers. In connection with the decision of the UCI to petition the International Olympic Committee to include BMX in the program of the upcoming Olympic Games 2008, at the FVSR conference, which took place on November 17, 2004. in Ufa, it was decided to create a Russian national BMX team. From that moment, in the conditions of restrained financial support from the FVSR and Rossport, it became possible to systematize and implement the accumulated experience for the Russian VMH to enter the international level. The history of parkour in Russia began with the creation of the Tracers team in Moscow. It was headed by Oleg Krasnyansky, who personally met with David Belle. In 2004, Russia represented the first established World Parkour Association. In Russia, and all over the world, they pinned great hopes on it for the active development of Parkour. However, it was not destined to exist for long, two years later it broke up. David Belle, declared the impossibility of control over all organizations in the world and sole responsibility for all. The Russian representative office also ceased to exist. However, it cannot be said that Parkour does not exist and does not develop in Russia. Not so long ago in St. Petersburg there was an action "Choose a sport!" Parkour at this action took quite a worthy place, and most of the event was dedicated to him. Parkour Generations is a professional association. It presents the discipline as lean fitness. This allows you to attract new people and develop a different relationship with parkour in general. 1.2 Forms and content of extreme youth leisure
Here are the most popular high-risk sports. Aerial extreme includes: Skysurfing is like freestyle. The difference is that the athlete is wearing a wide ski. Kitesurfing - riding on a board with a thrust in the form of a kite. Base jumping - parachuting from the roofs of buildings, bridges, rocks and antennas. Base jumping is rightly considered a more dangerous type of hobby than its ancestor - parachuting. The difference lies in the fact that in parachuting, jumps occur from significantly higher altitudes, to which athletes are delivered using aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, balloons, etc.). At the same time, the recommended distance to the ground, at which it is necessary to open the parachute, is about 500-600 meters. In this case, if the main parachute fails, the person has 10-11 seconds to release from the inoperative and deploy the reserve parachute. Base jumpers jump from a much lower height and the entire flight usually takes less than 6 seconds. The reserve parachute simply becomes useless. The problem is that due to the lower fall speed, the required pulling force of the pilot chute to open the main canopy is simply not enough. Therefore, traditional parachutes are not suitable for base jumping. For this extreme hobby, special backpacks and parachutes equipped with large exhaust canopies are being developed. Despite the enormous risk, base jumping remains quite popular, albeit a deadly form of extreme. Base jumpers, like miners, make a once-in-a-lifetime mistake. The cost of the mistake is serious injury or death. Bungee jumping - jumping with an elastic rope from special platforms set at a height. A feature of this type of extreme is that the jump does not require special skills or preliminary training, although there are medical contraindications to this type of entertainment. The very idea of bungee jumping is borrowed from the ritual jumping of some tribes of the Pacific islands. The natives built tall bamboo towers and jumped down from them with vines attached to their ankles. Under the tower, in the place where the jumper landed, the earth was carefully loosened to exclude spinal injuries. The meaning of the ritual was to unite with the land to obtain a rich harvest. The most successful jumps were considered, in which the jumping person would touch the ground with his head. Jumping was carried out by teenagers and men of the tribe. Currently, bungee jumping (bungee jumping) is the safest type of extreme hobby for people, which does not require any equipment or special training from those who want to experience the adrenaline rush. Therefore, it has become a very popular and widespread type of extreme. Rope jumping - jumping with the help of climbing equipment from different high-altitude objects. Climbing ropes and equipment are used as equipment for this kind of extreme. Ropes can be of different types, but the most common are dynamic ones, as they have the best cushioning properties. The equipment is chosen either full or "top-bottom", with wide belts. This helps prevent spinal injury. Rocks, cranes, high-rise buildings or bridges are most often used as objects for rope jumping. Ropejumper is free-falling, sometimes performing acrobatic stunts in flight. Ideal is the selection of the rope and the calculation of the trajectory in which the end of the fall smoothly turns into pendulum movements. Feels like a jump, the ropejumper can be put on a par with such extreme hobbies as base jumping and bungee jumping. Ropejumping is now a fairly popular form of extreme hobby. Hot air balloon flights - hot air balloon flights. Hang gliding - hang gliding. Parachuting - precision landing, showing figures in free fall. Group acrobatics - the performance of various figures by a group of parachutists in free fall. Dome acrobatics - building figures with canopies of parachutes. Extreme water sports: Diving - diving (diving), most often with scuba diving. Diving equipment can be as simple as a mask, snorkels and fins, and very complex, such as closed-circuit breathing apparatus, special suits and gear. The most popular is diving using open breathing apparatus - scuba gear. In closed-type devices, after exhalation, air passes through special filters that absorb carbon dioxide. Then it is enriched with oxygen and supplied again for the next breath. In open-type apparatus, exhalation occurs into water. For shallow depths, compressed air is used as a breathing mixture. Currently, such a kind of extreme as diving, using scuba gear, can be found at any seaside resort in the world. Just a few theoretical lessons in certified organizations that train beginners and, in the absence of medical contraindications, you can dive with the participation of an experienced instructor. Cave diving - scuba diving in underwater caves. Wakeboarding - jumping on the waves from a boat towing an athlete. Surfing - sliding down the slope of a wave on a surfboard. Windsurfing - a surfboard equipped with an oblique sail on a movable hinge is used. The main directions of windsurfing are: .Olympic class - all competitors use the same surfboards from the same manufacturer, designed for performances in a wide range of wind strengths. .Racing class - boards of this class must meet the requirements: width up to 1 meter, fin up to 0.7 meters, sail area should not exceed 12.5 square meters. .Slalom - for this class it is regulated: width up to 0.8 meters, sail area not exceeding 10 square meters. The athlete can declare up to 4 different sails and 2 types of boards for different conditions. .Freestyle is a distinctive feature of this class in that both the beauty and the complexity of the performed figures are assessed in a regulated amount of time. .SuperX or super cross - a special feature is the need to perform stunts and overcome obstacles regulated by the sailing instructions. .Wave is one of the most spectacular windsurfing destinations. Competitions are held on surf waves. The beauty, the complexity of the tricks and the ability of the athlete to control the board on the wave are evaluated. Surfing and windsurfing are gaining more and more popularity every year, not only as a sport, but also as a kind of extreme hobby and recreation. It would be correct to mention that a surf culture has emerged, which includes both external manifestations: style of beachwear, surf music, literature and cinema, and internal - a philosophical component. Kayaking - rafting or kayaking boat competitions. Rafting - too, only on inflatable rafts, as well as kayak or canoe. Terrestrial extreme is very diverse. Main directions: Parkour is a tempo overcoming of obstacles in the form of buildings, fences, etc. in the town. Currently, the number of parkour fans is growing steadily, which is reflected in the cinema. Freerunning is a kind of parkour. The difference is that there is no starting and ending point of the path. Skateboarding - skateboarding on the streets, in special ramps, swimming pools, etc. Streetlagging is a type of skateboarding. Descent, lying on a board along an automobile road with a slope. Extreme skates - a set of tricks like in skateboarding. Performed on roller skates. Motofreestyle - jumping, showing beautiful elements on a motorcycle. Bilding - the conquest of high-rise structures and buildings. Acrostritis is an acrobatic exercise performed outdoors. BMX - all kinds of stunts and jumps on special bicycles. Underground extreme is: Speleology - descent into caves using climbing equipment. Spelestology is a journey underground through underground structures and communications of non-natural origin. Mountain extreme: Rock climbing - climbing an almost sheer rocky wall, indoors on a vertical wall with ledges. Mountaineering - climbing to the top of a mountain. Ice climbing - climbing on an almost vertical ice surface. Mountain biking - riding in mountainous terrain on bicycles-bikes. Downhill - cycling down an unprepared mountain slope. Freeride is a descent down an unprepared mountain slope by bicycle (down a snow-covered mountain slope on downhill skiing or snowboarding). Canyening - overcoming canyons. This is not a complete list of extreme sports. Most of them are either an extreme development of a particular sport, or an initially extreme sport. Many main types of extreme hobbies have ramifications, the number of which is growing all the time. It should be noted that most types of extreme sports, although very dangerous, are very spectacular. Extreme sports, attracting with their beauty and originality, become an excellent background for the development of the plots of many feature films, which also adds interest to them among young people. 1.3 The role of extreme leisure in the process of self-realization of youth
