33. Muscle of inspiration People who have the so-called. charisma (from the Greek charisma - "gift", "gift"), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brains consume more energy than the brains of ordinary people. It's easy

30: 20-26 Pharaoh's Crushed Muscle

30: 20-26 Pharaoh's crushed muscle By the time of the prophecy (April 587), the people of Jerusalem had already been under siege by the Babylonian troops for a year. In this prophecy, the idea is held that all hopes of deliverance from the Babylonians with the help of a new

It starts from the styloid process of the temporal bone.

Not far from the site of attachment, the muscle pierces the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle.

Function:

Raises the hyoid bone and pulls it back.

3. Maxillofacial muscle (m. Mylohyoideus).

It starts on the inner surface of the lower jaw from the maxillary-hyoid line.

The posterior fibers attach to the body of the hyoid bone, the anterior and middle fibers connect with the same fibers of the opposite side, forming a tendon suture along the midline that stretches from the middle of the chin to the hyoid bone.

Both jaw-hyoid muscles are involved in the formation of the floor of the mouth and are called the diaphragm of the mouth (diaphragma oris).

Functions:

4. Chin-hypoglossal muscle (m. Geniohyoideus).

It starts from the chin spine of the lower jaw.

Attaches to the body of the hyoid bone.

Functions:

When the jaws are closed, the muscle raises the hyoid bone along with the larynx;

When the hyoid bone is strengthened, it lowers the lower jaw (chewing, swallowing, speaking).

Subhyoid muscles:

1.Spapular-hyoid muscle (m. Omohyoideus) - has two abdomens: upper and lower, which are connected by a tendon bridge approximately in the middle of the length of the muscle.

The upper abdomen (venter superior) starts from the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone outward from the attachment of the sternohyoid muscle, in the middle of the length of the muscle lies behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle, where it passes into the tendon jumper, which fuses with the sheath of the neurovascular bundle of the neck.

The lower abdomen (venter inferior) starts from the tendon bridge, attaches to the upper edge of the scapula.

Functions:

Pulls the vagina of the neurovascular bundle of the neck and prevents compression of blood vessels and nerves;

With a reinforced scapula, it pulls the hyoid bone posteriorly and downward;

2. Sternohyoid muscle (m. Sternohyoideus)

It starts from the back surface of the sternum handle, the sternal end of the clavicle.

Attaches to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone.

Between the medial edges of both muscles, a space remains in which the fascia plates grow together and form the white line of the neck.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone downward.

3. Sterno-thyroid muscle (m. Sternothyroideus).

It begins on the back surface of the sternum handle and the cartilage of 1 rib.

Attaches to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, lies in front of the trachea and thyroid gland.

Function: pulls the larynx down.

4. Thyroid muscle (m. Thyrohyoideus) is, as it were, a continuation of the sterno-thyroid muscle.

It starts from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage.

Attaches to the body and horn of the hyoid bone.

Function: brings the hyoid bone closer to the larynx.

Deep neck muscles:

Lateral group:

1. Anterior scalene muscle (m. Scalenus anterior).

It starts from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes C3-C6.

Attaches to the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle on 1 rib.

2.Medium scalenus muscle (m. Scalenusmedius).

From the transverse processes C2-C7 to 1 rib behind the groove of the subclavian artery.

3. Backstaircasemuscle(m. scalenus posterior).

From the posterior tubercles C4-C6 to the upper edge and the outer surface of 2 ribs.

Functions of the scalene muscles:

With a strengthened cervical spine, 1 and 2 ribs are raised, the chest cavity is expanded;

With a strengthened chest, the cervical spine is bent forward;

With a unilateral contraction, the spine bends sideways.

Medial muscle group:

1.Long muscle of the head (m. Longus capitis).

From the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes C3-C6 to the lower surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone.

Function: tilts the head and cervical spine forward.

2. Long neck muscle (m. Longus colli) - lies on the front surface of the bodies of all cervical vertebrae and the three upper thoracic vertebrae. Has three parts:

Vertical part: from the front surface of bodies C5-Th3 to bodies C2-C4.

Bottom oblique part: from the anterior surface of the bodies of the first three thoracic vertebrae to the anterior cusps C4-C5 of the cervical vertebrae.

Top oblique part: from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes C3-C5 to the anterior tubercle of the 1st cervical vertebra.

Functions:

Flexes the cervical spine;

With a one-sided contraction, tilts the neck to the side.