It is customary to call youth the period in a person's life from 14 to 30 years - between childhood and adulthood. Youth is the time for the formation of a world outlook and civic consciousness, the choice of life guidelines, adaptation to the adult world, mastering a profession, achieving economic independence, realizing different types of responsibility. The social and psychological qualities of young people are due to their intermediate position in the structure of society. high level of social mobility; active search for their place in the social structure, a satisfactory lifestyle; mastering professions and career prospects; assimilation and critical assessment of generally accepted social norms, values, standards of behavior; the desire to stand out, be different from the rest; uniting in informal, informal groups of interests and hobbies; the existence of a specific youth subculture. In youth, there is an awareness of one's qualities, abilities, capabilities, knowledge, interests, ideals, motives of behavior, a holistic assessment of oneself as a feeling and thinking being, as a doer with his own characteristics. In youth, in connection with the need for self-determination and a relatively high stage of personality development, the following needs appear: to understand and evaluate the world around him; understand yourself and define your attitude to the world. There is a need for an integral system of worldview as a system of views on the world as a whole, ideas about the general principles and foundations of being as a life philosophy of a person. Also, the need for self-realization is one of the key at this age. Self-realization is the realization of the existing potential, the realization of one's existing desires, one's knowledge, skills and abilities, one's current ideas about oneself and one's path in life. Self-realization plays an important role in life. After all, it is a mechanism for revealing the hidden abilities and capabilities of a person, leading him to a successful and happy life in abundance. Of course, money is not the main goal of self-realization, because the satisfaction that a person receives by realizing his potential to the fullest means much more than simple prosperity. The need for self-realization is inherent in each of us. Every second of our lives we all dream of discovering more and more talents in ourselves and becoming even more interesting to society. Someone manages to make desires come true, while someone gets lost in their fears and doubts, thereby building obstacles that are sometimes impossible to cross. The peculiarity of the environment of its course belongs to the peculiarities of youth leisure. The parental environment, as a rule, is not a priority center for youth leisure activities. The overwhelming majority of young people prefer to spend their free time outside the home, in the company of their peers. When it comes to solving serious life problems, young people willingly accept advice and guidance from their parents, but in the sphere of specific leisure interests, that is, when choosing forms of conduct, friends, books, clothes, they are independent. The craving for communication with peers is due to the huge need of young people for emotional contacts. it can be considered as a necessary condition for the life of a person and society; the source of the creative transformation of an individual into a personality; the form of transfer of knowledge and social experience; the starting point of personality self-awareness; regulator of people's behavior in society; independent type of activity. An excellent quality of cultural youth leisure is emotional coloring, the presence of bringing in every opportunity to do what you love, meet interesting people, visit places that are significant for yourself, and be a participant in important events. The highest meaning of all leisure is to bring the dear, beloved closer and separate, cancel the empty, unnecessary. Here leisure for a young person turns into a way of life, filling free time with various, meaningfully rich conclusions of activity. The main features of the cultural leisure of young people are a high level of cultural and technical equipment, the use of modern leisure technologies, forms and methods, aesthetically rich space and a high artistic level of the leisure process. There are many reasons why some people start trying their hand at extreme sports. This is curiosity, and an attempt to know oneself, one's capabilities, and get rid of one's complexes, and a desire to keep up with others. Sometimes it's just a tribute to fashion, a desire to keep up with others. One attempt is enough for some to understand that it is not for them. Others, having tried extreme, can no longer stop and cannot imagine life without it. It is quite difficult for an ordinary average person to understand the lifestyle of people involved in various extreme sports. And, indeed, it is much easier to perceive the fact if a person regularly visits public baths or spends his leisure time in front of the TV screen than if he jumps with a parachute or rushes on a snowboard from steep slopes. But, despite this, there are explanations for the existence of extremals, and they are quite simple. There are three of them: sex, aggression and greatness. And if with the first point everything is more or less clear - we are talking about the sublimation of psychosexual energy (someone orders a jacuzzi for two, and someone puts on climbing equipment and goes to the mountains), then the rest of the points require some explanation. In the latter case, increased attention from the female sex is almost completely ensured. Since most of the extremals are still men, not women, there is a theory according to which, through extreme sports, men demonstrate their own superiority over other representatives of the stronger sex and try on the role of an alpha male. As for aggression, this hypostasis is compensated by a powerful adrenaline rush. There are many reasons why people seek extreme sports, here are some of them: Prove to myself that "I can." Lack of confidence in oneself, in one's own strengths, gives rise to the need to prove one's strength to oneself. Try to cross the line of the impossible. Prove your strength and power to other people. Being under oppression or pressure in the family or at work, a person wants to feel freedom, and to prove to people that he is an independent and fearless person. Drawing attention to yourself. Many people lack the attention of others, extreme sports is exactly the factor that draws attention to people who are fond of such sports. Highlight your individuality and originality. Living conditions erase a person's individuality, people become a "gray mass", and many people need to stand out, especially creative ones. Extreme sports give them unique sensations, creative enthusiasm. Individuality becomes brighter, more attractive against the "gray" background of everyday life. Thus, extreme leisure plays an important role in the process of self-realization of young people. 1.4 The essence and features of socio-cultural design of the development of extreme leisure in the youth environment Sociocultural design is a specific technology, which is a constructive, creative activity, the essence of which is to analyze problems and identify the causes of their occurrence, develop goals and objectives that characterize the desired state of the object (or the sphere of project activity), develop ways and means to achieve the set goals. The object of socio-cultural design is a complex formation that includes two overlapping subsystems: society and culture. The discrepancy, contradiction between the real picture and the designer's ideal ideas about the norm (set, in turn, by a specific culture and society) constitutes a problem field for the formation and implementation of socio-cultural projects. In this case, the project is a means of preserving or recreating social phenomena and cultural phenomena that correspond (both quantitatively and qualitatively, meaningfully) to the prevailing norms. At the same time, it should be noted the potential diversity of design solutions for the same problem situation, which is due to both different ideas about the ideal state of culture and society (or their individual manifestations), depending on the value position of the designer, his understanding of the essence of these phenomena, and the variability of methods of recreation (revival, reconstruction, preservation) of social and cultural integrity. In this case, the project is a means of preserving or recreating social phenomena and cultural phenomena that correspond (both quantitatively and qualitatively, meaningfully) to the prevailing norms. At the same time, it should be noted the potential diversity of design solutions for the same problem situation, which is due to both different ideas about the ideal state of culture and society (or their individual manifestations), depending on the value position of the designer, his understanding of the essence of these phenomena, and the variability of methods of recreation (revival, reconstruction, preservation) of social and cultural integrity. Thus, not only half of the problem, but practically the whole problem depends on the organizer of the cultural and leisure sphere, since it is the organizer who is the driving force of all socio-cultural activities. The main results of the technology of sociocultural design are the program and the project. The program is a detailed document that works on the scale of a specific territory (district, city, region, federation) the entire set of conditions necessary to optimize cultural life (i.e. the processes of creation, preservation, broadcast and development of cultural values, norms, traditions, technologies ) and includes, in addition to analyzing the socio-cultural situation and justifying the priorities of cultural development, functional and meaningful models of institutions and organizational and managerial structures, as well as material and technical, organizational, personnel and information support for the implementation of activities, actions, ideas outlined within the program, initiatives. A project can exist in two forms: a) as an integral part of the program, which is a form of concretization and content filling of the priority directions of the development of the socio-cultural life of the territory; b) as an independent solution to a local problem, addressed to a specific audience. Both in the first and in the second case, the project is a local program focused on overcoming or preventing various kinds of problems through meaningful and structural changes in the socio-cultural environment and in the main spheres of the individual's life, creating conditions for a person's successful self-realization by optimizing his lifestyle, forms and ways of its interaction with the environment. In terms of the content of the problems that determine the relevance of the project and the novelty of ways to resolve them, projects can be typical and unique. If the typical ones are reproducible in other situations with minor adjustments in accordance with local conditions (for example, projects of standard cultural institutions are various forms of events developed according to a new methodology), then unique ones cannot be replicated due to the uniqueness of the situation and the object design area (for example, projects related to the restoration and use of unique architectural structures, natural landscapes, etc., for example, the restoration of cultural monuments). The leading principles of sociocultural design include: The principle of "critical threshold of modification", which involves taking into account the boundaries and controllability of the design object (which is at the same time the subject of self-organization and self-development), the degree of adjustability of socio-cultural processes and an assessment of the socially significant consequences of such modification. This ideological principle is based on a synergetic idea that determines the possibilities and limits of intervention in the functioning of socio-cultural systems: any complexly organized system potentially contains a certain set of development paths that correspond to its nature. The principle of optimization of the "zone of proximal development" of the personality - the socio-cultural environment of its habitat. The socio-cultural environment is understood as the whole set of social and spiritual factors and conditions that directly surround a person in the process of his life. The emphasis on optimizing the sociocultural environment is due to the fact that it is a fundamental factor that determines human values, norms, ideals, etc. The principle of personification of the process and results of sociocultural design. It means, firstly, the alternative of ideas and projects, creating conditions for free self-realization, self-realization of a person by means of cultural activity. Self-realization of the individual, the translation of social values into personal ones, is impossible without the initiative of a person, his reciprocal activity in assimilating social norms and ideals. It is not enough to know what is good, justice, mercy - each person needs to rediscover these values for himself in the process of spiritual self-construction, it is necessary to implement these values in everyday life. The principle of optimal orientation towards preservation and change (i.e., the proportionality of traditional and innovative mechanisms and processes of cultural dynamics). The optimal relationship between the processes of reproduction of cultural heritage (i.e., actualization, demand for phenomena, values, norms, traditions, etc.) that already exist in culture or previously existed, and the processes of cultural innovation presupposes the unconditional dominance of the first trend. Culture as a system of accepted norms is something opposed to development, since it preserves and maintains the stability of the ontological picture of the world, is a derivative of it and creates normative institutions for its consolidation. Consequently, within the framework of cultural development programs, the predominant orientation should be to preserve (values, traditions, forms of life, etc.), i.e. on the reproduction of culture as an integral and organic system, including the past, present and future on equal terms. The principle of problem-target orientation is the leading technological principle of socio-cultural design. Its implementation presupposes, first of all, the targeted orientation of programs towards solving various kinds of problems, the carriers of which are a person, a social group, a certain territory or region, society as a whole; their focus on the self-realization of individuals and social groups, on the self-realization of a person in the socio-cultural sphere. At various stages of design, this principle is embodied in the analysis of the main pain points and problems (territory as a whole, social groups and individuals); search for non-standard ways and ways to solve them; miscalculation of the necessary resources and the search for sources of funding; involvement in the project implementation process of all interested subjects of socio-cultural life. Currently, there is a significant reassessment of the importance of leisure and recreation as a socio-cultural category in the life of society, which for many years played the role of an appendage of the production sphere. Leisure is becoming an ever wider sphere of socio-cultural activity, where, as shown above, self-realization of young people takes place. The advantages of the technology of designing new forms of work in cultural and leisure activities in comparison with other methods of purposeful sociocultural changes is that it combines the normative and diagnostic approaches characteristic of programming and planning. When developing a program for the development of one or another event, it is necessary to emphasize the normative side of the changes taking place in modern society, that is, the image of the “must” should dominate the diagnosis of the situation and the real assessment of the available resources, so the overall strategy of the program will be too abstract. Planning, on the other hand, prescribes goals, results and methods of activity in too much detail. In contrast to them, the design solution does not have a pronounced directive or reporting nature, i.e. is not a normative document in the strict sense, which includes a list of planned for the future activities and expected results from them. Thus, socio-cultural design is a specific technology, which is a constructive, creative activity, the essence of which is to analyze problems and identify the causes of their occurrence, develop goals and objectives that characterize the desired state of the object (or sphere of project activity), develop ways and means of achieving set goals. Sociocultural projects largely depend on design principles. The fundamental design principles are: the principle of the critical threshold of modification; the principle of optimizing the zone of proximal development; the principle of personification of the process and design results; the principle of optimal orientation towards preservation and change, understood as the proportionality of traditional and innovative mechanisms and processes of cultural dynamics; the principle of problem-target orientation, as well as the principles of proportionality of projected changes, social and personal expediency, complexity and realism. 2. State and problems of youth extreme leisure development
2.1 World experience in the development of extreme leisure activities for young people
The identification of young people as a relatively independent element of the social structure of society took place at the end of the 19th century. Young people become not only an object of education, but also a subject of public life, influencing the course of socio-political development of society. Abroad, two concepts are used: leisure and recreation. The concept of "leisure" has a commercial and entertainment meaning, and the concept of "recreation" has a social meaning (recuperation and recovery). Recreational areas - tourist routes, national sea coasts, natural attractions. Under the influence of the industrial revolution in the West, the process of socio-economic life of people has changed significantly. One of the significant achievements of the culture of foreign countries is the presence of an effectively functioning sphere of leisure and recreation. The recreational sphere is a combination of natural, material, technical, financial and organizational means aimed at providing recreational services to the population in accordance with individual and social needs in the field of leisure and recreational activities. Thus, this sphere includes: territorial natural resources, financial resources, material and technical base, the system of organization and management of this sphere, as well as the education system of specialists-recreators. The main structural and functional components of the recreational sphere are: state, public-voluntary (non-commercial) and commercial sectors of recreational services for the population. The activities of each of the sectors have a pronounced specificity, but it is precisely the flexible combination of various activities carried out by a wide network of recreational and leisure organizations and institutions of various forms of ownership that determines the comprehensive nature of this activity and its availability to every citizen. An extensive system of recreational services for the population is in the public domain. The foundations of recreational legislation are formed in the highest legislative bodies of Western countries, and the implementation of state policy in the field of recreation is the prerogative of the federal governments, i.e. public sector. The key point of their activities is the development of a national plan for the development of recreation, which provides for the coordination of the activities of all executive bodies for the implementation of state policy in this area. To study national policy in order to correct it, it is important to create (on the basis of necessity) special federal commissions. The result of the activities of such commissions is the development of recommendations for improving the sphere of recreational services, which, as a rule, is a guide for practical actions of federal governments in this direction. Direct recreational services for the population within the public sector are carried out by special agencies, the main purpose of which is the development and implementation of relevant programs. Recreational agencies of the public sector, in accordance with the administrative divisions, are subdivided as follows: federal level agencies, headquarters or provincial agencies and local level agencies ( municipalities). Federal recreational agencies are created on the basis of a number of government departments and their main function is to solve problems of recreational services for the population at the national level. So, recreational agencies at all levels of the public sector in Europe and America carry out a significant amount of work to provide the population of their countries with a variety of recreational services. All these agencies have a large number of recreational sites and facilities, develop and implement appropriate programs. At the same time, the local administration bodies play the main role, which ensures the conditions for the stable functioning of the entire public sector of the recreational sphere. Non-profit leisure organizations represent a fairly large sector in the general leisure and recreational sphere, providing the population with a large amount of diversified leisure programs and services. According to estimates, for example, by American specialists, the annual volume of financial expenditures in this sector in the United States exceeds 15 billion dollars. Within the framework of this sector, there are numerous large public-voluntary organizations and institutions, for example, the youth organizations "Boy Scouts" and "Girl Scouts". But, in addition, the overwhelming majority of official social institutions in the United States and Canada consider the organization of recreational services for the population as an integral attribute of their activities. There is a huge number of different large and small leisure and recreational associations, created on the initiative and with the active leadership of such public institutions as churches, clubs, museums, professional associations, social services, sports associations, hospitals, etc. It is noteworthy that such activities are based on a purely voluntary basis. The specific goals of the activities of these numerous associations may be somewhat different, but they are undoubtedly united by one common goal: serving the public interest by engaging citizens in cultural and value-based