Skeletal muscles include the muscles of the hyoid bone located in the neck. The hyoid bone in humans is not connected directly to any other bone of the skeleton (it has only a long and thin stylohyoid ligament connecting it with the styloid process of the temporal bone), and yet it serves as a support for some muscles that take part in swallowing, chewing , speech and singing. The hyoid bone is held in its position by the mutual resistance of muscles approaching it from three sides, like at the scapula.

Nine pairs of muscles fit to it; above, behind and outside - the posterior abdomen of the digastric muscle and the awl - the hyoid muscle; above and in front - the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle and the chin-hypoglossal muscle; top, front and outside - the maxillary-hyoid muscle; below and outside - scapular-hyoid; from below - sternohyoid, thyroid-hyoid, sterno-thyroid. By the combination of the action of all these muscles on both sides, the hyoid bone is held in its position, which will be the more stable and stronger, the more all these muscles are contracted and the more harmony they will act. As soon as one of these muscles lowers its activity, the stability of the position of the bone is disturbed, and at the same time the direction of the organs associated with it changes. The muscles coming from the bottom strengthen the hyoid bone with the lower support, and those coming from the top - with the upper support. In the first case, the strengthened hyoid bone can be a support for the muscles of the tongue, lower jaw and pharynx; in the second case, for the muscles of the larynx and pharynx.

Rice. 101. Muscles of the hyoid bone. (Braus.) 1 - styloid process, 2 - large horn of the hyoid bone, 3 - sternum handle, 4 - 1 rib, 5 - scapula, 6 - digastric muscle - posterior abdomen, 7 - digastric muscle - anterior abdomen, 8 - muscle maxillary-hyoid, 9 - stylo-lingual muscle, 10 - stylo-hyoid muscle, 11 - stylo-pharyngeal muscle, 12 - sublingual-scapular muscle, 12 "- lower abdomen of the scapular-hyoid muscle, 13 - sternohyoid muscle, 14 - thyroid-hypoglossal muscle, 14 "- sterno-thyroid muscle, 15 - upper pharyngeal constrictor, 16 - middle pharyngeal constrictor, 17 - lower pharyngeal constrictor

Digastric(m. digastricus s. biventer mandibulae, Fig. 101-6, 7) begins with the posterior abdomen from the mastoid notch (incisura mastoidea) of the temporal bone, is located under the attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (Fig. 102-10) and goes down and forward to the large horn of the hyoid bone. Passing here into the intermediate tendon, it is attached by a dense fibrous plate to the large horn of the hyoid bone. The tendon of the posterior abdomen passes into the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle, which is attached to the inner surface of the lower jaw near its midline.

Both of these abdomens, being attached by a fibrous plate to the hyoid bone, can act both together and separately. The posterior abdomen with the upper support, acting separately, pulls the hyoid bone up, back and in its direction: acting on both sides, both posterior abdomens pull the hyoid bone up and back. The anterior abdomen with the upper support pulls it forward and upward. With the combined action of the entire digastric muscle of both sides, they lift the hyoid bone upward. When supported on the hyoid bone, the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle pulls the jaw down and back when opening the mouth.

Innervation: the posterior abdomen is a branch of the facial nerve (ram.digastricus n. Facialis VII), the anterior abdomen is from the maxillary-hyoid nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve (n. Trigeminus V).

The stylohyoid muscle(m. stylo-hyoideus, Fig. 101-10) begins on the styloid process of the temporal bone and attaches to the large horn of the hyoid bone, and often its tendon bifurcates before attachment like a loop and covers the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, strengthening it in this place. The stylohyoid muscle, going from back to front and from top to bottom, acts like the posterior abdomen of the digastric muscle, that is, it pulls the hyoid bone upward, backward and in its direction. Acting simultaneously on both sides, it pulls the hyoid bone up and back.

Innervation: from the facial nerve (n. Facialis VII).

Maxillofacial muscle(m. mylo-hyoideus, Fig. 102-4) in the form of a wide and flat plate begins on the inner surface of the lower jaw, on the so-called maxillary-hyoid line (linea mylo-hyoidea); its fibers fill the entire interval between both halves of the lower jaw and the hyoid bone, forming the bottom of the oral cavity. The anterior and middle fibers of the maxillary-hyoid muscle run from both sides towards each other and fuse through a fibrous plate called a raphe. The posterior fibers reach the body of the hyoid bone and are attached to its anterior surface.

Innervation: the jaw-hypoglossal nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve (n. Trigeminus V).

The sublingual muscle(m. genio-hyoideus, Fig. 102-7) is located above the maxillary-hyoid muscle on the sides of the midline. It starts from the chin bone (spina mentalis) of the lower jaw and attaches to the body of the hyoid bone.