leisure activities and fostering civic maturity. In other words, the activity of public voluntary organizations carries a bright element of a socially oriented mission. Despite the diversity of non-profit organizations and institutions, the following main groups of such organizations can be distinguished in accordance with the types of social groups serving as the objects of their activity: youth organizations (religious and secular), organizations for serving special groups of the population, and the organization of the sphere of social protection of certain groups of the population. Nonprofit organizations make a huge contribution to the education of the younger generation, they are doing a gigantic work to intelligently fill the free time of children and young people: according to the Carnegie Endowment, more than 400 national organizations in the United States provide their services to young citizens. In the work of these organizations, there is now a steady tendency to move away from traditional programs, which focused exclusively on recreational activities. Now, leisure and recreational programs are based on the pedagogical principles of upbringing the younger generation for the purpose of the all-round development of the personality. Great importance is attached in the USA, Canada, Western countries and other countries with a developed tourism industry to work with the disabled, the poor, people from risk groups, children, the concept of family leisure has reached a high level. Museums, theaters and libraries are doing a great deal of work on organizing leisure activities for the disabled. Visually impaired and hearing impaired people are offered the following services: Guided tours in sign and sign languages. Texts of tape excursions. Light signaling (language). In matters of extreme leisure, the scale of the activities of local authorities abroad is very extensive. However, each of them deals with certain issues, depending on the level and assigned tasks. Components of extreme recreation include sports and recreation, informal recreation, outdoor recreation, children's games, cultural events, entertainment, visits to museums and reserves, tourism, leisure activities for young people and the general population, adult education, libraries and other services. Moreover, many are combined with each other. No governing body duplicates the other in terms of support or governance. Let us consider the features of organizing extreme leisure for young people using the example of specific countries. In the American social sciences, the point of view was formed quite a long time ago that the structure of leisure as an element of a way of life is interconnected with social institutions, social structure and culture of society. This point of view has influenced the organization of leisure activities for children and adolescents in the United States on a national scale. The typical American teenager spends six hours a day, five days a week, 180 days a year at school. Schools provide much more to American children than an academic education. More than 80 percent of all school students take part in extracurricular activities such as sports, school press, drama, hobby clubs, debates, choirs, sports and other groups. In their free time, American teens, like their counterparts in other countries, spend a lot of time in front of the TV, listening to music or playing computer games. Many teens over the age of 14 work part-time on weekends or after leaving school at fast food restaurants or delivery services, as well as in stores. Some adolescents also participate in organizing community work or take part in religious group activities, volunteering. Others belong to youth groups such as scouts, where they learn about citizenship, crafts, arts, campgrounds and other outdoor activities. On the other hand, teenagers under the age of 14 are more likely to participate in clubs for boys and girls. For example, the organization "Clubs of America's Boys and Girls" (Boys 8cGirls Clubs of America, BGCA) is one of the largest children's leisure organizations not only in the United States, but also in the world. This organization is designed to help maximize the potential of children, especially those who need special help. In total, there are about 4,000 such clubs in the United States. The Clubs' charter was approved by the US Congress. The Boys and Girls Clubs of America (BGCC) are for schoolchildren from 6 to 18 years old. They provide affirmative action educational and leisure programs for children and adolescents. The clubs offer programs in five main areas: leadership development programs; career education; health support and life skills development programs; arts programs; sports and fitness and recreation programs. BGCC works to create, expand and strengthen the social character of education and leisure activities for adolescents in collaboration with schools, community groups, and families. Of interest is the age and ethnic composition of children and adolescents, which is presented in the report of this organization for 2010. Club programs are attended by: 6% under 5 years old; 43% 6-10 years old; 19% 11-12 years old; 20% 13-15 years old; 12% are 16 years of age or older. Of these, 55% are boys, 45% are girls. Ethnic composition of youth who practice in clubs :
36% are representatives of Arab youth; 28% African Americans; 23% are Spanish groups; 7% are multiracial, 3% are Asian-American teens; 3% are white Native Americans. It can be considered that the organization's activities are aimed at overcoming inequalities in the possibility of obtaining the creative development of US youth. Geographically, clubs are organized in areas where other forms of organized leisure activities are less accessible to young people from different social and ethnic groups. Consider a typical club infrastructure environment. A well-designed infrastructure is more than its individual components. The first space, which is the entrance office, provides access control to the club, acts as an information center and enhances the sense of belonging to the club. It also provides secure storage for members' personal belongings. A good entrance to the club is provided for the convenience of young children, disabled people and adults. The core characteristics that define the boys 'and girls' club are critical to having a positive impact on youth. The club space is exclusively for young people, programs and events; open every day after school hours and on weekends and offers training opportunities for youth development professionals. Club teachers are able to reach all children with work, including those who cannot afford other community programs. The organization also introduces other core characteristics of a boys 'and girls' club that are critical to making a positive impact on youth. At the center of the club is a playroom that allows you to organize activities in areas such as arts, crafts and learning. There is also a buffet in the center, it demonstrates a sense of humor, equipped with flexible and movable equipment and furniture for different ages of children and adolescents. Children can learn important social skills through spaces such as a swimming pool, table football, checkers and other board games. Highly qualified staff helps teenagers learn to negotiate, be diplomatic, win and lose, resolve conflicts. A special gymnasium is designed for games and clubbing experience. The club has a special teenage center for club members aged 13-18. Many teen centers are equipped with computers, fitness centers and rooms for business-related programs. The well-developed teen center also includes a comfortable TV viewing area, VCR and stereo. The clubs offer a variety of programs for teens, including skills development programs aimed at exploring career opportunities, creating a resume for job search. In addition, these programs help to attract vocational colleges for career guidance and training for adolescents. The clubs also have premises for educational or technological centers, which have books and periodicals, rooms for disputes and discussions, and modern computer technology. These centers can serve as additional conference rooms for prevention programs. Has identified education and technology programs as priorities to help children succeed in school and professional careers. The clubs offer a variety of initiatives, including helping with homework. The clubs also run computer literacy programs. The arts and crafts spaces have natural light, storage furniture, display areas, digital labs, design and woodworking rooms. The clubs also have facilities for dancing, drama, aerobics or martial arts. BGCA programs encourage adolescents to seek ways of creative expression, develop self-confidence and pride, expand interests, create beauty in the environment, and raise cultural awareness. Sports facilities vary. There is often an outdoor area for recreation, basketball and volleyball. They are especially popular with US teens. Some clubs have added innovative sports programs, such as climbing, which mimic rock climbing in the club's gyms. This sport increases personal confidence, develops dexterity, coordination, helps to develop team cohesion, problem-solving and risk-coping skills. BGCA's established Regional Service Centers help parents and teenagers choose the club that suits them in terms of location and activities. Usually a small local club serves 100-200 children per day, a medium one - 350-550, a large one - 350-550. The states provide land for the construction of the club to the organization for rent or free of charge. New clubs are constantly appearing in the United States at the initiative of individuals. Local governments, civic, social, and labor organizations provide assistance under the US Congressional Clubs Charter, as well as community leaders in business and industry. The experience of one of the largest national organizations in organizing children's leisure, contributing to the development of the personality and education of citizenship for boys and girls in the United States, is studied internationally and largely influences the principles and programs of organizing children's leisure in various countries of the world. Government bodies, such as new city corporations, regional water management and national parks, also play a significant role in organizing leisure time in England. All these organizations have enough powers to become the initiators of any event in the development of a base for extreme recreation for young people. Local authorities in England also carry out activities to ensure free access of the population to halls, swimming pools, parks, playgrounds, libraries, beaches, etc. This access is only paid, i.e. financed through the tax system. In addition, local authorities provide a wide range of paid services: swimming pools, playgrounds, golf courses, boat stations, theaters, sports complexes, etc. Most of the cost of these services is covered by subsidies. Local authorities in England play a significant role in organizing events in the field of extreme recreation, education, art and culture. They do this through a system of sports clubs, health centers, schools, colleges, art galleries, museums, concert halls and libraries. The organization of extreme leisure activities for young people and the entire population of the region is carried out through the education system, but the totality of all services appears to be the result of joint activities of local authorities and voluntary sports organizations. In Germany, associations and societies play a special role in the organization of extreme leisure activities. Today in Germany there are about 300,000 different unions and societies, in which the majority of the inhabitants are members. Unions and societies are overwhelmingly diverse. Almost every fourth inhabitant is a member of the sports society. Singing societies count over 2 million members. Shooters and philatelists, dog breeders and ethnographers, participants in carnivals, gardeners and radio amateurs are united in unions and societies. They do hobbies and communicate with each other. The palette will be complemented by youth and women's groups. Some unions and societies attain a predetermined importance at the level of local politics. People with different party affiliations converge in them. They establish informal contacts that affect the life of the community. The people of Germany also love clubs. There are a lot of clubs in Germany: there are over 10,000 multinational choral societies alone. Many clubs have unbreakable historical roots, for example, hunting and shooting clubs. And some of them appeared already in the Middle Ages and therefore have their own ancient traditions. The attraction of the German population to club life partly explains their predilection for any organized form. Very often the very involvement in the club attracts them much more than participation in club activities. Their sympathy for clubs appears from an early age. It all starts with small school sports organizations, real equipment and training conditions can only be obtained in clubs. The habit of going to the club gets early and stays on for life. Thus, extreme youth leisure abroad has a well-organized and well-developed structure. In some countries it is funded by the government, in some by commercial organizations, but everywhere it is well organized and accessible to young people. 2.2 Extreme youth leisure in the Russian Federation and tendencies of its development
Economic and social changes in the 90s affected practically all spheres of life of Russian society as a whole and each of its social strata. Until the end of the 1980s, the state unambiguously predetermined not only the ideology, but also the repertoire of all institutions of art education, theaters, concert organizations, museums, clubs, and regulated their activities. Similar restrictions were even imposed on spheres of specifically mass culture (discos, magnetic recordings, etc.). Beginning in the 1980s, the state began to gradually abandon its regulatory role in the cultural sphere. As a result, the consumer has freed himself from cultural standards and stereotypes imposed on him by the state. A significant part of cultural production began to work to satisfy the various needs of both the end consumer and individual groups employed within this production itself ("bohemians", "tusovki", etc.). This has formed a competitive consumer-oriented industry, on the one hand, and does not require government support, on the other. Researchers often refer to the products of this industry as popular culture. At that time, another part of cultural production remained, which needed systematic support from the state (museums, theaters, amateur performances, etc.). The name "high" was assigned to this sphere of culture. Thus, the changes in the cultural sphere that have taken place over the past two decades can be characterized as a transition from a Soviet directive culture to an open and mass one. Another process going on in the field of culture over this period can be called technical or technological modernization. This should be understood as the expansion of the technical capabilities of traditional types of cultural production (museums, theaters, cinema), and the formation of fundamentally new means of mass communication (non-state television broadcasting network, cable television, video, Internet). Mass media (QMS), existing in market conditions, are guided by the needs of a significant mass of consumers. Television, video and other mass media today occupy a dominant place in the daily cultural activities of a person and do not require intermediaries. The cultural changes that have taken place could not but affect the leisure activities of young people. Her leisure is now characterized by a set of forms of leisure activity that is different from previous generations. The expansion of forms of leisure is associated with tourism, travel, the possibility of travel abroad, the manifestation of various programs (casinos, exotic theaters), with new technical means in the field of mass communication. In addition to expanding the forms of leisure activities, there have been changes in the direction of cultural orientations and the needs of young people. Sociologists note the following trends: the massization of tastes and all the leisure time of young people; decreased interest in high art; a decrease in the role of reading in the structure of youth leisure; preference for those forms of spending free time that involve interpersonal communication. In addition to changes in the structure and focus of leisure, it is necessary to note the increased amount of time that is now being devoted to it. As evidenced by the results of research, free time has increased significantly in recent years: in the 1960s and 1990s, it increased by three hours. This happened primarily as a result of a reduction in working hours: a reduced working day, a week, an increase in the duration of vacations and the number of days off. Unfortunately, in our country, for a long time, the problem of the development of extreme youth leisure has been little touched upon. Officials did not consider it a priority. One could only dream of multi-million dollar companies and global projects in this area. That is why, although the situation is changing now, and more attention is paid to extreme youth leisure in Russia, we are lagging behind the leading countries in terms of these indicators. For many years to come, we will have to make up for lost time. Today, many programs are being developed and launched to develop youth sports. These are the largest programs created with the support of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports. These are projects such as Children of Russia, Patriotic Education of Youth, and Youth of Russia. These programs pursue the goal of creating a unified system for the popularization of sports. All these programs also support extreme sports. Nevertheless, the most popular and demanded among young people in Russia are extreme sports that do not require special financial investments and special equipment, since both are often inaccessible to young people. Thus, the most popular types of extreme sports are land extreme sports such as parkour, skateboarding and its winter variety - snowboarding, BMX. All these types of extreme leisure activities for young people have been discussed in detail above. Let us consider in more detail the state and prospects of the selected types of extreme leisure in Russia. Skateboard is not a new word in our country for a long time. We can safely say that skate fashion in recent years has very firmly established itself on the streets of Russian cities: for example, skateboarding in Moscow is one of the most popular activities for young people in the capital. But in addition to the sport itself, skateboarding is also a huge subcultural layer that has formed in modern youth Russia. As noted above, the last surge in popularity has occurred in recent years, and it was caused by the massive opening of skate shops. Despite the opening of a sufficient number of shops with professional equipment, skateboarding in Russia still requires serious investments: the development of this sport requires the construction of full-fledged winter and summer skate parks, because the number of existing ones in no way satisfies the desire and needs of Russian boarders. As mentioned above, the development of BMX in Russia began in 1991. Until 1995 the development of BMX was quite active. But in 1996 - 98. due to the complete lack of funding, coaches, programs for sports schools, special bicycles and sports uniforms, the achieved level of development of BMX began to decline. In connection with the decision of the UCI to petition the International Olympic Committee to include BMX in the program of the upcoming Olympic Games 2008, at the FVSR conference, which took place on November 17, 2004. in Ufa, it was decided to create a Russian national BMX team. From that moment, in the conditions of restrained financial support from the FVSR and Rossport, it became possible to systematize and implement the accumulated experience for the Russian VMH to enter the international level. The development and formation of parkour in Russia at the moment is undergoing certain changes and is practically in the shadows. The fact is that the so-called industrial parkour is prohibited in Russia. For young people who are fond of this activity, the stone jungle of a big city is nothing more than a platform for performing dizzying stunts. Thus, violating public order, young people can be held accountable. Thus, in Russia, extreme leisure activities for young people are beginning to develop gradually: clubs appear, festivals and competitions are held. However, the main problems are still insufficient funding, the lack of specially equipped sites for extreme sports and low cultural activity in the regions. 2.3 Problems and prospects for the development of extreme leisure activities for youth in the region