Both muscles - the jaw-hyoid and the sublingual-sublingual - lower the lower jaw in the direction of their common resultant with the lower support on the hyoid bone; with support on the lower jaw, the hyoid bone is raised and pulled back to the lower jaw.

Innervation: from the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve (ram descendens n. Hypoglossi XII, C I-III).

Scapular-hyoid muscle(m. omohyoideus, fig. 101-12) Refers to muscles that fit from below. It begins at the upper edge of the scapula, immediately medially from the scapular notch. Similar to the digastric muscle, the scapular-hyoid muscle has an intermediate tendon in the middle, which divides it into the lower, posterior and anterior-upper abdomen. Heading forward and upward, it forms an arc, concavity facing upward. Its anterior abdomen goes straight up and attaches to the outer edge of the body of the hyoid bone. The scapular-hyoid muscle is located under the sternocleidomastoid muscle, crossing it (Fig. 102-6).

The scapular-hyoid muscle with the strengthened hyoid bone tightens the aponeurosis of the neck and thus prevents the deep veins of the neck from collapsing under the influence of atmospheric pressure. This action is especially important in the phase of inspiration, when the pressure in the chest is lowered, which sucks on the blood in the veins of the neck.

Innervation: the descending branch of the hyoid nerve (ramus descendens n. Hypoglossi X, C I-III).

Sternohyoid muscle(m. sterrio-hyoideus, fig. 102-5; 101-13) fits from below and is located on the side of the midline of the body. It starts from the inner surface of the sternum handle and from the place of fusion of the first rib with the sternum, is a thin plate with a longitudinal direction of fibers, which, rising upward and medially, are attached to the body of the hyoid bone near the midline.

Immediately above this muscle there is also a muscle layer, going in almost the same direction and consisting of two muscles: the upper one - the thyroid-hyoid and the lower one - the sterno-thyroid.

Thyroid-hyoid muscle(m. thyreo-hyoideus, Fig. 102-8) begins below the outer surface of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and is attached to the lateral surface of the body of the hyoid bone under the hyoid-scapular and sternohyoid muscle (Fig. 101-14).

Innervation: the descending branch of the hyoid nerve (ramus descendens n. Hypoglossi).

Sterno-thyroid muscle(m. sterno-thyreoideus, Fig. 102-9) begins on the inner surface of the sternum arm, below and more outward from the beginning of the sternohyoid muscle and attaches to the outer surface of the thyroid cartilage, in the place where the thyroid-hyoid muscle begins.

Innervation: the descending branch of the hyoid nerve (ramus descendens n. Hypoglossi XII, C I-III).

All muscles coming up from below, acting together, simultaneously on both sides, pull the hyoid bone downward. The scapular-hyoid muscle, acting from one side, will pull down and towards its side, and the sterno-hyoid muscle will pull straight down. As for the sterno-thyroid, it acts on the hyoid bone through the thyroid-hyoid muscle. All together, they can lower the lower jaw down through the hyoid bone, that is, facilitate the opening of the mouth.

All the muscles of the hyoid bone just described, setting in motion the hyoid bone, contribute to the act of swallowing, chewing and the formation of sounds, and therefore their significance can be fully elucidated only by studying these processes. We stopped only at those movements that they impart to the hyoid bone.

Great attention in the Revitonik methodology is paid to the neck muscles. And the point is not that our necks are almost always open and betrayed their age. In addition to the aesthetic reason, there is also a physiological one. The muscles of the neck keep the head in balance, participate in the movement of the head and neck, as well as in the processes of swallowing and making sounds.
Moreover, the youthfulness of the face directly depends on the condition of the neck muscles. Without correct neck static and good posture, there is no point in “fixing” our face. You can read more about biomechanical causal relationships in the "Neck Muscle Imbalance" section.

Figure 1. Neck muscles (full face and profile)

Despite the large variety of neck muscles (more than 20), we will list the main muscles that are involved in the Revitonika fitness complex:

Trapezius muscle

The trapezius muscle is a thin and wide plate that almost completely occupies the back of the neck. If you connect the muscles on both sides, a trapezium is formed, which is why it has such a strange name. Each muscle individually has the form of a triangle, the base of which goes directly along the vertebrae, and the apex is directed towards the scapula. It is divided into three parts.

Figure 2. Trapezius muscle

The upper part originates from the cervical vertebrae and at the base of the skull, on the occipital tubercles. If you lower your chin and bend your head, these bumps and the place of muscle attachment can be very well felt. The muscle then goes obliquely downward, creating a bend between the shoulders. The middle part starts from the upper thoracic vertebrae and runs horizontally, and the lower part starts from the lower thoracic vertebrae and goes obliquely upwards.