A healthy lifestyle is being actively promoted in Perm, which has influenced the development and widespread dissemination of active and sometimes extreme recreation. Previously, this was not the case in our city, so extreme leisure is an innovation in the free time of adolescents. The most common forms that are widespread in Perm are: paintball, skydiving and bungee jumping, snowboarding and alpine skiing, diving, wind tunnel, motor sports, go-karting, Jolly Jumper, Flyboard, equestrian sports, etc. Many forms are already known and widespread in the city, but some have not yet become widespread, only because they have not yet been heard of. Extreme leisure allows young people to "splash out" all their experiences and get a storm of emotions and experiences. Such a pastime has a beneficial effect on a person's mood, on his inner mood, increases the charge of energy, performs an entertaining and hedonistic function. One of the favorite types of outdoor activities for young people in the city is rollerblading. We can safely classify this type of leisure as an innovative one, since in March 2014 the grand opening of the Planeta rollerdrome took place in Perm. In our city, this is the first indoor rollerdrome that can operate all year round: both in winter and in summer. Now you can not only go rollerblading, but also visit a cafe, chat with friends and play games. Also in the rollerdrome you can celebrate your birthday or any other holiday. We can note the positive aspects of the appearance of a rollerdrome in our city: firstly, skating in a specialized room is much safer for a person's life, and secondly, the prices in Planet are quite acceptable for students, and everyone can bring their own skates with them. One more rollerdrome is planned to be opened in the Parkovy microdistrict this summer. It should be noted that one more way of active and extreme pastime is a night game - the "DozoR" quest. DOZOR is an out-brain and adrenaline-pumping hybrid of Zarnitsa, Fort Bayard and What? Where? When?". Teams, consisting of the headquarters and several crews, equipped with flashlights, laptops, mobile and GPRS and Internet communications, compete from ten Saturday evening to seven in the morning - who will quickly guess the place in the city, encrypted in the riddles they receive on the Internet, will get go there by car and find in this location the coveted code that gives the right to go to the next level of the game. In our city, such games have been held not so long ago, but they have already become very fond of Perm youth. Games are held almost every weekend, the game has its own participants who fight for the main prize from game to game, and every day there are new ones who want to spend interesting time. In Perm, not far from the Perm 2 railway station, there is a concrete extreme park, which has no analogues in Russia yet. The park, designed and built according to all youth trends in the field of extreme sports, was opened in 2009 and is intended for skating, freestyle, parkour and inline skating. The park project, developed in Louisville (USA, Kentucky), the size of the concrete site is 12 thousand square meters, 2000 cubic meters of concrete was used during the construction. The cost of the park is approximately 50 million rubles. The design of the park has the necessary radii for performing tricks and contains elements suitable for both beginners and professional athletes. Thanks to the appearance of such a park, Perm got the opportunity to take part in competitions in extreme street sports of various levels, and these areas now have the necessary basis for development. Since 2007, annual snowboarding competitions have been held in the Perm Territory. Also, since 2010 in Perm there is a regional public organization "Federation of Extreme Sports of the Perm Territory". assistance in the development and popularization of sports: freestyle cycling (BMX, mountain biking), skateboarding, inline skating (rollerblading) - in the Perm Territory (hereinafter - "extreme sports"), as one of the mass and spectacular sports that contribute to the harmonious development of personality, self-affirmation, health promotion, formation of a healthy lifestyle; assistance in uniting efforts and strengthening cooperation of individual citizens and various organizations involved in the development of extreme sports; assistance in the creation and improvement of the system of training athletes in extreme sports (including those that are part of the Olympic sports), the production and distribution of the necessary manuals, teaching and training methods; assistance to the creation and improvement of the system of training highly qualified coaches, instructors and judges in extreme sports. The survey was carried out on the basis of existing leisure clubs in Perm. A total of 50 people were interviewed, all between the ages of 16 and 20, of which 90% were boys and 10% were girls. All respondents have been involved in extreme sports for more than 3 years. The questionnaire included the following questions: What extreme sport do you practice? How long ago? How often do you practice this extreme sport? Are your classes regular? Are you a member of a club, group, section or other community for the sport? If so, which one? Where do you train most often (at home, on special sites, in the yard)? Do competitions, master classes or other cultural events take place in your city dedicated to the extreme sport you practice? If yes, do you visit them? Which extreme sport cultural event that you are doing would you like to attend? Describe in detail the place, the way it will be held. What is lacking in your city for comfortable engagement in the extreme sport that you are doing? All respondents have been involved in extreme sports for more than 3 years. 60% of them are engaged in skateboarding and snowboarding and 40% are fond of BMX. All respondents regularly practice their chosen sport, 2-3 times a week. None of the respondents are members of the communities for the chosen sport. All of them note that there are no clubs and sections on extreme sports in the city, young people spontaneously organize themselves into groups, receive new information, learn tricks only from each other, which often leads to injuries. All the respondents most often train in the extreme park. 3.1 Goals and objectives of the project
Since 60% of the respondents are engaged in skateboarding, we decided to propose a project for holding a skateboard master class in Perm. Time: May 2015. Venue: Extreme Park Perm. Duration: 3 hours. Project format: free master class. Purpose of the event: teaching the basics of safe skateboarding. Objectives of the event: training in basic riding tricks; training in the basics of safety; popularization of skateboarding as a sport. We propose to conduct a master class according to the following scheme: .Greetings, a story about the goals of the master class - 10 minutes; .Lecture on the features of the equipment - 15 minutes; .Lecture on the basics of security - 10 minutes; .Learning the basic elements of skateboarding - 2 hours; .Answers to questions - 20 minutes; .Summing up, farewell - 10 minutes. .Free skating for all participants of the master class. Event poster: “Thinking about what to do during your holidays and don't want to waste your time? We are waiting for you! Come to the Free Skateboard Master! At the master class, you will learn: What you need to start skating; What tricks can you learn in 1-2 days; How to choose the right skateboard; What style is right for you; Demo performance + answers to questions. We are waiting for you!" 3.2 Project outline
Hello! Today we are giving a skateboarding workshop. I will show you how to choose the right skateboarding equipment, how to learn to ride safely, show you the basic tricks that you can learn in 2-3 days, and at the end I will answer your questions. So, first we need to buy our first skateboard to get started. What advice can you give to a beginner, besides the standard warning against buying a Chinese curve "complet" for 300-400 rubles? First, pay attention to the dimensions of the board itself. A board that is too wide is much more difficult to maneuver and perform any tricks. On the other hand, with a larger board area, it is easier to land on it after jumping. Secondly, you need to look at the presence of side bends, called concave (on cheap boards, it can easily not be at all). This radius helps you perform a variety of tricks, and it is different on different boards. For a beginner, as usual, something in between will do. It is also worth paying attention to the presence or absence of an additional plastic bottom layer called slick. It is necessary for better sliding on handrails and other obstacles. A beginner, as a rule, does not need such an opportunity, especially since the presence of this layer will only make the "complete" heavier. And further. Do not forget to treat the surface of the board with a special self-adhesive "sandpaper" - grip tape before starting workouts (the program shows how to do this). This will prevent your shoes from slipping on the deck surface, allowing for better control. The size of the wheels determines how fast your skateboard will be - the larger the diameter, the higher the speed. However, as the wheel diameter increases, maneuverability decreases, which is why experienced skaters prefer smaller wheels. Also pay attention to the material the wheels are made of. Soft elastic wheels better dampen vibrations from riding on bumps, so riding a skateboard with such wheels is more pleasant. But they wear out faster and slow down your speed. Therefore, for higher speeds it is necessary to choose hard wheels. There is only one drawback to using them - you will feel every crack in the asphalt with your feet. Also, the class of bearings affects the speed of the skateboard. For the skateboard, the ABEC standard of these products is used, and the digital markings on them indicate the quality of the grinding of the bearing parts. The higher the serial number, the higher the speed. For example, ABEC 7 is faster than ABEC 3. Skateboard suspension. Here it is necessary to focus on the weight and massiveness of this structure. Heavier models, as a rule, are stronger and better withstand intense loads (this does not apply to Chinese models) but also negatively affect the total weight of the "complement". It is also necessary to pay attention that the wheels installed on the tracks do not protrude beyond the outer dimensions of the deck. So your first skateboard is purchased. Skateboarding is a very extreme sport, so to avoid injuries and bruises, follow the safety rules when skating: 1.The place for skiing should be located away from traffic intersections. It is desirable that this place be specially provided for such purposes. 2.Young athletes under the age of 8 must ride in the presence of an adult. .You do not need to try to master complex tricks the first time, it takes time. Start with the basics. .At the initial stage, choose descents with a small angle of inclination. At the same time, the speed with which you accelerate should not exceed the running speed. .If you lose your balance, try to jump off the skateboard so as not to fall. .Learn to fall properly. To do this, when you fall, group yourself, this will help to avoid fractures. .Always remember to wear protective equipment when riding. Especially when it comes to the helmet. .Learning to skateboard is always easier in the company of like-minded people. Now I will briefly talk about common mistakes and how to avoid them. You need to build up the complexity very gradually and only after you get the simpler one without any problems. In addition, it is advisable to do everything without overstraining, freely and with pleasure, in order to find your own style of riding at your own speed. Learning to skate means falling a lot. It's strange, but the more you fall, the more you gain self-confidence and the more you can. When falling, the body learns to act correctly automatically. This is a good start for the future: the more the body can move automatically, the easier it will be to ride without thinking about unnecessary details and the better to control your behavior on really difficult elements. Therefore, you can only learn to skate well by falling constantly. Naturally, falls should take place as much as possible without injuries and consequences, so it is best to fall not on your back, but on your hands and knees, and at low speeds and, preferably, on a smooth surface of the ramp, and not on rough asphalt. In addition, to successfully acquire falling skills, you need to wear protectors on your knees, elbows, hands and head. Of course, in the future, when the falls are rare and correct, and the movements are clear and perfected, the protection may not be worn. But until this happens, you need to protect yourself from constant falls. Do not rush to climb to the very top. Once you learn how to ride on level surfaces, you will have to move on to the things that will be scary at first. In order not to lose confidence, do not rush to immediately do something really difficult, but start small. When learning Ollie, it's best to do this trick on grass or soft ground. If you start practicing right away on the tarmac and on the move, you can get injured, which can take several months to heal. You will learn this trick much faster and without injuries if at the initial stage you save yourself from unnecessary difficulties, I train on soft surfaces. If you try to slide off the top of a steep slope without prior training, you may be seriously injured. There are many cases where aspiring skaters were hospitalized after the very first such descent. Start with small hills and check the condition of the asphalt before descending: if it is in poor condition, then do not expect that everything will turn out well for you. Learn to land properly before doing any jumps on the big ramps. It's best to practice on small inclines or less high ramps before moving on to something more challenging. Follow through. Any trick you do must be done completely. You shouldn't learn the trick in half and then do it. It is necessary to look at and fully understand how to do this or that element, and then learn how to do it from start to finish. A trick performed with full strength and without protection, but half is dangerous. Therefore, complete all the elements of the trick with repeated workouts and do not give up halfway through it. If the fear doesn't go away. Sometimes it happens that you did everything right: put on protection, worked out the elements of the trick for a long time, started with a simple one, but the fear does not go away. Then, if you feel confident in yourself, then you should forget about the fear and force yourself to perform the trick. Most likely, it will not work right away, but mistakes only teach us how to do it right. And after a few serious bad approaches, you will most likely succeed. But do not forget that before that you need to properly study everything and protect yourself from injury. Now I will show you the basic skateboarding tricks and tell you in detail how to do them correctly. Grabs are grabbing your board with your hand in the air, followed by landing, most often used in flights from steps, a bullet or in a ramp (less often when sliding along the railing). Shows by example. Flips are all kinds of board rotations in all three planes. This type of tricks is the most common, spectacular and actually the most difficult. It takes a huge amount of wasted time to learn even the lightest flip, and stability can take several months or years. Shows by example. Manuals are balance on pendants, on the arms, on the edges of the board, on the tail, etc. An almost inexhaustible variety for fantasy. Invented at the dawn of the development of skateboarding, even before the invention of the ollie (jumping with a board), it stalled in the mid-nineties, but now the second wave of popularity of this type of tricks begins, it can increasingly be found in skate videos, specials are being held. tournaments. Shows by example. Grinds and slides - sliding on pendants, a board or on a pendant and board at once, on all kinds of objects: railings, boards, benches, ramps and other ledges of Urban architecture. The most traumatic type of skateboarding, here you have to combine speed and balance and distance. Shows by example. Racks. There are two types of stances: regular - left leg - front, or goofy - right leg - front. To find out which stance is best for you personally, ask a friend to see which leg you start to climb with. If on the left, then you are regular, i.e. you should go forward with your left foot, if with your right, then on the contrary, with your right. Shows by example. Ollie. Actually, the basics of skateboarding, jumping from a board to an obstacle or just long. Designed on the ramp by Allan "Ollie" Gelfand ohm, which the most famous Rodney Mullen applied simply on a flat surface. Almost no trick is possible without this trick. With it, you should start learning skateboarding. True, first you need to deal with your stance, ride a little in a straight line and learn how to turn. So, we put our feet in such a stance: the snapping foot at the end of the board (tail), leading the leg almost perpendicular to the board, the heels should hang slightly. Try to stand so that it is comfortable for you to stand on the board, squat down. Happened? Let's go further. Now you need to make a rather complex body movement: click well with your back foot, and lead your front foot up the board. Click and lead at the same time. You need to click like this: push the board down with the snapping foot, but so that your foot does not touch the floor, and the board itself hits it. The leading foot goes up with the board and at the highest point aligns the board. It is best to land on bolts and bent legs. As soon as the board comes off the floor a couple of times, you should start trying to do an ollie on the go. It can take up to a week to master this art, but with the presence of a “right” teacher, a day will be enough. The main rule here is to practice as much as possible. As soon as it began to turn out 3 out of ten times "on the go", you should take more and more obstacles. For starters, a stick, stone, or just a crack in the asphalt will do. This is necessary for you to learn how to do an ollie in a specific place and at a specific time. Then you should learn to jump one step, two, three, etc. I also advise you to learn how to do an ollie at high speed, as speed can help when jumping over an obstacle, and this is difficult for some people. Another point is obstacle jumping. Just like jumping up a step, you should try jumping off a step. If you can't jump off the ollie, try just before the end of the obstacle to just stand up, as it were, in a manual, and simply fly off the steps. It can help to feel confident in yourself. I will repeat once again the main thing is not to sit still, but to constantly try. Practice is everything! Shows by example. Kickflip. Kickflip is a basic flip trick. It consists in twisting the skate with the toe of the board in the air "under you". It is not very spectacular, but it is simply necessary to master it, since it is the primitive for such tricks as a variable kickflip, 180 Kickflip, etc. Quite difficult, requires long learning and practice. In the first weeks, the shins of the legs will suffer, and the toe of your sneaker will wear off. So get ready. We learn to do first on the spot, then on the go. Putting Your Feet: Ideally, it would be to place your feet like an ollie, but this is very difficult especially for a beginner. It is much easier, and not at all worse in terms of stability and control of the board, to put the snapping foot on the very center of the tail, leading so that the toe of your sneaker rests against the near top bolt, or slightly higher. And one more secret: how parallel is your leading leg to the board, i.e. the closer the leg is to the edge and the larger the angle, the more the skate spins. You will calibrate it during the training. However, without fanaticism. You need to click in the opposite direction from the course of the skate, i.e. take the skate back with your foot, otherwise it will fly forward. With the leading foot we lead up to the bend of your nose, and further behind the back. It turns out an arc. Everything must be done abruptly and simultaneously. Now you need to fly over the board in order to keep it in sight. You can tuck your legs a little. As soon as the skate has made a revolution around its axis, we lower our legs and press it to the floor. On landing, such a trick as with an ollie, with a crooked landing, will not go through. The weight must be transferred to both legs, otherwise falls cannot be avoided. Until you learn how to maintain balance, to twist the skate sharply in order to stay on it, it is better to jump off. As always, we ideally land on bent legs, of course, on the bolts. And yet, do not forget to do the same with obstacles or on them. When kickfliping from gaps, in order to control the board in flight, you need to snap off your foot harder, and you also need to catch in the air, which can cause difficulties. When jumping, for example, on a step, the main thing is to click harder, at the highest point the board should already make a full turn, and you need to press the deck to the floor. Look like that's it. Shows by example. Legs like an ollie, but the heel should not hang down. It is better to turn the leg slightly outward, towards the nose. We click as with a kick, we lead the leg simultaneously to the nose and to the far bend, and there we kick the skate with the heel, the leg again describes an arc, we press our legs a little to the chest. But we click and push the deck not like a kick, but first we click to raise the skate into the air, and only then we twist it. We fly and think how cool it looks from the outside, smile quickly, and catch a board in the air. Everything. We land on bent legs, and drive off to the side, and think about how else to surprise the crowd. Shows by example. B / S Pop Shove-it. There are two types of b / c shavites: with ollies and without. The second one is called simply shovit, for the Americans it only serves to unfold the board, it does not deserve attention and time, since it will come by itself. When you pop, the board does not spin as with heal and kick, but in a different plane, i.e. remains upside down, tail and nose just change places. Not a difficult trick, and already somewhere in a week, another one can do it up a step, if you go parallel to it. The placement of the legs is as follows: the lead foot is exactly in the geometric center of the board, or slightly closer to the far bolts. Clicking on the edge of the tail is the one farther from you, and it turns out that the leg covers almost the entire tail, but all the force of the push must be distributed to that end of the board. In the whole trick there are only two things to do: click so that the board spins clockwise for the regulars, and counterclockwise for the goofy; and practically do nothing to the presenter: just control the board. The leading leg becomes the point of rotation of the board, it is like a bolt around which the board revolves. As soon as the board makes a turn, we put the snapping