All three parts of the trapezius muscle connect and attach to one of the processes of the scapula, the outer edge of the clavicle and the humerus. With the contraction of the upper or lower part, the shoulder girdle and scapula rises or falls. With the contraction of only the middle part, the scapula moves towards the spine. If all three parts contract at once, both shoulder blades move closer together.

When the shoulder girdle and shoulder blades are fixed, contracting, this muscle turns the head in the opposite direction from itself. And when both muscles contract, the head unbends somewhat, giving a proud posture and keeping the neck in good shape.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the most superficially located muscles. It received such an unusual name because it has a special structure and is attached in three different places. Unlike most muscles in our body, it has two heads. The first head is attached at the upper edge of the sternum, which is why it was called the sternum. The second - clavicular - is attached to the sternal edge of the clavicle. Then these two heads are connected, forming one abdomen, and are attached to the process of the temporal bone, called the mastoid. If you turn the head to the left, then under the skin you can fully feel how this muscle goes to the right, moving your hand from the tubercle just behind the auricle to the sternum. Similarly, you can find this muscle on the left by turning your head to the right.

Figure 3. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Like the muscle itself, its functions are unusual and varied. If only the left muscle contracts, the head tilts to the left, while the face turns to the right and rises slightly upward. Conversely, if only the right muscle contracts. When both muscles are contracted at once, the head is in an upright position, it is not for nothing that it is also called a "head holder". Also, if both muscles contract more strongly, the head is tilted back and the face is lifted up. If the head is fixed, then this muscle will help with breathing, lifting the chest.

Subcutaneous muscle of the neck

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck belongs to the superficial muscles and looks like a wide plate. It is located just under the skin and is special in that it begins on the chest at the level of the second rib, and ends at the lower edge of the jaw. And although it is very delicate and cannot be touched, even if it is tense, it performs a very important function.

Figure 4. Subcutaneous muscle of the neck

When it tenses, the skin above it is pushed forward, thereby helping to dilate the veins that run just below the muscle. This is necessary for high physical exertion, because thereby increasing the outflow of blood from the head, preventing the brain from overflowing with blood.

Maxillofacial muscle

The jaw-hyoid muscle begins on the inner surface of the lower jaw and runs horizontally. In the midline, it is intertwined with the same muscle on the opposite side, after which they both attach to a special bone called the hyoid. Such an interesting move is necessary to create the floor of the mouth. Thanks to this attachment, this muscle is involved in lowering the lower jaw. And if the lower jaw is motionless, this muscle raises the hyoid bone, thereby participating in the swallowing of food. Also, this muscle, when it is in good shape, does not allow the chin to "sag", strengthening it.

Figure 5 Maxillofacial muscle

Digastric

The peculiarity of the digastric muscle is clear from its name. It has two abdomens: anterior and posterior.

The posterior abdomen at one end, like the sternocleidomastoid muscle, attaches to the mastoid process of the temporal bone (the tubercle behind the auricle), and the second to the hyoid bone, meeting there with the anterior abdomen.

Figure 6. Digastric muscle.

The anterior, in turn, is directed somewhat perpendicularly and is attached to the inner surface of the lower jaw in a special fossa, named after her, the digastric one. This arrangement of the muscle forms a kind of niche (submandibular triangle) in which the submandibular salivary gland is located, which is necessary for digestion.

Like the maxillary-hyoid muscle, the digastric muscle lowers the lower jaw, opening the mouth, or participates in the process of swallowing if the jaw is motionless.

The stylohyoid muscle

The stylohyoid muscle consists of a single thin abdomen that attaches to the temporal bone and runs behind the mandible, near the lateral surface of the tongue. Its lower end splits and covers the digastric muscle on both sides, then attaches to the hyoid bone. Thus, by contracting, it raises the hyoid bone and participates in swallowing food, like the two previous muscles.

Figure 7. The stylohyoid muscle.

Sternohyoid muscle

The sternohyoid muscle begins at the posterior surface of the sternum and runs vertically up the anterior surface of the trachea and larynx, joining the lower edge of the hyoid bone.

The right and left sternohyoid muscles run parallel to each other without touching, so there is a small narrow triangular space between their inner edges.

Figure 8. Sternohyoid muscle

The sternohyoid muscle pulls down the hyoid bone, acting in opposition to the digastric, maxillary-hyoid and stylohyoid muscles and keeping it in place and thereby allowing these muscles to lower the lower jaw.