foot back on the deck. It's simple. If you are going to do this shovite from the parapet, then you need to rotate more slowly so that it stops spinning shortly before landing. Shows by example. F / s Pop Shove-it. An analogue of b / c pop shovita, but the trick is already spinning counterclockwise for the regulars, and vice versa for the goofy. The trick is a little more difficult to perform, and you don't often see it in the video. In general, it should not be called a "pop trick" with all the responsibility. Although times change ... So, let's push off a couple of times and put our feet like this: the snap foot at the very end of the deck (although it is quite possible to put it a little closer “to you.” The lead foot is easiest to put in front of the front bolts, the heel should be completely on the deck. that is, as if diagonally: down and forward) then there is a very intricate movement: the board should only begin to rotate, and we must remove the front leg from the board and bend, the back leg, after clicking, also begin to decay, but a little later. the deck, having completed the turn, should be caught by the front foot and, as it were, "pressed" to the ground, and only then we put the back foot. I forgot to say, you must definitely jump back a little. Of course, this is not an ideal performance, but having learned to do just that, over time and a tall ollie you will start to catch it in the air and smoothly land with both feet on the board. t by example. Varial Kickflip. Quite an interesting flip, the first two trick combo you'll probably learn. The rotation is much more natural than, for example, a varial hillflip, the legs do not get tangled. The trick is to mix kickflip and back side pop shovita. To begin with, let's figure out how to put the legs: we put the back leg (snap) exactly as with the pop, stitch with the leading leg: we put the foot as in the kickflip, but we no longer rest against the upper bolt, but against the lower one. The body can also be rotated slightly. That's all, it remains to click better (as with pop, stitch) and flip the skate more sharply. However, you need to jump not over the skate, but a little forward. And it may turn out that you flipped him, and the flip even spun, got on the wheels and you caught him with one foot, but the board was thrown too much in the opposite direction to which you were driving. It turns out that you are standing with one foot on the floor a meter away from the skate, and the other at the very end of the already inverted tail. Against this flip, this trick can help: put your lead foot a little deeper and flip diagonally in the direction of travel. The whole difficulty lies precisely in the landing, and not in how to flip it. Shows by example. B \ s 180 Kickflip. Both are names for the same trick. And the only difference is that the first one is made from your own stand, the second from a fake. It is a good idea to learn how to kickflip, b / s180 ollie, and variable kickflip before learning both of these tricks. Since the stances for both fake and your own are absolutely equal, we will assume that you first decided to train in your stance. So let's get some air, calm our nerves and start. Place your feet in a similar manner to variel, but the angle between the toe of the front shoe and the board needs to be made larger. We make a click as with 180 ollie and variel and at the same time flip the deck "in an arc" (ie, the foot follows the board rotating in the plane of pop and finally leaves it at the edge of the bend of the nose). We let the board quietly scroll through the turnover and, catching the deck in the air, land with it. It doesn’t matter if you didn’t turn a certain number of degrees, you should have enough inertia to turn the deck on the ground. But keep in mind that you are no longer in your own stance, and some of the tricks that you learned to do “in yourself,” in your stance so as not to fall, you simply cannot do in someone else's. Tip: do not carry your body weight too far into the nose. The fact that you are spinning around the front suspension will pass over time, and the first few landings in balance on the front tracks can be very upsetting for you. chances are that the board will slide out, and the trick was so close. Shows by example. F \ s 50-50 grind. So we got to the grinds. This is the first and most basic one. This trick consists in sliding on two suspensions. Maybe you saw on TV how gallant American skaters glide along a long, long rail. So, to begin with, you will have the same thing only on a reduced scale. It is best to do it on very grated surfaces (rubbed with special wax, but ordinary paraffin from a candle will suit you. Stearin is better in cold weather, paraffin in hot weather.). By the way, I would advise you to rub the suspension too. Many people say that this is nonsense and self-hypnosis, but it helps me. Try before you start doing fifty-fifty on the go, put the board on an angle on which you plan to slide, take a run and try to slip a little. This is done so that you grind the paraffin evenly, and feel how you need to slide (all this, of course, is suitable if we are talking about faceted, marble and wooden surfaces, and not about a full-fledged handrail.). So, we drive up either parallel or along an arc to the object, so that there is a target at the top of the arc. By the way, we drive up to the object. We make an ollie, we put the front suspension over the board, then the rear one, we imprint the board into the corner of the board. The body weight should not be on the front suspension, otherwise a painful fall may not be avoided. Also, do not be afraid to transfer the weight of your whole body to your toes, and not to your heels, otherwise the skate will simply slip out, or you will slide down with it. You can also go out in different ways. If the board ends, the weight of the body is on the rear suspension, and we slide down. If it's still quite far to the end, just turn around on the rear suspension and get out. You can do an ollie, but it is not often possible to place your feet so that you can do an ollie without any problems. And one more way, you can do 180 ollin at the same time, but that later. Shows by example. F \ s 5-0 grind. As soon as they started doing 50-50 more or less decently, you can complicate the task a little: try to slip on one harness. On boards parallel to the ground (i.e. not inclined), the trick is just great. We drive up, do an ollie, but we do not align the board, as at 50-50, but remain in a position where the nose is much higher than the tail. So, we jump over the very edge, gently land on the edge with the rear suspension. Further, the situation can go in two ways: we touch the tail slightly over the edge, align the suspension and continue to slide, or if the body weight remains in front of the suspension, most likely you will go to 50-50. The ideal, of course, would be to land at 5-0 and move on without touching anything. We strive for the ideal. :) We leave by deploying the board. Everything. Shows by example. Now I am ready to answer your questions. Conclusion
Every year the number of adherents of extreme sports is growing, this is facilitated by the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the popularization of all sports in the world. However, extreme people are attracted not only by the desire to play sports, they are attracted by the high degree of risk, the desire to feel higher, stronger, to feel the boiling of blood in their veins, to raise the level of adrenaline. Extreme sports can be divided into the following types: air, water, ground, underground, mountain. Leisure, as a part of free time, attracts young people with its unregulated and voluntary choice of its various forms, democracy, emotional saturation, the ability to combine physical and intellectual activities in it, creative and contemplative, production and play. For a significant part of young people, social institutions of leisure are the main sources of socio-cultural integration and self-realization. Abroad, extreme youth leisure has a well-organized, well-developed structure. In some countries it is funded by the government, in some by commercial organizations, but everywhere it is well organized and accessible to young people. Unfortunately, in our country, for a long time, the problem of the development of extreme youth leisure has been little touched upon. Officials did not consider it a priority. One could only dream of multi-million dollar companies and global projects in this area. That is why, although the situation is changing now, and more attention is paid to extreme youth leisure in Russia, we are lagging behind the leading countries in terms of these indicators. For many years to come, we will have to make up for lost time. In Russia, extreme leisure activities for young people are beginning to develop gradually: clubs appear, festivals and competitions are held. However, the main problems are still insufficient funding, the lack of specially equipped sites for extreme sports and low cultural activity in the regions. Extreme leisure time for young people in the Perm Territory is now actively developing. In Perm, not far from the Perm 2 railway station, there is a concrete extreme park, which has no analogues in Russia yet. Since 2007, annual snowboarding competitions have been held in the Perm Territory. Also, since 2010 in Perm there is a regional public organization "Federation of Extreme Sports of the Perm Territory". The main problem of extreme leisure for youth in the Perm Territory is the lack of clubs, sections and other forms of organization and training of youth in extreme sports. In order to study the problem of organizing extreme youth leisure in Perm, we conducted a survey of young people involved in extreme sports. The survey was carried out on the basis of existing leisure clubs in Perm. A total of 50 people were interviewed, all between the ages of 16 and 20, of which 90% were boys and 10% were girls. All respondents have been involved in extreme sports for more than 3 years. % of the respondents are satisfied with the number of competitions held in the city in the chosen sport, 40% note that they would like more such competitions. All respondents note that there are no master classes or other educational events in the chosen sport in the city, although everyone would be happy to attend them. All respondents noted that they would attend master classes in the chosen sport. The respondents also emphasize that the lack of verified information about the chosen sport, the characteristics of various types of equipment, as well as how to competently and safely perform elements of extreme sports is the main problem in the city. As a result of the survey, we found out that young people involved in extreme sports in the city of Perm believe that there are not enough master classes in the selected sports in the city. Since 60% of the respondents are engaged in skateboarding, we decided to propose a project for holding a skateboard master class in Perm. List of used literature
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